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Li gii thiu ca nh xut bn Bantam Books.................................................................. 3
Gii thiu cun sch "Lc s thi gian"........................................................................... 5
Phn 1.................................................................................................................................. 7
Phn 2................................................................................................................................ 12
Phn 3................................................................................................................................ 16
Phn 4................................................................................................................................ 20
Phn 5................................................................................................................................ 25
Phn 6................................................................................................................................ 29
Phn 7................................................................................................................................ 33
Phn 8................................................................................................................................ 38
Phn 9................................................................................................................................ 42
Phn 10.............................................................................................................................. 46
Phn 11.............................................................................................................................. 51
Phn 12.............................................................................................................................. 55
Phn 13.............................................................................................................................. 61
Phn 14.............................................................................................................................. 64
Phn 15.............................................................................................................................. 68
Phn 16.............................................................................................................................. 73
Phn 17.............................................................................................................................. 78
Phn 18.............................................................................................................................. 83
Phn 19.............................................................................................................................. 89
Phn 20.............................................................................................................................. 93
Phn 21.............................................................................................................................. 99
Phn 22............................................................................................................................ 104
Phn 23............................................................................................................................ 109
Phn 24............................................................................................................................ 114
Phn 25............................................................................................................................ 118
Phn 26............................................................................................................................ 122
Phn 27............................................................................................................................ 126
Phn 28............................................................................................................................ 130
Phn 29............................................................................................................................ 135
Phn 30............................................................................................................................ 139
Phn 31............................................................................................................................ 141
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Stephen Hawking
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LC S THI GIAN
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Stephen Hawking
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Stephen Hawking
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LC S THI GIAN
Phn 1
[...] Bn cht ca thi gian l g? N c im tn cng khng? Nhng t ph mi y
trong vt l hc - mt phn nh nhng cng ngh mi tuyt xo - a ra cu tr li
cho mt s cu hi tn ti dai dng t xa xa va nu trn. [...]
Stephen Hawking
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Phn 2
[...] Nhng vn : v tr c im bt u trong thi gian v c b gii hn trong khng
gian hay khng sau ny c nh trit hc Immannuel Kant xem xt mt cch bao
qut trong cun Ph phn s suy l thun tu, mt cng trnh v i (v rt ti ngha) ca
ng, c xut bn nm 1781. [...]
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Phn 3
[...] Ngay t bui bnh minh ca nn vn minh, loi ngi khng bng lng nhn
nhng s kin nh nhng th ri rc v khng gii thch c. H khao kht hiu bit
ci trt t nm su kn trong th gii. Ngy hm nay chng ta cng vn trn tr mun
bit ti sao chng ta li y v chng ta t u ti. [...]
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Phn 4
[...] C Aristotle ln Newton u tin vo thi gian tuyt i. Ngha l, h tin rng ngi
ta c th o chnh xc khong thi gian gia hai s kin, rng thi gian hon ton
nh nhau d bt k ai tin hnh o n, min l h dng mt chic ng h tt. [...] Tuy
nhin, n lc chng ta phi thay i nhng nim ca chng ta v khng gian v thi
gian. [...]
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Phn 5
[...] L thuyt tng i buc chng ta phi thay i mt cch cn bn nhng nim ca
chng ta v khng gian v thi gian. Chng ta buc phi chp nhn rng thi gian khng
hon ton tch ri v c lp vi thi gian m kt hp vi n thnh mt i tng gi l
khng - thi gian [...]
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Phn 6
[...] Chng ta khng th tng tng ni mt khng gian 4 chiu. Ring bn thn ti hnh
dung mt khng gian 3 chiu cng vt v lm ri. Tuy nhin v mt s v khng
gian 2 chiu th li kh d dng, chng hn nh v b mt ca tri t. [...]
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dng ta thi gian mi l thi gian c (tnh bng giy) cng vi khong
cch (tnh bng giy - nh sng) theo hng bc ca Piccadilly.
Mt cch rt hu ch suy ngh v bn ta ca mt s kin l ch v tr
ca n trong mt khng gian 4 chiu, c gi l khng -thi gian. Chng ta
khng th tng tng ni mt khng gian 4 chiu. Ring bn thn ti hnh
dung mt khng gian 3 chiu cng vt v lm ri. Tuy nhin v mt s
v khng gian 2 chiu th li kh d dng, chng hn nh v b mt ca tri
t (B mt ca tri t l hai chiu v v tr ca mt im trn c th
c ghi bng hai ta , kinh v v ). Ti s thng s dng nhng
gin trong thi gian tng theo phng thng ng hng ln trn, cn
mt trong nhng chiu khng gian c v theo phng nm ngang. Hai
chiu khng gian cn li s b qua, hoc i khi mt trong hai chiu
c v theo phi cnh. (Nhng gin ny c gi l gin khng-thi
gian, ging nh hnh 2.1). V d, trong hnh 2.2 thi gian
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Phn 7
[...] i vi ngi trn cao mi chuyn pha di xy ra chm chp hn. iu tin
on ny c kim chng vo nm 1962 bng cch dng hai ng h rt chnh xc:
mt t nh v mt t chn mt thp nc. ng h chn thp, gn tri t hn,
chy chm hn - hon ton ph hp vi thuyt tng i rng. [...]
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Khi lng ca mt tri lm cong khng-thi gian theo cch sao cho mc d
tri t chuyn ng theo ng thng trong khng-thi gian 4 chiu, nhng
n li th hin i vi chng ta l chuyn ng theo qu o trn trong
khng gian ba chiu. V thc t, qu o ca cc hnh tinh c tin on
bi l thuyt tng i rng cng chnh xc nh c tin on bi l
thuyt hp dn ca Newton. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp i vi sao Thy,
hnh tinh gn mt tri nht, do cm thy hiu ng hp dn mnh nht v
c qu o thun di hn, th thuyt tng i rng tin on rng trc di
ca elip qu o quay quanh mt tri vi vn tc 1 trong 10 ngn nm.
Mc d hiu ng l rt nh, nhng n c ghi nhn t trc nm 1915
v c dng nh mt bng chng u tin khng nh l thuyt ca
Einstein. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhng lch thm ch cn nh hn
na ca qu o cc hnh tinh khc so vi nhng tin on ca l thuyt
Newton cng c o bng rada v cho thy chng ph hp vi nhng
tin on ca thuyt tng i rng.
Nhng tia sng cng cn phi i theo nhng ng trc a trong khng-thi
gian. Cng li do khng gian b cong nn nh sng khng cn th hin l
truyn theo ng thng trong khng gian na. Nh vy thuyt tng i
rng tin on rng anh sng c th b b cong bi cc trng hp dn. V
d, l thuyt ny tin on rng nn nh sng ca nhng im gn mt tri
s hi b un hng vo pha trong do tc dng ca khi lng mt tri.
iu ny c ngha l nh sng t mt ngi sao xa khi i qua gn mt tri c
th b lch i mt gc nh, khin cho i vi nhng ngi quan st trn mt
t, ngi
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Phn 8
[...] Bc tranh hin i v v tr khi u ch mi vo nm 1924, khi nh thin vn ngi
M Edwin Hubble chng t c rng thin h ca chng ta khng phi l thin h duy
nht. Thc t cn c nhiu thin h khc v gia chng l nhng khong khng gian
trng rng rng ln. [...]
Chng 3: V tr gin n
Nu ta nhn ln bu tri vo nhng m quang ng, khng trng, nhng vt
sng nht m chng ta nhn thy c l l cc hnh tinh: sao Kim, sao Ha,
sao Mc v sao Th. Cng c rt nhiu cc ngi sao tng t nh mt tri
ca chng ta nhng rt xa. Mt s nhng ngi sao c nh , thc t, li
dng nh thay i - d l rt t - v tr tng i ca chng vi nhau khi tri
t quay xung quanh mt tri: chng hon ton khng phi l c nh! S d
c iu ny l do chng tng i gn chng ta. Khi tri t quanh xung
quanh mt tri, t nhng v tr khc nhau chng ta thy chng trn nn ca
nhng ngi sao xa hn. l mt iu may mn, v n cho php chng ta
o c mt cch trc tip khong cch t nhng ngi sao n chng ta:
chng cng gn th cng c v di chuyn nhiu hn.
Ngi sao gn chng ta nht l sao Proxima ca chm sao Nhn M c tm
thy cch chng ta khong 4 nm nh sng (ngha l nh sng t n phi mt
4 nm mi ti c tri t), hay khong hai mi ba triu triu dm. a s
cc ngi sao khc thy c bng mt thng nm cch chng ta trong
khong vi trm nm nh sng. so snh, bn cn bit rng mt tri ch
cch chng ta c 8 pht nh sng! Nhng ngi sao thy c dng nh
nm ri rc trn ton b bu tri m, nhng chng c bit tp trung trong
mt di m ngi ta gi l di Ngn h (Milky Way). Rt lu v trc, vo
khong nm 1750, a s cc nh thin vn cho rng s xut hin ca di
Ngn h c th gii thch c nu phn ln cc sao nhn thy nm trong
mt cu hnh a duy nht - mt v d v ci m hin nay chng ta gi l
thin h xon c. Phi my chc nm sau, nh thin vn William Herschel
mi khng nh c tng ca mnh bng cch cn mn lp mt b
su tp v v tr v khong cch ca mt s rt ln cc ngi sao. Thm ch
nh th, nhng tng ny ch c chp nhn hon ton vo u th k
ny.
