1

CkvemanI hntamN\Zi\w:
Aen icnAn, AkvKden, ^coZv FkmJv, l l\^n NnIfpsS shfnn Hct\zjWw:
hn. F. aplZv Aivd^v
am\hnIX, aXmc kao]\w, Zp_ecpsS imoIcWw Fnhsb ap\nnbpff JpB
hymJym\neqsS CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{XNnsb hnIknnm\pff {iaamWnhnsS. a\pjys
`uXnI{]iv\sfbpw kmaqlnI A\oXnIsfbpw \nmcamn \nnsImpff apJy[mcm
aXhymJm\sXnscbpff s]mnsdnbmbmWv Hmtcm aXfnepw hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X
DbphcpXv. kmnIambpw kmaqlnIambpw ]nWnbns P\hn`mKfpsS imoIcWXzc, \oXn
kwkvYm]\ hy{KX, kam[m\ hmRvO FnhmWv ASnkvYm\]cambn hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw Du
sImSppXv.
apJy[mcm ssZhimkv{Xw BNmcm\pjvTm\v AanX {]m[m\yw \InsImv kpffhs
A[oim[n]Xyw kzm`mhnIsa \nebnseSpm t{]cnnpp; Zmcn{Zys ssZhhn[nsb \nebn
kzoIcnm\pw AXnt\mSv s]mcpsSm\pw A\pioensSpp. a\pjyhImiw, kmaqlnI kmnI
kmkvImcnI \oXn Fnhbpambn _s NIfmWv ASnkvYm\]cambn hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw
ssIImcyw sNpXv.
aXw ]etmgpw anXs abpacppw \nizmkhpamWv. (amIvkv, t].3). `cWhns
BiIfmIpw Hmtcm ImeLnsebpw Gsd \nmbIamb BiI. (amIvvkv, GwKkv, t] 59).
`cWh Xm]cysf Ahwe_nv ]Sppbs ssZhimkv{Xw hnai\ hnt[bamsSpI Xs
thWw; Fsm apXemfnheIcns aXw Cv hn aqe[\inbmbn amdnbncnpp. aXs
B[n]Xy inIfn \nv tamNnnv aIs\Xncmb kacnse h{Pmbp[ampIbmWv thXv.
aqeyfpsS {]`htI{sa \nebn DPPzeamb int{kmXpff aXfmb ss{IkvXhX, PqXaXw,
Ckvemw Fnhsms hnhinbmIm\pff Icppv. emn\tacn ]menemWv ss{IkvXh
hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw Bhn`hnpXv; ssZhs kIe anXmhXIfptSbpw hntamNI\mbn
hymJym\nsp sImmWnXv hfXv. (s]msK, t].10-2). kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob- aX LS\Ifpw
Bibfpw hnai\clnXambn A\pkcnpXn \nv kzmX{yw \IpXpw hwiw, enwKw, hw, aXw
FnhbpsS t]cnepff Fmcw A\oXnIfn \npw NqjWfn \npw kzmX{yw \IpXmWv
hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xsav ^coZv FkmJv \nNnpp. (FkmJv, 1997, t].83).
{InkvXzw 610 se {]hmNIen apX 632 acWw hscbpff 22 hjpffn aplZv \_nv
e`yamb shfn]mSpIfpsS kamlmcamWv JpB. kaXzw, am\hnI kmtlmZcyw, kmaqlnI \oXn Fo
imizX XXz Dundbp JpB, NqjWsbpw ASnaens\bpw A]e]npp.
imkv{Xmht_m[w, bpn]cX, ]ptcmKa\hmRvO, XpeyXmt_m[w XpSnb B[p\nIsav IcpXp
aqeyfpambn JpB kwL\ne. JpBs bpn]camb DffSs aqeyhnNmctmsS
IspI F ZuXyamWv hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw GsSppXv.
CdmImc\mb Aen icnAn (1933-1979), CuPn]vXnse l l\^n (1935), Cybnse AkvKden
Fn\nb (19392013), ZnWm{^nbnse ^coZv FkmJv (1959) FnhcmWv CkvemanI hntamN\
ssZhimkv{Xw F Bibw hnIknnhcmbn s]mXpsh IcpXsSpXv. shffmcs
tatmbvasXnsc ]Ss]mcpXnb amw FIvkv (1925-1965), hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw DbnnSnncpp.
Ckvemans kmaqly\oXn k]s adp]nSnpsImpff hymJym\fmWv CkvemantXmbn
]etmgpw cwKpffXv. kwKoXw, KoXw, Nn{XcN\, sNv, ]w ]d Fnh \ntcm[npsImpw kv{Xo
hnZym`ymks ]cnanXsSpWsa BthitmsSbpw tKm{Xm[n]Xy -]pcpjm[n]Xy aqeyhIcWs

Xmtemenp bmYmkvYnXnIXbmWv Xmen_m. apkvenwInSbnse kmaqlnI {]knbnm

NIfpsS hym]IXzw Xs apkvenwNnIfpsS ]nmmhsb tZymZnnpp. CXv BIkvanIa;
t_m[]qw krjvSnsSpXmWv. AXpsImv Xs AXns km{amPyXz hncpX BZi \njvTa.
dmUn Ckvemans hIvXmfmbn AdnbsSp AssJZ, sFknkv t]mepff {]kvYm\ aXmI
-^mjnkns hm XsbmWv. sNdpp\n]v F hmZap]tbmKnv kpNnX tKm{X]cXtbbpw
AklnjvWpXtbbpw \ymboIcnm\mhn. en_d aqeyfpsS ASnkvYm\nepff aXhymJym\w
Cmcyn KpWIcamsWnepw AXpsImv am{Xambn.
en_d Ckvemw F Xesn\v Iogn hcpsXms ]ptcmKa\]camIWsan. apkvenw
\mSpIfn {]hnp ]e en_d Ckvemw ]XnIpw bp.Fkv [\klmbapv. ]mmXy
hymhkmbnI Xm]cy kwcWmw {]hnp Ccw kwLS\I en_d aqey
{]NcnnpsImv kv{XohntamN\w F t]cn kv{Xo icocns IhShIcWw Ddnpp. aZyw,
]eni FnhtbmSv emLhXzw hfnsbSppI FXv ]mmXy- apXemfn NqjW\pKpWamWv.
temI_mpw sF.Fw.F^pw t\XrXzw \Ip kz-X-{ I-tmf [\hyhkvYbpsSbpw
_lpcmjv{SIpIIfpsSbpw B[n]Xy hyh DdnpIbmWv Ccmv ^v \IpXns
clkyw. AtX kabw Ghpw DXamb en_d aqeyfpambn AdnbsSp P\m[n]Xyw, [njWm
kzmX{yw, klnjvWpX Fnh ASnkvYm\]camb JpB\nI aqey XsbmWv FXn Xan.
hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xanm en_d Ckvemw I-tmf [\hyhbpsS {]NmcIcmbn amdpw.
CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xns BNmcy\mbn IcpXsSp AkvKden Fn\nb 1990 emWv
hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X IrXn ]pdndpXv. (Fn\nb 1990). Fm 1984 Xs hntamN\
ssZhimkv{Xw F {]tbmKw Atlw \Snbncpp. (Fn\nb 1984, t].13-18). ]noSv jo AIvX
(1960), l l\^n, C{_mlow A_qdm_n Fnh Cu {]tbmKw GsSpp. (AIvX 1991; l\^n 1995,
t]. 189 197, A_qdm_n t].220-247). Fm CXn\v Gsd apv Xs km{Xns kplrpw {^mkv
^m\s hnhI\pambncp Aen icnAn hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xns Bmhv Dsmffp
{]Xn]mZ\ \Sn. (icnAn, 1979). AenicnAnpv "a\pjyhntamN\n\p efnXamb
XXzNnbmWv Ckvemw.' (icnAn, 1980, t].73). skan\mcnIfnsempw tNcmsX sSldm
kIemimebnse Bvkv ^mnbnembncpp icnAn ]TnXv. XXzNnbnse apJy[mcIsfms
]Tnv i\mb Hcp apXemfn hncp\mbn Atlw amdn. amIvknks \ncmIcnptmgpw amIvknb
coXnimkv{Xhpw ]Zmhenbpw kzwioIcnm icnAn aSnn. Ckvemantev aSpI Fv ]dXv
sImmbn. GXv Ckvemantev Fv hyamWw: A_qZdnttbm `cWm[nImcn ahmttbm,
sImmcns Ckvemtam ]mhfpw NqjnXcpambhcpsS Ckvemtam? icnAn tNmZnp. (A{_lmanb,
t] 1415).
aXm[n]Xyw cmjv{Sobm[n]Xytm tamiamWv; Fsm Bob PohnXs AXv
apcSnnpIbpw DX aqeyfn Anm\pff {]hWXsb \innpIbpw sNpp. (Fn\nb 1999,
t].6). anXmhkvY ampXn\v ]Icw kwLSnX aX AhbpsS hyhm]nXXzw Ddnm
klmbnpIbmbncpp. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].2). hntamN\n\p Bbp[amIpXn\v aXns hntamN\
ssZhimkv{Xw hnIknnsSptXpv. C{]Imcsamcp ssZhimkv{Xnt\ anXcpsS Inse
{]Xybimkv{X]camb Bbp[w \Im\mhq. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].21).
GXv Ckvemw? GXv hymJym\w?

a\pjy sNp ]e {IqcXIfpsSbpw ]nn aX]camb DdpI Bthi]qw

A\phnpps apdnbnv XXzNnI\mb ]mkv (1623--1662) \Ipp.v (tUmnkv, t].283).
thZ{KfpsS ZphymJym\fneqsSbmWv Zp:inI CXv km[yampXv. hnip{K
h{IoIcnsSpI am{Xa sNbvXXv; Acw h{IoIcWw apkvenw kaqln A[nImcns
LS\m]camb khntijXbmbn ]cnhnXamhpIbpw sNbvXp. (sa\on, t].8-9).
CkvemanI ssZhimkv{Xw FXv ssZhnI t{kmXmb JpBs\pdn am\pjnIamb NnbmWv;
AXpsImv Xs Fmepw {]kamb ssZhimkv{Xw \nnm\mhn. ssZhimkv{X \nnXn
kmaqlnIamb Bhiyns D]amWv. Hmtcm thZhymJymXmhpw Xs bXv\ns\pXv
aphn[nItfmsSbmWv; \njvvfamb hymJymXmthm hymJym\tam C. (t{Skn, t].79). AXpsImv Xs
cv hyIvXnIpw cv \qmpIpw cv taJeIpw Ahpw hymJym\hpw hyXykvXamIpXv
kzm`mhnIw am{XamWv. CtX ImcWm Xs GsXnepw JpB\nI hymJym\w, ]cahpw AnahpamWv
Fv ]dbm\mhn. {]hmNIs A\pbmbnI Xs Nnetm hn`n Xcn hymJym\nnpv;
{]hmNI Ahsb kvYncoIcnnpapv. (dlvam, 1982, t].144). ]qkqcnIfpsS GsXnepw hymJym\w
kzoIcn \n_amsW hmZw kzoImcya. kXyw \nccambn aptdp {]{IobbmWv. (dlvam, 1982,
t].145).
ssZhimkv{Xw ImenIambn ]cnjvIrXamIWw. ssZhnI ktins AhXcW ]me
hniI\neqsS ImemXoXamb eyw IspI FXv ]ca{][m\amWv. Fn\nbdpsS hmpIfn,
ssZhw krjvSyppJ\mbXn\m ssZhimkv{Xhpw A{]ImcamIWw. Xs alXz ]pXnb
k`fneqsS Ah shfnhmnsmtbncnpp. AXvsImv Xs kXymt\zjI\v
CXnIhyaqU\mbn Aekambncnm\mhn. ssZhns ]pXnb AhXcWfpsS s]mcpfdnbm
kXymt\zjn hy{K\mWv. k`hpambn _sSppIbpw AXns\ AXnhnpIbpw sNm
ssZhimkv{Xw \ncIamWv. CXmWv ssZhimkv{Xs krjvSyppJampXv. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].138).
Fm {]hmNIcpw kmaqlnI\oXn DXvtLmjnm BKXcmbn; ]nmev AhcpsS ktiw
shw tNsSpIbpw AnadnsSpIbpw sNbvXp. X^eambn hntamN\ Zi\w Hgnhmstm
icnbmb ]mhntev \bnm ]pXnb {]hmNI BKXcmbn. CXmWv hyXykvX aXZi\v
ImcWsa knmamWv JpB aptmv shpXv. thZ{Kfn \Sp XncnadnbneqsSbmWv
1

