BAHAN PROGRAM INTERVENSI

PPSMI 2007 UNTUK MURID

TINGKATAN LIMA
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

MINIMUM SYLLABUS REQUIREMENT

1.FUNCTIONS:
Express the relation between the following pairs of sets in the form of arrow diagram,
ordered pair and graph.
Arrow diagram
Ordered pair
Graph
a ) Set A =
Kelantan, Perak ,
Selangor
Set B = Shah Alam ,
Kota Bharu ,Ipoh
Relation: City of the
state in Malaysia
b )Set A =
triangle,rectangle,
pentagon
Set B = 3,4,5
Relation : Number of
Sides

Determine domain , codomain , object, image and range of relation.

1. Diagram 1 shows the relation between set P and set Q.

3
2

-2

-3

Set P

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Diagram 1

Set Q

Domain =

Codomain =
Object
=
Image
=
Range
=...
Ordered Pairs =

Classifying the types of relations

State the type of the following relations

a)

x
2

..
x

3
2
-3

-2
-3

36

c)

16

xX

b)

X2

4
9

..

.
Type of number

d)
4
9
-3

Prime
Even

2.QUADRATIC EQUATIONS:
A. TO EXPRESS A GIVEN QUADRATIC EQUATION IN GENERAL FORM

ax2 + bx + c = 0

Example 1
.x2 = 5x 9
.x2 5x + 9 = 0
Compare with the general form
ax2 + bx c = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9

Example 2
4x

x 2 2x
x

4x(x) = x2 2x
4x2 - x2 2x = 0
3x2 2x = 0
Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0

Exercises
Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c

1.

3x =

3.

5.

5
2x

x( x + 4 ) = 3

.2.

7
x

.4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3

4
x3
=
5 x
x

7. px (2 x) = x 4m

(2x + 5) =

6.

8.

x2 + px = 2x - 6

(2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3

9. (7 2x + 3x2) =

x 1
3

10. 7x 1 =

x 2 2x
x

B. FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS

Example 1
3 , 2

x=3 , x=2
x - 3 = 0 , x-2 = 0
(x-3)(x-2)=0
x2 5x + 6 = 0

Example 2
1, - 3

x = 1 , x = -3
x1=0 , x+3=0
(x 1 ) ( x + 3 ) = 0
x2 + 2x 3 = 0

a)
b)
2,

4 , -7

1
3

c)
1
,
3

1
2
d)
1 2
,
5
3

e) 4 , 0

3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS: INEQUALITIES

Example
Find the range of values of x for which x 2 2 x 15 0
Solution
x 2 2 x 15 0

Let f x x 2 2 x 15
= x 3 x 5
When f x 0

x 3 x 5 0

x 3 or 5

For
x2 3
2 x f15 x
0
x 5 or x 3

4.SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS: EXPRESS ONE UNKNOWN IN TERM OF

THE OTHER UNKNOWN
Guidance
1 Arrange the linear equation such that
one of the two unknowns becomes the
subject of the equation.
(avoid fraction if possible)
2 Substitute the new equation from step 1
into the non-linear equation . Simplify
and express in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Example
x + 2y = 1
x=
(

)2 + 4y2 = 13
=0

3 Solve the quadratic equation by

factorisation, completing the square or
by using the formula

(2y 3)(
y=

4 Substitute the values of the unknown

obtained in step 3 into the linear
equation.

) = 0,

3
or
2

When y =

3
,
2

x = 1 2( ) =
When y =

x=

5.INDICES AND LOGARITHM: INDICES

Examples
Solve each of the following equations

1.

33x = 81
33x = 34
3x = 4
x

2.

Exercises

1. 9x = 271-x

4
3

2x . 4x+1
2x . 22 (x+1)
x + 2x + 2
3x

= 64
= 26
=6
=4

2. 4x . 8x -1

=4

3.

4
3

3. 5x - 25x+1

8 x 16 x1 0

3 x

4 x 1

3 x

=0

24

x 1

23 x 2 4 x 4
3x = 4x + 4
x=-4

6.COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Examples
1. Determine whether the straight lines
2y x = 5 and x 2y = 3 are parallel.

Solution
2y x = 5,
y=

1
1
x 5 , m1
2
2

x 2y = 3
1
1
x 3 , m2
2
2
Since m1 m 2 , therefore the straight lines 2y x = 5

y=

and x 2y = 3 are parallel.