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v pha chng ta. Khi ngun pht mt nh sng tip theo th n gn chng
ta hn, v vy thi gian nh sng ti c chng ta s t hn so vi
khi ngun sng ng yn. iu ny c ngha l thi gian gia hai nh sng
ti chng ta l nh hn v do s sng m chng ta nhn c trong mt
giy (tc l tn s) s ln hn so vi khi ngun sng ng im. Tng ng,
nu ngun sng i ra xa chng ta th tn s m chng ta nhn c s thp
hn. Do , trong trng hp nh sng iu ny c ngha l nhng ngi sao
chuyn ng ra xa chng ta s c quang ph dch v pha ca quang ph
(hin tng dch v pha ) v nhng ngi sao chuyn ng v pha chng
ta s c quang ph dch v pha tm. Mi quan h ny gia tn s v vn tc
- c gi l hiu ng Doppler - l mt kinh nghim hng ngy. Hy lng
nghe mt chic xe t chy trn ng: khi chic xe tin li gn, ting ng
c ca n nghe bng hn (tc l tn s sng m cao hn), cn khi n i ra xa
m ca n nghe trm hn. i vi cc sng v tuyn cng tng t nh vy.
Thc t cnh st dng hiu ng Doppler xc nh vn tc ca cc xe
t bng cch o tn s ca cc xung sng v tuyn phn x t cc xe .
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Phn 9
[...] Thm ch ngay c Einstein, khi xy dng thuyt tng i rng vo nm 1915, cng
inh ninh rng v tr cn phi l tnh. V th ng phi sa i l thuyt ca mnh
iu c th xy ra, bng cch a vo nhng phng trnh ca mnh ci c gi l
"hng s v tr". [...]
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Phn 10
[...] Nhiu ngi khng thch tng xem rng thi gian c im bt u, c l bi v n
dy da vi s can thip ca thn thnh. (Nh th Thin Cha gio, tri li, nm
ngay ly m hnh v n ln v vo nm 1951, v chnh thc tuyn b n hon ton ph
hp vi Kinh thnh). [...]
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cc ngi sao nhn thy trong thin h ca chng ta v cc thin h khc li,
th tng s cn nh hn mt phn trm khi lng cn thit hm s gin
n ca v tr li, thm ch c trong trng hp nh gi thp nht tc
gin n. Tuy nhin, thin h ca chng ta v cc thin h khc cn cn phi
cha mt lng ln vt cht ti m chng ta khng th thy c trc
tip, nhng chng ta bit n phi c v nh hng sc ht hp dn ca n ln
qu o ca cc ngi sao trong cc thin h. Hn na, a s cc thin h
c tm thy nm thnh tng cm, v tng t nh trn, chng ta c th
suy ra s c mt ca mt lng vt cht ti cn ln hn na trong khong
gia cc thin h thuc mt cm bi tc ng ca n ln chuyn ng ca
cc thin h. Khi cng tt c lng vt cht ti li, chng ta cng ch mi
nhn c khong mt phn mi khi lng cn thit hm s gin n
li. Tuy nhin, chng ta khng th loi tr kh nng c th c mt dng vt
cht khc c phn b ng u trong ton v tr m chng ta cn cha
pht hin c v n c th s nng mt trung bnh ca v tr ln ti gi
tr ti hn hm s gin n li. Do vy, bng chng m hin nay chng ta
c gi rng v tr c l s gin n vnh vin, nhng iu m chng ta thc
s tin chc, l nu thm ch cui cng v tr c co li i na, th iu
cng cha xy ra t nht trong vng mi ngn triu nm na, bi v n vn
cn gin n t nht cng tng y thi gian. iu ny chc khng khin
chng ta phi lo lng: ti thi gian nu chng ta khng nh c c
ngoi h mt tri, th loi ngi cng dit vong t lu cng vi mt tri
ca chng ta!
Tt c cc m hnh ca Friedmann u c mt c im l mt thi
im no trong qu kh (khong gia mi v hai mi ngn triu
nm trc) khong cch gia hai thin h ln cn phi bng 0. thi
im - thi im m chng ta gi l v n ln (Big Bang) - mt ca v
tr v cong ca khng-thi gian l ln v hn. V cc nh ton hc khng
th thc s thao tc vi cc s v hn, nn iu ny c ngha l thuyt tng
i rng (m cc m hnh ca Friedmann da trn ) tin on rng c mt
im trong v tr m ti chnh bn thn l thuyt cng khng dng c
na. Mt im nh vy l mt v d v ci m cc nh ton hc gi l im
k d. Thc t mi l thuyt khoa hc ca chng ta u c pht biu trn
gi thuyt cho rng khng - thi gian l trn v gn nh phng, v vy chng
s khng cn dng c im k d v n ln v cong ca khngthi gian l v hn. iu ny c ngha l thm ch nu c nhng s kin xy
ra trc v n ln, th ngi ta cng khng th dng chng xc nh
nhng g xy ra sau , bi v tnh tin on c cng s khng cn na ti
v n ln. Tng ng, nu ch bit nhng g t sau v n ln - chnh l
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Phn 11
[...] Kt qu l bi bo vit chung ca Penrose v ti cng b nm 1970; trong , cui
cng chng ti chng minh c rng cn phi c im k d v n ln, nhng ch vi
iu kin thuyt tng i rng l ng, v v tr cha mt lng vt cht nh chng ta
quan st thy. [...]
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Phn 12
[...] Chng ta vn cn c th cho rng c mt tp hp cc nh lut hon ton quyt nh
cc s kin dnh ring cho mt ng siu nhin no , ngi c th quan st trng thi
hin thi ca v tr m khng lm nhiu ng n. Tuy nhin, nhng m hnh nh th
khng li lc bao nhiu i vi nhng ngi trn th chng ta. [...]
Chng 4: Nguyn l bt nh
Thnh cng ca nhiu l thuyt khoa hc m c bit l l thuyt hp dn
ca Newton a nh khoa hc Php, hu tc Laplace, vo th k 19 ti
lp lun rng v tr l hon ton tt nh. ng cho rng c mt tp hp cc
nh lut khoa hc cho php chng ta tin on c mi chuyn xy ra
trong v tr, min l chng ta phi bit c trng thi y ca v tr
mt thi im. V d, nu chng ta bit v tr v vn tc ca mt tri v cc
hnh tinh mt thi im, th chng ta c th dng cc nh lut Newton
tnh c trng thi ca h mt tri bt k thi im no khc. Quyt nh
lun dng nh kh hin nhin trong trng hp ny, nhng Laplace cn i
xa hn na, ng cho rng c nhng qui lut tng t iu khin mi th
khc na, k c hnh vi ca con ngi.
Hc thuyt v quyt nh lun khoa hc b chng i rt mnh bi nhiu
ngi, nhng ngi cm thy rng n xm phm n s t do can thip ca
Cha vo th gii ny, nhng n vn cn mt s mng vi tnh cch l tiu
chun ca khoa hc cho ti tn u th k ny. Mt trong nhng ch dn u
tin cho thy nim tin cn phi vt b l khi nhng tnh ton ca hai nh
khoa hc Anh, hun tc Rayleigh v ngi James Jeans, cho kt qu l: mt
i tng hay vt th nng, chng hn mt ngi sao, cn phi pht x nng
lng vi tc v hn. Theo nhng nh lut m ngi ta tin l ng
thi gian th mt vt th nng cn phi pht ra cc sng in t (nh sng
v tuyn, nh sng thy c, hoc tia X) nh nhau mi tn s. V d, mt
vt th nng cn phi pht x mt lng nng lng nh nhau trong cc
sng c tn s nm gia mt v hai triu triu sng mt giy cng nh trong
cc sng c tn s nm gia hai v ba triu triu sng mt giy. V v s
sng trong mt giy l khng c gii hn, nn iu ny c ngha l tng
nng lng pht ra l v hn.
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cht tt nh: ngi ta chc chn khng th tin on nhng s kin tng
lai mt cch chnh xc nu nh ngi ta khng th d ch l o trng thi
hin thi ca v tr mt cch chnh xc! Chng ta vn cn c th cho rng
c mt tp hp cc nh lut hon ton quyt nh cc s kin dnh ring
cho mt ng siu nhin no , ngi c th quan st trng thi hin thi
ca v tr m khng lm nhiu ng n. Tuy nhin, nhng m hnh nh th
khng li lc bao nhiu i vi nhng ngi trn th chng ta. Tt hn l
hy s dng nguyn l tit kim c bit nh li dao co ca Occam v
ct b i tt c nhng nt c bit ca l thuyt m ta khng th quan st
c. Cch tip cn ny dn Heisenberg, Edwin Schrodinger v Paul
Dirac vo nhng nm 20 xy dng li c hc trn c s ca nguyn l bt
nh thnh mt l thuyt mi gi l c hc lng t. Trong l thuyt ny,
cc ht khng c v tr, khng c vn tc tch bch v khng hon ton xc
nh. Thay v th chng c mt trng thi lng t l t hp ca v tr v vn
tc.
