Professional Documents
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Design of Concrete
Design of Concrete
Topics:
Type of cements
Modulus of rapture
Nominal diameter
Cross Section
Perimeter
Normal weight
No.
in
mm
in
mm
in
mm
in
mm
0.375
9.52
0.11
71
1.178
29.9
0.376
0.56
0.5
12.7
0.2
129
1.571
39.9
0.668
0.994
0.625
15.88
0.31
200
1.963
49.9
1.043
1.552
0.75
19.05
0.44
284
2.356
59.8
1.502
2.235
0.875
22.22
0.6
387
2.749
69.8
2.044
3.042
1.000
25.4
0.79
510
3.142
79.8
2.67
3.973
1.128
28.65
1.00
645
3.544
90.0
3.4
5.06
10
1.27
32.26
1.27
819
3.990
101.4
4.303
6.404
11
1.541
35.81
1.56
1006
4.43
112.5
5.313
7.907
14
1.693
43.00
2.25
1452
5.32
135.1
7.65
11.38
18
2.257
57.33
4.00
2581
7.09
180.1
13.6
20.24
Type of cements
Type
Name
Description
Normal
General purpose
II
Moderate
III
IV
Low-heat
Sulfate-resisting
Ec = wc
(33) fc
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lb/in
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1.5
Ec = wc
(0.043) fc
MPa
where wc is unit weight of concrete between 90 to 155 lb/ft3. fc is compression strength of concrete in
lb/in2.
For normal weight concrete
Ec = 57000 fc
Modulus of rapture
2
fr = 7.5 fc
lb/in .
fr = 0.62 fc
MPa
Concrete strength
Elastic modulus
Modulus or rapture
psi
MPa
ksi
MPa
psi
MPa
3000
20.7
3156
21759
411
2.8
3500
24.1
3409
23503
444
3.1
4000
27.6
3644
25126
474
3.3
4500
31.0
3865
26650
503
3.5
5000
34.5
4074
28091
530
3.7
5500
37.9
4273
29462
556
3.8
6000
41.4
4463
30772
581
4.0
6500
44.8
4645
32029
605
4.2
7000
48.3
4821
33238
627
4.3
7500
51.7
4990
34405
650
4.5
8000
55.2
5154
35533
671
4.6
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Where D is dead load, L is live load, Lr is roof live load, W is wind load, E is earthquake load, F is fluid
pressure, R is rain load, S is snow load, T is temperature force.
Note: A 75% load reduction is allowed on two or more loads plus dead load for allowable stress design on
load combination 2 to 5. For example, load combination can be D+0.75(W+L).
(9-1)
2. 1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or S or R)
(9-2)
(9-3)
**
(9-4)
***
(9-5)
**
6. 0.9D+1.6W +1.6H
(9-6)
***
(9-7)
7. 0.9D+1.0E +1.6H
*1.0L can be reduced to 0.5L except garages, public assembly and area that has 100 lb/ft2 of live load.
**1.6W can be reduced to 1.3W when wind load W is not reduced by directional factor (See ASCE 7-02
wind calculation)
*** Where seismic load, E is calculated based on service load, 1.4E shall be used instead of 1.0E.
Strength reduction factor, , ACI 318-05
1. Tension-controlled sections, 0.9 (Sec. 9.3.2.1)
2. Compression-controlled sections (Sec. 9.3.2.2)
(a) Column with spiral reinforcement, 0.7
(b) Tie columns, 0.65.
3. is permitted to vary from 0.65 to 0.9 when the net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal
strength varies from compressive control strain to 0.005.
4. Shear and torsion, 0.75 (Sec. 9.3.2.3)
5. Bearing on concrete, 0.65 (Sec. 9.3.2.4)
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At an ultimate strain of 0.003, the stress at extreme fiber of the beam reaches ultimate strength of concrete
fc. The distribution of the compressive stresses is a complex curve. For calculation purpose, a stress block
of 0.85fc spread over a depth, a, is used. Therefore, the total compressive stress in a rectangular beam is
C = 0.85fcab
Where b is the width of the beam.