]etmgpw {]hmNIXz Zi\sf XInSw adnXv. JpB Cu hn[apff hn[zwk\fn \nv

kpcnXamWv (5:44).
Fm ZphymJym\ km[yXsb JpB \ntj[npn. ]etmgpw ZphymJym\w ]men
\nSnsbSppsImpw,2 thZ{Kns Hcp `mKw adpshpsImpamWv sNpXv (6:91).
km[yambXn \oXntbmSSp hymJym\amWv kzoIcntXv.3 kZri {]tbmKfpsS ]pdsIt]mbn
Bksb A]ISsSpp {]hWXbpw [mcmfamWv (3:7). JpB\n sshcp[yanmXpsImv (4:82),
Hcp kqw assmns\ hniZoIcnp hn[amWv D]tbmKntXv. (AkZv, t].261). thZhymJym\w
\Sptm kXyw AkXyhpambn IqnpgcpXv; AdnpsImv kXyw aqSnshpIbpacpXv (2:42);
kmyw kXykambn shfnhmWw (4:135); hymPn\mbn hmev ]dbcpXv (4:105); sXns\
]npWpIbpacpXv (28:17). a\pjycminv bYmnemhiyapffXv am{Xta imizXambn
\ne\npIbpffq (13:17). aXhymJym\ns ASnm\ aqeyw \oXnbmsWv JpB hyampp:
4

krjvSnbn HcnSpw A\oXnbn. ssZhw ASnatbmSv A]w t]mepw A\oXn Imph\ (22:10). a\pjy
{]IrXym kzmX{\mbXv sImv a\pjy{]IrXn Fmcw ASnaepIsfbpw sNdppp.

bpn]cambXn\m Ah \oXnmbn bXv\npw. Fmcw A\oXnpw hnthN\n\psaXnsc

a\pjy{]IrXn kacw sNbvXpsImtbncnpw. (l\^n 1988, t].203).
A`uXnIm\w (sam^nknIvkv) hym]Iambn Ipnsepn hnjbs koampXcw
hymJym\s ]cmainpsImv AkvKden Fn\nb FgpXn: `uXnImXoXbpsS ZpcqlXtbdptmdpw
\ne\np hyhkvYnXntbmSpff hymJymXmfpsS hnt[bXzhpw Gdn hcpXv ImWmw. (Fn\nb, 1990,
t].1-2) Cmcyw ^coZv FkmJpw NqnImnbnpv: {]tbmKnsSm XmXznIhcWw sImv
ssZhimkv{Xs ss[jWnI hymbmaambn A[:]XnncpXv; adnv ssZhimkv{Xs NqjIpw
aIpsaXncmb kacnse iamb D]IcWampIbmWv thXv. (FkmJv, 1997, t].85)
C_v\p ssXanbbpsS injy\pw hnJymX CkvemanI \nbaPvR\pambncp C_v\p Jnw (1292--1350)
]dbpp: icnAns XXzfpw ASnkvYm\fpw am\hcminpff Cl]c \bmWv; AXv \oXn,
ImcpWyw, am\htaw, bpn Fnhbpambn CgtNv \npp. FhnsS \oXn A{Ian\pw, ImcpWyw
{IqcXbvpw, \ AgnaXnpw, bpn _pniq\yXpw hgn amdpthm AhnsS icnAns Bmhn;
GXv Xcn AXns\ \ymboIcnm {ianmepw. Fsm bYm icnAv ssZhw Xs
krjvSnIfpsS tabpw \bpw emmn \Inb \oXn hyhkvYbmWv. (daZm, 2004, t].42). C_v\p
Jnans Xs hmpIfn, {]hmNI\ntem JpB\ntem hyambn Isnbmepw Csnepw
kmaqly\oXn Ddmp GXv {]h\hpw ]Xnbpw CkvemanIambn kzoImcyamWv. (Fn\nb, 1994,
t].146).
thZhymJym\n \oXn F aqeyw kaqambn D]tbmKntXns KucmhkvY hnJymX
]nX C_v\p ssXanb (1263-1328) Xs hyamnbnpv: a\pjys Cl temImhkvYbn `cmb
A{IanItfm ]m]nIfmb \oXnammcmWv Daw. AhnizmknIfpsS \oXnsb ssZhw DbnnSnpp;
Fm A\oXn apkvenantXmbmepw Ah AwKoIcnpn. Ckveman\pw A\oXnpw Hcpanv
t]mIm\mhn. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].58).
A[nImcw ssZhimkv{XnenSs]Sp hn[w
hn[nhmZw BZyw DbnXv Jnem^ns\ cmPm[n]Xyntev \bn apBhnb (602---680) Bbncpp.
(Fn\nb, 1987, t].89). DaZv ImeLn ({InkvXzw 661--750), hn[nhnizmkw cmjv{SotbmtitmsS
hym]Iamn. (hmv, t].27--35). CXn apBhnbv cmjv{Sob Xm]cyhpapmbncpp. hn[nhmZs FXn
JhmcnPpI XpeyX, \oXn, kzmX{yw Fnhbn hnizmknncpp. ]t AklnjvWpX F KpcpXcamb
tcmKw Ahsc {Kknncpp. (Fn\nb, 1984, t].18-19). `cWIqS tXhmgvNbpsS Zpc^eambn
P\pmb IjvSmSpIsf adnSm\pw HXpn \nm\pw Xebnsegpv knmw
D]tbmKnsSpIbmbncpp. ssZhw CXv hn[nXv Fv [cnm Ah `cWIqSs A\pkcnpw. Ah
A\p`hnp A[:nXmhIfpw sISpXnIfpw ssZhhn[nbmbncpXn {]XnIcWkm[yXsb CmXmpw.
(KtcmUn, t].54). CuPn]vjy NnI Xmlm lpssks (1889--1973) hmpIfn P\w kmaqly-kmnI
ZpcnXmhIsf ssZthObpsS {]IS\ambn sXncnpw. (kCuZv, t].140---145). AXbpw
hn[nhnizmkhpw aqew kmaqly, kmnI cmjv{Sob aI LSIfpw hyhkvYIfpw XpScm
A\phZnsSpw. (tSm, t].457). CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{XImc IqSnbmb e_\okv ]nX
aplZv lpssk ^Zvepmlv (19352010), hn[nhmZs k ]mhsXnsc \Sp a\ns
\ymboIcWmw, kmaqlnI A\oXnsb insSpm DbsXmsWv \nconpp. (A_qdm_o,
t].232).

a\pjykzmX{ys A\phZnm hn[n hnizmkamWv CkvemantXv F hmZw JpBs apgph

DSsbpw \ntj[npIbpw ASndIsf XIpIbpw sNpsav CkvemanI NnI ^kveq
dlvam Ipdnp. (dlvam, 1980, t]. 20). ASnm\ a\pjymhImi \ntj[nsSpXv
ssZh\nba\pkcnmsW hmZw hymPhpw ssZh\nm]chpamWv. \ne\np hyhkvYnXnbpsS
D]amWv Zmcn{Zyhpw ]nWnbpw Akam[m\hpw. Ccw A\oXnIfpsS hn]mS\w eyamm
5

aXt_m[w D]cnhhpw ipjvIhpamWv.

a\pjykzmX{yw JpBs ASnkvYm\ {]tabamWv: CjvSapffh Xs \mYs\ {]m]npXn\pff

amw kzoIcnpsImffs (73:19). Ipg apgps a\pjyIc hcpnshpXmWv: Cu \miw
\n Xs hcpnshXmIpp (3:165). a\pjym, \n\v e`np GsXmcp \bpw ssZhns
HuZmcym e`npXmIpp. \n\v e`np Xntbm, AXv \ns I^eambpw (4:79). a\pjy
A\p`hnp sISpXnIfpw Zpcfpw Ahs Xs krjvSnbmWv Fv JpB hyampp:
a\pjyIc {]hnXns ^eambn ISenepw hn\miw {]Xysncnpp (30:41). \mw \nsf
t{Zmlnnn; \n \nsfsbmWv t{ZmlnXv (43:76); Cu Bibw JpB \nch[n XhW
Bhnppapv.

`qanbn Ncnp Hmtcm PohnbpsSbpw Blmcw ssZhw koIcnncnpp F Bibw

7

JpB Bhnpp. hnipw Zmcn{Zyhpw a\pjy\nnXhpw A\oXn]camb kmnI hyhkvYbpsS

D]hpamWv. (\Jvhn, t].157). ks kzn ]mhfpsS AhImihpapv Fv JpB
AhnXnXambn hyamppv. (70:24---25). CXvsImmIWw {]hmNIinjy\mb A_qZdp Kn^mcn
(Ncaw:652), ]nWnbnemb a\pjy kzw hmfpambn hv X\nhImisXv
]nSnsSpmsXpsImsv ApXsXv. (icnAn, 1988, t].62).
Zmcn{Zys ]nimNns hmKvZm\ambmWv JpB {]Xn]mZnncnpXv; Ass[cyhpw aSnbpw
8

]nSnncnp ]mhsf A]e]npIbpw sNpp thZ{Kw. Zmcn{Zyw Ahnizmkntev \bnpsa

Hcp {]hmNI hN\hpapv (A_qZmhqZv). Ckvemw Hcp k\ymkn aXa FmWv CXv kqNnnpXv. ssZhw
\Inb \ hn`hsf hnizmknIv hneppan (7:32). PohnX hn`h tXS {]m\t]mse Xs
{]m[m\yalnpXmbn I]npp (62:10).
kv ssZhntXmWv FXv XuloZns (GIssZh Zi\w) ASnm\ k]amWv (2:284);
a\pjy tIhew {Skvn am{Xw (57:7). a\pjy\pssSbpff apgph PohPmepapff hn`h ssZhw
9

\Inbncns, ]mckv]cnIXbneqsS hn`h Ghpw e`yamIp hyh kwPmXamWw (36:47).

CXn hcp emLhXzw AXoh KpcpXcamWv. Hcp ]Wn ]nWn acWapmbm sIme]mXIambn
IcpXn \mpImcn \nv Znb (Uv aWn AYhm \jvS]cnlmcw) CuSmWsa Hcp ^Xvh hnJymX
kv]m\njv CkvemanI ]nX Camw C_v\p lkw (994---1064) ]pdsSphnp. (CIv_m, t].190---1).
]cam[nImcw ssZhns\nepw, hyhItfmsS ssIImcyw sNm\p A[nImcw am{Xw a\pjy\v \evIpp
(57:7). Ckvemanse kzImcyhImiw cv [mnI hyhItfmsSbmWv: (1) bYm DSabpsS (ssZhns)
Xmev]cyn icnbmwhw D]tbmKnWw. (2) IqSpX kv s]mXp\bvpw kmaqly\oXnpw
{]tbmPsSpWw. (_m\am, t].98). {]tXyI Ahbn kzImcykzv \nb{nmw. (bmkn, t].38).
CXn\w, IrXyamb ssZht_m[apff k\v, X\nnjvSapff hn[n kv sNehnSm Htsd
]cnanXnIfpv FmWv. (Ilv^v, t].30). JpB kqw 22:65 hymJym\npsImv CkvemanI kmnI
hnZKv[ Da N{] FgpXn: "{]IrXn hn`h GsXnepw DXIpePmXv am{Xamb,

FmhpapXmWv. tahpw Zmcn{Zy\nm\hpw ASnm\ a\pjymhImifpw Ghpw

e`yamIWw. (N{], t].228)
Aen icnAn \Snb \ncoWw {]tNmZ\mIamWv: {]_p\mb Hcp apkvenw, Xm AXpeyamb
Hcp kwkvImcn\pSabmsWv a\nempp; AXv Cysbtmse kqamb BobXb,
ssN\sbtmse kqamb ankvnpa, {Kons\tmse kqambpw XXzm\]chpa,
]mmXykwkvImcstmse kqambpw `uXnImXnjvTnXhpw kmtXnI hnZym[njvTnXhpa;
AhbptSsXmw ke\amWhs hnizmkw; ]ptcmKa\]cX, BobX, XpeyXpw \oXnpapff
A`n\nthiw Fnh AXn XpSnsImpp. av ]e aXfn \npw hyXykvXambn Zmcn{Zys AXv
\ymboIcnpn; adnv A]e]npp. \oXnmbpff \nccamb bXv\fm (PnlmZv) AXv apJcnXamWv.
Ckvemw An\v {]m[m\yw sImSppp; AXns ]ctemIw, Cu temIs kPohamb PohnXs
Ahew_nmWv; ssZhk]w a\pjyalXzs am\npXmWv; {]hmNI\mIs Bbp[[mcnbpw.
(icnAn, 1986, t]. 22--23).
ssZhimkv{Xw hym]Iambn Zpcp]tbmKsSppXv ]etmgpw {insSpn. DZmlcWn\v
ASna hn]mS\w Hcp JpB\nI eyambncpnpIqSn (24:33), kuZn Atd_ybnse DX aX]nX
tI{amb Iukn Hm^v ko\nb kvtImtfgvknse apXn AwKhpw ^Xvh hIpns ncmwKhpamb
kmte A-^ukm (1933--), shmn k{Zmbs \ymboIcnpIbpmbn. kuZnbn KmlnI
tPmenbntesncnp kv{XoIsf ssewKnIambn NqjWw sNpXn\v \ymboIcWw NaemWnsXv,
Iimkv{X hnimcZ JmenZv A_qA ^Zv Bi{]ISnnppv. (^Zv, t].255). ChnsS
A^ukm hnkvacnXv ASnkvYm\ am\hnIaqeyfmb XpeyXbpw \oXnbpamWv. Hmtcm Imetbpw
10

kmaqlnI Ncn{X {]iv\tfmSv Xmf\n_ambn Cu aqeysf {]IminnpIbmWv JpB sNbvXXv.

