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Biochemistry
Chemistry of life!

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Biochemistry

Atoms: basic unit of matter

Elements: a group of a the same type of atom.

Atom has three parts

Proton (positive portion of atom)

Neutron (neutral portion of atom)

Electron (negative portion of atom)

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Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

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The study of all of the elements from the periodic table

of elements that support life. These compounds are all
based on carbon. The four molecules most important
for organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.

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Biomolecules

There are four types of biomolecules

Why are they important?

Biomolecules are the building blocks for all organisms. They

are what make organisms.
Example: hair is made of a bunch of protein and protein is
made of amino acids, which are made of biomolecules

Where are they found?

They found everywhere in any organism and are made in

the cell or during cellular processes.

Cells make a huge number of large

molecules from a limited set of small
molecules

The four classes of biological molecules contain very large

molecules.

They are often called macromolecules because of their large

size.

They are also called polymers because they are made from
identical building blocks strung together.

The building blocks of polymers are called monomers.

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Cells make a huge number of large

molecules from a limited set of small
molecules

Monomers are linked together to form polymers through

dehydration reactions, which remove water.

Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of

water.

All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by enzymes,

which speed up chemical reactions in cells.

Animation: Polymers
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Cells make a huge number of large

molecules from a limited set of small
molecules

A cell makes a large number of polymers from a small group of

monomers. For example,

proteins are made from only 20 different amino acids and

DNA is built from just four kinds of nucleotides.

The monomers used to make polymers are universal.

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Figure 3.3A_s1

Short polymer

Unlinked
monomer

Figure 3.3A_s2

Unlinked
monomer

Short polymer

Dehydration reaction
forms a new bond

Longer polymer

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Lipids

are water insoluble (hydrophobic, or water-fearing)

compounds,

are important in long-term energy storage,

contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide, and

consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by

nonpolar covalent bonds.

Lipids are made of fatty acids

They are the fats and oils that are produced by the body

They are used for storage and also for all membranes found in
living organisms

They can also make steroid hormones responsible for sex

hormones in animals and natural anabolic steroids which are
responsible for muscle growth.

Fats are lipids that are mostly energystorage molecules

A fatty acid can link to glycerol by a dehydration reaction.

A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty acids.

Fats are often called triglycerides because of their structure.

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Figure 3.8B

Glycerol

Fatty acid

Figure 3.8C

Glycerol

Fatty acids

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Lipid Molecule: C-H

Long chains of Carbon and

Hydrogen

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Carbohydrates

Made of a carbon group and a hydroxyl group and are usually

identified with sugars.

They are the most abundant of all the biomolecules.

Carbohydrates range from small sugar molecules

(monomers) to large polysaccharides.

Sugar monomers are monosaccharides, such as those

found in honey,

glucose, and

fructose.

Monosaccharides can be hooked together to form

more complex sugars and

polysaccharides.

Carbs are used to store energy for the cell to work, but also
work as a building block for many of the processes that go
on. For example: blood clotting, growing and developing,
fertilization.

Carbohydrate Molecule: C-H-O

This is an example of a
monosaccharide called
glucose. It is a building
block found in sugar.

Another monosaccharide
is fructose which is a
sugar found in fruit.

Also monosaccharide are

monomers and when you
put many of the together,
they are polysaccharides
or polymers

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Protein

The subunits which make-up Proteins are Amino

Acids. The amino acids are joined together to form
chains, which are hundreds of amino acids long; called
proteins.

Proteins function as enzymes or as structural units in

cells. They do most of the "work" in a cell. Almost all of
the exciting stuff; metabolism, memory, hormone
action, and movement involves proteins.

Proteins are made from amino acids

linked by peptide bonds

Proteins are

involved in nearly every dynamic function in your body and

very diverse, with tens of thousands of different proteins, each with

a specific structure and function, in the human body.

Proteins are composed of differing arrangements of a common

set of just 20 amino acid monomers.

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Figure 3.11A

Amino
group

Carboxyl
group

Proteins are made from amino acids

linked by peptide bonds

Amino acids have

an amino group and

a carboxyl group (which makes it an acid).

