lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@

lg0f{o g+=*(%@
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
k'=lg=g+= )^&NF)))@
km};nf ldltM @)^(.(.!@.%
d'2fM n]gb]g hfn;fh .
lgj] b s jfbLM df] / lhNnf, lj/f6gu/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$ a:g]
sfzL/fd cu|jfnsf] d'=;= ug]{ b'uf{jtL
cu|jfn v]l/of
lj?4
ljkIfL k|ltjfbLM df]/ lhNnf, lj/f6gu/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& a:g]
lu/L/fh sfsL{ ;d]t
o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L rGb|k;
| fb k/fh'nL
df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=
kl5 ePsf lnvtxdf cl3Nnf]
lnvtsf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;d]t v'nfO{ ;Dk"0f{
lx;fa lstfa ldnfg ul/Psf] eGg] Joxf]/f
kf/L sfuh ePkl5 cl3Nnf] lnvtsf]
cl:tTj sfod} /lx/x]sf] dfGg plrt /
sfg"g;+ut x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
jfbLsf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L dxfb]j kl08t
k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkf
/ clwjQmf s[i0f yfkf
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g, c+za08fsf] !* g+=
;fx" c;fdLsf] ! g+=
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^@.!.!@ sf] km};nfpk/ jfbL kIfaf6 k/]sf]
lgj]bgdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!
sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd k'g/fnf]sg
u/L x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
ljkIfLxn] daf6 ?=(,%),))).
-gf}nfv krf; xhf/_ k}ofF shf{ lnO{ @)$&
;fn sflQs d;fGt;Dddf ;fFjf Jofh Psd'i6
a'emfpg] efvf u/L ldlt @)$&.%.!% ut] skfnL
td;'s u/]sfdf efvfpk|fGt ljkIfLxnfO{ tfs]tf
ubf{ klg /sd ga'emfPsfn] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $
g+=adf]lhd ;fFjf / el/e/fp x'Fbf;Ddsf]
Jofh;d]t e/fO{ kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf]
lkm/fb kq .
xfdL / ljkIfLsf] 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd;d]tn]
@)$&.!.!* df ns8Lsf] ;fem]bf/ eO{ sfd ug{
s/f/ u/]sf lyof}+ . uf]ljGb/fdn] xfdLnfO{
lr/fgs6fg ug{ ;xof]usf nflu ?=^ nfv lbg]
/ ;f] k}ofF lbPafkt ns8L laqmL u/L
?=!,%),))). cfufdL $% lbgdf xfdLn] ljgf
zt{ lbg], ?=^ nfv lbPafktdf uh]Gb|hu+ sf
gfdsf] h=lj= *!* hUuf ;'/If0fafkt lwtf]
/fVg] u/L df]/ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf ldlt
@)$&.*.^ df b[li6aGws kf; u/]sf] / ldlt
@)$&.(.!@ df ?=$,)),))). r'Qmf u/L b[li6
aGws a'jf uh]Gb|hu+ n] lgvGg' ePsf] xf] . of]
sfuh ;DaGwdf ljkIfL df}g eO{ gfln; u/L
cfpg' ePklg uf]ljGb/fdn] @$)) kmL6 ;fv'
lr/fg / $^( kmL6 s'sf7 lr/fg cfkm\gf]
153
g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), h]7
@)&),
sDkfp08 uf]bfddf / ^ l6k ns8L a}s

+ df /x]sf]
lr/fg sf7 ;d]t x'bF f / Jojxf/ ldnfpg' eGbf
gdfgL gfln; u/]sf] xf] . c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd
uh]Gb|hu+ nfO{ lemsfO{ a'emL em"7f bfjLaf6 km';b{
kfpmF eGg] ;d]t k|ltpQ/kq .
@)$&.%.!% sf] ?=(,%),))) sf]
;Ssn sfuh x]/]F, b]v]F . To;sf] ldlt aGbdf
k/]sf] ;lx5fk xfd|f x'g\ . ;f] k}ofF xfdLn]
ltg'{ a'emfpg afFsL 5}g . o;} nufpsf] d'2fnfO{
k|df0f nufO{ kfpmF eGg];d]t k|ltjfbLsf] jf/];n]
u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbLxn] ns8Lsf] sf/f]af/ ug{
d;Fu shf{ dfUbf @)$&.%.!% df ?=(,%),))).
shf{ lbO{ skfnL td;'s ul/lbPsf] xf] .
ljkIfLxsf] egfO{ ab\ l gotk" 0 f{ ePsfn]
bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t jfbLsf] jf/];n]
u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbLxn] d]/f] a'jfaf6 lnPsf] shf{
kf6{g/;Lksf] nflu sfd ug{ lnPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f
em" 7 f xf] . em" 7 f aofgaf6 km' ; { b u/fO{
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ g} ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] hfn;fhtkm{ k|ltjfbL sfod ePsf
uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfnsf] jf/];n] u/]sf] aofg .
jfbLaf6 lnPsf] /sddf ;xdlt ePkl5
;f] sfuhn] jfbLnfO{ /sd lbg' gkg]{ eGg]
b]vfpFbg} . bfjLadf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Jofh jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
df]/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%@.%.!% sf]
km};nf .
z'?sf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] %-!_ g+=adf]lhd lnvt kmf ePsf]
k|i6 x'bF fx'bF } hfn;fhtkm{sf] bfjLdfly ljrf/}
gu/L u/]sf] z'?sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
k|ToyL{ lkm/fbL sfzL/fdn] bfjL u/]sf]