CtX {]{Iob XpStcXpv. JpB {Ia{]hrambn ASnas \ncpmlsSpnsImncpp. ASna

hntamN\w JpBs A--k--bvv A\ptbmPyhpambncpp. ASnaw, thZ{Kns ASn-m-\B-i-b-pw hnssizIaqeypw a\pjymhImipw hncpamWv. a\pjycmin ssIhcn hn
aptamWv 1948 se Amcm{ a\pjymhImi {]Jym]\w (bp.Un.Fv.B). AXn Hv shm
IqmmXncpXv kuZnAtd_y F apkvenw cmjv{SamWv FXv \s AcntXmWv. aX]cnXymKnpw
hy`nNmcnpw h[in F JpB hncpamb \ymbamWv Ah apgnbXv!

hntamN\n bpnbpsS {]kn

hnm\w Hcp Xcw inbmWv; Adnsh \nebn AXv aphsXnsc {]tbmKnm\mhpsav
hn{ipX NnI ^qtm apdnbnv \Ipp. (^qtm, t].27). AXn\m taemf hns A[nImcw
\ne\nm Adnhv D]tbmKnsSpw. (^qtm, t].28). Adnhns Cu Zpjv{]tbmKw ]e hn[n
\Sppv; AXnsemmWv aXmX. aXmXbpsS tkh\n\p]tbmKnm AXv am\hnIXv
\miapmpw; imkv{X hf XSbsSpIbpw At\zjW XrjvWbpsS acWaWn apgpIbpw sNpw.
(kCuZv, t].26). Adnhpw PvRm\hpw hyXykvXamWv. PvRm\w IqSpX Bgapff DmgvNbpw, Adnhns
A]mcXbnsep kXyhpamWv.
11

CkvemanI temIhoWw bpnv Gsd {]m[m\yw I]npp. Adnhv \cq]n

2

Bnm\pw {]tbmKnm\pw thZ{Kw Blzm\w sNpp.1 Adnhpffhcpw Cmhcpw katam FXv

13

tNmZnpp (39:9). Nnnp {Klnm Iqmmhsc arKtfm sIhcmbn CIgvpp.

aX]utcmlnXysXnsc JpB \Snb hnai\w GXv bpnhmZntbbpw Ap-X-s-Sppw:

"thZhmlIcnse A[nI ]nXmcpw ]ptcmlnXcpw P\ns apXepI \njn amneqsS `pPnp

sImncnpIbpw Ahsc ssZhoIkcWbn \nv XSbpIbpw sNphcmIpp' (9:34). ]mccyns

14

t]cnep A\oXnItfbpw Ahnizmktfbpw thZ{Kw tNmZyw sNpp.

Camw Kmenv J\sagpXnb XXzNnI C_v\p dpjZv (Ahtdmkv 1126-1198) \qmpIp apv
\Snb \ncoWw Gsd {]kamWv: Cu Zo (CkvemanI temIhoWw) kXyambXv sImv, AXv
m\ntepw kXyntepw \bnpw; thZ{Khpambn imkv{Xw kwL\nemhn; Fsm
kXyw kXytmtSpapn; ]ckv]cw kmysSppItbbpffq. (Ahtdmkv 1961, t]. 50). a\pjy a\n\v
tbamhv \mw shfn]mSns\ Ahew_nWw. a\pjyss[jWnIXbpsS ]qoIcWamWv
shfn]mSv. (Ahtdmkv, 1954, t]. 152).
aplZob {]hmNIXzw XpSw apXevpXs ASnashv thn ipw
kpsaXnsc kwkmcnp XpSnsbv Aen icnAn \nconpp. (aenIv, t].9) Ckvemans
ssZhw anXsbpw kXyn\pw \oXnpw thn ckmnXzw hcnphsbpw ssZhamWv. (icnAn,
1986, t].71). amcpsS kpJm\p`qXn]chpw (sltUmWnv) apXemfn]chpamb kao]\ coXn AKXnI,
A\mY, hn[hI, ASnaI, kmnI ]nm FnhcpsS Ah ]cpenemn. CXns\Xntc
cq]wsIm kZvhrcpsS kwLn aplZv kPohambncpp. (Fn\ob, 1987, t].3).
GZ apX Kmk, ZamkvIkv FnhnS hsc IhS \nt]w \Snbncp h
IhSmcmbncpp JpssdinI. (hmv, 1965, t].3). abnse apXemfnamv, ]s, IA_bnse
hn{Klfpambn bYmnep Bob-_anmbncpp. abn \ne\n cm{ob kmaqly
hyhsb (Zpe\pw i\pw ]mhfpw kcpw ASnabpw DSabpw Fns\bp) ISp `mjbn
thZ{Kw B{Ianp. kv, ZpecpsS imoIcWn\mbn D]tbmKsSpt BhiyIX
Dundp. CsXmpambncppshn an JpssdinIfpw Ckvemw kzoIcntt\. Fsm Ahv
hn{Kl NqjtWm]m[n am{Xambncpp. (Fn\ob, 1987 (2), t].42) Cmcyw Hmdbenv Knv
Bhnpp: "aX]csaXnt\m cm{obhpw kmnIhpamb ImcWfmWv amsc
sNmSnnXv. \oXn]menm\pw hnthN\fhkm\nnm\pw kv IppIqmXncnm\pap Blzm\
JpssdinIfpsS kmnI ta[mhnXzs shphnfnp. ipamb GIssZhXzhmZw JpssdinIfpsS
\nn]vXamb kmnI Xmev]cysf A]ISnemn.' (Knv, t].18)
ssZhnI ZqXmscms kaqlnse Zpe hn`mKn \nv hhcpw AXmXpImes
itcbpw NqjIscbpw FXncnhcpambncpp. ^dthmbpsS aI `oIcXbn \nv C{ktben
P\hn`mKs aqm\_n tamNnnp. ^dthmsb JpB "Khn', "aI' Fns\ hntijnnpp.
aXta[mhn ]utcmlnXy tXhmgvNsXncnembncpp tbip{InkvXphns hntamN\ kwcw`w. (Fn\ob,
1990, t].209)
{]hmNIs 632 se acWn\ptijw Da _n Jm_v (579644), Aen C_v\p A_qXzmen_v
(600661) Fnhcpw kmaqlnI\oXnmbn bXv\np. DZmlcWn\v `qanbpsS taep kzImcymhImiw Da
A\phZnpsImSpn. AenbmIs tI{ {Sjdnbnse (ss_p am) kv Xpeyambn hnXcWw
sNbvXp. Ahv Ckvemw Bcm[\bpw t\mpsaXp t]mse kmaqlnI \oXnbpw KuchXcamsbmcp kwcw`w
Xsbmbncpp. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].205).
km{amPyXzns \o-cm-fn-n-Spw
apXemfns JpB "Jmdp\nkw' FmWv hntijnnpXv (28:78). A\oXnbpsS tI-fo-cw-Kamb
apXemfnw aqe[\ns apjvIv sImv Azm\s sImbSnpp. `qanbnse knsbpw
hn`ht{kmXpIfpsSbpw hn`hfpsSbpw DSaXbpw A[nImchpw \t Ipd Hcp]nSn IpIIfpsS
\nb{Wntev HXpn ampI FXmWv BtKmf apXemfn \ntbm en_d hyhbpsS BXynIeyw.

8
apXemfnns BtKmf hn`h km{amPyXzcq]w {]Xyhpw Bkpchpw A{ImaIhpamWv. apXemfnw Cpv

IqSpX Icpmnv h km{amPyXz inbmbn ]cnWanncnpIbmWv; AXv BtKmfhXvIrXamWv.

aebmfnbpsS honepw ASpfbnepw A\pjvT np aXnepw aX{Kns Anepw hymJym\nepw Ahs
knepw knmbvabnepw BUw_cnepw Zmcn{Zynepw Hs CXv {]Xn^enppv. inbpffhs
AXnPoh\nemWv km{amPyXzns hnizmkw: i ]dbpXpw {]hnpXpw icn!
km{amPyXzw BtKmfhcWneqsS CSs]S iamnbncnpp. 1991 apX Cybn
\Snemnbncnp DZmchcW \b AkaXzw isSpnbncnpp. AgnaXnbpsS ]pXnb
`qanII XpdnSpp. eWn\v IjI BlXysNm \n_nXcmbn. \yq\]
A]chcWneqnb kmwkvImcnI CSs]S hgn heXp] s]mXpt_m[w insXns
D]amWv _n.sP.]n bpsS A[nImcmtcmlWw (2014). \hen_d `cWIqS [\aqe[\nsbpw
tImtdv htcWy hnsbpw Xm]cysf {]oWnnpXn am{Xw Gsncnpp. X^eambn
alm`qcn]w hcp Irjnmcpw sNdpInS D]mZIcpw IjIsmgnemfnIfpw ssIthemcpw
\Kc{]tZis sXmgnemfnIfpw hn Zmcn{Zyntev Iqv Ipnsmncnpp.
P\v ta em`w FXmWv apXemfnns eyhpw amhpw. alm`qcn]w hcp
P\tImSnIfpsS tatam ]cnnXn kpe\tam a\pjy_tfm B-tKm-f-h-IcWw ]cnKWnpn.
AXv A[mnIambn aptdpIbmWv. P\fpsS tatm kmnI inIfpsS taamWv
BtKmfhcWw eyanSpXv. AXpsImv NqjWhpw A{IaWhpw sImt AXn\v ssP{Xbm{X
\Sm\mhq. bpfpw kwLjfpw AXns A\pt]Wob LSIfmWv.
`cWXen hInS IpII-fpsS kzm[o\w hnphcnIbmWv. 20132014se IWv {]Imcw
Cybn tImtdpIpw kpambn 8860 tImSn tUmf (5.32 ew tImSn cq]) thv
shXmbn P\Iob kmnI hnZKv[ ]n.kmbv\mYv NqnImpp. \hen_d ]cnjvIcWw
Bcw`nXpapX Cu FgpXn XpScppv! cmPyns bYm hnIk\sbmWv CXv hngppXv!
(kmbv\mYv, 2014) tImtdpIfpsS \nIpXn 2015 tZiob _Pn 5% IpdsXpsImv? dh\yq In \nIm
Acnpw ]kmcpw s]t{Smfn\pw A[nI \nIpXn GsSpnsmv iXtImSoizcmv \nIpXnbnfhv
A\phZnpXv Fn\v?
icnbpw sXpsams inbpffh \nbnpsaXmWv km{amPyXzns `mjyw. kmans
Ipsshv A[n\nthiw `oIc{]h\amIptm, AtacnbpsS IqSpX `oIchpw {Iqchpamb a\pjyp
cpXn \Snb CdmJv- -A^vKm A[n\nthisf `oIcXbmbn Fpn. Amcmjv{S \nbasf
ewLnpff C{kmtbens Kmkm A[n\nthiw (2014) `oIc{]h\amImXncnptm, lamkns
Zpeamb sNdpp\n]ns\ `oIc{]h\ambn Nn{XoIcnpp.
CdmJn kaqlnse hnhn[ aX hwiob- kmwkvImcnI hn`mKsf Hnnp \np BcnI
A[mcIsf Isn Ahsb IepjnXamnbpw t]mcSnnpamWv bp.Fkv A[n\nthiw AXns
NqjWmIamb kmnI ey t\SnsbSpXv. jnbm--kpn kwLjw Bfnnv hn`Pnv
\ncc kwL\hpw a\pjypcpXnbpw XpScpIhgn taJesb \nb{Wnemp coXnbmWv Atacn
\SmpXv. bp.Fkv {]XnjvTn \qdn AamennbpsS ]mh`cWIqSw, kpnIsfbpw IpIsfbpw
A[nImcn\v ]pdv \nn, 7 etmfw kpn ]mfmsc ]ncnphnp. sFknkv F `oIc Zp:n,
CXns Ghpw IncmXhpw A[ahpamb {]XnIcWamWv. CdmJns\bpw kndnbsbbpw aX---hwiobmSnm\n
aqv hyXykvX taJeIfmbn hn`Pnp Atacn-C{kmtb APUbmWv sFknkv IrXyambn
\SmnsImncnpXv!