Ni chung, c hc lng t khng tin on mt kt qu xc nh duy nht
cho mt quan st. Thay v th, n tin on mt s kt cc kh d khc nhau
v ni cho chng ta bit mi mt kt cc l nh th no. Ngha l, nu ta
tin hnh cng mt php o trn mt s ln cc h tng t nhau, mi mt
h u khi pht mt cch ht nh nhau, th ta s thy rng kt qu ca php
o c th l A trong mt s trng hp, l B trong mt s trng hp
khc...Ngi ta c th tin on c gn ng s ln xut hin A hoc B,
nhng ngi ta khng th tin on mt kt qu c bit no ca ch mt
php o. Do , c hc lng t a vo khoa hc mt yu t khng th
trnh khi - l yu t khng th tin on hay yu t ngu nhin. Einstein
kch lit phn i iu ny, mc d ng ng vai tr quan trng trong
s pht trin nhng tng . Einstein c trao gii thng Nobel v
nhng ng gp ca ng i vi thuyt lng t. Tuy nhin ng khng bao
gi chp nhn rng v tr li c iu khin bi s may ri. Nhng tnh
cm ca ng c c c trong cu ni ni ting sau: Cha khng chi
tr xc xc. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc nh khoa hc khc li sn sng chp
nhn c hc lng t v n ph hp tuyt vi vi thc nghim. Qu tht y
l mt l thuyt thnh cng rc r v l c s cho hu ht cc khoa hc v
cng ngh hin i. N iu khin hnh vi ca cc tranzito v cc mch tch
hp - nhng thnh phn cn bn ca cc dng c in t nh my thu hnh
v computer, ng thi cng l nn tng ca ha hc v sinh hc hin i.
Lnh vc duy nht ca vt l m c hc lng t cn cha thm nhp vo
mt cch thch ng l hp dn v cu trc ca v tr qui m ln.
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Phn 13
[...] Trong mt bi bo vit nm 1905, ch t tun trc bi bo ni ting v thuyt tng
i hp, Einstein ch ra rng ci c gi l chuyn ng Brown - tc l chuyn ng
khng u n, ngu nhin ca cc ht bi l lng trong mt cht lng - c th c gii
thch nh l kt qu ca s va chm ca cc nguyn t cht lng vi cc ht bi. [...]
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Phn 14
[...] By gi th chng ta u bit rng mi mt ht u c mt phn ht v ht vi phn
ht ca n c th hy nhau. [...] Nh vy c th c c cc phn th gii, phn nhn loi
c to thnh t cc phn ht. Tuy nhin, nu bn gp phn ca chnh bn th ch c
bt tay y! V c hai s bin mt trong chp mt. [...]
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mt vng, mun nhn n ging nh trc phi quay trn ng hai vng.
Nhng ht nh vy ngi ta ni l n c spin 1/2.
Tt c nhng ht trong v tr m chng ta bit c chia lm hai
nhm: cc ht c spin 1/2 to nn vt cht trong v tr v cc ht c
spin 0, 1, 2, nh chng ta s thy, l nhng ht gy ra cc lc gia cc
ht vt cht. Cc ht vt cht tun theo ci c gi l nguyn l loi tr
Pauli. iu ny c pht hin vo nm 1925 bi nh vt l ngi o
Wolfgang Pauli, v v th ng c trao gii thng Nobel vo nm
1945. ng l mt nh vt l l thuyt in hnh: ngi ta ni rng thm ch
s c mt ca ng mt thnh ph no cng lm cho mi th nghim
sai lc ht! Nguyn l loi tr Pauli pht biu rng hai ht ng nht
khng th tn ti trong cng mt trng thi, tc l chng khng th va c
cng v tr va c cng vn tc, trong gii hn c quy nh bi nguyn l
bt nh. Nguyn l loi tr Pauli l cc k quan trng v n cho php gii
thch ti sao cc ht vt cht khng co v trng thi c mt rt cao di
nh hng ca cc lc to bi nhng ht c spin 0, 1 v 2: nu cc ht vt
cht c v tr rt gn nhau, th chng li phi c vn tc khc nhau m iu
ny c ngha l chng khng dng lu mt v tr. Nu th gii c to ra
khng c nguyn l loi tr, th cc quark s khng to nn cc ht proton v
neutron tch bit v hon ton xc nh. V cng vi cc electron chng
cng s khng to nn cc nguyn t tch bit v hon ton xc nh. Khi
tt c chng s suy sp to nn mt mn sp c v tng i ng u.
S hiu bit ng n v electron v cc ht c spin 1/2 khc ch c vo nm
1928 khi Paul Dirac a ra mt l thuyt mi. Sau ny Dirac c bu
lm gio s ton hc Cambridge (cng v trc kia ca Newton v ca
ti hin nay). L thuyt ca Dirac l l thuyt u tin ha hp c c vi
c hc lng t v thuyt tng i hp. N gii thch c bng ton hc
ti sao electron li c spin 1/2, tc l ti sao n nhn khng ging nh trc
nu chng ta quay n trn mt vng; v nhn ging nh trc nu chng ta
quay n trn hai vng. L thuyt ca Dirac cn tin on rng electron c
mt phn ht ca n: l anti-electron hay cn gi l positron. Vic pht
hin c ht positron vo nm 1932 khng nh l thuyt ca Dirac v
dn ti vic ng c trao gii thng Nobel v vt l vo nm 1933. By
gi th chng ta u bit rng mi mt ht u c mt phn ht v ht vi
phn ht ca n c th hy nhau. (Trong trng hp cc ht mang lc th
phn ht ging ht nh chnh ht ). Nh vy c th c c cc phn th
gii, phn nhn loi c to thnh t cc phn ht. Tuy nhin, nu bn gp
phn ca chnh bn th ch c bt tay y! V c hai s bin mt trong chp
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Phn 15
[...] Cc ht truyn tng tc gia nhng ht vt cht c gi l cc ht o, bi v
khng ging nh cc ht thc, chng khng th c pht hin trc tip bng mt
my d ht no. Tuy nhin, chng ta bit chng tn ti, v chng gy ra hiu ng c th
o c: l lc gia cc ht vt cht.[...]
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nhn to, n ch thun tin cho vic xy dng cc l thuyt ring phn
m thi, ch khng tng ng vi mt iu g su sc hn. Xt n cng,
phn ng cc nh vt l u hy vng tm c mt l thuyt thng nht c
kh nng gii thch bn loi lc ni trn ch l nhng mt khc nhau ca mt
lc duy nht. Thc t, nhiu ngi cn ni rng l mc tiu hng u ca
vt l hc ngy nay. Mi y, ngi ta thnh cng trong vic thng nht
c 3 trong s 4 loi lc trn v ti s cp n vn ny cui
chng. Vn thng nht nt lc cn li l hp dn ta s cp n sau.
Loi lc u tin l lc hp dn. Lc ny c tnh cht ph qut, tc l mi
ht u cm thy n ty theo khi lng hoc nng lng ca ht. Trong s
bn lc, th lc hp dn l yu nht, yu ti mc chng ta s khng th nhn
thy n, nu n khng c hai tnh cht c bit sau: n c th tc dng trn
khong cch ln v lun lun l lc ht. iu ny c ngha l nhng lc hp
dn rt yu gia cc ht c th thuc hai vt th ln, chng hn nh tri t
v mt tri, c th c cng gp li to nn mt lc ln. Ba loi lc cn
li, hoc c tm tc dng ngn, hoc i khi l lc ht v i khi li l lc
y, v vy chng c xu hng trit tiu nhau. Theo cch nhn nhn ca c
hc lng t i vi lc hp dn, th lc gia hai ht vt cht c mang bi
mt ht c spin 2, gi l ht graviton. Ht ny khng c khi lng ring v
v vy c tm tc dng di. Lc hp dn gia tri t v mt tri chnh l do
s trao i cc graviton gia cc ht to nn hai vt th . Mc d cc ht
c trao i l o, nhng iu chc chn l chng to ra mt hiu ng
o c - l lm cho tri t quay xung quanh mt tri. Cc graviton
to nn ci m cc nh vt l c in gi l cc sng hp dn, chng rt yu
v kh pht hin ti mc cho n nay vn cha quan st c.
Loi lc tip sau l lc in t. y l lc tng tc gia cc ht mang in
nh cc electron v cc quark, ch khng phi gia cc ht khng mang
in nh graviton. Lc ny ln hn lc hp dn nhiu: lc in t gia hai
electron khong triu triu triu triu triu triu triu (1 vi bn mi hai s
0 tip sau) ln ln hn lc hp dn gia chng. Tuy nhin, c hai loi in
tch, in tch m v in tch dng. Lc gia hai in tch dng cng nh
hai in tch m u l lc y, trong khi lc gia mt in tch dng v
mt in tch m li l lc ht. Mt vt th ln nh tri t hoc mt tri
cha cc in tch dng v m vi s lng gn nh nhau. V vy lc ht
v lc y ca cc ht c th gn nh trit tiu nhau v lc in t tng cng
cn li rt nh. Tuy nhin, quy m nh nh cc nguyn t v phn t lc
in t li chim u th. Lc ht in t gia cc electron mang in m v
cc proton mang in dng trong ht nhn lm cho cc electron quay xung
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[...] Cc l thuyt thng nht ln khng bao hm lc hp dn. iu ny khng phi l
qu nghim trng bi v hp dn l lc yu ti mc cc hiu ng ca n thng c th b
qua khi cp ti cc ht c bn trong nguyn t. Tuy nhin, v n c tm tc dng di
v li lun lun l lc ht nn cc hiu ng ca n u c cng li. [...]