2. Given that the straight lines 4x + py = 5

and 2x 5y 6 = 0 are parallel, find the
value of p.

Step1: Determine the gradients of both straight

lines.
4x + py = 5
4

y = p x p , m1 p
2x 5y 6 = 0
y=

5
x 3,
2

m2

5
2

Step 2: Compare the gradient of both straight lines.

Given both straight lines are parallel, hence
m1 m2

4
2

p
5

p = -10
3. Find the equation of the straight line
which passes through the point P(-3, 6)
and is parallel to the straight line
4x 2y + 1 = 0.

4x 2y + 1 = 0, y = 2x +

Thus, the gradient of the line, m = 2.

Therefore, the equation of the line passing through
P(-3, 6) and parallel to the line 4x 2y + 1 = 0 is
y - 6 = 2 (x - -3)
y = 2x + 12.

Examples
1. Determine whether the straight lines
3y x 2 = 0 and y + 3x + 4 = 0 are
perpendicular.

1
.
2

Solution
3y x 2 = 0
y=

1
2
1
x , m1
3
3
3

y + 3x + 4 = 0
y= 3x 4, m2 3
m1 m2

1
( 3) = -1.
3

Hence, both straight lines are perpendicular.

Examples

Solution

2. Find the equation of the straight line

which is perpendicular to the straight
line x + 2y 6 = 0 and passes through
the point (3, -4).

x + 2y 6 = 0
y=

1
1
x 3 , m1
2
2

Let the gradient of the straight line which is

perpendicular = m2

1
m2 = -1
2
m2 =

The equation of the straight line

=
y=

7.STATISTICS
The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1 p.m to 2 p.m. for 60
consecutive days is shown in the table below.
Number of vehicles
50
60
70
80
90

59
69
79
89
99

Number of
days
4
10
24
16
6

Calculate the median of the number of cars using formula.

Solution :
Number of
vehicles

Number of days
(f)

Cumulative
frequency

Median lies in this

interval

50
60
70
80
90

59
69
79
89
99

4
10
(24)
16
6

Step 1 : Median class is given by =

4
(14)
38
(
)
(
)

Tn

T60

T30

Therefore, the median class is 70 79

Step 2 : Median =

=
=

n
F

L 2
fm

(___)

60
14

2
24

( __ )

76.17

To estimate the mode using a histogram

Modal class = 70 79
(c)
Class boundary
49.5 59.5

Number of days
(frequency)
4
10
24
16
6

L = lower boundary of the median

class = 69.5
n =
F = cumulative frequency before the
median class = 14
fm = frequency of the median class
=24
c = size of the median class
= upper boundary lower
boundary
= 79.5 69.5
= 10

(c) The histogram is shown below

Frequency

25

20

15

10

49.5

59.5

69.5

79.5

89.5

99.5 Number of vehicles

Mode = 76

8.CIRCULAR MEASURE
Convert Measurements in radians to degrees and vice versa.
Convert the following angles in radians to degrees and minutes.
a. 1.5 rad

c.

rad
2

Convert the following angles to radians.

b. 0.63 rad

d.

3
rad
2

a. 500

b. 124.30

c. 72035

d. 285021

Arc Length of a circle

Find the length of arc.
1.

2.
P
8 cm
0.5 rad

152
O

6.4 cm

Complete the table below by finding the values of , r or s.

1.

1.5 rad

r
9 cm

2.

14 cm

3.

2.333 rad

30 cm

35 cm

Complete the table below, given the areas and the radii of the sectors and
angles subtended.
A

1 2
r , is in radians
2

Area of sector

Radius
38.12 cm

2.

90 cm2

9.15 cm

3.

72 cm2

1.

Angle subtended
500

=1.64 rad

4.

18 cm2

5.

200 cm2

6.

145 cm2

6.5 cm

1.778 rad

8 cm

9.DIFFERENTIATION:

1.

y = 10

2. y = x 5

dy
=
dx

dy
=
dx

3. f (x) = -2 x 3
f (x)=

4. y =

7
x

dy
=
dx

5. f ( x)
f (x)=

1
3x 3

6. y 4 x 2 x
dy
=
dx

Always change
a fractional
function to the
negative index
before finding
differentiation

8.

d
1

2
2 x 2 5x
7.
dx
x

y x(3 x 2)
dy

dx

9. Given y 3 x 2 4 x , find the value of

dy
when x =2.
dx

10. Given f ( x) x 1 x 2 , find the value

of f ' (0) and f ' (1).