]mInm\n \Snb t{Um B{IaWfn 4% am{Xta AssJZmsc sImnpffq;

_mnbpff 96% hpw \nc]cm[nIfpsS Pohs\SppIbmbncpp. (tk, 2014). F{X lo\amb a\pjy\cta[w!
Cu hn[w \nc]cm[nIsf h[np Atacn, `oIc cmjv{Sw XsbmWv; BtKmf am-[ya AwKoIcnmepw
Csnepw!
AeIvkm N{IhnbpsS apn Hcp ISsmffmcs\ lmPdmnb Hcp IYbpv. ISen
]nSnp]dn \Sm \n\ss\ ss[cyw Inn? AeIvkm tNmZnp? temIw apgph sIm \Sm
Xmss\ ss[cyw hp? Rm Hcp hnbp]tbmKnv ]nSnp]dn \SpXpsImv P\sfs
IS sImffmc Fv hnfnpp. Hcp \mhnItk\bp]tbmKnv CtX IrXyw sNpXn\m Xmsf
N{Ihnsbpw; Abm {]XnhNnp. (tNmwkvIn, t].4).
am\h hntamN\ns JpB\nImSndI
"a\pjysc sRcnpsImncnp `mc Cdn hbvpIbpw Ahsc hcnp
apdpnsmncnp NeI s]mnsdnbp' {]hmNIs\bmWv JpB ]cnNbsSppXv (7:157).
`qanbn ASnashtcmSv HuZmcyw ImWnm\pw Ahs\ \mbImcpw A\cmhIminIfmm\pap
ssZthObpsS {]Jym]\w hfsc kv]jvSamWv (JpB 28:5). imcmb Xmt]mcnamsXnsc Zpe
hn`mKns insSepambn _s bXv\fn GsSm apkvenw _m[y\mWv.
\oXn F Bibw JpB\nepS\ofw ]cneknp \nevpp. B[nImcnencnphtcmSv
\oXn]menm A-dp-]tXmfw kq Blzm\w sNpp; 200 Hmfw kq A\oXnsXnsc apdnbnv
\evIpp; \qdv kq {]Xynepw ]tcmambpw \oXnsbn kwkmcnpp. GIssZhXzw F
Bibs Hgnp \nnbm asmcp aX[mnI XXzfpw C{Xta DutemsS {]Xn]mZnnn. (Jqcn,
t].10). ka{Kamb \oXnsbpdnmWv JpB kwkmcnpsXnepw kmaqlnIkmnI \oXnbnemWv
15

IqSpX Du (dlvam, 1980, t].38). \nch[n kq CXntev shfnw hoipp. ssZhw \oXnbpw
ImcpWyhpw Iv]npp (16:90). IcmdpI IrXyambn ]menWw; P\nSbn Xocpam\w
I]nptm \oXn ]qhamIWw (4:58). {]hmNImsc AbXpXs \oXnIev]nm\mWv (57:25).
A\mYIfpsS kv ssIImcyw sNptmgpw (4:3, 33:5), sshhmlnI (4:3, 49:9), aXmc _fnepw (60:8),
tImSXn \S]SnIfnepw (5:42, 4:56), kmnI CS]mSpIfnepw (11:65, 2:282) i{XptfmSp kao]\nepw (5:8)
hsc kv]amb \oXn]me\w Ddv hcpWw.
16

ASnaepImscbpw AgnaXnmscbpw NXnbmscbpw Al \Snphtcbpw,

A{IanItfbpw A\oXnammtcbpw AgnaXnmtcbpw {Iqctcbpw s]mdppsImSpmhtcbpw hItcbpw

17

hymPw {]hnphtcbpw \nbnmhtcbpw Xmt]mcnamtcbpw ssZhw shdppp.

18

\tbpsfbpw IcpWm{Ztcbpw

19

\oXnammtcbpw hniptcbpw am\yambn hnphtcbpw ssZhw

20

kvt\lnpp.

\oXnA\oXn, iZpe, aIanX Fns\bp Zz Xnep kwLS\ambn

Aen icnAn, aplZv lpssk ^Zvmlv XpSnbh a\pjyNcn{Xs hnebncppp. (AKm,
t].79). am\hNcn{XsXs Aen icnAn, Bt_epw Imtb\pw {]Xn\n[oIcnp cv hyhI
Xnep kwL\ambmWv ImWpXv. ChnsS Imtbs hyh kmnI IpIhcWw, ASnaw,
^yqUenkw, _qjzm kwkvImcw, hyhkmbnI apXemfnw, km{amPyXzw Fnhsb {]Xn\n[oIcnptm
Bt_ens hyh kmnI tkmjyenkw, arK]cn]me\w, apXemfn]q hyhkmbntImev]mZ\w
Fnhsb {]Xn\n[oIcnpp. (icnAn, 1979, t].111114).

10

`qanbpsS {Snjnv a\pjyIcfnemWv AnXambncnpXv.

21

Jeo^ FXv GsXmcp

a\pjysbpw hyn]camb DchmZnXzambn JpB _sSppXp ImWmw.

22

`Whpw hkv{Xhpw InSmShpw a\pjys ASnm\ a\pjymhImifmbncnsXs (2:223),

Ghpw Afpapdnsmn kmnI XpeyX JpB hn`mh\ sNpn (43:32). Fm hnXcW
\oXnbn thZ{Kw Duppv.

23

Fmhcpw ssZhkrnIfmbXpsImv BImi`qan temIfn

Ghpw XpeymhImifmWpXv.

24

Fm a\pjycptSbpw ASnm\mhiy \ndthsSWsa

25

\ntiw JpB Bhnpp. kmaqlnI A\oXnbpw kmnI NqjWhpw a\pjyalXzns

\ntj[w am{Xa, Ckvemans ASnm\ knmfpsS \ntj[w IqSnbmWv. \ne\np cm{ob]chpw
aX]chpamb aImh XpScm\nnph NqjIhyhbpsS kwcIcmWv. Zcn{Zs\ Ignbpw hn[w
26

klmbnm Iqmmh Im^ndpIfmWv. abnse htcWycpsS PohnXhoWs tcmjtmsSbmWv

27

JpB B{IanXv. kmaqlyPohnXn PohnXm\p`h]cambn A\p`hsSp sshcpyp ]nnse

kmnIhpw hn`h e`yXm]chpamb hnXamb AkaXzfpw D\oNXzfpw BtKmfnIrX apXemfnXzns
CcIfpw KpWt`mmfpw F \nebn kaqlw hnLSnXhpw ]ckv]c hncphpambn \npp F hkvXpXbpw
CkvemanIambn {]iv\hXvcnsSWw.
28

kzw CIfpsS ]pdsI t]mhpI, aphcpsS AhImi l\npI (2:281, 4:10, 4:30, 10:54),
Zpesc ASnapI (16:41) Fnh sImSnb XnIfmWv. Zp_etcbpw XmtgnSbnephtcbpw
29

km\m ]npWm hnizmkn _m[y\mWv. Zcn{ZcpsS {]iv\]cnlmcmw ]Ww sNehnSm

30

aSnph \mtimpJcpw ]nghcpamWv. ]Wanmh IcpWbpsS hmpsImsnepw Zm\w \evIWw

31

(17:23). Zm\w a\pjy\v am{Xa, XncypIpw \evIWw.

k kv kzcpqnshpXns\Xnsc JpB AXniamb `mjbn hn-a-in-pp.

32

Vw_v {]ISnnm\pw kpssJizcypambn [qSnpXns\Xnsc JpB XmoXv \evIpp (7:31).

BUw_cXzhpw [qpap hynI Ahsc AXn\\phZnp kaqltmsSmw IqvIppw (17:16).
\bpsS Ghpw A\pt]Wobamb LSIamWv \oXn (5:8). kv [\nIcn am{Xambn IdcpXv
(59:7). ]mhv ks kn AhImiapsv JpB {]Jym]npp.33 ssZhamn
sNehntSXv kzw Bhiyw Ignp apgph kpamsWpw JpB JnXambn {]kvXmhnpp
(2:215). kzmXbpsS XShdbn \nv apamIph am{XamWv bYmn hnPbw hcnh (59:9).
P\pthn kv sNehnSpXv ssZhn\v \evIp ISambmWv JpB hnhnpXv.

34

kns ASnm\nep DuwsIm Ahkm\nnv `qanbn kuayXtbmsS \SpIbmWv

35

thXv. kzbw tIamcmbpw hnai\ns\Xncmbpw Bcpw sRfnbcpXv (53:32); ssZhw AlmcnIsf

36

CsSpn. PohnXns \ne\nev]n\m[mcamWv kv (4:5). XmevImenIhpw WnIhpamb

37

]coWamWv [\w. bYm DSa ssZhamWv (2:255). X\nv e`yamb kv `uXnIamb eyfnmsX,
Xncnsmpw {]XonmsX sNehnSpXn\,v JpB D]tbmKn ]ZamWv "C^mJv'. ssZhn \np
kwXr]vXn am{Xta Cu sNehnSen\pmIq (2:177). AXv kmnIambn Zp_eamshcpsS
Da\n\mbn \nlnsSWw (2:262). P\sf ImWnm thnbmIcpXv (2:264); icnbmwhn[w
kmZn [\n \nmhWw sNehnS- (2:267); clkyambn \evIpXmWpaw (2:271).
ZpamKnep [\kmZ\w CkvemanIambn \njnamWv. A[mnIX, Ifhv, h\, NqXmw,
abpacpv, Aoe Dev], IpIhevcWw, ]qgvnshbv]v, NXn, Azm\ NqjWw, ]eni
Fnhbn \nsmsbp hcpam\w ss]imNnIamWv.

38

]WkmZ\w aphsc NqjWw sNbvXmhcpXv;

11

]ckv]c klIcWhpw kmtlmZcyhpw ap\nnbmIWw. IhSw ]enisbtmseb (2:275); IhSs

CkvvemanIampXv aqeyhcWamWv. ]enimc ssZhtmSv bpw {]Jym]nh\mWv (2:279). ImcWw
]eni Ftmgpw Zcn{Zcn \nv [\nIcntev [\s Hgppp. kaqlnse kmnI Acw
hnnpp. ]eni _mneSv ]Ww IppIqnsmncnp hs krnpp; AekX
hym]nnpp. Azm\ns alXzs CIgvpIbpw \nccamb hnebapmpIbpw sNpw. ]eni
HcpXcw ]qgvnshbv]pw kmtlmZcynsbpw ]mckv]nIXbptSbpw ewL\hpambXn\memWv AXv
\ntcm[nXambncnpXv. (dDu^v, t].11). \ntbmen_denkw, h D]t`mKkwkvImcw, aqe[\ns
A\ymbamb tI{oIcWw, IpIhIcWw, Fnhsb Ckvemw \ntj[npp. apkvenw temIv
khhym]nbmbn ImWsSp D]t`mr kwkvImcw Ckvemw hncpamsWv th{X iambn
{]kvXmhnsSpn. sImffem`neqsStbm, anaqeys ]ngnsSppXneqsStbm kmnIamb
A\oXn \ne\npIbpw sNpXmWv bYmn JpB \ntcm[n ]eni (cn_); cn_ sImv
AampXv sImffeni am{Xa Fmcw kmnI NqjWfpamWv.
Hcp a\pjys\ cnpXv temIs apgph a\pjysc cnp{X alXzhpw KuchapXpamb
ImcyamWv (5:32). kv Zm\ambn \evIpXmWv JpB Ghpa[nIambn ]cmain _m[yX. (sXmssKkv,
t].79). Zm\w cv eytfmsSbmWv \nlnsSpXv. (1) a\:mnbpsS BcnI \nb{Ww, (2)
a\pjycpsS _mhw Dunbpdnv aptmv sImpt]mI. (sXmssKkv, t].80)
Hcp apkvenw cmjv{Sns tZiob hcpam\ns shdpw 2.5% am{Xta kmv hcnIbpffp.
AXvsImv am{Xw Zmcn{Zyw amm\mhn. AXvsImv Xs kcn \nv IqSpX \nIpXnpansImv
am{Xta kmaqlnI \oXn sInSpm\mhq. (a, t].88) am{Xa BtKmf kmnI ]p\{IaoIcWhpambn
kZvbXv\ IntNsSpIbpw thWw.
Xs {]h\ns kmnbpw \bpsS KpW^ea\p`hnph\pw a\pjy XsbmWv; kzw
Bmhn\pthnbmWv Hmtcmcpcpw I sNbvXpsImncnpXv.

39

Bscnepw kmnbmbn
40

\{]hnppshn Ah/Ah XsbmWv ASnm\]cambn AXns KpWa\p`hnpXv.

41

Fsm ]ctemIw CltemItm DIramWv. Ghcpw IWv t_m[nnt \m hcnI Xs

sNpw.

42

IpIfpsS NXnbpw a\n adphXpw tcJsSpsSppv -(40:19). hnNmcW \mfns\n

{]IrXnbn \nv sXfnhpI DcnpsImv hn]peamwhn[w bpn]camb \ymbhmZ \Sppv

JpB.