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Phn 17
Thut ng l en cn rt mi. N c nh khoa hc ngi M John Wheeler a ra vo
nm 1969 nhm m t mt cch hnh tng mt tng bt ngun t nht khong 200
nm trc, vo thi m cn c hai l thuyt v nh sng: mt l thuyt c Newton ng
h cho rng nh sng c to thnh t cc ht, cn l thuyt kia cho rng n c to
thnh t cc sng.
Chng 6: L en
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[...] K d lun lun nm tng lai ch khng bao gi nm qu kh ca anh ta. Gi
thuyt kim duyt v tr mnh pht biu rng trong nghim hin thc th cc k d lun
lun hoc hon ton nm trong tng lai (nh cc k d do qu trnh co li do hp dn)
hoc hon ton nm trong qu kh (nh v n ln). [...]
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Cc l en ch l mt trong s rt t cc trng hp trong lch s khoa hc, trong l
thuyt c pht trin rt chi tit nh mt m hnh ton hc trc khi c nhng bng
chng t quan st xc nhn n l ng n.
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Cng c nhng m hnh khc gii thch rng Cygnus X-1 khng bao
gm l en, nhng tt c nhng m hnh u rt gng go. L en
l cch gii thch thc s t nhin duy nht nhng quan trc . Mc d
vy, ti nh cuc vi Kip Thorne Vin k thut California, rng thc
t Cygnus X-1 khng cha l en! y chng qua ch l sch lc bo him
cho ti. Ti tn bit bao cng sc cho nhng l en v tt c s tr nn v
ch, nu ha ra l cc l en khng tn ti. Nhng khi ti s c an i l
mnh thng cuc v iu s mang li cho ti bn nm lin tp ch Private
Eye. Nu l en tn ti th Kip c 1 nm tp ch Penthouse. Khi chng ti
nh cuc vo nm 1975 th chng ti chc ti 80% rng Cygnus l l
en. V by gi ti c th ni rng chng ti bit chc ti 95%, nhng
cuc nh cuc vn cha th xem l ng ng.
Gi y chng ta cng c bng chng v mt s l en khc trong cc h
thng ging nh Cygnus X-1 trong thin h ca chng ta v trong hai thin
h ln cn c tn l Magellanic Clouds. Tuy nhin, s cc l en chc cn
cao hn nhiu; trong lch s di dng dc ca v tr nhiu ngi sao chc
t ht ton b nhin liu ht nhn ca mnh v phi co li. S cc
l en c th ln hn nhiu so vi s nhng ngi sao nhn thy, m ch ring
trong thin h ca chng ta thi s nhng ngi sao ti khong mt
trm ngn triu. Lc ht hp dn ph thm ca mt s ln nh th cc l en
c th gii thch c ti sao thin h ca chng ta li quay vi tc nh
n hin c: khi lng ca cc sao thy c khng lm iu .
Chng ta cng c mt s bng chng cho thy rng c mt l en ln hn
nhiu trung tm thin h ca chng ta vi khi lng ln hn khi lng
ca mt tri ti trm ngn ln. Cc ngi sao trong thin h ti gn l en
s b x tan do s khc bit v hp dn pha gn v pha xa ca n. Tn
tch ca nhng ngi sao v kh do cc sao khc tung ra u s ri v pha
l en. Cng nh trong trng hp Cygnus X-1, kh s chuyn ng theo
ng xon c i vo v nng ln mc d khng nhiu nh trong trng hp
. N s khng nng pht ra cc tia X, nhng cng c th l cc
ngun sng radio v tia hng ngoi rt m c m ngi ta quan st
c tm thin h.
Ngi ta cho rng nhng l en tng t hoc thm ch cn ln hn, vi
khi lng khong trm triu ln ln hn khi lng mt tri c th gp
tm cc quasar. Vt cht ri vo nhng l en siu nng nh vy s to ra
mt ngun nng lng duy nht ln gii thch lng nng lng cc
ln m cc vt th pht ra. V vt cht chuyn ng xoy c vo l en,
n s lm cho l en quay cng chiu to cho n mt t trng kh ging
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[...] Thng 9 nm 1973, trong thi gian n thm Matxcva, ti tho lun v cc l
en vi hai chuyn gia hng u ca Lin X l Yakov Zedovich v Alexander
Starobinsky. H khng nh vi ti rng, theo nguyn l bt ng ca c hc lng t th
cc l en quay cn phi sinh v pht ra cc ht. Ti tin c s vt l trong l l ca h,
nhng... [...]
Chng 7: L en khng qu en
Trc nm 1970, nghin cu ca ti v thuyt tng i rng ch yu tp
trung vo vn c tn ti hay khng k d v n ln. Tuy nhin, vo mt
bui ti thng 11 nm , ngay sau khi con gi ti, chu Lucy, ra i, ti bt
u suy ngh v nhng l en khi ti trn ng v phng ng. V s tn tt
ca mnh, ti di chuyn rt chm, nn c thi gian suy ngh. Vo thi
cn cha c mt nh ngha chnh xc cho bit nhng im no ca
khng-thi gian l nm trong, v nhng im no l nm ngoi l en. Ti
tho lun vi Roger Penrose tng nh ngha l en nh mt tp hp
m cc s c khng th thot ra khi n n nhng khong cch ln, v
by
gi n tr thnh mt nh ngha c mi ngi
chp nhn. iu ny c ngha l bin gii ca l en,
cng gi l chn tri s c, c to bi ng i trong
khng-thi gian ca cc tia sng va chm khng thot
ra c khi l en, v vnh vin chi vi mp ca n
(hnh 7.1). N cng gn ging nh tr chi chy trn
cnh st, ch hi vt trc c mt bc nhng cn
cha th bt ra c.
Hnh 7.1: Chn tri s c
c to ra bi ng i
trong khng-thi gian ca cc
tia sng va chm khng
thot ra c khi l en, v
vnh vin chi vi mp ca
n.
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s c phi lun lun song song hoc i ra xa nhau. Mt cch khc thy
iu ny l chn tri s c - bin gii ca l en - ging nh mp ca mt
ci bng - bng ca s phn treo l lng. Nu bn nhn ci bng to bi mt
ngun sng rt xa, chng hn nh mt tri, bn s thy rng cc tia sng
mp ca n khng h tin ti gn nhau.
Nu cc tia sng to nn chn tri s c - bin gii ca l en - khng bao
gi c th tin ti gn nhau, th din tch ca chn tri s c c th gi
nguyn khng i hoc tng theo thi gian ch khng bao gi gim, v nu
khng, t nht s c mt s tia sng trn bin phi tin gn ti nhau. Thc t
th din tch s tng bt c khi no c vt cht hoc bc x ri vo l en
(hnh7.2). Hoc nu c hai l
en va chm ri xm nhp vo nhau to thnh mt l
en duy nht, th din tch chn tri s c ca l en
to thnh s ln hn hoc bng tng din tch chn ri
s c ca hai l en ring l ban u (hnh 7.3). Tnh
khng gim ca din tch chn tri s c t mt
hn ch quan trng i vi hnh vi kh d ca cc l
en. Ti xc ng v pht minh ca mnh ti mc
- Hnh 7.2 (tri): Din tch
m ti khng sao chp mt c. Ngay hm sau ti
tng khi vt cht ri vo l
en.
gi in cho Roger Penrose. ng ng vi ti.
- Hnh 7.3 (phi): Din tch
ca chn tri s c ca l
Thc t, ti ngh rng chnh ng cng thc c
en mi to thnh s ln hn
hoc bng tng din tch ca tnh cht ca din tch chn tri s c. Tuy nhin,
hai h en ring l ban u.
ng dng mt nh ngha hi khc ca l en. ng
khng thy c rng bin gii ca cc l en theo hai nh ngha thc
cht l nh nhau, v do , din tch ca chng cng nh nhau vi iu kin
l en an bi trng thi khng thay i theo thi gian.
Tnh cht khng gim ca din tch l en rt ging vi tnh cht ca
mt i lng vt l c tn l entropy - i lng l thc o mc
mt trt t ca mt h thng. Kinh nghim hng ngy cng cho chng ta
bit rng nu cc vt t do th mc mt trt t s c xu hng tng.
(Ch cn ngng sa cha xung quanh l bn s thy iu ngay!). Ngi ta
c th to ra trt t t s mt trt t (v d nh bn c th qut sn li nh),
nhng iu yu cu phi tn sc lc hoc nng lng, v nh vy c
ngha l s lm gim lng nng lng ca trt t sn c.
Pht biu chnh xc tng ny chnh l nh lut II ca nhit ng hc.
nh lut pht biu rng: entropy ca mt h c lp lun lun tng, v
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ngn, v cc ht thc lun lun c nng lng dng trong cc tnh hung
thng thng. Do ht o ny phi i tm thnh vin cng cp hy cng
vi n. Tuy nhin, mt ht thc gn mt vt nng s c nng lng nh
hn so vi khi n xa, bi v khi a n ra xa cn phi tn nng lng
chng li lc ht hp dn ca vt . Thng thng, nng lng ca ht
vn cn l dng, nhng trng hp hp dn trong l en mnh ti mc
thm ch mt ht thc cng c nng lng m. Do , khi c mt l
en, ht o vi nng lng m khi ri vo l en cng c th tr thnh
ht thc hoc phn ht thc. Trong trng hp , n khng cn cn phi
hy vi bn cng cp ca n na. Ngi bn b b ri
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[...] tng v bc x pht t cc l en l mt v d u tin v s tin on ph thuc
mt cch cn bn vo c hai l thuyt ln ca th k chng ta: thuyt tng i rng v
c hc lng t. N gp nhiu kin phn i lc u v n o ln quan im hin
thi lm sao l en li pht ra ci g ?" [...]