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At ultimate stress situation, the concrete at top portion is subjected to compression. The compressive
stresses distribute uniformly over a depth a. The resultant of compressive stress, C is located at a distance,
a/2, from the top surface. Tensile force is taken by rebars at an effective distance, d, from the top surface.
By equilibrium, the tensile force is equal to the compression resultant,
T = Asfy = C = 0.85fc ab
where fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel and As is the area of steel. Therefore,
The depth of stress block,
a = Asfy/(0.85fc b), or a = Asfyd/(0.85fc bd),
Let the reinforcement ratio, = As/bd, then
a = fyd/0.85fc
Let m = fy/0.85fc , then, a = dm..The nominal moment strength of the section,
Mn = C (d-a/2) = 0.85fc ab(d-a/2)
Then, The nominal moment strength of the section,
Mn = Asfy (d-a/2) = Asfy (d-dm/2) = Asfy d- Asfy dm/2
ACI code requires that the factored moment,
Mu Mn
Where, = 0.9, is the strength reduction factor for beam design. Let Mu = Mn , We have Mu = (Asfy d- Asfy
dm/2)
Divide both side by bd2, we have Mu/bd = (As/bd)fy -(As/bd) fy m/2) = fy - fy 2m/2)
Let Rn = Mu/bd2, and we cab rewrite the equation as
2(m/2) - - Rn/fy = 0
Solving the equation, the reinforcement ratio,
= (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2
The area of reinforcement is As = bd
Ductile and brittle failures, Balance condition, Maximum and minimum reinforcement ratio
There are two situations when a reinforced concrete beam fails due to bending. One is when the reinforcing
steel reaches its yield stress, fy. The other is when the concrete reach it maximum compressive stress, fc.
When a reinforced concrete beam fails in yielding of steel, the failure is ductile because the steel can stretch
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for a long period of time before it actually breaks. When it fails in concrete, the failure is brittle because
concrete breaks when it reach maximum strain.
When concrete reaches its maximum strain at the same time as the steel reach is yielding stress, it is called
a balance condition. Using a maximum strain, 0.003 of concrete and assume a linear distribution of strain
across beam section, one can determine the reinforcement ratio at balanced condition. The reinforcement
ratio based on ACI code is
b = (0.85fc/fy) 1 [87000/(87000+fy)]
b = (0.85fc/fy) 1 [600/(600+fy)]
Where 1 = 0.85 for 4000 psi (30 Mpa) concrete, and reduce 0.05 for each 1000 psi of fc in excess of 4000
psi.
To ensure a ductile failure of beam, ACI code limits the maximum reinforcement ratio to 0.75b. On the other
hand, when the amount of steel is too small, the beam will fail when concrete reach its tensile strength. It
needs to have a minimum amount of steel to ensure a ductile failure mode. The minimum reinforcement
ratio in ACI code is min = 200/fy (psi).
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Design examples
Situation:
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam is supporting uniform dead and live loads
Design data:
Dead load: 1500 lb/ft
Live load: 800 lb/ft
Length of beam: 20 ft
Width of beam: 16 in
Depth of beam: 24 in
Minimum concrete cover: 1.5 in
Diameter of stirrup, 0.5 in
Compressive strength of concrete: 4000 psi
Yeild strength of steel: 60000 psi
Requirement: Design flexural reinforcement for bending
Solution:
1. Calculate factored moment:
Weight of beam: WB = 150 lb/ft x 1.33 ft x 2 ft = 400 lb/ft
Factored load: Wu = 1.4(400+1500)+1.7(800) = 4020 lb/ft
Factored moment: Mu = (4020)(202)/8 = 201000 ft-lb
Assume the main reinforcement bar is 1" in diameter (#8 bar)
Effective depth: d:24-1.5-0.5-0.5 = 21.5 in
Factor: Rn = (201000)(12)/[(0.9)(16)(21.52)]=362.4 psi,
m = 60000/[(0.85)(4000)]=17.65
Reinforcement ratio
= (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2)=0.0064
Minimum reinforcemnet ratio: min = 200/fy=0.0033
Maximum reinforcement ratio; min = (0.75)(0.85fc/fy) 1 [87000/(87000+fy)]=0.021
Required reinforcement, As = bd = 2.2 in2.
Use 4#8 bar area of reinforcement is 0.79 in2x4 = 2.37 in2.