43

{]hmNIhN\n Cu hn[w hmbnmw: "hn[n \nmbI \mfn \mev Imcyv adp]Sn

\evImsX Hcp a\pjyt\bpw \om\\phZnn; m\w, kabw, ]Ww, icocw Fnh Fs\
D]tbmKnpshXmWh' (XnanZn).
mkn apkvenw ssZhimkv{Xw ]ctemtImpJamb Anepff hntamN]\w am{Xw
eyamnbXmbn AkvKden IpsSppp. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].1). a[yIme ssZhimkv{Xw \nehpw
aI hyhkvYnXn kwcIhpambn amdn. ]Icw Net\mzeambXpw bmYmyfpsmpXpamb
]pXnb Imens XpSnpI Dsmffp Hcp ssZhimkv{Xw cq]w sImffWw. CXv sskmnIw am{Xa,
{]mtbmKnIhpamIWw. Zp_esbpw anXsbpw hntamN\w hn]peamb kmaqlnI- cmjv{Sob
t]mcmfpsS `mKambmWv \StXv. hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw aXn\v thnb, a\pjy\v thnbmWv.
km_v a\pjy\v thnbmWv, a\pjy km_n\v thnb F tbip{InkvXphns hN\w (amtmkv
2:27) A\pkvacnpI. bmYmnXnI ssZhimkv{Xn \nv apn{]m]n tijta kmaqlnI hntamN\w
km[yamIq. (l\^n, 1995, t].195--6)

12

tami, ^tdmhbpsS ASnaXzn \nv C{ktbeysc tamNnnp (26:6168). tbip{InkvXp, thiytbmSv

IcpWtbmsS s]cpamdn (eqtmkv 7:3650). Pcmks XShdbn \nv {ioIrjvW 10008 kv{XoIsf
hntamNnnp. ZpecpsS imoIcWw, \oXn]me\w FnhbmWv Cu hntamN\ bXv\fpsS ImX.
kmaqlnI kmnImhsb A\oXn]camp Fm AhItfbpw Ahkm\nnm Ckvemw
shpp. (tkm, t].45). Ckvemans apJmhcWanv {]XysSphbSw Fmcw A\oXnIsfbpw
sNdpWw. (Fn\ob, 1999, t].7).
\oXnpthnbp bpapJnsn \n aZyjmntem \akvImcmbntem FXv
A{]kamsWv icnAn ]dp. kmtlmZcyw, \nbans apn hyn XpeyX Fo
JpB\nIm[ym]\ A]qWamIWsan kaqlnse Ghpw AhcpsS ]pw
kmnI\oXnbpw e`yamIWw. Hcm asmcmsf NqjWw sNp hyh CmXmhpIbpw thWw. (N{],
t].154)
D]mZ\ns ASnkvYm\LSIamb Azm\ns alXzw {]tLmjnpsImv, ITn\mzm\m

]cp]cp kAv_n\v apBZns ssII Npw_ntijw DbnnSnv {]hmNI ]dp: "ssZhw

kvt\lnp IcfnXm'. (bqkp^v, t].16).
Ckvemans eyw kpenXhpw a\pjyXz]chpamb Hcp hyh Hmtcmhynpw Xm
kaqlns Ahn`mPyLSIamsW tXmepfhmpXpw kmaqlnI kulrZw, AhImi_m[yXIfpsS
kaXpenXmh Fnh cq]oIcnemWv. (s_mskw, t].137).
"Im^n', "PnlmZv': bYm Aw
hnizmkw FXv mbnbmbn \nevp H; AXv Gdnbpw Ipdpancnpw (3:173). antmgpw
hnizmktmSp tNpsImmWv ksfn JpB kwkmcnpXv Ah ]ckv]c
-_nXamsWv kqNnnpp. hnizmkapsn kw Dmtb]q. hnizmkap hyn A\oXnbpw
Zpjvhpw Hgnhmntb ]q. (Ckqvkq, t].204)
JpB\n "Im^n' F {]tbmKw IjI Fnepw (57:20) \nsIh Fnepw
44

ImWmw. Im^ndpI {]hmNImsc A\ymbambn h[nm\pZyanp.

45

Im^ndpI Xnbvpthn

t]cmSpp (4:76). Im^n ]mhfpsS Da\n\mbn kv sNehnSm hnkXnph.

Zpes\ ASnapItbm,

47

46

Im^n

ASnaepw Xnbpw Acv XIptm \niX ]menpItbm

sNpp (5:79). "Im^n', ssZh amn- \nv P\sf AIpp (6:26); Xnbvpthn
Azm\nph\mWv Im^n (4:76). CSpnb `uXnI Xmev]cyv apKW\ sImSppIbpw (21:53)
]]mX]camb tKm{X Xm]cy ]cncnpIbpw sNph\mWv Im^n (43:22); Aapkvenw F
Hcw AXn\n. "Ip^vdv' am\hnIXbne[njvTnXamb kaqlkrnmbp aqeysf \ncmIcnpXns\
{]XoIhXvIcnp ]ZamWv. "Im^n' Fm aqe[\ns tI{oIcWw \Sn Fmcw
A\oXnItfbpw NqjWsfbpw FXnmh\mWv. (Fn\ob, 1984, t].29). 'Im^n' Fm shdpw
hn{Klmcm[I am{Xa; \oXn, ImcpWyw, A{IacmlnXyw, kam[m\w, kXyw, kaXzw, a\pjyalXzw,
Zo\m\pI XpSnb Ckvemans apgph aqeyhyhIsfbpw \ncmIcnph\mWv. (Fn\ob, 2008,
t].16).
PnlmZv' NnmIamb Bob t]mcmw (22:78), {]t_m[\w (29:8) Fo Afn JpB\n
{]tbmKnncnpp. "PnlmZv' hntamN\kacamWv. \oXnpw kXyn\pwthn kIe inbpap]tbmKnv
\Sp [kacamWXv. (FkmJv, 2002, t].174). \oXnbne[njvTnXamb kmaqlnI amn\pthn hnizmkn
XymKf\p`hnt ]q (13:11). ]mhfpsSbpw NqjnXcpsSbpw AhImi ]qambn kwcnsSWw
(4:75). hnizmks A[n\p]tbmKnv aen\sSpcpXv (6:82). aXn _emevImcw A\phZ\oba

13

(2:256). Zp_es kwcWn\pw ahs hnizmk kzmX{yn\pw thn \Sp t]mcmamWv

"PnlmZv.'

48

49

i{XpX ]pem kIetcmSpw \oXnbn hnWw. `qanbn Ipgapmphsc ssZhw

50

kvt\lnpn (28:77). bpw {]Xntcm[n\p am{XamWv \StXv.

Fm aXhnizmknIfpsSbpw

51

52

kzXzhnizmk kzmX{yamWXns eyw. Xnsb \sImmWv t\cntSXv. PnlmZv' kw_n

sXnmcW amm DXIpXmWv JpB sImv \Sp PnlmZns\pdn ]cmaiw (25:52).
A{Ianbmb `cWm[nImcnsXnsc kXyw Xpdp]dbemWv Ghpw henb PnlmZv Fv Hcp
\_nhN\nepv. (Fn\ob, 1987, t].76)
Hmtcm a\pjy\pw BZcWob\mWv (17:70). Hmtcm a\pjyPoh\pw AXpeyhpw AaqeyhpamWv (5:32).
`qanbn IpgapmcpXv FXv JpB Bhnp HcmibamWv.

53

hnizmkn, Zp_epthn `qanbn Al \Snp imcmb A[nImcnIsXnsc

\nesImtXpv. (Fn\ob, 2008, t].8) NqjWhpw ASnaepw temIs Ccpntev (fpav)
\bnpp. (Fn\ob, 2008, t].45). aIs\ kzmX{y\mm anX\mWv IgnbpI: ]utems{^bcpsS
hmpIfn, anX kzbw hntamNnX\mIptXmsS aI\pw kzX{\mIhpp. (s{^b, t].38).
Bcm[\IfpsS Bmhv
hniph\v Blmchpw anX\v kzmX{yhpw \evImsXbp ImgvNIfpw _enIfpw
AkzoImcyamsWXv {]hmNI ktifnsSpp (Gi 1:1018). kns\pdn bmYmyw
]bmbnXs ss__n {]Jym]nppv: "DsXmw hnv Zcn{Zv \evIpI; kKpW\]q\mIpw'
(ambn 19:21). "[\hm kzcmPyn {]thinpI ZpjvIcamWv' (ambn 19:23). "BZyw AhnSps
cmPyhpw AhnSps \oXnbpw At\zjnpI' (ambn 6:33). `qanbn \nt]w IcpXn hbvcpXv (ambn
6:21). {]hn IqSmsXbp hnizmkw hyamWv (bmtm_v 2:1417).
a\pjys ]pIgvepI ssZhn\mhiyansv JpB hyampp. (2:57, 39:7)
ssZhtmSp {]m\ a\pjy\v thnsbmWv: "ssZhimkv{X]cambn ssZhw a\pjy\n \nv
Fsnepw Int Bhiyaph\. kaqln\p (P\pff) \sb ssZhns AhImiw F
\nemWv JpB\nse {]Xn]mZyw.' (Ftam, t].329). \bvv thnbp {]h\fnm hnizmkw
A{]kamWv (2:25). {]m\m kabv hniv hm BZyw `npIbpw ]noSv {]mnpIbpw
sNpI FXmWv {]hmNINcy. BNmcm\pjvTm\ Xobmbpw {]m[m\yapXmWv. Fm
ss\XnIamb DdpIfntev \bnnsn Ah \njv{]`amWv, \ncIamWv, {]lk\amWv. {]iwksImv
ktmjnp Hcp ^yqU ssZhsbmWv Nne k]npXv. hnizmks A\pjvTm\fpambn
JpB IqndbppshXv icnbmW.v

54

Fm ap kqfn CXv Ipsd-qSn hniZamppv.

55

"\ FXv A\pjvTm\fn ]cnanXasv kmcw; ssZhnep hnizmkapdnpwhn[w \bvv

thnbp XpScp t]mcmfpw hnizmknsSpw.' (FkmJv, 1997, t].123)
JpB 11:117119 kqsf hymJym\npsImv hnJymX CkvemanI ]nX Camw ^Jvdpo
Admkn (11491209) FgpXn: "hyhlmcfn \ {]hnphcmsWn, Ip^vdnepw inInepw
(ssZhn ]v tN) Pohnpp FXpsImv am{Xw Hcp kaqlsbpw \mSnt\bpw ssZhw Dqe\w
sNpIbn. Ah sImsmSpIfn sImcpXmbva ImWnpIbpw BfpIsf ]oUnnm\pw
A{Ianm\pw thn ]cn{ianpIbpw sNbvXm am{XamWv inbndpI.' (dmkn, t].811)
P\sf ImWnpXn\v thnbp Bmhnm \akvImcw kzoImcya (107:16);
tIrXyfn \npw ZphrnIfn \npw XSbm \akvImcw \ncIw (29:45). t\mv
D]t`mrkwkvImcns\Xncnep sNdpp\nev]pw ]nWnmtcmSp sFIyZmVy{]Jym]\hpw

14

IqSnbmWv. ZnWm{^nbnse AmoVv hncp t]mcmfnIqSnbmbncp CkvemanI hntamN\

ssZhimkv{X ^coZns hmpI hmbnpI: "hntamN\kacnse RfpsS ]mfnw
ASnashcpsS {]iv\sfn t_myw\evIn. bYmn t\m\pjvTnph,
ZnWm{^nbnse apgph ASnashcpsSbpw ZpcnXfIm am\knIambn kcmbncpp.'
(FkmJv, 2002, t].153).
am\hnI kmtlmZcyw, am\hkaXzw, \oXnpthn XymKw sN, enwK\oXn Fo Bib
kaqln ApcnnpIbmWv lv. lmPd F amXmhns thZ\Isf A\pkvacnpsImp
k^mahm IppIfpsS CSbneqsSbp Hmw amXrXzns s\mcfpsSbpw kvt\lnsbpw

HmIfpWpp. lnsv Bmhv tXSp Aen icnAnbpsS hmpIfnXm: _en s]cpmfns Cu

Zn\n \n \nfpsS Ckvaboepambn an\mbnsepI! BcmWv \nfpsS Ckvabo? \nv
\nfpsS \mY\pambp _n hnepmn Aht\mSp Ihy \nhlWn XSw
\np GXpamImw; \nfpsS kv, sXmgn, ]Zhn, A[nImcw, Bn, Bkn, CW, IpnI
XpSnb Fpw. (icnAn, 1993, t].72).
XuloZpw a\pjymhImifpw
{kmhns GIXzw (XuloZv) F Bibw kqNnnpXv a\pjykapZmbw Hcp ktNX\
PohnbmsWpw AXnse AwKsfmw Xn ]ckv]cw Pohmb _w \ne\npp FpamWv.
a\pjys BtKmf kmtlmZcyw F Bibns ASnm\anXmWv. (lpssk, t].71).
JpB\n XuloZv F kmyw \oXn]me\hpambn _sSpnbncnpp (3:18). ssZhn
]v tNpI (inv) F {]tbmKw 75 hw JpB\n D]tbmKnnpv. Ahbn ]eXpw
GIm[n]Xy inbp]tbmKnv XfpsS ]ucmcpsSta tXhmgvN \SpXpambn
_smWp]tbmKnncnpXv (4:4853).
ssZthXc Zp:n Fn "XmKqv' F {]tbmKw JpB \Spp (16:36). A{_lman\pw
tamipw t\sc Db XmKqpIfmbncp ^tdmhpw \nwtdmZn\pw Xpeyambn "Jpssdin'IfmWv aplZv
\_nv t\sc DbXv. XuloZns GIm[n]Xyns\Xncmb t]mcmw F Xehpw IrXyambn JpB
hcpImpp.