Also bonded to the central carbon is

a hydrogen atom and

a chemical group symbolized by R, which determines the specific

properties of each of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins.

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Proteins are made from amino acids

linked by peptide bonds

Amino acid monomers are linked together

in a dehydration reaction,

joining carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the
next amino acid, and

creating a peptide bond.

Additional amino acids can be added by the same process to

create a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide.

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Figure 3.11C_s1

Carboxyl
group

Amino acid

Amino
group

Amino acid

Figure 3.11C_s2

Carboxyl
group

Amino acid

Amino
group

Amino acid

Peptide
bond
Dehydration
reaction

Dipeptide

At this position (the R-group) in an amino acid,

different functional groups can be present. There are
twenty different types of amino acids found in proteins.
Each has a differenb R-group.

There are twenty different types of amino acids

found in proteins: with eight essential. Essential
amino acids must be acquired in the diet; nonessential
amino acids can be synthesized by the body.

The 8 essential amino acids are in

orange.
alanine

tryptophan

cysteine

asparagine

histidine

glutamine

methionine

leucine

threonine

proline

arginine
glutamic acid
isoleucine
phenyalanine
valine

tyrosine
aspartic acid
glycine
lysine
serine

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Proteins
The

amino acids within a single protein chain can interact.

These interactions lead to a twisting and folding of the
amino acid chain (protein) that is very important to the
function of the protein.

Two

things determine the primary structure of a protein: The

number of amino acids in the chain, where each specific
amino acid occurs in the chain.

The

folding of a protein determines its shape and function

within a cell.

A polypeptide chain contains hundreds or thousands of

amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

The amino acid sequence causes the polypeptide to

assume a particular shape.

The shape of a protein determines its specific function.

A proteins specific shape determines its

function

Probably the most important role for proteins is as enzymes,

proteins that

serve as metabolic catalysts and

regulate the chemical reactions within cells.

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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store, transmit and express genetic

information. Nucleic acids are composed of subunits
called nucleotides. Nucleotides contain a phosphate
group, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides are
linked together by bonds between the phosphate group
of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next one

2 types:

DNA

RNA

DNA and RNA are the two types of

nucleic acids

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a

discrete unit of inheritance known as a gene.

Genes consist of DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), a type of

nucleic acid.

DNA is inherited from an organisms parents.

DNA provides directions for its own replication.

DNA programs a cells activities by directing the synthesis of

proteins.

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DNA and RNA are the two types of

nucleic acids

DNA does not build proteins directly.

DNA works through an intermediary, ribonucleic acid (RNA).

DNA is transcribed into RNA.

RNA is translated into proteins.

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Figure 3.14_s1

Gene

DNA

Figure 3.14_s2

Gene

DNA
Nucleic acids

Transcription
RNA

Figure 3.14_s3

Gene

DNA
Nucleic acids

Transcription
RNA
Translation
Amino
acid

Protein

Nucleic acids are polymers of

nucleotides

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

are composed of monomers called nucleotides.

Nucleotides have three parts:

a five-carbon sugar called ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA,

a phosphate group, and
a nitrogenous base.

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Figure 3.15A

Nitrogenous
base
(adenine)

Phosphate
group
Sugar

Nucleic acids are polymers of

nucleotides

DNA nitrogenous bases are

adenine (A),

thymine (T),

cytosine (C), and

guanine (G).

RNA

also has A, C, and G,

but instead of T, it has uracil (U).

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Nucleic acids are polymers of

nucleotides

A nucleic acid polymer, a polynucleotide, forms

from the nucleotide monomers,

when the phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the

next nucleotide,

by dehydration reactions, and

by producing a repeating sugar-phosphate backbone with protruding

nitrogenous bases.

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Figure 3.15B

A
T
C
G
T

Sugar-phosphate
backbone

Nucleotide

Nucleic acids are polymers of

nucleotides

Two polynucleotide strands wrap around each other to form a

DNA double helix.

The two strands are associated because particular bases always

hydrogen bond to one another.

A pairs with T, and C pairs with G, producing base pairs.

RNA is usually a single polynucleotide strand.

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