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Shear Reinforcement
Shear strength of concrete
The direct shear shrength according to ACI is
vc =0.85[1.9fc+2500(Vud/Mu)] 0.85(3.5fc)
where ( 0.002) is reinforcement ratio, Vu is factored shear stress, Mu is factored moment at the critical
section. Or
vc =0.85(2fc)
ACI code requirements for shear reinforcement
1. When shear stress, vu vc ,no shear reinforcement is required.
2. When vc < vu vc, use minimum reinforcement
Av = 50 bw s /fy
Where s is spacing of web reinforcement, fy is yield strength of steel, Av is cross section area of web
reinforcement, bw is width of beam web.
3. When vc < vu , use vu (vc + vs), where vs is shear strength provided by shear reinforcement.
Stirrup reinforcements
The shear force that is resisted by shear reinforcements is Vs = (Vu - Vc). Normally, stirrup is spaced
vertically at a spacing, s, for shear reinforcement. Within an effective depth d, the shear strength provided by
Avfyd/s, where Av is area of stirrup, fy is yield strength of reinforcing steel. The shear strength multiply by a
reduction factor, , needs to be larger than Vs. Therefore, Vs = (Avfyd/s). The spacing of stirrup is
calculated as
s = (Avfyd)/Vs
ACI code requirements for placing stirrup are as follows.
1. When vc < vu vc, max s = d/2 24 in.
2. When vc < vs 4fc, max s = d/2 24 in.
3. When vc < vs 8fc, max s = d/4 12 in.
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Design example
Situation:
Design shear reinforcement for the beam in the previous example
Support column size: 12x12
Solution:
1. Calculate factored shear:
Clear distance between support, Ln = 19 ft
Factor shear Vu = WuLn/2 = 38.2 kips
Shear strength of concrete:
Vc = 0.85(24000) d b = 37 kips
1/2Vc = 18.5 kips
The length that required no shear reinforcement is
L1 = (Ln /2)(18.5/38.2) = 4.6 ft
Distance from center of beam that required minimum reinforcment is
L2 = (Ln/2)( Vc /Vu) = 9.2 ft close to Ln/2 = 9.5 ft
Use #3 stirrup the area of stirrup, area of steel: Av = 2(0.11 in2) = 0.22 in2.
Maximum spacing, s = (0.22 in2)(60000 psi) /[(50 psi)(16 in)] = 16.5 in
Maximum spacing d/2 = 10.75 in (Govern)
Use 6 stirrups at 10.75 inch spacing, with first stirrup at 5". Total length cover by stirrups is Ls =
(5)(10.75 in)+5 in = 4.9 ft
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O.K.
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part-3.html
struct-walls.htm
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Where k is slenderness factor, lu is unsupported length, and r is radius of gyration. M1 and M2 are the
smaller and larger end moments. The value, (M1/M2) is positive if the member is bent in single curve,
negative if the member is bent in double curve.
Determine the slenderness factor, k
The slender factor, k should be determined graphically from the Jackson and Moreland Alignment charts.
(Charts will be added later)
where ( =cc/lc) of column / (bb/lb) of beam, is the ratio of effective length factors.
Ec and Ec are younger modulus of column and beams.
lc and lc are unbraced length of column and beams.
The cracked moment of inertia, c is taken as 0.7 times gross moment of column and b is taken as 0.35
times gross moment of inertia of beam.
Alternatively, k can be calculated as follows:
1. For braced frame with no sway,
k can be taken as the smaller value of the two equations below.
k = 0.7 + 0.05 (A+B) ,1
k = 0.8 + 0.05 (min) 1
A and B are the at both ends, min is the smaller of the two values.
2. For unbraced frame with restrains at both ends,
For m < 2
k = [(20- m)/20] (1+m)
For m 2
k = 0.9 (1+min)
m is the average of the two values.
2. For unbraced frame with restrain at one end, hinge at the other.
k = 2.0 + 0.3
is the effective length factor at the restrained end.
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Example:
Beam information:
Beam size: b = 18 in, h = 24 in
Beam unsupported length: lb = 30 ft
Concrete strength: 4000 psi
Young's modulus, Eb = 57 0004 5063 = ksi
Moment of inertia of beam: Ib = 0.35bh3/12 = 7258 in4.