56

Atacn ]mh kmcns at\m]IcWamb jm aplZv dnkm ]lvehnsb (19191980)

XmKpv Fv Jpssa\n (19021989) hnfnXv IrXyXtbmsSbmWv.

`qanbn Fm anXtcmSpw ZpetcmSpw NqjnXt\mSpw klm\p`qXn DmIWsav am{Xa,
Ah \nam\w sNm\p AZayamb A`nemjm {XknsSp a\kpmIWw hnizmknv;

57

A\oXn]camb hyhbpsS amn\v {ianm am\knImh AkzoImcyamWv.

Fmcw GIm[n]XyhmZhpw JpB XnckvIcnpp: ^nHu `qanbn HuXyw \SnpIbpw
58

P\sf ASnapIbpw sNbvXp. Cu cm{ob ASnaepIv aXtbpw Abm

D]tbmKsSpnbXmbn Ncn{Xw sXfnbnppv.
a\pjy\pambn Gsd kao]\mWv ssZhw (50:16). \oXnpthn ]cn{ianpXneqsSbmWv bYm
ssZhmWw km[yamIpI.59 Fmcw hwiobB[n]Xy hmZtfmSpw hnizmkn kacw sNbvtX ]q.
AmoUn\pw \mknkn\pw ^mjnkn\pw kbWnkn\pw km{amPyXzn\psaXnsc t]mcSnt
aXnbmIq.
Hcp a\pjy\pw asmcp a\pjys ta ta[mhnw ]pem, ssZhn\p apn Xpeycmb Hcp
hyhbmWv "XuloZv.' ssZhamWv Ghpw henbh ("Amlp AIv-_') F ap{ZmhmIyw Fmcw
amImhpsaXncmb t]mcmw IqSnbmbn amdWw. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].224226).

15

GIssZhns krn; Ahs apn am{Xw \anp a\pjy; Htct]mse krnsh;

a\pjyIX F GIIw; enwKhwihtZihnizmkmXoXambn ssZhns apnse XpeyX CsXms
"XuloZv' F Bibn \nv \njv]amIpp. hwiob, tZiob, `mjm, h ]]mZnXzfnm
kaqlamWv bYm XuloZn kaqlw. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].88). Fmcw NqjWfn \npw
am\knImSnan \npw hnapambncnpw B kaqlw. NqjWw \ne\np kaqlw CkvemanI
kaqlamhn; Zmcn{Zhpw ]nWnbpanm kaqlamIpw bYm CkvemanI kaqlw. (l\^n, 1995, t].165).
Fm \ kz`mhhpw hnizmknbnepWn P\fpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXtbpw kmaqlnI hyhtbbpw
XuloZv ]cnhnnWw.
"ssZhanmsX, asmcp ssZhhpan' F {]Jym]\neqsS IA_bnse hn{Klsf am{Xa, Xs
ImeLnse \nn]vX Xmev]cymcmb imcpsS kmaqlyLS\tbbpw ta[mhntbpw IqSn
shphnfnpIbmbncpp. (Fn\ob,1987, t].6) XuloZv, am\hnI sFIyw {]tLmjnp h clnX
kaqlkrnmbn {]Xnm_amWv. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].8)
Pm\okv aXXmcXay hnZKv tXmjntbm IptdmZ (19261993), XuloZn hoWw XpeyXbpsSbpw
\oXnbpsSbpw ASndbn sInSpXmsWv \nconpp. (jntamKmIn, t].22).
Aen icnAnv XuloZv, ssZhw, {]IrXn, a\pjy FnhbpsS sFIyamWv. (icnAn, 1984,
t].83). Bnpw IppIqen\pw ]W]qPbvpsaXnscbpXmWXv. NqjWw, D]t`mrkwkvImcw,
taemfh ta[mhnXzw FnhbvsXnsc AXv \nesImpp. XuloZns Bmhv P\Xbntev
knthinXambm \oXnbpw P\XbpsS tamN\hpw kpkm[yamIpw. (C^m\n, t].3637)
AhImisf CkvemanI ]nXm cmbn Xncnncnpp: ssZhns AhImiw
(lpJqJpmlv), krmfpsS AhImiw (lpJqJp C_mZv). GIssZhs am{Xw hnizknpIbpw
Bcm[npIbpw sNpI, Ahs amZi\ ssIsmpI FnhbmWv ssZhoImhImins
]qoIcWw. a\pjys ktXmpJamb tan\pw \oXnpw sFizcyn\pw thn bXv\nemWv
krnIfpsS AhImiw. cpw ]ckv]cw CSIemWv ]etmgpw InSpsXnepw cmatXn\mWv
IqSpX {]maqJyw \evInbncnpXv. DZmlcWn\v ISmc\mb Hcm lv \nlnWsan ISw
honbncnWw. ISap, arXicocn\p thnbp {]m\ ISw honbXv hsc {]hmNI ]nncnnp.
(Pecn, t].35). F{Xam{Xw {]mnpp FX Fs\ P\tfmSng]gIpp FXmWv
aXmIXbpsS bYm DcIv. (Pecn, t].35).
kv{XoIsf ]pIp ssZhimkv{Xw
{]mKv CkvemanI Atd_ybn htcWy hn`mKns]Sp \yq\]w hcp kv{XoImsX
bmsXmchImihpw \evInbncpn. av kzvhlIsftmse ]pcpjs \nb{Wnep kzv F
anemWv kv{XoI ]cnKWnsXv. (Aen, t].27).
[mnI IrXzw DXvsImmWv a\pjy XncypIfn hyXncn\mbncn-pX. (33:72, 8:27,
15:29). CWIfmbn krns a\pjycn Hcp enwKhn`mKs cmwXcmcmbn ap{ZIpnsImp
apJy[mcmssZhimkv{XamWv Fm aXfnepw hnIknXambn hXv. Xev^eambn ]mizhevIcns ap
hn`mKsft]mse kv{XoIfpw hnhn[ aX kaqlfn- ]oU\n\pw XnckvImcn\pw hnt[bcmIpp.
kv{XoIfpsS hntamN\hpw JpB\nI ktins ASnm\ eyfnsemmWv. ]pcpjm am{Xw
hymJymXmfmbn amdnbtm ]pcpjtI{nXamb aXw cq]sXn ApXan. ]pcpj hymJym\n
Zons imnI Zpjv{]tbmKw Iiamb m\mt\zjWv hnt[bambnIgnp.
60

ssZhw ]mhtfmSv am{Xa, kv{XoItfmSpw IcpWbpw IcpXepw ImWnpp. kmnbmbnsImv

61

kXvIf\pjvTnp kv{Xo]pcpjmv Xpeyamb {]Xn^eamWv ssZhnI hmKvZm\w.

16

62

{]h\fpsS hnebncptem inmapdIfntem enwKhnthN\w A\phZnpn. \ Iev]nm\pw

63

64

Xn hntcm[nm\pw Ccphn`mKfpw _m[ycmWv. {]hmNI\pambn t]mepw Ah Xntesp.

65

hnhmls kpZrVamb Icmdmbn JpB hntijnnpp. ZXnI ]ckv]cw hkv{Xw t]mse

kvt\lhpw ImcpWyhpw ]-vhbvthcmWv. ]mckv]cyamWv ZmXyn JpB DupXv.
B[n]Xyn\pw hnt[bXzn\pw AXnenSapmIcpXv.

67

66

ssewKoIX ssZh`nv hncpa; A\pIqeamWv

(16:72). KmlnI Imcyfn ZXnI ]ckv]cw IqSnbmtemN\bnepsSbpw Xocpam\saSptXv; HcmfpsS

CwKnXw ASntev]npIb thXv (2:233). kv{Xov taep _e{]tbmKs thZ{Kw \ncmIcnpp.
hnZy A`ykntXv kv{Xo]pcpjmcpsS \n_ _m[yXbmWv.

68

69

kv{Xov IXyXzw \ntj[nphm\mbn D]tbmKn Bibfnsemv AhfpsS kmysamgnbpsS aqeyw

]pcpjtXns ]IpXnbmsWXv JpB 2:282 s kv{Xohncpamb hmb\bmWv. kmnI CS]mSpIfnse
]cnNbpdhv \ne\npthmfw HcmfpsS kmys _esSpm asmcp kv{XothWw F km`nI Ahsb
Fmepw ]petccoXnbmbn a[yIme apkvenw Iaimkv{X hnimcZ sXncnpIbmbncpp. Cmcyw Htsd
]T\ ]pdpsImphnpv. Nne Lfn AhfpsS kmyw ]pcpjtXns\ adnISpXn\mbn
70

JpB kqNnnpp.

JpB 2:228 D]tbmKn kv{Xov taep ]pcpjs ZdP (]Zhn)

hnhmlapbpsS Zom BNcWhpambn _sXmWv; CXv knZv Jp_v (1906-1966) IrXyambn

NqnmWnXmWv. (Jp_v, t].279).

cmwL krnv, BZn]m]w, im]{Kamb amXrXzw Fo kv{Xohncp Bibsf

sskmnIambn ISm{Ianp JpB. l BZman \n; Ccphcpw GIkbn \nv cq]w sImp
71

(4:1). Hscm Bmhn\nv kv{Xo]pcpj Zz cq]wsImp. BZn]m]ns {]Ya DchmZn F

72

Btcm]Ws (Dev]n 2:4 apX 3:24 hsc) JpB Xncppp.

]nimNv Ccphtcbpw
73

]ngnpIbmbncpp (7:20). BZna ZXnIfpsS adhnbmep Ipw amcpfsp. amXrXzw im]ns

74

A\c^ea; ]nXrXztm alXztadnbXmWv. {]Ya ]m]w sNbvXh F D]n ]pkvXI

75

Btcm]Wn \nv JpB kv{Xov tamN\w \In. Ccp CWIfpw Hcpanp sNbvX ]m]n\v amv
\IspshmWv JpBs Xncp. Fm X^vkodpIfpsSbpw Nne lZokpIfpsSbpw ]n_etmsS
BZy]m]nbpw X^eambn amXrXzw F im]hpw ]nhmXneneqsS apkvenwInSbntev tNtdn. apkvenw \nba
hyhkvYIfntmepw Ccw kv{Xo hncp Bib Cpw kzm[o\w sNeppp.

JpB\n BZw {]XysSp 25 se 21 CSfnepw kzbw t_m[mhbp ahs {]Xn\n[n

F \nebnemWv. (kvanv, t].135 144). "CWI' F {]tbmKw hgn Xs ]mckv]mcnIXbpw km]camb
XqeyXbpw JpB Dun]dbpIbmWv. (53:4546, 30:21) Bs] enwK _lpXz kam\ambn
\ne\nevptm am{Xta GsXnepw tatmbvabpsS ]nSnapdpw AbphcnIbpq.
ssZhs ]pcpj\mbn kev]np coXn aXfpsS taenbWnbnv \ne\nevpp. hn{ipX
s^an\nv tacn Umen (19282010) Cu {]hWXsXnsc BSnp: "ssZhw ]pcpj\msWn, ]pcpj
ssZhhpamWv.' (Umen, t].19).
CkvemanIambn ]dm "ssZhw' AenwK]ZamWv; bmsXmpambpw "Amlp' hns\
76

XpeysSpm\mhn.

Ad_n `mjbpsS Hcp {]tXyIXbmWv \ma GsXnepw enwKtmSv

tNp]dbpI FXv. DZmlcWn\v kqcy Ad_nbn kv{XoenwKamWv. AXpt]mse am{XamWv "Ah'

(lph) Fv "Amlp' hnt\mSv tNv ]dbpXv.