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[...] Mt s nguyn t nng hnh thnh cui i mt sao s b bn tr li vo m kh
ca thin h v s l nguyn liu cho th h tip theo ca cc sao. Mt tri ca chng ta
cha khong 2% cc nguyn t nng v thuc th h sao th hai hoc th ba...[...]
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[...] Nu v tr v cng trong khng gian, hoc nu tn ti v s v tr, th phi tn ti
u nhiu vng ln tr nn ng nht. Tnh hung ny ging nh lc c mt n
kh rt ng g my ch - phn ln nhng iu chng g ra v ngha nhng cng khng
loi tr c xc sut l chng thu c mt bi th ngn ca Shakespear..[...]
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[...] Vi tm mt m hnh ca v tr, trong nhiu cu hnh khc nhau ban u c
th tin trin n mt v tr nh hin ti, mt nh khoa hc cng tc ti Vin cng ngh
Massachusetts l Alan Guth a ra gi trong cc giai on sm v tr tri qua
mt thi k gin n cc nhanh. Thi k gin n cc nhanh ny c gi l thi k lm
pht...[...]
Cc nh lut khoa hc, trong dng m chng ta nhn thc nh hin nay
cha nhiu hng s c bn v d in tch ca electron v t s khi lng
ca proton v ca electron. Chng ta khng th, t nht l trong iu kin
hin nay, tnh c gi tr ca nhng hng s t l thuyt - chng ta ch
thu c cc tr s bng thc nghim. C l mt ngy no chng ta s
tm c mt l thuyt thng nht hon chnh c kh nng tnh c mi
hng s, song cng rt c th rng mt s hoc tt c hng s li bin
thin t v tr ny sang v tr khc hoc ngay trong mt v tr. iu ng
ch l tr s ca nhng hng s dng nh c iu chnh mt
cch tinh t sao cho cuc sng c th ny sinh v pht trin c. V d
nu in tch electron ch khc i mt t th cc sao hoc khng th t
chy hydro v heli hoc khc i chng khng th n thnh siu sao. L
d nhin c th tn ti nhng dng sng khc, m thm ch cc nh vn vin
tng cng khng sng to ni, nhng dng sng khng cn n c nh sng
ca cc sao nh mt tri hoc cc nguyn t ha hc nng hn c to
thnh trong cc sao v b bn vo khng gian khi sao n.
C l cng d hiu l min xc nh ca cc hng s khng th rng c
nu cc hng s phi ph hp vi s pht trin ca cuc sng tr tu. a
s cc tp gi tr ca cc hng s dn n s hnh thnh nhng v tr mc
du rt p, song khng ph hp cho s pht trin sinh vt c kh nng
chim ngng v p . Chng ta c th on nhn hoc iu l s
chng minh cho mc ch thing ling ca Cha trong s sng to v s la
chn cc nh lut khoa hc hoc iu l s chng minh cho nguyn l v
nhn mnh. C mt s kin ngi ta c th a ra phn i kin cho
rng nguyn l v nhn mnh c th gii thch trng thi quan st c ca
v tr.
Th nht, ta phi hiu s tn ti ca nhiu v tr khc nh th no
y? Nu qu thc chng tch ring xa nhau, th nhng iu xy ra trong
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[...] V tr hin nay khng gin n theo quy lut lm pht. Nh th phi tn ti mt c
ch c kh nng loi b hng s v tr hiu dng qu ln v nh vy bin vn tc gin
n t qu trnh gia tc v qu trnh chm dn v hp dn nh chng ta hin nay. [...]
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[...] Cc nghin cu v nhng m hnh lm pht ch ra rng hin trng ca v tr c
thot thai t mt s rt ln cc cu hnh ban u. iu ny quan trng v cho ta thy
rng, trng thi ban u ca phn v tr trong ta sinh sng khng cn c chn mt
cch qu xc nh. [...]
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Khi chng ta tm cch thc hin php cng , chng ta gp phi nhiu vn
k thut. Mt th thut gii quyt l dng phng thc sau: cng cc
sng lch s khng phi trong thi gian thc trong chng ta sng m
trong ci gi l thi gian o. Thi gian o mi nghe tng nh l
chuyn khoa hc vin tng nhng thc t thi gian o l mt khi nim
ton hc xc nh. Nu chng ta ly mt s thc v nhn cho chnh n th
kt qu l mt s dng (v d, 2 nhn vi 2 l 4, cng nh -2 nhn vi -2 l
4). Song ngoi s thc, tn ti nhng s c bit (gi l s o) khi nhn vi
chnh n, kt qu s l mt s m (S o i khi nhn vi chnh n s cho ta -1,
s o 2i khi nhn vi chnh n s cho ta -4, v v.v...).
trnh cc kh khn v k thut tnh ton lc cng cc lch s theo
Faynman, ngi ta s dng thi gian o. Ni r hn, v mc ch tnh
ton ngi ta phi o thi gian bng cc s o, ch khng bng nhng s
thc. Th thut ny dn n mt h qu l th: s khc bit gia khng gian
v thi gian s bin mt hon ton. Mt khng - thi gian trong cc tr s
u c tr s o trn ta thi gian gi l khng gian Euclide, theo tn ca
nh ton hc Hy Lp, ngi sng lp hnh hc cc mt hai chiu. Khng thi gian m chng ta gi l Euclide l mt khng gian tng t ch c khc
l khng - thi gian c bn chiu ch khng phi l hai. Trong khng - thi
gian Euclide khng c s khc bit gia chiu thi gian v cc chiu khng
gian. Cn trong khng - thi gian thc, trong mi s c c nh du
bi nhng tri s thc theo trc thi gian, th d dng ch ra s khc bit gia
khng v thi gian - chiu thi gian ti mi im nm trong nn nh sng v
cc chiu khng gian th nm ngoi. Trong mi trng hp khi xt c hc
lng t, chng ta xem vic s dng thi gian o v khng - thi gian
Euclide nh mt th thut ton hc tm cc cu tr li cho khng
thi gian thc.
Mt yu t th hai, m chng ti cho phi l thnh phn trong l thuyt ti
hu, l tng ca Einstein cho rng trng hp dn phi c biu din
bi khng thi gian cong: cc ht s chn qu o ngn nht, tc mt qu
o thng trong khng gian cong, song khng - thi gian khng phng cho
nn qu o ca cc ht s b cong, ging nh chu tc ng ca trng hp
dn. Khi chng ta p dng phng php cng theo cc lch s qu o ca
Feynman vo quan im ca Einstein v hp dn, th lch s ca mt ht by
gi tng ng l mt khng thi - gian cong m t lch s ca ton v tr.
trnh cc kh khn v k thut trong lc thc hin php cng theo cc
lch s, cc khng - thi gian cong phi l Euclide. Nh trn ni, iu
c ngha l thi gian phi l o v khng khc bit vi khng gian.
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Phn 27
[...]... Trong thi gian thc, v tr c mt im ban u v mt im cui ti cc k d l
bin ca khng - thi gian, ti bin cc nh lut khoa hc khng cn ng na. Song
trong thi gian o th khng cn k d, khng cn bin. Nh th rt c th l ci m ta
gi l thi gian o th thc t l c bn hn, v ci m ta gi l thi gian thc th chng
qua l mt nim ta by dt ra m t ci m ta tng l v tr...[...]
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[...] Ngi ta thng gii thch hin tng v sao cc v di sn khng th tr thnh
cc lnh trn bn bng nh lut th hai ca nhit ng hc. nh lut ni rng trong
mt h thng kn th v trt t hay entropi, lun tng vi thi gian. Ni cch khc, y l
mt dng ca nh lut Murphy: mi vt lun tin trin theo chiu xu i! [...]
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Phn 29
[...] Ti hiu rng ti nhm: iu kin khng c bin ng rng v trt t thc t vn
tip tc tng trong qu trnh co li. Cc mi tn nhit ng hc v tm l hc ca thi
gian s khng o hng c trong l en, ln khi v tr bt u co li. [...]
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Phn 30
[...] Tin b ca loi ngi trong qu trnh nhn thc thit lp nn mt gc nh trt
t trong ci v trt t ngy cng tng ca v tr. Nu bn nh mi ch trong quyn sch
ny, tr nh ca bn ghi nhn khong hai triu n v thng tin: trt t trong b no
ca bn tng ln chng hai triu n v. [...]
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Phn 31
[...] Kh khn ch yu trong qu trnh tm kim mt l thuyt c kh nng thng nht hp
dn vi cc tng tc khc l l thuyt tng i rng - mt l thuyt c in, c
ngha l l thuyt ny khng cha ng nguyn l bt nh ca c hc lng t. Mt
khc, cc l thuyt ring phn khc li ph thuc thit yu vo c hc lng t. [...]