Column information:
Square Column: D = 18 in, unsupported length lc =10 ft
Concrete strength: 5000 psi
Young's modulus: Ec = 57 0005 0304 = ksi
moment of inertia of column: Ic = 0.7D4/12 = 6124 in4.
Column top condition:
There are beams at both sides of column at top of column, no column stop above the beams
The effective length factor: ( =cc/lc) /[2 (bb/lb)] = 1.4
Column bottom condition:
There are beams at both sides of column at bottom of column and a column at bottom level
The effective length factor: ( 2[ =cc/lc)] / [2 (bb/lb)] = 2.8
From chart:
If the column is braced: k 0.84
If the column is unbraced: k 1.61
From equation
If the column is braced:
k = 0.7 + 0.05 (A+B) = 19.0
k = 0.8 + 0.05 (min) = 29.0
If the column is unbraced: m = (A+B)/2 = 2.12
k = 0.9 (1+min) = 1.6
Design of reinforced concrete columns
Long column:
Short column
1. Column shall be designed to resist factored axial
compressive load and factored moments.
2. Column strength shall be determined based on
strain compatibility analysis.
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Reinforcement layout:
Reinforcement shall be placed at where tensile stress exist.
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Positive moment:
Interior span: Mu = Wu ln2/16
End span (discontinuous end unrestrained): Mu = Wu ln2/11
End span (discontinuous integral with support): Mu = Wu ln2/14
Negative moments:
Negative moments at exterior face of first interior support: Mu = Wu ln2/10
Negative moments at other face of first interior support: Mu = Wu ln2/11
Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by spandrel beam: Mu = Wu ln2/24
Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by column: Mu = Wu ln2/16
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Two spans
Positive moment:
End span (discontinuous end unrestrained): Mu = Wu ln2/11
End span (discontinuous integral with support): Mu = Wu ln2/14
Negative moments:
Negative moments at exterior face of interior support: Mu = Wu ln2/9
Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by spandrel beam: Mu = Wu ln2/24
Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by column: Mu = Wu ln2/16
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At an ultimate strain of 0.003, the stress at extreme fiber of the beam reaches ultimate strength of concrete
fc. The distribution of the compressive stresses is a complex curve. For calculation purpose, a stress block
of 0.85fc spread over a depth, a, is used. Therefore, the total compressive stress in a rectangular beam is
C = 0.85fcab
Where b is the width of the beam.
At ultimate stress situation, the concrete at top portion is subjected to compression. The compressive
stresses distribute uniformly over a depth a. The resultant of compressive stress, C is located at a distance,
a/2, from the top surface. Tensile force is taken by rebars at an effective distance, d, from the top surface.
By equilibrium, the tensile force is equal to the compression resultant,
T = Asfy = C = 0.85fc ab
where fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel and As is the area of steel. Therefore,
The depth of stress block,
a = Asfy/(0.85fc b), or a = Asfyd/(0.85fc bd),
Let the reinforcement ratio, = As/bd, then
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a = fyd/0.85fc
Let m = fy/0.85fc , then, a = d m The nominal moment strength of the section,
Mn = C (d-a/2) = 0.85fc ab(d-a/2)
Then, The nominal moment strength of the section,
Mn = Asfy (d-a/2) = Asfy (d-dm/2) = Asfy d- Asfy dm/2
ACI code requires that the factored moment,
Mu Mn
Where, = 0.9, is the strength reduction factor for beam design. Let Mu = Mn , We have Mu = (Asfy d- Asfy
dm/2)
Divide both side by bd , we have Mu/bd = (As/bd)fy -(As/bd) fy m/2) = fy - fy m/2)
2
b = (0.85fc/fy) 1 [600/(600+fy)]
Where 1 = 0.85 for 4000 psi (30 Mpa) concrete, and reduce 0.05 for each 1000 psi of fc in excess of 4000
psi.
To ensure a ductile failure of beam, ACI code limits the maximum reinforcement ratio to 0.75b. On the other
hand, when the amount of steel is too small, the beam will fail when concrete reach its tensile strength. It
needs to have a minimum amount of steel to ensure a ductile failure mode. The minimum reinforcement
ratio in ACI code is min = 200/fy (psi).