k}ofF shf{s} kdf afFsL /x]sf] eGg] bfjL
ljrf/0fLo b]lvPsf]n] 5nkmnsf] lgldQ k|ToyL{
lemsfO k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ ldlt @)$&.%.!%
df ul/lbPsf] skfnL td;'ssf] sfg"gL cl:tTj
oyfjt sfod /x]sf] / ;f] lnvtnfO{ k|ltjfbLxn]
cGoyf eGg g;s]sf], lnvtcg';f/sf] ;fFjf
Jofh k| l tjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ lt/] a' e mfPsf]
sfg"gcg';f/sf] ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf]
cj:yf / l:yltdf jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] ;fFjf
Jofh k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ ltg{ a'emfpg kg]{
7xofPsf] z'? km};nf dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt
@)%$.!@.^ df ePsf] km};nf .
jfbL sfzL/fd cu|jfn / uf]ljGb/fd
cu|jfn Psf;uf]nsf afa'5f]/f ePsf]df s'g}
ljjfb 5} g . c+ z a08fsf] !* g+ = adf] l hd
Psf;uf]ndf hf]h;sf tkm{af6 cfh{g u/] klg
C0f shf{ lnP klg ;f] ;uf]nsf] g} x'g] ePsf]n]
ljkIfLsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd / xfdLaLrdf ePsf]
@)$&.%.@! sf] ;fem]bf/L lnvtadf]lhd x'g]
gfkmf gf]S;fg;d]t ;uf]ns} x'g] b]lvG5 .
@)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL td;'ssf] cl:tTj
@)$&.%.@! df g} z"Go ePsf] k|df0f xfdLn]
k|ltpQ/ aofg ;fy k]z bfv]n u/]sf 5f}+ .
To;sf] d"Nofg ePg . bfjLsf] lnvtaf6
Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/sf] nflu k}ofF lnPsf] eGg]
:ki6 b]lvbf n]gb]gsf] $) g+= adf]lhd gfln;
ug'k{ g]{ egL ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf] jlv{nfk x'bF f d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L OG;fkm
kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbLxsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
lgj]bg kq .
o;df ljjfbsf] ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf]
lnvtsf] k}ofFaf6 ns8Lsf] Jofkf/ ug{
154
*(%@ sfzL/fd cu|jfnsf] d'=;=ug]{ b'uf{jtL cu|jfn v]l/of lj=lu/L/fh sfsL{ ;d]t
lnPsf], ;f]xL k}ofFdf log} jfbL sfzL/fd

cu|jfnsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfnn] xfdL
b'j} hgf;Fu ldnL kf6{g/;Lk /xL ;fem]bf/L
eO{ ns8Lsf] Jofkf/ 7]Ssf u/L gfkmf gf]S;fg
cfwLcfwL Joxf]g]{ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L
ldlt @)$&.%.#! df u/]sf] s/f/sf] sfuhnfO{
oL jfbLn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . jfbLs}
5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn jfbL ePsf] nufpsf]
lg=g+= ^$!* sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf bfjL lnPsf]
/sdsf] lnvtdf ;d] t cufl8 ns8Lsf]
sf/f]af/ ubf{ ltg{ afFsL ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L lnvt ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|:t't
d'2fsf] bfjLsf] @)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtdf kfgL
k/]sf] / cIf/ ;d]t km'nL ga'em\g] / lnvt
;d]t RoftL rf/ 7fpFdf 6]k nufO{ 6fF;]sf]
cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPsf], pQm lnvtsf] k}ofF
ldlt @)$&.%.@! sf] kf6{g/;Lksf] lnvtdf
pNn] v eO{ jfbLsf] 5f] / fnfO{ ;d] t
kf6{g/;Lkdf /fvL ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/ u/L
cfPsf], ;f] s/f/sf] lnvtnfO{ oL jfbLn]
cGoyf eGg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ldlt
@)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtdf k'gM bfjL lnO{ cfPsf]
hfn;fhL Joxf]/fsf] x'Fbf k}ofF ltg'{kg]{ xf]Og
eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ ;d]t ePsf] To:tf]
lnvtsf] k}ofF jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg]
7xofPsf] z'?sf] ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfdf g] s fk @)#&, k[ i 7
!)(, lg=g+ = !#*# df o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n b]lvFbf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08
-v_ sf] cfwf/df bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5, lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfnt ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)%&.#.!% sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbLxn] jfbL sfzL/fd;Fu lnPsf]
shf{ /sd ;d]t nufgL u/L Psf;uf]nsf 5f]/f
uf]ljGb/fdn] ;f] Joxf]/f ldlt @)$&.%.@! sf]

lnvtd} :ki6;Fu pNn]v u/L ;fem]bf/Ldf
ns8Lsf] sf/f]af/ u/]af6 ljjfblbt ldlt
@)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL td;'ssf] c:tLTj sfod
/x]sf] dfGg ldn]g . jfbLsf Psf;uf]nsf 5f]/f
uf]ljGb/fd / k|ltjfbLxaLr ldlt @)$(.&.$
df k|ltjfbL lu/L/fh sfsL{ / s[i0f sfsL{n]
cfhsf ldlt cl3 ns8Lsf] sfdsf/jfxL ubf{
k6sk6s lnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfg
u/L ca pk|fGt a'emfpg afFsL 7x/ x'g cfPsf]
/sd ?=$,%!,))).egL to u/L 5'} sfuh
ePsf] tYo nufpsf] d'2faf6 ;d]t b]lvFbf jfbL
bfjLadf]lhdsf] lnvtsf] k}ofF jfbLnfO{
k|ltjfbLxn] a'emfpg' kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvbf
bfjLadf]lhdsf] /sd jfbLn] e/L kfpg] 7xofPsf]
z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%$.!@.^ sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
b]lvPg . t;y{ pQm km};nf pN6L eO{ jfbLsf]
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^@.!.!@ sf] km};nf .
ldlt @)$&.%.!% df lnvt ePsf]
s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg g;s]sf], ;f] lnvtdf
plNnlvt /sd lt/]ae
' mfPsf] /Ltk"js
{ sf] ekf{O{
k]z x'g g;s]sf] tyf ldlt @)^@.!.!@ sf]
km};nfdf 7x/ ug'k{ g]{ k|Zg;Fu ;dfg k|sl[ tsf]
ljifo /x]sf] d'2fxdf o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
ghL/x;Fu aflemg] u/L km};nf ePsf] x'gfn]
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! adf]lhd
k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]l/kfpmF eGg] jfbLsf] lgj]bg
kq .
o;df ldlt @)$&.%.!% df oL jfbL /
k|ltjfbLxaLr ePsf] skfnL td;'sdf ;fx"
oL jfbLnfO{ /sd a'emfPsf] s'g} k|df0f k]z
bflvn x'g gcfPsf] cj:yfdf jfbLsf 5f]/f
uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn / k|ltjfbLx aLr ePsf]
elgPsf] ldlt @)$&.%.@! df] kf6{g/;Lksf]
155