17

]pcpjssZh kev]w, hywKyambn At_m[Xen kzm[o\nsncnm\nSbpv. Fm CXn\v

JpB\nImSndbn. ssZhs enwK_nbmbn a\knempXns s]mcw JpB ssZhs
]cmainm \nccambn D]tbmKnp "dlvam' F ]Zw ]cnKWnm aXn. "dlva' (K`]m{Xw) bn
\nv \nj]namb ]ZamWnXv. (AkZv, t].65)
XuloZn amXrI, ssZhn\v ]ucpjw \evIpXns\ hnepI am{Xa enwKw, hwiw, tZiw
XpSnbhbpsS t]cnep B[n]XyhmZsfbpw hnepw. BZw Ifnan \npw Xm Xobn \npw
]Sspsh Dev]nbpsS t]cnep C_veokns tamhmZw (JpB 7:1115) Ahs\ im]{K\mn.
(Aln{_n, t].53). C{ktben ]mccyap Nne lZokpI, aqv JpB kqfpsS ZphymJym\w
(4:34, 2:228, 2:282) FnhbneqsSbmWv apJyambpw apkvenw kv{XoIfpsS [mnI IrXzw \ntj[npsImv
Ahsf cmwXcmcnbmnbXv. X^eambn a[yIme apkvenw \nba, kv{XoIfpsS {]iv\w
bYmXYambn ssIImcyw sNm hnkXnpIbmbncpp. ]pcpjtXv AhImineqnbpw kv{XobptSXv
_m[yXbneqnbpw Ah \nbaw hymJym\np. "kv{Xo' IrXzn \nv Xsv "hnjbw' Bbn amdn.
hymJym\cwKv ]pcpjm am{Xw \ne\nXn\m kv{Xo ]cnt{]jyw hn\ambXn ActXn.
\nbacwKv ]pcptj am{Xw IWnseSpsp. ss[jWnIambpw [mnIambpw
Xmgv]SnbnephfmsWv kqNnnp lZokpI {]NcnnsSpIbpw Ah \nbans Xen
kzm[o\nsSpIbpw sNbvXp. mt\mev]mZ\ cwKv \nv kv{XoIsf sImv Bbncw hjfmbn
\njvmknXcmsp. lnPvd cmw \qmtmsS Xs km]camb kv{Xo]pcpj XpeyX F JpB\nI
Bibw Anadnsp. (amtem, t].53).
A\mYcmshcpsS {]iv\]cnlmcn\mbn JpB Iiamb \nb{WtmsS
("\oXn]me\w') \ntins _lp`mcyXzw (JpB 4:3), k`n \nSnamn ]nevmev
]pcpjtatmbvav D]tbmKnsSpIbmbncpp. {]mKvCkvemanI Atd_ybn \ne\nncp JpBs
Av XnIpw hncpamb "{Snn Xemv' ]nevmev apkvenw hymJym\fn IbdnqSnbXpw
aXns ^yqUhevcWns DZmlcWamWv. 8mw \qmnse icnAv t{ImVoIcW thfbn {]mKv
CkvemanI Ad_nIfn {Kovt]jy kmwkvImcnI kzm[o\w apkveow \nbascbpw _m[np. (sskZv,
t].2). X^eambn hwiobX, tKm{X]cX, ASnaw, ^yqUenkw, apXemfnw Fnht]mse enwK
ta[mhnXzhpw a\pjyalXzs Anadnp kmaqlnI LS\bmsWv th{X XncndnbsSmsX t]mbn.
enwK kw_nbmbn Ahkm\andnb JpB\nI kqw CXmWv: hnizmknIfpw hnizmkn\nIfpw ]ckv]cw
klmbnIfpw am{XfpamIpp. Ah \ I]npp. Xn hntcm[npp (9:71). ss[jWnIambpw
[mnIambpw ]pcpjm kv{XoIsfm tIamcmsWn Ah ]ckv]cw ssIImcyIm
(Huenbm) BIpsXs\? (jm, t].889)
Hcp ]pcpj tI{oIrX kaqlnemWv JpBs AhXcWsanepw Acsamv AXns
A`nkwt_m[nXcn mbnbmbn \ne\nWsav ssZhw COnpn. (lnZmbppff, t].70 71). apkvenw
kv{Xov ssZhw \Inb kqW hynXzhpw [mnI IrXzhpw XncnsI e`yamm\pXIp
ssZhimkv{XamWv A\nhmcyambncnpXv. (lnZmbp, t].4).
XpeyXbpsS JpB\nI am\w
Ggmw \qmn Ghpw hnhIcfmb aqey- aplZv \_n Atd_ybnehXcnnp. a\pjycpsS
Dev]n]camb GIX, hwiobhncpX, am\hXpeyX, hnizmk kzmX{yw hyXykvX aXhn`mKfpsS
77

klIcWtmsS \oXn]qamb Hcp [mnI kaqls sInSpembncpp {]hmNIeyw.

kzw

IpSpw_nt\m kapZmbnt\m FXncmbmepw "\oXn]me\w' F Bibn Ddp\nevIWw (4:135).

18

FIssZhw F Bibw a\pjycpsS XpeyX Dun]dbpp (49:13). Xpeycpw kzXt{bpw

\evIsXn\m Ahv ssZhZamb AhImifpv. kzXt{ F am\pjnIKpWw sImv
XsbmWv a\pjy hnNmcW sNsSpXpw. (dDu^v, 2005, t].14). tIi_v N{sk (18381884),
GIssZhns kmaqlnI kwtjW hniZoIcnp: "ssZhw Htbppshpw Ah\mWv \ssbmw
krnsXpw hnizknppshn Rm Htckabw klPXtbmsSbpw {]m]nI hnImcfpsS Fm
DujvaXItfmsSbpw \apv Nppaphsc Ah ]mgvkntbm lnpthm apkveotam bqtdm]yt\m BIs, Fs
ktlmZcs\ \nebn t\mnImWpw.' (_kp, t].147).
78

79

a\pjycminbpsS Dev]n HmWv. JpB am\h kmtlmZcyw Dundbpp. \oXnv JpB

D]tbmKn JnkvXv F ]Zn\v XpeyX F Aapv. (Jqcn, 1986, t].7). Nnnp kIepw
80

ss\XnIt_m[w {]m]yamW.v Ckvemans ASnm\ XXzw "Htcsbmcp ssZhw' FXmWv: CsXmcp XXzambn
AwKoIcnphv Fs\bmWv av aXtfmSv AklnjvWpX ]pem IgnbpI? a\pjyhwiw
ssZhm krnsXmWv Fv hnizknph\v av hnizmk kwlnXI ]npScphtcmSv
Fs\bmWv hntcm[w ]pem\mhpI? Ckvemans t]cn CXv sNph Ckvemans ASnm\
{]amWamb "Htcsbmcp ssZhw' F XXzs ewLnphcmWv. XtXn\nv hyXykvXamb Bcm[\m
coXnI ]npScp P\X asmcp ssZhns krnIfmsWmWh kanpXv. (tdmbv, t].3435).
PmXnbSnm\nep kmaqlnI t{iWoLS\ Ckvemans Bmhpambn sImSnb
kwL\nemWv: "a\pjysc, HcmWn \npw s]n \npas{X \mw \nsf krnnpXv. ]ns
\nsf kapZmbfpw tKm{Xfpamn; ]ckv]cw XncndntbXn\v. \nfn Ghpw
ssZh`nbphcmIpp ssZhn Ghpw HuXyaph' (49:13).
Fw.F.tdmbv FgpXn: Ckvemans {itbamb hnPbn\v ImcWw AXn Aeo\ambncnp
kaXzt_m[hpw hntamN\XrjvWbpamWv. (tdmbv, t].63). kmaqlyt{iWn LS\sb tNmZyw sNbvXpsImv
aplZv\_n am\hXpeyX {]Jym]np. hntZin ASnabmb _nemens\ tamNnnpsImv _mv hnfnp
hynbmn. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].3).
kmaqlnI kaXzw F JpB\nImibw (49:13) apkvenwIfn \nv Hcp ]cn[n hsc tNmpt]mbncnpp.

Dtcybnse apkvenan\v "PmXnbX' ISpXpw CcpXpamb Hcp bmYmyamWv. Ajvd ^v hn`mK

kmaqlyambn Gsd aptmw \nevptm APve^v/Ak hn`mK Gsd ]nmamWv. Cu
Zpchbvv ssZhimkv{X]camb \ymbw Xs Nasncnpp FXv A\ntj[yamWv. akvPnZpIfn
t\XrXzw antgpw Ajvd^nImWv. hnhmlsmcpw (I^mAv) F Bibw PmXobamb
\nWbn\v hym]Iambn D]tbmKnpp. Ajvd^nIfnsSp \mev PmXnI (knZv, sjbvv, apK,
]m) Fnh Xn Xn hnhmlw \Sppsnepw Ajvd^v hn`mKhpw AkepIfpambp
sshhmlnI _w l\^n aZvl_ns \ymbw ]dv HgnhmsSpp.
jmhenbpmlv Z-lvehn (17031762) F alm]nX t]mepw "I^mAv' kzw hn`mKn\Iv
\nv Xs thWsav hmin]nSnncpp. hntamNnX ASna skbvZpw DX Ipeo\PmXbmb ssk\_pw
Xn {]hmNI GsSpnb hnhml_w t]mepw Ahv ]mTamIpn. Zbq_nIsftmse
_tdhnIfpw AlvtelZokpw apkvenw hyn\nba t_mUpw kzPmXob hnhmls Iimkv{X]cambn
\ymboIcnpp!
a[yImew apXsenepw PmXob {]hWX Cy apkvenwIfpsS `mKambpv. ^XmhmC PecnbpsS
Imhpw a[yIme CybpsS Ncn{XImc\pambncp knbmhpo _cm\n (12851357) sbn Atlns

19

IrXnbpsS Cwojv hnhI FgpXn: "_cm\nbpsS ssZhn\v cv Xefpv Hv apkveowfpsS

IpessZhw, cv apkveowfn Xs s]Sp khW hn`mKns ssZhw.' (l_o_v, t].136).
ZenXv apkvenwI, ZenXv ]nm Fnh Hcp kmaqlnI bmYmyambXpsImv kzw
kaqln kmaqlnI \oXn sImphcm\p BhamWv apkvenwI {]ISnntXv. (Fn\ob,
2004. t].8485)
sshhn[y ssZhkrnbpsS `mKw
aXmc kao]\w hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xns A\pt]Wob LSIamWv. kmaqlnIkmnI
enwK \oXnsb s]mXpeyambn {]XnjvTnpsImp aXmc UbtemKpI XnbpsS ApXns\Xnsc
\bpsS ApXv ]Sppbm {]tbmP\o`hnpw. aXns ]pdphcpsS \ B{Klnmh
\sb CSpnb tKm{X]cn[nbn ]cnanXamn "{]]fpsS \mYs\' (dp Aeao) kpNnXambn
hyhlcnpIbmWv. klPohnIsf ]cnKWntXv aXnstbm PmXnbpsStbm t]cnemhcpXv; a\pjys\
\nebn am{XamIWw. aX_lpXzw Hcp kaqln \ne\nevIptm am{XamWv aX\nct]X
(skpecnkw) ]pecpXv. \oXnpthnbp kacn Fm hnizmkn kaqlpw Hnm
Ignbpw; Fsm Fm Bob Zi\fpw \oXnsb DZm aqeyambn IcpXpp.
_lpkzcX Fm hyXykvXambn \ne\nevm\p kzmX{yw hIshpsImSpemWv. (Iamen,
t].70) sshhn[yw ssZh\nnXamWv.

81

Bcm[\m coXnIfnse sshhn[ywt]mepw ssZh \nnXamWv (22:67).

Chsbms ssZhn kzoImcyamWv (16:36). kIe P\hn`mKpw AhchcpsS Iw Aemcamn

82

sImSpnpv (6:108). Fmcw sshhn[ytfmSpw klnjvWpX ]peWw. AXv sXmenbpsS \ndw, `mj
83

FnhbpsS t]cnemImw (30:22), hnizmk]camImw (64:2), kmaqlnI kwLfpw kapZmbfpamImw. (ap

hnizmksf AXoh{itbmsS thWw ]cnKWnm (29:46). Fm Bcm[\m tKlfpw kwcnsSWw
(22:40). A\yssZhsf ]qPnphsct]mepw CIgvcpXv (6:107).
84

85

Fm ssZhZqXmscbpw hnthN\anmsX kzoIcnWw. (apdnbnpImc hcm Hcp\mSpan.

hyXykvXamb `mjIfnepw {]tZifnepw ssZhZqXm BKXcmbn.86 JpB\n t]cv ]cmainmhcpw

87

88

{]hmNIcmbpv. Fmhcpw GI BZins hm.