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Temperature reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement ratio (reinforcment area/ gross area):
Slab with grade 40 or 50 deformed bars: 0.002
Slab with grade 60 deformbars or welded wire reinforcement: 0.0018
Slab with reinforcement with yield stress, fy, exceeds 60,000 psi measured at a yield strain of 0.35%:
0.0018x60,000/fy.
Corner reinforcement:
Although the major reinforcement in one way slab span is in the short direction, yet at the corner, the
moment is actual supported by beams at both directions. If the slab is supported in the short direction only,
the slab may crack in the long direction until the reinforcement in the short direction pick up the strength.
The corner reinforcement can be arrange in two way as shown below.
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Cantilever
L/20
L/24
L/28
L/10
Flat roof
Floor
Roof or floor
Roof or floor
L/180
L/360
deflection
deflection
L/480
L/240
1.5
(33) fc
lb/in
1.5
(0.043) fc
MPa
where wc is unit weight of concrete between 90 to 155 lb/ft3. fc is compression strength of concrete in
lb/in2.
For normal weight concrete
Ec = 57000 fc
4. Moment of inertia
The deflection shall be calculated using effectivemoment of intertia, Ieinstead of gross moment of
inertia,Ig.
Ie=(Mcr/Ma)3Ig+[1-(Mcr/Ma)3] Icr
where Icr is moment of inertia of crack section,Mais apply moment, and the cracking moment (in-lbs)
Mcr= frIg/yt
and the modulus of rapture, fr = 7.5 fc
For continuous member, Iecan be taken asthe average value of calculated from critical positive and
negative momentsections.
For prismatic members, Iecan be taken atmid-span for simple and continuous spans, and at support
forcontilevers.
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For light weight concrete, if slitting tensilestrength, fctis specified, use fct/6.7 to substitutefc
greater thanfc
but not
. If fct is not specified, fcr shall be multiplied by0.75 for all light weight concrete, 0.85
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L2/L3 = 120 %
O.K.
Positive moment:
Exterior span: Mu1 = 182*202 / 14 /1000 = 5.2 ft-kip
Interior span: Mu2 = 182*242 / 16 /1000 = 6.6 ft-kip
Negative moment:
Exterior face of first interior support: Mu3 = 182*202 / 10 /1000 = 7.3 ft-kip
Interior face of first interior support: Mu4 = 182*242 / 11 /1000 = 9.5 ft-kip
Interior face of Exterior support: Mu1 = 182*202 / 24 /1000 = 3.0 ft-kip
2. Design Positive moment reinforcement
Exterior span
Factored moment: Mu1 = 5.2 ft-kip
Concrete cover: 0.75" for interior slab
Effective depth: d = 6 - 0.75-0.5 = 4.75 in
Factor: Rn = Mu1/(0.9 b d2 ) = 256.1 psi
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m = 17.7
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m = 17.7
m = 17.7
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Example 1:
Design code: ACI 318-05 Section 14.5
Situation: A RC exterior wall supporting a two story building.
Design data:
Width of wall: h = 8 in
Height of wall: lc = 12 ft.
Compression strength of concrete: fc' = 3000 psi
Yield strength of concrete: fy = 60000 psi
Tributary width: 15 ft
Roof live load: RL = 20 psf
Roof dead load: RD = 80 psf
Floor live load: FL = 100 psf
Floor dead load: FD = 80 psf
Lateral wind pressure: pw = 15 psf
Lateral seismic force: pE = 10 psf
Assumption: wall is continuous and restrained against rotation at top and bottom.
Requirement: Design wall reinforcement using empirical design method
Solution:
Design for 1 ft width of wall: b = 1 ft
Axial dead load: PD = FD *Trib*2*b + RD * Trib. b = 3.6 kips
Axial roof live load: PRL = RL * Trib*b = 0.3 kips
Axial floor live load: PFL = FL*Trib*b = 1.5 kip
Axial wind load: PW = 0
Axial seismic load: PE = 0
Out-of-plan bending dead load moment: MD = 0
Out-of-plan bending Roof ive load moment:: MRL = 0
Out-of-plan bending floor live load moment: MFL = 0
From the continuous beam formula, the maximum negative moment is 0.1time span length lc.