&), h]7
@)&),
sfuhsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL

td;'ssf] cl:tTj g} sfod g/x]sf] eGg]
lgisif{df k'u]sf] kfOof] . skfnL td;'ssf
;fx" oL jfbLsf] s'g} k|sf/sf] ;+nUgtf gb]lvPsf]
kf6{g/;Lksf] sfuhnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ jfbL
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] u/L ePsf] o; cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^@.!.!@ sf] km};nf
g]qaxfb'/ s+zfsf/ lj?4 uf]a4{gbf; df8af/L
ePsf] n]gb]g d'2f -b]=k'm=g++ #*@_ df o;
cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 sfod ePsf] l;4fGt
;d]tsf] k|lts"nsf] b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !! sf] -!_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]g]{ lg:;f
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^%.$.!$ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs jfbLsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L dxfb]j kl08tn]
ldlt @)$&.%.!% df lnvt u/L k}ofF lnPsf]
eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljkIfLn] :jLsf/ ug'{ePsf] /
pQm /sd r'Qmf u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5}g . cGo JolQm;Fu ePsf] s/f/ jf
lnvtsf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fsf] lnvtnfO{
cdfGo ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . 5'f5'} cl:tTj ePsf
lnvt ePsf] x'bF f o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
pN6L ab/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] . ljkIfL
k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf / clwjQmf s[i0f
yfkfn] sfzL/fd / uf]ljGb/fd Psf;uf]ndf
/x]sf afa'5f]/f ePsf]df ldlt @)$&.%.!% df
skfnL td;'s ePkl5 uf]ljGb/fd;Fu ldlt
@)$&.%.@! df kf6{g/;Lksf] sfuh ePsf],
ldlt @)$(.&.$ df ePsf] lnvtdf cfhsf]
ldlt cl3 ns8Lsf] sfd sf/f] j f/ ubf{
k6sk6s lnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfg
ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf 5'} lnvt xf]
egL eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . o; cbfntaf6

k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f k|bfg ul/bf pNn]v ul/Psf]
ghL/ k|:t't d'2fdf csflif{t x'g] cj:yf
g/x]sfn] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nf
;b/ xf];\ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
k]z ePsf] ldl;n sfuh cWoog u/L
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/nfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < o; cbfntaf6
k' g /fnf] s g lg:;f k| b fg ubf{ lnOPsf]
cfwf/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5, 5}g <
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf]
5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLxn]
ldlt @)$&.%.!% df lnvt u/L
?=(%),))).lnPsf / efvfleq ga'emfPsfn]
;fFjf Jofh e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] jfbL bfjL ePsf]df
jfbLnfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd a'emfO{
sf/f]af/ ldnfO{ ;s]sf] eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/
/x]5 . z'? lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
;fFjfJofh e/fOkfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] km};nf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/ ePsf]df
o; cbfntaf6 d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x/ ePpk/
k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f k|bfg eO cfPsf] kfOof] .
o; cbfnt ;+oQm Ohnf;n] skfnL td;'ssf
;fx" oL jfbLsf] s' g } k| s f/sf] ;+ n Ugtf
gb]lvPsf] ldlt @)$&.%.@! sf] kf6{g/;Lksf]
sfuh ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/lnO{ jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]
egL km};nf u/]sf] kfOFbf k|:t't d'2fsf] ldlt
@)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL td;'ssf] :jtGq
cl:tTj 5 5}g < pQm lnvtsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{
kl5 ul/Psf] kf6{g/;Lknufotsf cGo lnvt
/ sf/f]jf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] jf ldnfg ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 b]lvFb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf x]g'{kg]{ b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 .
156
*(%@ sfzL/fd cu|jfnsf] d'=;=ug]{ b'uf{jtL cu|jfn v]l/of lj=lu/L/fh sfsL{ ;d]t
#= jfbL sfzL/fd cu| j fn;F u

k|ltjfbLx lu/L/fh sfsL{ / s[i0f sfsL{n]
ldlt @)$&.%.!% df ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{
egL ?=(,%),))). lnO{ lnvt ul/lbPsf]
s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . To;/L lnvt ePsf]
s]xL lbg kl5 ldlt @)$&.%.@! df jfbL
sfzL/fd cu|jfnsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn
/ oL k|ltjfbLxsf aLrdf ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/
ug]{ u/L kf6{g/;Lksf] sfuh ePsf] / To;
sfuhdf klxn] lnPsf] ?=(,%),))). lr/fg
ns8Lsf] v/Lb ug{df nufpg] tyf sf/f]jf/af6
x'g] nfe / xflg a/fa/L Joxf]g]{ eGg] ;d]tsf]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOof] . To;/L sfuh
eO{ sf/f]jf/;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] tYonfO{ jfbL
sfzL/fd cu|jfnn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
tt\kZrft\ ldlt @)$(.&.$ df uf]ljGb/fd
cu|jfn / oL k|ltjfbLxsf aLrdf sfuh
x'Fbf cfh;Dd ePsf] sf/f]jf/sf] lx;fa lstfa
ubf{ ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/sf] qmddf k6sk6s
lnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfg u/L ca
pk|fGt a'emfpg afFsL /sd ?=$,%!,))).
7x/ x'g cfPsf] / pQm /sd @)$( d+l;/
d;fGt;Dddf a'emfpg] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eO{
sfuh ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;/L ePsf] pQm
kl5Nnf] lnvtsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t d'2f k/L
jfbLn] ;fFjf Jofh e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/ km};nf eO{
clGtd eP/ a;]sf] ;+nUg k|df0f ldl;naf6
b]lvPsf] 5 .
$= oL jfbL sfzL/fdn] cfkm" / 5f]/f
uf]ljGb/fd aLr @)#& ;fndf g} c+za08f e}
j]Unfj]Un} aGbJofkf/ / Jojxf/ u/L cfPsf] /
5f]/fn] k|ltjfbLx;Fu ;fem]bf/L ns8Lsf]
sf/f]jf/ u/L cfPtfklg To;df cfgf] s'g}
;/f]sf/ g/x]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] .
jfbLn] pQmadf] l hd bfjL lnPsf] ldlt
@)#&.!@.( sf] a08fkqsf] lnvt /flhi6]zg
kf; x'g ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf To;nfO{ sfg"gcg'ksf]