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[...]... a s cc nh vt l tin tng rng siu hp dn c nhiu xc sut l cu tr li
ng n cho bi ton l thuyt thng nht ca vt l. Hnh nh y l con ng tt
nht thng nht hp dn vi cc tng tc khc. Song n nm 1984 th kin thay
i nghing v ci gi l nhng l thuyt dy.[...]
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Phn 33
[...] Nhiu vn s ny sinh vi mt khng gian c nhiu chiu hn ba chiu. Lc hp
dn gia hai vt s gim nhanh vi khong cch hn l trong khng gian ba chiu... S
gim nhanh dn n qu o ca cc hnh tinh...s khng n nh: mt nhiu lon
nh khi qu o trn... s lm cho qu t chuyn ng xon v ri vo hoc xa dn
mt tri. Chng ta s b thiu chy hoc cht cng...[...]
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Phn 34
[...] Chng ta trong mt th gii ang lm chng ta phi trm t suy ngh. Chng ta
mun gn cho mi vt xung quanh chng ta mt ngha no v t hi bn cht ca v
tr l g? Chng ta ng vai tr g trong v tr v chng ta t u ti? Ti sao v tr li
nh th ny? [...]
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[...] Trong sut cuc i, cc hot ng cho chnh sch ha bnh ca Einstein t t kt
qu v c l cng khng gy c nhiu tnh cm trong bn b. Song cc hot ng cho
phong tro Zionnism (phc quc Do Thi) ca ng c n p mt cch xng ng
nm 1952, khi ng c c tng thng Israel [...]
ALBERT EINSTEIN
Einstein c lin quan n chnh sch bom nguyn t, iu c nhiu
ngi bit: Einstein vit mt bc th ni ting thuyt phc Tng thng
Franklin Roosevelt cn nghim tc nghin cu vn bom nguyn t, sau
chin tranh Einstein li hot ng chng chin tranh ht nhn. Nhng nhng
hot ng khng phi l nhng hot ng c lp ca mt nh khoa hc b
li cun vo th gii chnh tr. Cuc i Einstein theo cch pht biu ca
ng c chia i gia chnh tr v cc phng trnh.
Einstein bt u nhng hot ng chnh tr rt sm, vo thi gian Chin
tranh th gii ln th nht, khi ng cn l gio s Berlin. au kh v s
phn nhiu ngi b cht, ng tham gia vo nhiu cuc biu tnh chng
chin tranh. ng bnh vc s chng i ca cng lun v h ho qun chng
khng tng qun, nhng iu ny lm ng mt cm tnh ca nhiu ng
nghip. Sau trong thi k chin tranh, ng hot ng nhm ci thin cc
mi quan h quc t. iu ny cng vy, lm cho ng b nhiu th lc cm
ght, v chnh kin ca ng sm gy cho ng nhiu kh khn trong vic
sang M, thm ch ch c bi ging.
Hot ng chnh tr ln th hai ca Einstein l ch ngha phc quc Do thi
(Zionism). Mc du thuc dng h Do thi, Einstein ph nhn cc tng
kinh thnh ca Cha. Song trc nhng hnh ng bi Do thi ngy cng
pht trin trc v trong Chin tranh th gii ln th nht, Einstein dn
dn ha nhp vi cng ng Do thi v tr thnh mt ngi pht ngn xut
sc ca phong tro Zionism. B nhiu k chng i, Einstein vn khng
ngng ni ln quan im ca mnh. Cc l thuyt ca ng b cng kch, thm
ch c mt t chc chng Einstein cng c thnh lp. Mt k b truy
t v h ho k khc git Einstein (v ch b pht 6 la). Nhng Einstein
lun bnh tnh: khi mt cun sch c tn 100 tc gi chng Einstein c
cng b, Einstein tr li: Nu ti sai lm th ch cn mt cng ri.
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Phn 36
[...] C l Galileo hn ai c l ngi c cng ln trong s ra i ca khoa hc hin i.
ng chng li Nh th Thin cha gio, s chng i ny l im trung tm trit hc
ca ng. Galileo l mt trong nhng ngi khng nh rng con ngi c th hy vng
hiu c v tr hot ng nh th no... [...]
GALILEO GALILEI
C l Galileo hn ai c l ngi c cng ln trong s ra i ca khoa hc
hin i. ng chng li Nh th Thin cha gio, s chng i ny l
im trung tm trit hc ca ng. Galileo l mt trong nhng ngi khng
nh rng con ngi c th hy vng hiu c v tr hot ng nh th no,
v ngoi ra, chng ta c th lm c iu bng cch quan st v tr thc
ti.
Galileo tin vo l thuyt Copecnicus (cho rng cc hnh tinh quay xung
quanh mt tri) t lu, nhng ch khi tm ra c nhng iu hin nhin
chng minh cho l thuyt th ng mi pht biu cng khai. Galileo vit
v l thuyt ca Copecnicus bng ting Italy (khng phi bng ting Latinh
hm lm), v quan im ca ng c ng h rng ri ngoi cc trng i
hc. iu ny lm cc gio s phi Aristotle gin d, h lin minh chng li
Galileo v thuyt phc nh th Thin cha trit b l thuyt Copecnicus.
Galileo bn n Rome yt kin chnh quyn tn gio. ng l lun rng Kinh
thnh khng nhm mc ch ni vi chng ta mi iu v cc l thuyt khoa
hc, v phi gi nh rng, nhng on m Kinh thnh tri vi lng tri ch
l nhng on c tnh cht phng d, biu tng m thi. Nhng Nh th, lo
s n mt v b bi c th lm tht bi cuc u tranh chng o Tin lnh,
nn s dng nhng bin php n p. Nh th tuyn b lun thuyt
Copecnicus l gi di v sai lm vo nm 1616 v yu cu Galileo ng
bao gi bo v v gi quan im l thuyt . Galileo phc tng.
Nm 1623, mt ngi bn c tri ca Galileo ln gi chc Gio hong. Lp
tc Galileo tm cch hot ng Nh th th tiu sc lnh nm 1616. ng
tht bi, tuy vy cng c php vit mt cun sch bn lun v hai
thuyt Aristotle v Copecnicus di hai iu kin: khng c ng v phi
no v phi kt lun rng con ngi khng bao gi xc nh c v tr
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[...] Isaac Newton khng phi l mt ngi d chu. Nhng mi quan h ca ng vi cc
hc gi khc rt tai ting, phn ln cc giai on sau ca cuc i ng quyn lin vi
nhng tranh lun gay gt [...]
ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton khng phi l mt ngi d chu. Nhng mi quan h ca ng
vi cc hc gi khc rt tai ting, phn ln cc giai on sau ca cuc i
ng quyn lin vi nhng tranh lun gay gt. Sau khi cun sch Principia
Mathematica, cun sch uy tn nht trong vt l c xut bn, Newton
nhanh chng chim c lng ngng m ca cng chng. ng c ch
nh lm Ch tch Hi Hong gia v tr thnh nh khoa hc u tin c
phong tc hu.
Newton mu thun vi nh thin vn Hong gia, John Flamsteed, ngi
trc y cung cp cho Newton nhiu d liu cn thit cho cun
Principia Mathematica nhng gi y t chi khng cung cp cc thng tin
m Newton cn. Newton khng ly s b tay lm cu tr li, ng t b
nhim mnh vo ban gim c i thin vn Hong gia v tm cch buc
phi cng b ngay lp tc cc d liu. ng cn b tr thu gi cng trnh ca
Flamsteed v giao cho Edmond Halley, k t th ca Flamsteed, chun b
xut bn cng trnh .
Flamsteed a v ny ra ta v kp thi t c lnh ta n ngn khng cho
xut bn ti liu b nh cp. Newton tc gin v tr th bng cch xa b
mi ti liu dn v Flamsteed trong cc ln ti bn ca Principia.
Mt cuc tranh lun nghim tc hn xy ra vi nh trit hc c,
Gottfried Leibniz. C Leibniz ln Newton pht trin, c lp nhau ngnh
ton hc gi l Calculus (Gii tch) vn s l c s cho vt l hin i. Mc
du hin nay chng ta u bit Newton pht hin Calculus nhiu nm
trc Leibniz, song ng cng b cc cng trnh ca mnh mun hn
Leibniz. Ny sinh cuc tranh ci om sm chung quanh vic ai l ngi u
tin tm ra Calculus gia cc nh khoa hc ng h hai pha. Mt iu ng
ch , l s ln cc bi bo ng h Newton li c chnh ng vit ra v
cng b di tn cc bn ng! Khi cuc ci v c quy m ln, Leibniz mc
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[...]... Bc x viba phng hay nn (Microwave background radiation): Bc x t lc v
tr cn nng, hin nay dch v pha nhiu n mc khng cn l nh sng na m l
di dng viba (tc sng radio vi bc sng khong vi cm)... [...]
Thut ng
1. Bo ton nng lng (Conservation of energy): nh lut khng nh rng
nng lng (c th tnh tng ng qua khi lng) khng sinh khng dit.
2. Bc x viba phng hay nn (Microwave background radiation): Bc x t
lc v tr cn nng, hin nay dch v pha nhiu n mc khng cn l
nh sng na m l di dng viba (tc sng radio vi bc sng khong
vi cm).