Out-of-plan bending wind load moment: MW = 0.1 * pw*lc2*b = 216 lb-ft
Out-of-plan bending seismic load moment: ME = 0.1 * pE*lc2*b = 144 lb-ft
Load combination:
Case 1: Pu1 = 1.4 PD = 5.04 kip, Mu1 = 0
Eccentricity: eu1 = 0
Case 2:
Pu2 = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PFL + 0.5 PRL = 6.87 kip
Mu2 = 1.2 MD + 1.6 MFL + 0.5 MRL = 0
Eccentricity: eu2 = 0
Case 3:
Pu3 = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PW + 1.0 PFL + 0.5 PRL = 5.97 kip
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ACI eq (11-1)
ACI eq (11-2)
ACI eq (11-29)
ACI eq (11-30)
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where Av is area of reinforcement, fy is yield strength of reinforcement, d is effective depth, and s is spacing
of reinforcement.
Maximum shear strength permitted
Vn = 10 fc'
Effective depth
1. d = 0.8 lw
2. Calculate based on strain compatibility analysis (same as in a beam section).
Location of Critical Section
1. One-half of the wall height.
2. lw /2
whichever is smaller.
Minimum shear reinforcement
When Vc > Vu 0.5 Vc
1. Minimum horizontal shear reinforcement ratio to gross section area, t = 0.0025.
2. Minimum vertical shear reinforcement ratio to gross section area,
l = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 - hw/ lw )( t - 0.0025) 5200.0
and need not be greater than calculated based on ACI eq. 11-31.
When Vu < 0.5 Vc
1. Minimum vertical wall reinforcement: (Section 14.3.2)
a. 0.0012 for deformed bars smaller than #5 and fy > 6000 psi
b. 0.0015 for deformed bars #5 or larger
2. Minimum horizontal wall reinforcement: (Section 14.3.3)
a. 0.0020 for deformed bars smaller than #5 and fy > 6000 psi
b. 0.0025 for deformed bars #5 or larger.
Bar placement
1. Maximum spacing of horizontal reinforcement
a. lw /5. b. 3 h c. 18 inches.
2. Bar shall be placed uniformly across the length and height of walls
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Assumption:
1.out-of-plan moment is neglectable.
2.The wall is an exterior wall.
Requirement:
Design reinforcement for shear wall
Solution:
Maximum shear occurs at load combination: 1.2D+1.4E+1.0L
Calculate maximum vertical and shear force at first floor
Maximum factored shear: Vu = 1.4 (100+75+50+25) = 350 kips
Check maximum shear strength permitted
Assume effective depth, d = 0.8 (18) = 14.4 ft
Strength reduction factor, = 0.75
Vn = 10 fc' h d = 819 kips
Use
O.K.
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Reinforcement detail
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Solution
Maximum shear occurs at load combination: 1.2D+1.4E+1.0L
Calculate maximum vertical and shear force at first floor
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(Use)
Use 18"
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Use 10#10 bars at each end of shear wall, column ties is required since > 0.01. Use #4 ties at 12"
O.C.
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[1]
Where
As = area of steel (in2) per linear foot of slab width.
F = coefficient of subgrade friction (F = 1.2 to 2 for pavement, F = 1.5 for concrete slab on grade)
L = Length of slab between control joint (feet)
2
fs = allowable working stress of reinforcement (lb/in ) is usually 0.67fy to 0.75 fy, fy is yield strength of
reinforcing steel)
Example:
Given:
Length between Joint: 30 ft
Thickness of pool slab: 6 in
Slab reinforcement in the long direction:
Weight of slab: w = 150 lb/ft3 x 6 in = 75 lb/ft2
Yield strength of steel: 60 ksi
Allowable stress of reinforcement: fs = 0.75 x 60 ksi = 45 ksi
Coefficient of subgrade fraction: F = 1.5
Reinforcement required, As = F L w / (2 fs) = 0.037 in2/ft
Use Welded Wire fabric, WWW 6x6, W2.0xW2.0, Area = 0.04 in2/ft.
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