a08fkqsf] dfGotf lbg ldNg] ePg . o;
cj:yfdf sfzL/fd / uf]ljGb/fd Psf;uf]nd}
a;L ;uf]nd} jGb Jofkf/ / Jojxf/ u/L cfPsf
egL dfGg'kg]{ x'g cfp5 . c+za08fsf] !*
g+=n] dfgf] g5'lO{ ;uf]nd} a;]sf] c+lzof/n]
;uf]nsf] ;DklQaf6 jf ;uf]nsf] v]tL, pBf]u,
Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 a9]a9fPsf] ;uf]nsf] cfh{g
;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
%= o; k|sf/ jfbL sfzL/fd / lghsf]
5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn Psf;uf]nsf /xL
aGbJofkf/ u/L /x]sf, k|ltjfbLx s[i0f sfsL{ /
lu/L/fh sfsL{]n] jfbL sfzL/fd;Fu lnPsf]
/sd;d]t nufgL u/L 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd;Fu
kf6{g/;Lkdf ns8Lsf] sf/f]af/ u/L cfPsf /
jfbLsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd;Fu ePsf kl5Nnf
ldltsf lnvtdf cl3sf] sf/f]jf/ / n]gb]gsf]
;Gbe{;d]t pNn]v u/L k6sk6ssf] lx;fa
lstfa ldnfg ul/Psf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf o; d'2fdf ljjflbt /x]sf]
ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtnfO{ 5'} cl:tTj
/x]sf] lnvt egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . kl5
ePsf lnvtxdf cl3Nnf] lnvtsf] Jojxf/nfO{
;d]t v'nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfg ul/Psf]
eGg] Joxf]/f kf/L sfuh eP kl5 cl3Nnf]
lnvtsf] cl:tTj sfod} /xL /x]sf] dfGg plrt
/ sfg"g;+ut x'g ;Sb}g .
^= o; cbfntaf6 k' g /fnf] s gsf]
lg:;f k|bfg x'Fbf g]qaxfb'/ s+;fsf/ lj?4
uf]j4{g bf; df8jf/L ePsf] n]gb]g d'2f b]=km'=g++ #(@_ df :yflkt ePsf] l;4fGt
;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] egL cfwf/ lnPsf]
kfOFbf ;f] ;DaGwdf ;d]t x]g'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
5 . ;fljssf] d'n'sL P]g ;fx" c;fdLsf] g+=
! cGtu{tsf] ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{ /x]sf] pQm d'2fdf
157

&), h]7
@)&),
ldlt @)@@.(.!^ df o; cbfntaf6 km};nf

ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;dfg lsl;dsf] tYo /x]sf]
d'2fdf pxL sfg"gsf] JofVofsf] k|Zgdf cl3
s'g} dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt :yflkt /x]sf] 5 eg]
kl5sf] To:t} lsl;dsf d'2fxdf cjnDag
ul/g' k5{ eGg] dfGotf ghL/sf] l;4fGtdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / o;
cbfntn] cfnL cfPsf] dfGotf klg ToxL g}
xf] . k|:t't d'2fdf d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
dxncGtu{tsf] ljjfb /x]sf] / d'2fsf] tYo
;d]t p:t} k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] gkfO{bf plNnlvt
ghL/ o; d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
/x]sf] kfOPg .
&= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
/ k|df0fxaf6 oL jfbL k|ltjfbLxsf aLrdf
ePsf] ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtsf] 5'}
cl:tTj sfod /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvg gcfPsfn]
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.$.!$ df lbOPsf]
k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
t;y{ pQm lg:;f sfod /xg g;Sg] ePsf]n]
o; cbfnt ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^@.!.!@ sf] km} ; nf ;b/ x' g ] 7x5{ .
8fo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg' .
lg0f{o g+=*(%#
;jf{R] r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
;DdfggLo sf=d'=k|wfg GofofwLz >L

bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
k'=lg=g+=)^& -NF-)))(
cfb]z ldltM @)&).!.%.%
d'2f M pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
lgj]bs k|ToyL{M e=k'=lh=,e=k'=g=kf=j8f g+=!)
a:g] s[i0fdfg af;'snf
lj?4
ljkIfL lgj]bsM e=k'=lh=,e=k'=g=kf=j8f g+= ^
a:g] /fds'df/ jgdfnf
o;cl3 lg0f{o ug]{ M
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf; M
df=Gof=>L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL
df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdL
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn k'; !@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{
&
158
df]xL xs sfg"gadf]lhd dfq k|fKt /

;dfKt x'g] xs xf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g .
s'g} klg JolQmsf gfddf sfod ePsf]
df]xLsf] nut sf ug{sf] nflu e"ld
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! / e"ld ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)@! df lglb{i6 cj:yf /
cfwf/xsf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{tf x'g] .
u'7L sfof{nonfO{ u'7L hUufsf] k|zf;g
/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfg
P]g, @)## n] k|bfg u/]sf] ePklg df]xLsf]
xs ;dfKt x'g] u/L df]xL nut sf ug]{
*(%# s[i0fdfg jf;'snf lj=/fds'df/ jgdfnf
clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sfn] df]xL nut

sf ug]{ u/L u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 / ;f]
adf]lhd ;|:] tf k"hf{ agfpg n]vL k7fpg]
u/L u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{noaf6
ul/Psf lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
df]xLsf] xs k|flKt / ;dflKt;Fu hf]l8Psf
k|df0fxsf] ljZn]if0f u/L df]xLsf]
ljjfbdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L
;+:yfgnfO{ gePsf]n] ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/
sfof{noaf6} lg0f{o lgk0f x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]bssf tkm{jf6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
/fdk|;fb e08f/L ';+ej'
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf j;Gt/fd
e08f/L, clwjQmf 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)%#, lg=g+=&!&!, k[=@*&
;Da4 sfg"gM
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
e"ld;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@!
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] b]xfo v08 -v_
adf]lhd o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;jf6 ldlt
@)^$.(.@% df ePsf] cfb]z k'g/fnf]sg ul/kfpFm
egL k|ToyL{ s[i0fdfg af;'snfsf] lgj]bg k/L
o; cbfntjf6 ldlt @)^&.%.$ df k'g/fnf]sgsf]
lg:;f k|bfg eO{ ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod ^-!_ adf]lhd o; Ohnf;;dIf
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
u'7L nut tyf clen]v zfvf eb|sfnL
sf7df8f}d
+ f nut ;|:] tf sfod /x]sf] @ g+=
a|Dxfo0fL n=g+=@#& df]xL e}/jaxfb'/ agdfnf