11.INDEX NUMBER
The table shows the price of 3 types of goods: A, B and C in the year 2005 and 2006.
Types of good
A
B
C

Price
2005

2006

Price index in 2006

RM 1.20
x
RM 0.60

RM 1.60
RM 2.30
y

(Base year = 2005)

z
110
102

Find the value of x, y and z

Calculate the composite index for each of the following data

Index number, I
Weightage, W

120
3

110
4

105
3

1.PROGRESSIONS
1. Find the 9th term of the arithmetic
progression.
2, 5 , 8 , ..
Solution:
a=2
d = 5-2=3

2. Find the 11th term of the arithmetic

progression.
5
3, , 2,........
2

T9 2 (9 1)3
= _______
3. For the arithmetic progression
0.7, 2.1 , 3.5, .. ,find the 5th term .

4. Find the nth term of the arithmetic

progression
1
4, 6 ,9,.....
2

5. Find the 7 th term of the geometric

progression.
- 8, 4 , -2 , ..
Solution:
a=-8
T7 = (-8)(
=

1
8

r=

6. Find the 8 th term of the geometric

progression.
16, -8, 4,

4
1
=
8 2

1 7-1
)
2

7. For the geometric progression

4 2
,
, 1 , .. ,find the 9 th term .
9 3

8. Find the 3 th term of the geometric

progression
50, 40, 32.

Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions

S sum to infinity

a
S
1 r

a = first term
r = common ratio

1.

24, 3.6, 0.54, .

2.

81, -27,9, ..

Find the sum to infinity of a given

geomertric progression below:
Example:
2 2
6, 2, , ,.......
3 9
a=6
2
1
r

6
3

a
1 r
6
=
1
1- -
3
9
=
2

3.

1 1 1
, , ,....... ..
2 4 8

* example on recurring decimals

2.LINEAR LAW
STEPS TO PLOT A STRAIGHT LINE
Using a graph paper.
Identify Y and X from part (a)

Construct a table

Follow the scale given.

Label both axes
Line of best fit

Determine : gradient
m
Y-intercept c

QUESTION
x
y

2
2

3
9

4
20

5
35

6
54

Table

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x

and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px2 + qx
Non- linear
a) Draw the line of best fit for

y
against x
x

a) From your graph, find,

i)
p
ii)
q

SOLUTION
Reduce the non-linear
To the linear form

STEP 1
y = px2 + qx

The equation is divided throughout by x

To create a constant that is free from x
On the right-hand side i.e, q

y
qx
px 2
=
+
x
x
x
y
= px + q
x

Linear form
Y = mX + c

Y = mX + c
Note : For teachers reference

construct table

STEP 2
x

20

35

54

y
x

STEP 3

Using graph paper,

- Choose a suitable scale so that the graph
drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axis
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

y
x

12

10
x
8
x
6
x
4
x
2

x
1

-2
-4

STEP 4

From the graph,

find p and q

9 1
Gradient , p =
=2
62

Construct a right-angled triangle,

So that two vertices are on the line
of best fit, calculate the gradient, p

y- intercept = q= -3

Determine the y-intercept, q

from the straight line graph

3.INTEGRATION
1.

Given

f ( x) dx 3

5 f ( x) 1dx
3

and 2.

f ( x) dx 7 . Find

(a) the value of k if

(b)

that

kx f ( x) dx 8

Given

that

g ( x)dx 5 . Find

(b) 3 f ( x) g ( x) dx
(a)

0
4

f ( x) dx g ( x )dx
4

22
Answer : (a) k =
3
(b) 48

Answer: (a) 15
(b) 4

f ( x) dx 3

and

4.VECTOR
VECTOR IN THE CARTESIAN COORDINATES
State the following vector in terms in i~ and ~j and also in Cartesian coordinates

1.

Solutions
Example
j
~

2
OA 2 i
~
0

5
P

4
3 B

1
0

0
OB 3 j
~
3

OP p 3 i 4 j
~

A
1

3 4

3

4

Exercise

Solutions

(a) OP =

(b) OQ

2
1

(c) OR

T
-3

-2

-1 O

1-1

-2

(e) OT

2.

Find the magnitude for each of the vectors

Example
3 i~ 2 ~j =

3 2
2

(a) 2 i~ 5 ~j

13 unit

(b) 5 ~i 12 ~j

(d) OS

(c) i~ j =

(f) OW

3.