JpB\v apv AhXoamb

thZ{KfpsSbpw hnizmkn AwKoIcnpp. Co a\pjy\v ssZhhpambp DSSnbpsS `mKhpw (9:11),

ssZhoI am \nZi\ns kzcq]hpw (5:46) BWv; AhbpsS Bmwiw A\phnpXv
tamZmbIhpw (5:47); tXmdsb hnimemn hymJym\ntXpv (5:45).
]qhnI aX Iyqdns ]gb HmtdnwKv knkvsat]mse Ckvemw XsbmWv; Ahsb
apgps JpB A{]kamnbnn. "{Kw' F ]Zw JpBs\ am{Xa, ssZhoI ktifpsS,
kapbsbmWv DtinncnpXv; AhbpsS kXykmcmwiw JpB\nepv. A{_lmw, tami, tbip
89

FnhcpsSsbms ktifpsS DdhnSw {KamXmhmWv. Fm {]hmNI ktifpw Hscm

t{kmXn \npfhmbXn\m Ahbnsems hnizknWw. (dlvam, 1980, t].1634).
AXpsImpXs JpBtXvt]mep Hcp ssZhoI kqw sImphcm\p shphnfnv (2:2324)
ss__nfn \npff DcWn A{]kamWv. ]pIev]\IfpsS kamlcw JpB\n ImWmw. (6:1513),
ss__nfns\ JpB Dcnppapv. (JpB 21:106, ko\w 37:39, ambn 5:3)
90

thZmv AhcpsS thZ{Ka\pkcnv hn[nmhpXmWv. A{_lmans aXw kzoImcyamWv

(2:130). ]qhoI thZ{KfpsS kXykmcmwiamWv JpB (12:111). ]qoI thZ `mKnIamsbnepw
91

a\pjys ssIISepIv hnt[bambn.

20

aplZv \_n apgptemIn\pw ImcpWyambn _lpkzcXbpsSbpw \oXnbpsSbpw ktiw

92

93

DZvtLmjnp. {]hmNI t]mepw P\sf \nnv hgnsSpph\; Dt_m[I am{Xw.

94

thZmcn kZvhrcpv.

Nne ss{IkvXh k\ymknamsc JpB hmgvpp (5:83).

95

PqXss{IkvXhapkvenwIfpsS ]qnI ]nXmhv A{_lmans ]mXbmWv Ghcpw A\pKantXv.

A{_lmtaXc ]mccyns kcnX Zp:JntXn.96 lnp_pnv, skmdm{ob, XmthmIsfms

97

thZmcmImw. FmhtcmSpw Ghpw DXhpw am\yhpamb hn[nemWv CSs]tSXv. JpB

98

{InkvXym\nIsfbpw PqXscbpw

99

]pIgvppv. Ghcpw tN ]ckv]cw IqSnbmtemN\hgnbp

P\mb `cWcoXnbmWv Ghpw A`nImayambXv.1

00

Hv cv lnPvd \qmpIfn Xs thZmcpsS ]nIbntev kucm{, sslh, _pnpI Ibdn.

apKnf cmPIpamc\mbncp Zmcm jntJm (16151659) D]\njpIsf GIssZhZi\ns t{kmXmbn
101

IcpXn "adthZw' F \nev 50 Fw t]jy\ntev hnh\w sNbvXp. (ap, t]. 67). apkvenw
cm{w hnIkntm AXns ]cn[nbn Xmaknncp hnhn[ aXhn`mKsf thZmcmbn
]cnKWnsSpIbmbncpp. (FkmJv, 1997, t].159160). km_nDI thZmcmbn JpB
]cmainnsnepw (4:153), Ahtcbpw shfn]mSv e`nXmbn JpB Xs ]cmainp
102

hn`mKtfmsSmw tNv ]dbppv.

103

klIcWtmsSbmWv IgntbXv.
thXv.

Fm P\hn`mKfpambpw km[yamIpXns ]camh[n

sFIysSmhp taJeI Isn Ghcpw klIcnpIbmWv

104

ta[mhnhmZw A\nkvemanIw
Htcm kapZmbn\pw Hmtcm Bcm[\mcoXnI \evIsncnpp (22:34). hnhn[ hnizmkn kaql
XfptSXv am{Xw icn F kao]\w amnshv aphtbmSv klnjvWpX ]pepIbmWv Ghtcbpw
Dsmp kao]\w. CXntev shfnw hoinsmv JpB ]dp: {]Jym]npI: "ssZhw AhXcn
GXv thZnepw Rm hnizknncnpp. \nnSbn \oXn]mentWsav Rm
Bm]nsncnpp. RfpsSbpw \nfpsSbpw cnXmhv Cuizc\mIpp. RfpsS I
Rv. \nfpsS I -\npw. Rpw \npanSbn Hcp hgpan' (42:15).
GsXnepw Hcp {]tXyI aXmv ssZhhpambn {]tXyI _apspw

105

ssZhns ]p{Xmcpw

{]bcpamsWpw (5:20); X am{Xw hnipcpw (4:49); X am{Xw tammlccpamsWpw (2:94);

\cIo Xsf \maam{Xambn am{Xw kv]inq Fpw (3:24); Xp am{Xambn Fmw
s]mdppsImSpsSpw (7:169) FnXymXn hmZsf JpB XpdpImWnpp. hyXykvXXI ]ckv]cw
KmVambn Adnv DsmpXn\pXmWv; ta[mhnw ]pem\ (49:13).
X am{Xw tamml F hmZns _meniX A inSbnmhn[w JpB
XpdpImpp: "Imcyw \nfpsS hymtamlsf B{ibn, thZhnizmknIfpsS hymtamlsf
B{ibnpa Xn sNph Btcm Ahv AXns {]Xn^ew e`npw' (4:123). Amlp F ]Zw
apkvenwIv am{Xw AhImisXmsW hmZapbm hsc atejybnse Nne apkvenw {]kvYm\
106

Xmdmbn (2013); Cu \ow JpBs Asb tNmZyw sNppshv t]mepw Ah Adnbpn.

Ckvemw F ]Zw {Inbm\maw F \nev 8 hhpw {Inbbmbn 24 hhpw JpB D]tbmKnnpv.

"Zo' FXv ssZhn "Ckvemw' BWv (3:19). ssZhlnXn\v A\pIqeamb Ne\mIamb {]XnIcWw,
ssZhn\p AWw Fo AfmWv "Ckvem'an\pXv; AmsX GsXnepw aXmI hn`mKw F
\ne. hnhn[ Imefn AhXoamb "Ckveman's ]cnipnsb hmgvp JpB (2:136), t\mlbpw

21

A{_lmapw tamibpw tbiphpw Hscm ASnm\ Zi\w (Zo) {]t_m[\w sNbvXXmbn ]dbpp (42:13).
Fm Ah Xn icnAnepw Iamfnepw hyXymkfpv (5:48). ]pdw te_ens
ASnm\ne ssZhn ImcyfpsS kzoImcyX; {]h\fpsS ASnm\nemWv (2:177).
AklnjvWpXbpw ]caXtZzjhpw aphn[nbpw ]Ibpw tcmjhpw shp]pen A{Iamkambn
\ne\nevp aXt_m[n\v BobXbn. ssZhs kvt\lnpsImv \oXn ssIhcnpXn\p Xzcbpw
bXv\hpamWv Bobamw. aphcpsS thZ\ItfmSv klm\p`qXn am{Xa, ]cnlcnm\p AZayamb
A`nemjhpw hnizmknpmhWw. aXPmXnh`mjI hyXykvX kzXzfmWv (49:13); Ahsb
]cncnm\p _m[yX Gev]nshcmWv apkvenwI. AKXnI, ]mh, ASnaI, bm{Xm,
07

Bhiym XpSnbhmWv \n Zm\amb kmv \evtIXv.1 FhntSbpw aXw Hcp LSIa.

_enarKns amwkns D]tbmKs ]cmainv "]mhp `Ww' FmWv JpB
]dbpXv (22:36). _enarKns ctam amwktam ssZhnsepn (22:37). bYm kam[m\w
\oXnkwm]\neqsSbmWv. {]hmNI AapkvenwIfpambpw _lpssZh hnizmknIfpambpw [mcmfw
kam[m\cmdpmpIbpw sNbvXp. a\pjycpsS kulm]qamb klIcWn\v km[yamb kIeXpw
108

sNWw.

CkvemanItemIpv DZbwsIm "aJmknZv A icoA' (icnAns Dtiw), "^nJplp

AJnbv' (\yq\] Iimkv{Xw) Fo ]pXnb hnm\ imJI ImenIamb hmb\bpsS ]p
{]XoIfmWv. apkvenw NnIsf ka{Kambn ]cnhnnm Ahv Ignbpw. apkvenw Ncn{Xs
ka{Khpw Iihpw aqey[njvTnXhpw Bb hnai\n\v hnt[bamnsmv am{Xta
a\pjyhntamN\n\p JpB\nI ]XnbpsS shfnw ]qambn kamnm IgnbpIbpq.
B[p\nI CkvemanI Zmi\nIcmb dmjnZp K\qjn (1941), XmcnJv daZm (1962) XpSnbh kv{XoIfpsS
]Zhnsb CkvemanI A-k Dsmv ]p\cpohnnm {ianpXv BthiZmbIamWv.
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109

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112

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113

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114
115

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22

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hyhmamn\mbn {ianmsX kmv sImv ]cnlcnm\mIpsa [mcW XncppI.
Zp_es ioIcWn\p]Icnp `q]cnjvIcWw apkvenwtemIv sImphcnI.
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1.
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5:13, 4:46, 5:41, 2:75

15:91--93
39:18, 7:145, 5:8
3:108, 4:40, 40:31
6:70, 6:35, 6:93, 16:35
9:70, 10:44, 29:40
11:6, 6:15--1-2, 7:54, 13:16--17, 21:3033, 18:46, 66:2-3
4:95, 40:64, 53:39

9.
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11:6, 17:31, 29:60

4:25, 4:36, 9:60, 2:177, 4:29, 5:89, 4:92, 24:33, 47:4
3:190- 191, 2:164
96:1- 15, 62:2, 58:11, 9:122, 20:114, 16:43
8:22, 7:179
7:2729, 26:73
6:152, 17:34, 4:2, 4:5 6
42:40, 2:205, 4:107, 31:18
2:190, 2:205, 3:57, 16:23, 22:38, 28:77, 31:18, 42:40, 57:23

23

18.
19.
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60:8, 6:127
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2:195, 2:222, 3:76, 3:134, 3:159, 5:13, 5:42, 9:108, 49:9, 60:8, 9:108
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2:177, 2:219, 4:1112, 4:176, 9:60, 59:7
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2:35, 2:229, 6:33
11:27, 26:70, 22:5, 4:97, 8:26
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33. JpB 51:19, 70:2425

34. JpB 2:245, 5:12, 6:17, 56:11, 57:6, 64:17, 73:20
35. JpB 18:37, 31:18
36.
37.
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53.
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63.
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16:2224
18:36, 62:9, 9:24
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23:37, 19:6667, 17: 4951, 30:7779, 80:1722, 75: 3640, 17:1315, 41:2023
2:153, 14:7, 14:15, 26:57, 26:85, 27:40, 29:66, 30:33, 39:7
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4:75, 22:3940
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2:11, 7:56, 7:85, 30:41
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4:1, 28:7, 4:19
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4:19, 4:22

24

69. JpB 39:9, 35:28

70. JpB 24:69
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73. JpB 2:3637, 7:2024
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81. JpB 10:99, 16:72, 16:93
82. JpB 49:13, 53:45
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89. JpB 13:39, 43:4
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93. JpB 88:22, 2:272, 10:44, 51:55
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97. JpB 3:159, 29:46, 16:25
98. JpB 5:823, 57:27
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100. JpB 3:159, 42:38
101. JpB 56:7780
102. JpB 2:62, 5:69
103. JpB 60:79
104. JpB 3:64, 5:689, 42:15
105. JpB 62:6, 5:18
106. JpB 29:61, 39:38, 17:110, 7:180
107. JpB17:2629, 2:215, 9:60
108. JpB 4:128, 4:35, 49:9, 8:61, 4:90
109. JpB 3:104, 3:110, 9:71
110. JpB 37:12, 13:32, 15:11, 21:41
111. JpB 6:101, 25:4, 17:47, 25:8
112. JpB 21:5, 16:103, 38:7, 25:5
113. JpB 7:180, 38:17, 20:130
114. JpB 18:29, 5:54, 3:90, 4:137
115. _meyhnhmlw JpB\nImibfpsS \ntj[amWv. hnhmln\v {]mbw IrXyambn ]dnnsnepw
\nba]camb {]mbntev JpB kqN\ \Ippv: ]ckv]cmIjWw /tbmPnv (2:221, 2:235, 30:21, 33:52),
hnizmk]camb XmZmyw (2:221, 60:10), iamb Icmdnsem\pff ss[jWnIamb ]IzX (4:21, 2:232, 2:237,
24:33), aldns (h[phn\pff km\w) \nbnm\pff {]m]vXn (4:4, 4:24), ]pcpjs\n IpSpw_w t\mn

25
\Sm\pff kmnI tijn (2:228,2:233, 4:34, 65:6), imcocnIamb ]IzX (4:6, 24:31, 24:58-59) Fnh AXn
{][m\amWv.

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