Ogfrf] sfod /x]sf] eQmk'/ gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf]
lr/fu afNg] u'7L ;+:yfg clwg:y 5"6 u'7L
hUuf, ;e]{ gfk gS;f x'bF f eQmk'/ lhNnf eQmk'/
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !-u_ lsQf g+= ! If]qkmn
@!%)) sfod e} e}/jnfn eGg] e}/jaxfb'/
agdfnfsf] a'xf/L lgj]bssf] aHo} las'dfofsf]
gfpFdf df]xL hlgPsf] .
pQm hUufsf] vf; hf]tfxf df]xL aHo}
ljs'dfof / hUufwgLdf gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu
afNg] u'7Lsf] /sdL gfOs] /tgs'df/sf] gfd
hlgPsf] 5 . u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## n]
/sdL vfGuLjfnfsf] ;a} xsflwsf/ ;DffKt
u/L u'7L hUufdf vf; hf]tfxf df]xLsf] xs
/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] plNnlvt hUufdf aHo}
ljs'dfofsf] Psnf}6L df]xL xs sfod /x]sf]
k|i6 5 .
u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $*
cg';f/ e"dL ;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 aHo} ljs'dfofn]
df]lxofgL xssf] hf]tfxf c:yfoL lg:;f;d]t
k|fKt u/L aHo}n] df]xLsf] x}l;otn] hf]t sdf]b
u/L cfPsf] cj:yf aHo}sf] xssf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ
d]/f] cfdf ljs'nIdLnfO{ ldlt @)$@.^.* df
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvt kfl/t u/L lbg'
ePsf] 5 . aHo} ljs'dfofsf] ldlt @)$@.&.&
df k/nf]s ePsf]n] lghsf] z]ifkl5 plNnlvt
hUuf cfdf ljs'nIdL tyf lgj]bs ;d]tn]
hf]tef]u ub}{ cfPsf]df ljs'nIdLsf] klg ldlt
@)%@.!).* df k/nf]s e};s]sf] 5 . tTkZrft\
pQm hUuf lgj]bsn] df]xLsf] x}l;otn] hf]tsdf]b
ub}{ cfPsf] 5' . ljs'dfofn] kfl/t u/L lbPsf]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvtcg';f/ ljs'nIdLsf
gfp+df gfd;f/L ug{;Dd afFsL /x]sf] / cfdf
ljs'nIdLsf] klg d[To' ePsf]n] lgj]bssf] gfpFdf
df]xL gfd;f/L ug{;Dd afFsL /x]sf] hUuf xf] .
plNnlvt hUufsf] /sdL gfO{s] /tgs'df/
159

&), h]7
@)&),
x' g ' e Psf] n ] gfkLdf ls;fgsf] Joxf] / fdf

/tgs'df/sf] gfd hlgPsf] xf] .
ljs'dfofsf] z]ifkl5 cfdf ljs'nIdLn]
sdfO{ cfPsf] / df]xL gfd;f/L ug{;Dd afFsL
/x] s f] pQm hUuf ljkIfLdWo] s f s[ i 0fdfg
jf;'snfn] sdfO{ cfPsf] eGb} gjb'uf{ lr/fu
afNg] 5"6 u'7L eb|sfnLsf gfpFdf l;kmfl/z
kfpmF egL @)$^ ;fndf eQmk'/ gu/k~rfotdf
lgj]bg lbPsf / ;f] gu/kflnsfaf6 ldlt
@)$&.(.@* df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt
eO{ tTsfn ljs'nIdLn] lnlvt hjfkm lbO{
tfl/vdf a;L cfpg' ePsf]df pxfFsf] d[To'kl5
lgj]bsn] d'2f ;sf/ u/L tfl/vdf a;L cfPsf]
lyPF . s[i0fdfgn] lbPsf] lgj]bg / ldlt
@)$&.(.!% sf] ;h{ldg em"7f xf] . hf]tfxf
df]xL ljs'dfofsf] d[To' cufl8 lghn] / lghsf]
d[To'kZrft\ xsvfg] d[ts 5f]/Ln] hUuf hf]t
sdf]b u/L afnL a'emL lnPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L pQm hUufsf] /sdL gfO{s] /tgs'df/
jgdfnfn] eQmk' / gu/kflnsfdf ldlt
@)$&.!!.!% df lgj]bg ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 sf/jfxL;DaGwL
sfuhft eQmk' / u' 7 L tx;Ln tyf vr{
sfof{nodf k7fPkZrft\ ;f] sfof{noaf6 sf/jfxL
cufl8 a9fO{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%#.!).!#
sf] kq cg';f/ pQm hUufsf] df]xLsf] k/nf]s e}
xsbf/ gePsf] cj:yfdf u'7L t}gfyL tkm{ btf{
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 egL n]vL cfPsf]n] ;|:] tfdf sfod
;fljs df]xLsf] nut sf u/L u'7L ;+:yfgsf]
gfddf df]xL / hUufwgL ;d]t sfod ug{ u'7L
;+:yfgsf] cfb]z cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] ;f] cg';f/
n]vL k7fpg cfjZos lgsf;sf] nflu k]z
u/]sf] 5' eGg] l6Kk0fL ;b/ ul/Psf] /x]5 .
u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 dfu
eO{ cfPcg';f/ df]xL dxndf u'7L ;+:yfg,
hUufwgLdf u'7L ;+:yfg >L gjb'uf{sf] lr/fu
afNg] u'7L, lz/df u'7L t}gfyL hUuf hgfO{