Find the magnitude and unit vector for each of the following
(a) r~ 2 ~i 6 ~j

Example
r 3i 4 j
~

Solution :
Magnitude, r 32 4 2
~

=5

1
unit vector, r, (4 i 3 j )
~
5 ~ ~
6

(b) a~

(c) h~

SPM 2003/no. 12 / paper 1.

uuuu
r
uuur
1.
Diagram 2 shows two vectors, OP and QO .
y
Q(-8, 4)
P(5,

3)

O
x
Express
uuur
x
(a)
OP in the form ,
y
uuur
(b)
OQ in the form xi + yj.

[ 2 marks]

5.TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
To sketch the graph of sine or cosine function , students are encouraged to follow the
steps below.
1. Determine the angle to be labeled on x-axis.
eg :

Function

angle

y = sin x

x = 90o

y = cos 2x

2x = 90o
x = 45o

y = sin

3
x
2

3
x = 90o
2

x = 60o
2. Calculate the values of y for each value of x by using calculator

eg : y = 1 2 cos 2x
x
y

0
-1

45
1

90
3

135
1

180
-1

3. Plot the coordinates and sketch the graph

y
3

225
1

270
3

315
1

360
-1

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

360

6.PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1. The number of ways of arranging all the

2. The number of ways of arranging four

alphabets in the given word.

of the alphabets in the given word so that

Example Solution:

last alphabet is S

6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1

Example Solution:

= 720

The way to arrange alphabet S = 1

The way to arrange another 3 alphabets=

P3
3. How many ways to choose 5 books

The number of arrangement = 1 x 5 P 3 = 60

4. In how many ways can committee of 3

from 20 different books

men and 3 women be chosen from a group

Example solution:

of 7 men and 6 women ?

Example Solution:
The number of ways=

20

C5

The numbers of ways = 7 C 3 x 6 C 3

= 15504

= 700

7.PROBABILITY
Question
2

The above figure shows six

numbered cards. A card is
chosen at random. Calculate
the probability that the
number on the chosen card
(a)
is a multiple of 3 and
a factor of 12
(b)
is a multiple of 3 or a
factor of 12.

Answer
Let
A represent the event that the number on the chosen card
is a multiple of 3, and
B represent the event that the number on the chosen card
is a factor of 12.
A = {3, 6, 9}, n(A)= 3
B = {2, 3, 4, 6}, n(B) = 4
A B = {3, 6}
A B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}
(a) P(A B) =

2 1
.
6 3

Alternative method

(b) P(A B) =

5
6

P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

3 4 2

6 6 6
5
=
.
6

Question
A box contains 5 red balls, 3 yellow balls
and 4 green balls. A ball is chosen at
random from the box. Calculate the
probability that the balls drawn neither a
yellow nor a green.

Solution
3
.
12
4
P(green) =
12
P (yellow) =

P(yellow or green) =

No
1.

Questions
Box C contains 4 black marbles and 6
yellow marbles. A marbles is chosen at
random from box C, its colour is noted
and the marbles is noted and the
marbles is returned to the box. Then a
second marbles is chosen. Determine
the probability that
(a) both the marbles are black.
(b) the two balls are of different
colours.
(c) at least one of the balls chosen is
yellow.

3 4 7
+ = .
12 12 12

Solutions

4
10
6
10

Black

Yellow

4
10

Black

6
10

Yellow

4
10
6

Black
Yellow

10

(a) P(black

black)=

4
4
4

=
10 10
25

(b) P(same colours)

= P(black black) + P(yellow

yellow)

6
13
4
6

+
=
=
.
25
10
10
25

4
21
(c) 1 P(both blacks) = 1
=
25
25

8.PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Example 1 :
Find the value of each of the following probabilities by reading the standardised normal
distribution table.
(a) P(Z > 0.934)

(b)

P(Z 1.25)

Solution
(b) P(Z 1.25) = 1 P(Z > 1.25)
= 1 0.1057
= 0.8944

1.25

(c) P(Z - 0.23)

Solution
(c)

P(Z - 0.23) = 1 P(Z < - 0.23)

= 1 P(Z > 0.23)
= 1 0.40905
= 0.59095

1.25

-0.23

(d)

0.23

P(Z > - 1.512)

Solution
(d) P(Z < - 1.512) = P(Z > 1.512)
= 0.06527

-1.512

(e)