3. Bc sng (Wave length): Khong cch gia hai nh hoc hai hm sng
k nhau.
4. Chn tri s c (Event horizon): Bin ca l en.
5. Chiu ca khng gian (Spatial dimension): mt trong ba chiu ca khng
gian, cc chiu ny ng dng khng gian khc vi chiu thi gian.
6. Chuyn dch (Red shift): S chuyn dch v pha ca nh sng pht
ra t mt sao ang chuyn ng xa dn bi hiu ng Doppler.
7. C hc lng t (Quantum Mechanics): L thuyt pht trin t nguyn l
lng t ca Planck v nguyn l bt nh ca Heisenberg.
8. in tch (Electric charge): Mt tnh cht ca ht y (hoc ht) mt ht
khc c cng (hoc khc) du in tch.
9. iu kin khng c bin (No boundary condition): tng cho rng v
tr l hu hn song khng c bin (trong thi gian o).
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Phn 39
[...] Tuy vy, d trnh c cc din dch ton hc, mt s tng vt l vn cn xa
l v rt kh trnh by. Ti ng trc hai con ng: hoc l ti th gii thch chng
vi nguy c lm c gi ri tr, hoc l ti trnh cc ch kh khn [...]
Lc s v mt lc s
Ti hy cn kinh ngc vi s n nhn cun sch ca ti: Lc s thi gian.
N danh mc sch bn chy nht ca New York Times trong ba mi
by tun v ca t Sunday Times trong hai
mi tm tun (cun sch c xut bn Bi ny in ln u tin vo thng
Anh chm hn M). V n c dch ra hai Chp nm 1988 trn t
mi th ting (hai mi mt, nu bn xem Independent. Trn thc t, lc s
gian trong danh mc sch
ting M khc vi ting Anh). iu vt thi
bn chy nht ca t New York
s mong c ca ti d nh ln u tin vo Times trong 53 tun, ti nc Anh,
nm 1982 vit mt cun sch v V tr cho n thng Ging nm 1993, n
c gi rng ri. Mt trong cc nh ca ti trong danh mc sch bn chy
l kim tin tr hc ph cho con gi. (Trn nht ca t Sunday Times trong
thc t, khi cun sch cui cng ri cng ra 205 tun. n nay c 33 bn
c, con gi ti ang hc nm cht). Nhng dch khng k bn ting Vit.
ng c ch yu ca ti mun gii thch s hiu bit ca chng ta v v tr
tin ln c bao nhiu v c l chng ta gn ti mc no trong vic
tm kim mt l thuyt hon chnh m t v tr v tt c mi th trong .
Nu ti phi dnh thi gian v sc lc vit mt cun sch, ti mun
n c th n vi mt s ngi cng ng cng tt. Cc tc phm khoa
hc m ti vit cho ti lc u do Cambridge University Press xut
bn. H lm cng vic rt tt, nhng c v khng thnh tho vi th
trng c gi rng ri m ti nhm vo. Ti tip xc vi mt ngi mi
gii vn hc, Al Zuckerman, vn l anh em r ca mt ng s. Ti a cho
anh ta bn nhp chng u tin v gii thch rng ti mun vit mt cun
sch c th bn ti cc quy sch ca cc sn bay. Anh ta tr li l iu
khng th c: mt cun sch nh th c th bn chy cho gii i hc v
sinh vin, nhng khng c c hi no cnh tranh vi Stephen King (mt
tiu thuyt gia).
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Phn 40
[...] Lu i v tr kin trc xinh p nh ni trn vn cn nguyn vn cho ti khi xut
hin tro lu Phc hng, mt tro lu v i v s bng tnh tr thc chu u. Ph hy
lu i kin thc y l cng ln ca Nicolaus Copernicus... [...]
V TR TUN HON
Nicolaus Copernicus:
v tc phm De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
Ngay t thi tin s, con ngi b m hoc bi quang cnh bu tri hng
v: Mt tri, mt trng, cc hnh tinh, cc ngi sao v s tun hon khng
lc no ngng ca cc v tinh t y. Mt tri mc ri ln, mt trng trn ri
khuyt, bn ma thay i, cc hnh tinh xut hin ri bin i khng nhng
ch l nhng s kin c th quan st c m trn nhiu phng din cn
nh hng n i sng hng ngy ca nhn loi. V vy, khng l g c
hng vn chuyn hoang ng v ngay c v s tn ngng, tn gio pht
sinh t nhng hin tng ca bu tri y.
Khi trnh vn minh tin b, cc trit gia tm cch gii thch chuyn
ng tun hon ca bu tri bng nhng danh t hp l. Cc nh khoa hc
v t tng tin b hn ht v khoa thin vn thi xa l ngi Hy Lp, bt
u vi Pythagoras vo th k th nm v Aristotle vo th k th t trc
Cng nguyn. Mt ngi Ai Cp, Claudius Ptolemy sinh sng Alexandria
khong nm 150 sau Cng nguyn h thng li nhng hiu bit ca mnh
v ca cc i trc thnh mt s nhng l thuyt d hiu. Trong khong t
1.500 thuyt ca Ptolemy, nh c trnh by trong quyn The Almagest
ch ng tr c con ngi v c cng nhn nh l quan nim chnh xc
v v tr.
Thuyt ca Ptolemy c to dng trn nim: Qu t l mt khi
ng yn, bt ng, nm gia trung tm v tr v tt c cc thin th
gm mt tri v cc nh tinh u quay xung quanh n. Hi ngi ta
tin tng qu t l trung tm ca h thng cc tinh cu. Cc hnh tinh
c kt cng vo h thng . Cc ngi sao th c ct cht vo mt qu
cu khc bc bn ngoi h thng , v tt c u quay mi vng trong hai
mi bn gi. S chuyn ng phc tp ca cc nh tinh c gii thch
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Phn 41
[...] L thuyt ca Copernicus i khi l: tri t khng ng yn m quay trn, ta nh
trn mt trc, mi ngy mt vng. Mt quan nim nh vy vo th k 16 qu l qu k d,
n ni Copernicus khng dm cng b sm, trc khi ng tin chc rng nhng iu ng
a ra khng th chi ci c...[...]
L thuyt mang tnh cch mng m Copernicus c gng bin minh ng hay
sai qua nhng nghin cu lu di ngc hn vi thuyt ca Ptolemy m by
lu nay vn c tn sng. L thuyt ca Copernicus i khi l: tri t
khng ng yn m quay trn, ta nh trn mt trc, mi ngy mt vng.
Mt quan nim nh vy vo th k 16 qu l qu k d, n ni Copernicus
khng dm cng b sm, trc khi ng tin chc rng nhng iu ng a ra
khng th chi ci c. l l do khin Copernicus phi ch i 30 nm,
mi quyt nh cng b l thuyt ca mnh cho th gii.
Trc , c vi nh thin vn Hy Lp cho rng trung tm ca v tr l mt
tri ch khng phi l tri t. Nhng Aristarchus, Copernicus ca thi
thng c, vo khong th k th ba trc Cng nguyn gii thch vic
mt tri mc v ln mi ngy bng cch a ra gi thuyt rng tri t quay
trn trn chnh mnh n mi ngy mt vng. Tuy nhin, gi thuyt ny cng
vi cc gi thuyt tng t ca cc nh thin vn khc b Aristotle v
Ptolemy bc b v ch bnh vc gi thuyt tri t l trung tm ca v tr.
Nh c nhng ng vn c in, Copernicus bit nhng gi thuyt c
xa y v rt c th nhng gi thuyt ny thc y ng ti ch xt li
vn . Theo Copernicus hnh nh t 1800 nm trc Arstarchus a
ra mt li gii thch v chuyn ng ca bu tri n gin hn thuyt ca
Ptolemy nhiu.
C l ngay t nm 1951 Copernicus vit mt bn tm tt v l thuyt mi
ca ng. Nhan l Commentariolus (hay l Tiu lun). Quyn khng
c n hnh trong khi tc gi cn sng nhng c mt s bn vit tay c
lu hnh trong gii sinh vin khoa thin vn hc. Trong s nhng bn vit
tay , nay cn li hai bn. Trong quyn Commentariolus Copernicus cho
thy s d ng bt u kho cu v ng thy cc l thuyt ca Ptolemy v v
tr va qu phc tp va qu v l, li khng a ra c nhng gii thch
tha ng v cc hin tng ca bu tri. Kt qu chnh yu m Copernicus
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Phn 42
[...] Va v khn ngoan va v x giao, Copernicus tng tc phm cho Gio hong
Paul III. Qua li tng y, r rng Copernicus tin on mt s kh khn s gp
phi [...]
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Phn 43
[...] Gi thuyt mi m lt nho c tiu chun trit hc, nim tin tn gio ca thi tn
ngng. Nu thuyt ca Copernicus m ng th con ngi s khng cn l trung tm v
tr na; con ngi b x khi i danh vng v qu t ca loi ngi s ch cn l
mt trong s nhng hnh tinh [...]
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Phn 44
[...] Vic n hnh kit tc ca Copernicus nh du bc ngot v cng quan trng ca
t tng nhn loi, to ra mt trng hp in hnh v chn l ca khoa hc trong cng
cuc gii phng s hiu bit ca nhn loi, v lm sng t s nhn nh v vic chin
thng s ngu dt v lng chp n trong tng lai [...]