gfkLsf] df]xL dxndf n]lvPsf] s6fO{ hUuf
btf{ u/L pQm hUuf s'g} Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf
nflu lnhdf hfg] hUuf xf] xf]Og, geP v'nf
lnnfd u/L laqmL ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 x'Fb}g ;f]
osLg v'nfO{ k"hf{sf] k|ltlnlk ;fy kf7fpg'
eGg] ldlt @)%(.!@.@) df lg0f{o u/L kmfOn
u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no eQmk'/df k7fPsf]df
;f] sfof{noaf6 s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] cfb]z
adf]lhd df]xLsf] nut sf u/L u'7L t}gfyL
k"hf{ dfu ug]{ egL ldlt @)^).!.!@ df lg0f{o
cfb]z ePsf] s'/f hfgsf/L ePsf]n] ljkIfLxsf]
plNnlvt u}/sfg"gL sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o
cfb]z jb/sf nflu lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf]
5' .
;fljsb]lv ljs'dfofsf] gfddf vf;
hf]tfxf df]xL nut sfod /x]sf] u'7L clwg:y
hUuf z]ifkl5sf] lnvtaf6 gfd;f/L x'g afFsL
/x]sf] / u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @& /
#) cg';f/ xsjfnfdf hfg] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt
lgj]bsn] df]xL gfd;f/Lsf] dfu u/L /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] hUuf u'7L t}gfyLtkm{ btf{ ug{
ldNb}g . ljkIfL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfn] gfd;f/L
ug{ sf/jfxL rnfPsf] ljifodf u'7L ;+:yfg
zfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/n] l6Kk0fL p7fpg] / s]Gb|Lo
sfof{non] df]xLsf] nutsf u/L u'7L t}gfyL
hgfpg] egL u/]sf] cgflws[t / u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o
u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @-6_ Pj+ bkmf
@& / #) ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt
clwsf/If]q eGbf aflx/ uO{ ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg
zfvf sfof{no eQmk'/n] l6Kk0fL k]z ug]{ /
s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] ldlt @)%(.!@.@) df df]lxofgL
nut sf ug]{ / t}gfyLdf k"hf{ dfu ug]{ egL
u/]sf] u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df
zfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/n] u/]sf] ldlt @)^).!.!@
sf] lg0f{o tyf ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df eP u/]sf]
160
;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLn] lgj]bssf] ;+jw} flgs xddf

cf3ft k/]sf] x'bF f plNnlvt lg0f{ox pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L aHo}sf] gfdsf] df]lxofgL
hUuf lgj]bssf] gfddf gfd;f/L btf{ u/L lbg'
egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} ;f]
hUuf u'7L ;+:yfgn] s'g} klg a]nf lgj]bsnfO{
c;/ kg]{ u/L laqmL ug]{ ;d]tsf sfd sf/jfxL
ug{ ;Sg] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd
lgj]bssf] xs lxt ljk/Lt s'g} klg sfd sf/jfxL
gug"{ gu/fpg" egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf cGtl/d
cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}+ jf
cfgf] k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6
lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxnfO{
;"rgf k7fO{ lbg" . lnlvt hjfkm cfP jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{" . ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] ;d]t dfu x'bF f of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'f]
gnfu];Dd ldlt @)%(.!@.@) / ldlt @)^).!.!@
sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug["{ gu/fpg" egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L
lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
eQmk'/ gjb'uf{sf] lr/fu afNg] u'7Ldf
/Tgs'df/ jgdfnfsf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] ;fljs
a|Dxfo0fL g=g+=!#! xfn gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !u_ lsQf g+= ! sf] @!%) hUufsf] hf]tfxf
ljs'dfof jgdfnf ePsf] / lgh a[4 e} @)$@
;fndf cfg} sfnultn] k/nf]s eO{ xs vfg]
sf]xL gePsf], @)$) ;fnb]lv g} dnfO{ sdfpg
lbPsf] , ldlt @)$^.@.# df s[ i 0fdfgn]
/Tgs'df/;Fu hUuf sdfpg] sj'lnot sfuh
u/fO{ lnPsf] x'bF f df]xL nutdf gfd bflvnf
ul/kfpFm egL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfsf] ldlt

@)$*.!@.^ df lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] . s[i0fdfgsf]
egfO{ em"7f xf] . ;f] hUuf cfdf ljs'dfof hLljt
5p~h]n cfdfn] / z]ifkl5 d}n] hf]tsdf]b u/L
afnL a'emfpb} cfPsL x'bF f d]/f] gfpFdf sfod
ul/kfpFm egL ljs'nIdL jgdfnfn] sfuh u/]sf] .
@)$) b]lvsf] lt/f] u'7Lsf gfO{sn
] fO{ a'emfO{
cfPsf] x'bF f hf]tfxf df]xL d]f/f] gfddf sfod
ul/kfpFm egL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfn] u/]sf] sfuh .
plNnlvt hUuf !(@% dfu{ !$ df >L
% dflxnL dxf/fgL ;'j0f{ke| f b]jLsf] gflt rf}tl/of
zdz]/ h+u zfxn] gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu afNg]
u'7Lsf] nflu /fv]sf] 5"6 u'7L xf] eGg] /Tgs'df/
jgdfnfsf] lgj]bg .
u' 7 L hUufdf @)#) ;fn r} q
d;fGtkZrft\ dfq df]lxofgL xs k|bfg u/]sf]
x'bF f tTsfn hUuf sdfpg] ljs'dfofnfO{ df]xL
xs k|fKt ePs} lyPg . u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)@(
n] btf{jfnf df]xLsf] xs ;dfKt u/L ;s]sf] x'bF f
vf; hf]tfxsf] gftfn] d]/f] gfpFdf df]xL sfod
ul/kfpFm eGg] /fds'df/ jgdfnfsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] .
5f]/f5f]/L sf]xL gePsL btf{jfnf ljs'dfofn]
@)$) ;fndf hUufwgL /Tgs'df/nfO{ sfuh
u/L 5f]8L lbPsf]n] sj'lnot u/L e/kfO{ lnO{
hf]tL cfPsf] egL k'gM s[i0fdfg jf;'snfsf]
lgj]bg kg{cfO{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 @)$)
;fnb]lv s[i0fdfgn] hf]tsdf]b u/L cfPsf] eGg]
l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . gu/kflnsfaf6
ePsf] l;kmfl/z tyf ;h{ldg d'rN' sf;d]taf6
of] hUuf ljs'dfofn] gsdfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf],
lgh ljs'dfof @)$@ ;fndf k/nf]s eO{ lghsf]
gfddf df]lxofgL gfd;f/L gePsf] hUUffdf df]xL
sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] s[i0fdfg / vf; hf]tfxf d
x'F eGg] /fds'df/ jgdfnf e} t]/f] d]/f];d]t x'bF f
u'7L sfof{non] s;}nfO{ df]xL sfod ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yf ePg .
161