1.512

P(0.4 < Z < 1.2)

Solution
(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2) = P(Z > 0.4) P(Z > 1.2)
= 0.3446 0.1151
= 0.2295

0.4

(f)

1.2

0.4

1.2

P(- 0.828 < Z - 0. 555)

Solution
(f) P(- 0.828 < Z - 0. 555) = P(Z > 0.555) P(Z > 0.828)
= 0.28945 0.20384
= 0.08561

-0.828

-0.555

0.555

0.828

(g) P(- 0.255 Z < 0.13)

Solution
(g) P(- 0.255 Z < 0.13) = 1 P(Z < - 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 P(Z > 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 0.39936 0.44828
= 0.15236

-0.255

14.3

0.13

Score- z

Example 2 :
Find the value of each of the following :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

P(Z z) = 0.2546
P(Z < z) = 0.0329
P(Z < z) = 0.6623
P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

-0.255

0.13

Solution
(a) P(Z z) = 0.2546
Score-z = 0.66

0.2546

(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329

Score-z = -1.84

(c)

P(Z < z) = 0.6623

1 - P(Z > z) = 0.6623
P(Z > z) = 1 0.6623
= 0.3377
Score-z = 0.419

(d)

P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

1 P(Z < z) P(Z > 0.548) = 0.4723
1 P(Z < z) 0.2919 = 0.4723
P(Z < z) = 1 0.2919 0.4723
= 0.2358
Score-z = -0.72

Normal Distribution
Type 1
P( Z > positive no)
P ( Z > 1.2 ) = 0.1151

Type 6

Type 1
P ( Z > K ) = less than 0.5

P (Negative no < Z < Negative no )

P ( Z > K ) = 0.2743
P ( -1.5 < Z < - 0.8 )
K = 0.6
.....................................................
Type 2
P(Z < negative no)

= P ( 0.8 < Z < 1.5 )

P ( Z < - 0.8 ) = P (Z > 0.8)

= 0.2119 0.0668 = 0.1451

= P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z > 1.5 )

= 0.2119

.....................................................
Type 3
P ( Z < positive no)
P ( Z < 1.3 )
= 1 P ( Z>1.3)
= 1 0.0968
= 0.9032

......................................................
Type 2
P ( Z < K ) = less than 0.5
P( Z < K ) = 0.3446
.....................................................
.

P ( Z > - K ) = 0.3446
- K = 0.4
K = - 0.4

Type 7
P ( negative no < Z < postive no )

P ( -1.2 < Z < 0.8 )

.....................................................
.
Type 4.
P( Z > negative no)
P ( Z > - 1.4 )
= 1 P ( Z < -1.4 )
= 1 0.0808
= 0.9192

= 1 P ( Z > 0.8) P ( z < -1.2 )

= 1 P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z > 1.2 )
= 1 0.2119 0.1151
=0.673

....................................................
Type 5
P( positive no < Z < positive
no)
P( 1 < Z< 2 )
= P( Z> 1 ) P( Z> 2 )
= 0.1587 0. 0228
= 0.1359

.......................................................
Type 3
P( Z < K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z < K ) = 0.8849
P ( Z > K ) = 1 0.8849
= 0.1151
K = 1.2

......................................................
Type 4
P ( Z > K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z > K ) = 0.7580
P( Z < K ) = 1 0.7580 = 0.2420
P ( Z > -k ) = 0.2420
- K= 0.7
K = - 0.7

10.LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Problem interpretation and the formation of the relevant equations or inequalities
The table below shows the mathematical expressions for the different inequalities
used.
a
b

Mathematical Expressions
y greater than x
y less than x

Inequality
yx
yx

c
d
e
f
g

y not more than x

y not less than x
The sum of x and y is not more than k
y is at least k times the value of x
y exceeds x at least k

yx
yx
x y k
y kx

yxk

Example:
A company delivers 900 parcels using x lorries and y vans. Each lorry carries 150
parcels while each van carries 60 parcels. The cost of transporting the parcels using a
lorry is RM 60 while that of a van is RM 40 . The total cost spent on transportation is not
more than RM 480.
(a) Write down two inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 , that satisfy all of the above
conditions.
Solution
(a)

150 x 60 y 900
.. 1
5 x 2 y 30
60 x 40 y 480
3 x 2 y 24

.
2

The two inequalities that satisfy the given conditions are :

5 x 2 y 30

and 3 x 2 y 24