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Phn 45
[...] Trong s nhng cun sch gy nh hng su rng n cuc sng, c l him c
cun no ni ting nhng li c t c gi bng tp Nguyn tc ton hc trong vn vt
hc (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica) ca Isaac Newton... [...]
V tr h
Isaac Newton v tc phm nguyn tc ton hc
Trong s nhng cun sch gy nh hng su rng n cuc sng, c l
him c cun no ni ting nhng li c t c gi bng tp Nguyn tc ton
hc trong vn vt hc (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica) ca
Isaac Newton. Sch vit bng c ng Latinh, km thm nhng hnh k h
chng cht, Newton c tnh vit n tht kh hiu, dng ton nhng li l
chuyn mn tru tng. Ch nhng bc hc trong cc ngnh thin vn, ton
v vt l rt thng thi mi c th c ni sch ca ng.
Mt nh vit s Newton k li rng: Khi cun sch Nguyn tc ton hc
xut bn vo cui th k 17, ch c ba hay bn ngi ng thi c th hiu
ni. Mt nh vit tiu s khc nng con s ln mi hay mi hai ngi
l cng. Newton cng nhn nhn sch ca ng rt kh c; c iu l ng
mun vy, nhng ngi c trnh ton hc tht cao mi c th hiu
c sch ca ng.
Tuy nhin, cc nh khoa hc ni ting u coi Newton l mt nh bc hc v
i ca mi thi i. Laplace nh thin vn hc tr danh Php gi Nguyn
tc ton hc vt ln trn mi tc phm khc ca thin ti nhn loi.
Lagrange, nh ton hc lng danh nhn nhn Newton l mt thin ti v i
cha tng thy. Boltzann, nh khai sng ra khoa hc vt l ton hc hin i
gi cun sch Nguyn tc ton hc l tc phm u tin v v i nht v
mn vt l l thuyt. Nh thin vn li lc M W.W. Campbell nhn xt:
i vi ti, khng nhng Isaac Newton l mt v nhn ca khoa vt l hc
m cn l ngi c nht khai ph ra khoa vt l thin vn hc. Vit v
Newton, nhng nh khoa hc c phch trong gn ba th k va qua u
ng : Newton l nh khoa hc siu vit bc nht, nhng ngi khng
thuc gii khoa hc ch c th bit c kt qu c th do hc thuyt
Newton, v tin tng nhng li nhn xt trn.
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Phn 46
[...] ''...Thot u ti dng ngn ng ph thng nhiu ngi c th hiu. Nhng v sau
ngh li, ti vit phn ny bng nhng cng thc ton hc.... S d ti vit kh khn nh
vy, nhng ai c nm vng nhng nguyn tc th mi c lng c tm quan
trng ca n, v do mi gt b c nhng nh kin v v tr m h quen thuc t
trc...''[...]
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Phn 47
[...] Chnh Newton cng nhn nhn rng: v tr h ca ng ch l tip tc cng trnh khi
u t Corpernicus c Tycho Brahe, Kepler v Galileo pht trin thm. ng vit:
nu ti nhn c xa hn nhng ngi khc, y l v ti ng trn vai cc v nhn [...]
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Phn 48
[...] C l ngoi tr Karl Marx, trong s nhng nhn vt ni danh v ni rng ra
trong s hng triu ngi sinh trong th k 19, khng ai c nh Darwin, v Darwin
m ra nhng tro lu t tng, nhng quan nim mi v sc sng ca con ngi [...]
U TRANH SINH TN
Charles Darwin
V tc phm ngun gc cc chng loi
Mt s trng phng k l xy ra trong nm 1809 l nm chng kin nhiu
v nhn cho i hn mi nm khc. Trong mi a ht ring, cc v nhn
, v no cng xy dng c s nghip siu vit. Trong s c Charles
Darwin, mt Newton ca khoa sinh vt hc v Abraham Lincoln, v Tng
thng gii phng n l Hoa K. Hai v nhn sinh cng ngy v gn
nh cng gi. Ngoi hai v , ngi ta cn phi nhc n nhng tn tui
nh: Gladstone. Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe, Oliver Wendell Holmes,
Elizabeth Barret Browning v Felix Mendelsohn, cng cho i trong nm
1809.
C l ngoi tr Karl Marx, trong s nhng nhn vt ni danh v ni rng
ra trong s hng triu ngi sinh trong th k 19, khng ai c nh
Darwin, v Darwin m ra nhng tro lu t tng, nhng quan nim mi
v sc sng ca con ngi. Ngy nay ngi ta ni n hc thuyt Darwin
nh ni n hc thuyt Karl Marx, hc thuyt Malthus v hc thuyt
Machiavelli.
Trong sut gn mt th k, cc nh bc hc tranh lun si ni v
nhng nguyn tc nn tng ca hc thuyt Darwin, v ngy nay nhng
nguyn tc c gii khoa hc tha nhn. Cuc tranh chp gia hai
phi Tn v Cu khi u nm 1859, ko dai dng sang c th k 20, v c
lit nht l khi xy ra v n con kh lch s bang Tennessee. Ch mi
y, cuc ci c gia hai phi mi c du hiu du xung.
Khi Darwin cn tui thiu nin, khng ai c th ng sau ny ng s tr
nn nh khoa hc ni ting nht th gii. Darwin sinh trng trong mt gia
nh gm nhng ngi lm ngh t do v nhng hc gi. Thn sinh ca
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Phn 49
[...] Darwin nhn thy rng: trong cc sinh vt, mt s c th sinh vt rt ln phi b
tiu dit, ch mt s no sng st. Nhiu loi sinh vt phi cht nui sng loi sinh vt
khc. Cuc chin u tip din khng bao gi ngng, v loi ra khi cuc u tranh
tn ti tt c nhng con vt, cy ci no khng iu kin tn ti...[...]
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Phn 50
[...] Sch Ngun gc cc chng loi ca Darwin ra i, d lun ng thi gi y l
mt i ha, nh ting st n ngang tai, v nu thuyt ca Darwin ng th chuyn
Sng th k trong Kinh thnh ca C c gio l khng th chp nhn c na... [...]
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Phn 51
[...] Mt khc ngi ta cn em p dng hc thuyt ca Darwin trong nhng lnh vc m
nu cn sng chc chn ng s phn i kch lit. Th d nh ch ngha pht xt vin
ra quy lut o thi t nhin, hay l lut khn sng mng cht bin gii nhng
hnh ng st nhn nhm tiu dit mt s chng tc ca h. [...]
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Phn 52
[...] Einstein bt chng ta tin nhng iu kh tin th d nh: khng gian hnh cong,
ng ngn nht ni lin hai im khng phi l ng thng, v tr c hn nhng
khng c bin gii, hai ng song song cui cng s gp nhau, tia sng i theo ng
vng cung, thi gian c tnh cht tng i v mi ni phi do mt cch...[...]
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Phn cui
[...] i vi Albert Einstein, ngi ta khng th khng ni n nh hng. Phi gi
nhng l thuyt ca ng l cch mng v m ra k nguyn nguyn t. K nguyn ny
a nhn loi i n u chng ta cha th bit. Hin nay chng ta ch bit rng
Einstein l nh khoa hc, nh trit hc v i nht ca th k... [...]
Trong phng trnh ni ting E = mc2, Einstein chng minh nng lng
v khi lng ch l mt, hai trng thi khc nhau v khi lng chnh l
nng lng c li. Barnett nhn nh rt ng l phng trnh E = mc2
gii thch c rt nhiu im v vt l hc, t bao lu nay vn cn l
nhng im b mt. Phng trnh gii thch ti sao cht quang tuyn phn
x nh radium v uranium li c th lin tip trong hng triu nm bn ra
nhng tia li ti chy vi tc khng khip. Phng trnh cn gii thch ti
sao mt tri v cc v tinh t li c th tun nh sng v sc nng trong hng
t t nm, v nu mt tri ch c la theo li thng thng th tri t ca
chng ta phi cht trong ti tm u lnh t hng triu nm ri. Phng
trnh cn cho chng ta thy nng lng gh gm cha cht trong nhn
nguyn t v tin on ch cn mt lng rt nh cht uranium cng to
ra mt tri bom c sc cng ph c mt thnh ph.
Cho mi n nm 1939 phng trnh ca Einstein vn cn l l thuyt. Vo
nm , sau khi b c quc x trc xut khi chu u, Einstein sang M
ri t lu sau ng nhp quc tch M. Einstein c tin c quc x ang
lng nhp cng uranium v ang nghin cu v bom nguyn t, ng lin
vit cho Tng thng Roosevelt mt bc th ti mt:
Nhng cng cuc nghin cu mi y ca E. Fermi v Lzilard m bn tho
c gi ti ti, khin ti ngh rng trong tng lai rt gn, cht
uranium c th bin thnh mt ngun nng lng mi m v quan trng...
Hin tng mi ny c th dn ti vic ch to bom, v c th tin rng... ch
mt tri bom loi , mang di tu v cho n hi cng c th tn ph
ton th hi cng v cc vng ph cn.
Kt qu tc khc ca bc th Einstein gi cho Roosevelt l vic khi cng
xy dng n bom nguyn t Manhattan. Nm nm sau, trai bom nguyn
t u tin c a ra th Almagordo Reservation thuc bang New
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