&), h]7
@)&),
hUufwgL;Dd gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu

afNg] u'7L hgfO{ gfkLdf df]xL n]lvPsf] JolQm
k/fnf]]s e};s]sf]n] lghsf] gfd sf u/L k"hf{
dfu ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . df]xL xs ;DaGwdf
t]/f] d]/f] ePsf] cj:yfdf clwsf/k|fKt lgsfodf
guO{ u'7L ;+:yfgdf lgj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs
sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . ljs'dfof lgj]bssL
cfdfsL cfdf ePsf]n] lgj]bssf gfpFdf df]xLxs
cfpg ;Sg] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . cfdfsf
gfpFdf df]xL xs sfod ge} 5f]/fsf gfpFdf
cfpg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . ljs'dfof g} of] hUUffsf]
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] df]xL xf]Ogg\ . lghn] k]z u/]sf]
hf]tfxf c:yfoL lg:;fdf hUufwgL dxndf
gjb'uf{ u'7Lsf] gfd n]lvPsf] geO{ /Tgs'df/sf]
gfd n]lvPsf] 5 . pgfp JolQm hUufwgL
b]vfPsf] hf]tfx c:yfoL lg:;f, k|df0f nfUg]
gx'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{
ldNb}g, lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{, eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
/ u'7L zfvf sfof{no eQmk'/sf] tkm{af6 k/]sf]
;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .
>L gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu afNg] u'7Lsf
nutdf btf{ ePsf] ;fljs a|Dxfo0fL df}hfsf]
g=g+= !#! sf] nutcGtu{tsf] eQmk'/ lhNnf,
eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !u= ls=g+= ! sf]
@!%) hUufsf] hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfof jgdfof
tyf 5"6jfnf u'l7of/ /Tgs'df/ jgdfnf eO{
hf]tfxfn] pQm hUuf sdfO{ cfPsf] cj:yfdf
lghsf] 5f]/f tyf klt ;d]t gePsf] / pQm
hUuf sdfpg g;Sg] dgf;o JoQm u/L @)$)
;fnb]lv 5'6jfnfO{ lhDdf lbg' ePsf]n] 5"6jfnf
u'l7of/sf] d~h"/Ln] @)$) ;fnsf] afnLb]lv g}
d}n] hf]t sdf]b u/L s'tafnL a'emfpb} cfPsf] /
;f]xL d~h"/Lsf cfwf/df ldlt @)$^.@.# df
bf]xf]/f] s't sa'lnot;d]t u/L df]xLsf] x}l;otn]
hUuf sdfO{ cfPsf] . ;fljssf hf]tfxf ljs'dfof
jgdfnf @)$@ ;fndf k/nf]s ePkl5 d}n] g}

sdfO{ cfPsf] / hf]t sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
l;kmfl/z kfpg ldlt @)$^.!.@) df
gu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg u/]sf] x'F . pQm hUuf d}n]
g} sdfO{ cfPsf] s'/f ldlt @)$&.(.@% tyf
ldlt @)%^.%.@( sf] ;h{ldgaf6 ;d]t :ki6
ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLsf] aHo}n] cfgf] hLjgsfndf
g} xs 5f]l8;s]sf] ljjfbsf] hUufsf ;DaGwdf
z]=j=;d]t gePsf] / ePs} eP klg k|fKtstf{n]
gkfPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] kfpg] cj:yf 5}g .
u'7L ;+:yfgsf] u'7L t}gfyL sfod ug]{ lg0f{o
;d]tdf lrQ ga'emL ljkIfL ;d]tsf pk/ lg0f{o
ab/ xs sfod d'2f eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf
btf{ u/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL d'2faf6}
af]lng] ljifodf l/6 If]qaf6 x]g{ ldNb}g . ljjfbsf]
hUuf @)$) ;fnb]lv ljs'dfofn] sdfpg
5f8]kl5 lgj]bs tyf lghsf] cfdfn] sdfPsf]
eGg] k|df0f klg b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g .
ljs'dfofn] g} df]xL 5f]8L d}n] sdfO{ cfPsf]
hUufsf ;DaGwdf u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf #) tyf ck'tfnLsf] @ g+=sf] cfwf/ lnO{
bfjL ug{ gldNg] x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h /ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)^).!.!@ sf]
hUuf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o;lxtsf] kmfOn u'7L ;+:yfg
zfvf sfof{no eQmk'/af6 lemsfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf
;d]t lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bgdf ab/sf] dfu /x]sf] / u'7L
;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%(.!@.@)
df ePsf] lg0f{o ;lxtsf] ;Ssn kmfO{n u'7L
;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
k|:t't lgj]bgdf lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL bfjL lnPsf] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf eQmk'/
lhNnf cbfntdf ljkIfL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfn]
162
u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ;d]tpk/

