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Calculation of Seepage Discharge
Calculation of Seepage Discharge
nf
nd
H .b
b = width of channel = 56 cm
For calculation, consider H = 20 cm.
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
2
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
' =(
Gs 1
). w
1+ e
Take
Gs = 2.65, e = 0.81
ic =
'
w
3. Calculate head right at the bottom (A) and at D/2 distance from point A of the pile.
(D is the depth of the pile).
HA = ( H ndA x H)
HB = ( H ndB x H)
ndA = number of head drops at A, H = head drop for each equi-potential line = H/nd
You get values in terms of H
4.
H average =
5.
i=
1
(H A + H B )
2
H average
D
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
3
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
Seepage
Darcys law is applicable when flow of water is in one direction. In real world problems,
seepage occurs in all three dimensions. Solution for 3D problems is complicated and needs
advanced mathematical calculations. In many cases, 3D problems are simplified to 2D and
seepage flow is calculated accordingly.
Equation of 2D Steady Flow
Conditions:
Darcys law is valid
K is same in all dimensions (homogenous material)
Q = k .i. A
q x = k .i x .dy.1
At section X+dX
q x + dx = k .i x + dx .dy.1
q y = k .i y .dx.1
At section Y+dY
q y + dy = k .i y + dy .dx.1
(q y + dy + q x + dx ) (q y + q x ) = 0
or
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
4
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
(i x + dx i x ).dy + (i y + dy i y ).dx = 0
or
But
ix =
h
x
i x + dx = i x +
i x
.dx
x
(1)
h
y
and
iy =
and
i y + dy = i y +
i y
y
.dy
i y
i x
.dx.dy +
.dy.dx = 0
x
y
h
h
( )+ ( ) =0
x x y y
Or
2h 2h
+
=0
x 2 y 2
Therefore,
(2)
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
5
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
q =
q
nf
h =
(3)
H
nd
(4)
q = k .i. A
= k.
h
.b.1
l
= k .h.
b
l
b
must also be the same for every
l
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
6
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
b
= side length ratio (same for all elements)
l
or
q
H b
= k. .
nf
nd l
Therefore, q = k .H .
nf b
.
nd l
q = k .H .$.
i.e.
b
l
(5)
$=
where,
nf
nd
l
= 1 by making square flow net grid,
b
q = k .H .$
and
(6)
Q = q. L
where, L is the length of dam in a perpendicular direction
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
7
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
ky
kx
x vertical Scale
and plot the structure. Then we follow the same procedure. This gives,
q = k x .k y .
H .n f
nd
H=7m
= 7/7
=1m
Head at A,
i.e.
= (9 1 x 1)
=8m
Uplift pressure
UA
= 8. w
UB
= 7. w
Likewise,
hA
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
8
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
UA = hA . w
Caution:
To calculate a pore pressure, the best datum from the head is the point itself.
Effective stress
If u = ,
= 0
At liquefaction,
= uA
-u
(We will have liquefaction)
. Z = i . w . Z
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008
9
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
(G s 1) w
'
1+ e
=
i=
Therefore,
Gs 1
1+ e
ic =
Gs 1
1+ e
(7)
Spring 2008
Date: 3/24/2008