lg0f{o ab/ xs sfodsf] d'2f k/L d'NtaLdf
/x]sf] eGg] x'bF f pQm ldl;n eQmk'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
ljjfbsf] hUufsf] hUufwgLsf] ;DaGwdf
ljjfb geO{ hf]tfxf df]xLsf] ;DaGwdf;Dd ljjfb
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+nUg lkmN8a'ssf] k|ltlnlkdf
df]xL ljs'dfof jgfdfnf, ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf
/Tgs'df/sf] hUuf hf]tLvfO{ cfPsf] eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ u'7Lsf] nutdf btf{
sfod x'g' gkg]{ eP bfjL lj/f]w ug{ cfpg'
egL eQmk'/ u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{ sfof{non]
ldlt @)%#.*.& df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]
b]lvFbf ;f] hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfof
jgdfnf b]lvPsf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;Sg]
l:ylt /x]g . ljjfbsf] hUufsf] e'=;'=$ g+=
kmf/fd hf]tfxfsf] c:yfoL lg:;fdf ljs'dfof
jgdfnfsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf]n] To;/L sfod
ePsf] df]xLn] cfk\mgf] xs sfg"gadf]lhd kl/Tofu
u/]df afx]s s'g} sf/0fn] To:tf] df]lxofgL xs
lgnlDjt jf vf/]h x'g] l:ylt /xGg . ljjfbsf]
hUuf ljs'dfof jgdfnfn] sdfpg 5f8]sf]n]
@)$) ;fnb]lv 5"6jfnf /Tgs'df/ jgdfnfsf]
d~h"/Ln] cfk"mn] hf]tLsdfO{ cfPsf] eGg] ljkIfL
s[i0fdfg af;'snfsf] lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 .
t/ lgh jf:tljs df]xL ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf]
;j'b k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
ljkIfLdWo]sf s[i0fdfgn] df]xL ljs'dfofsf]
xsbf/ sf]xL gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df cfk\mgf]
gfddf df]lxofgL dfu u/L b/vf:t lbPsf]
b]lvP klg df]xL ljs'dfofn] z]ifkl5sf] js;kq
u/L 5f]/LnfO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf xsbf/ gePsf]
eGg] g} p7fpg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
ctM s'g} :yflkt clen]v / sfg"gL
cfwf/ a]u/ Psfsf] gfddf lkmN8a's nufotdf
hlgPsf] df]lxofgL;DaGwL tYosf] ljk/Lt u'7L

t}gfyL sfod dfgL cfk\mgf] gfddf hUufwgL
k"hf{ dfu ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL b]lvPsf]n]
u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ljjfbsf] hUufsf]
df]xL dxndf u'7L ;+:yfg hgfpg] egL u/]sf]
ldlt @)%(.!@.@) sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf
cfwf/df u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/af6
df]xLsf] nut sf u/L u'7L t}gfyL k"hf{ dfu
ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^).!.!@ df ePsf] lg0f{o
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljjfbsf]
hUufsf] ;fljs df] x L ljs' d fofn] 5f] / L
ljs'nIdLnfO{ z]=j=ul/lbPsf] eGg] ldl;naf6
b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L
k|lqmofsf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fO{
lbg' egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^$.(.@% sf] cfb]z .
ljjfbsf] ls=g+=! hUufsf] hUufwgL u'7L
;+:yfgcGtu{t >L gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu
afNg] u'7L / ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfof jgdfnf
ePsf]df @)$) ;fnsf afnLb]lv g} pQm hUuf
lghn] sdfpg 5f]8L 5"6jfnf /Tgs'df/nfO{
lhDdf lbg' ePsf] xf] . lgh 5'6jfnfaf6 @)$)
;fnb]lv g} d}n] sdfpg lnO{ ;fn;fnsf]
s'tafnL a'emfpFb} cfPsf], l;kmfl/z / :yfgLo
;h{ldgaf6 ;d]t d]/f] ef]u b]lvO{ df]xLdf t]/f]d/] f]
k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf] hUufnfO{ u'7L t}gfyL
sfod ug]{ u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{nosf] ldlt
@)^).!.!@ sf] lg0f{opk/ d}n] lg0f{o ab/ xs
sfod d'2f lbO{ sf/jfxLo'Qm /x]s} cj:yfdf
;f] d'2fdf c;/ kg]{ u/L cbfnt :jo+n] afbLsf]
:yfg u|x0f u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^$.(.@% sf]
cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ 5 . l/6 If]qaf6 x]g}{ gldNg]
ljifodf k|df0fsf] unt d"Nofg u/L ePsf]
o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o g]sfk
163

&), h]7
@)&),
@)%#, lg=g+=^!&! df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt;d]tsf]

7f8f] alv{nfk x'Fbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd ;f] q'l6k"0f{ cfb]z k'g/fnf]sg u/L
d]/f] lnlvt hjfkmadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Aoxf] / fsf] s[ i 0fdfg af;' s nfsf] o;
cbfnt;dIfsf] lgj]bgkq .
o;df jfbL log} lgj]bs s[i0fdfg
af;'snf k|ltjfbL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
;d]t ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ xs sfod d'2fsf] ldl;n
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.!( sf] cfb]z .
o;df eQmk'/ u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o kmfOn x]bf{ ljjfbsf] ls=g+=!
sf] hUuf lkmN8a'sdf hf]tfxfaf6 z]=j=lnvt
kfPsf] cfwf/df bf=vf=dfu u/L ljs'nIdL
jgdfnfn] o;} sf/jfxLdf bfjL lnPsf] eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] pQm hUuf ef]u
ug]{ s[i0fdfg af;'snfaf6 u'l7of/n] afnL
a'em]sf] / ef]uklg lghn] g} u/]sf] ;h{ldgaf6
b]lvg cfpF5 ;d]t elgPsf] 5 . To;/L df]xL
xsdf g} ljjfb p7L df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] k|Zg
pkl:yt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;fljs df] x L
ljs'dfofn] 5f]/L ljs'nIdLnfO{ z]=j=u/L lbPsf]
eGg] ldl;naf6 b] l vPsf] eGg] ;d] t sf]
cfwf/df df] x L gfd;f/L k| l qmofsf] nflu
;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fOlbg' egL u'7L
;+:yfgsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L x'g] u/L o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
km};nf ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o:t} u'7L hUufdf
df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d]/f]sf] k|ZglgxLt /x]sf]
d'2fdf o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 u'7L
hUufsf] df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d]/f] ;DaGwL
ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{
ePsf] b]lvg cfPg egL u'7L hUufsf] xsdf
;d]t ;a'b k|df0f a'emL df]xL ;DaGwL t]/f]d]/f]
k| Z gdf lg0f{ o ug] { clwsf/ e" l d;' w f/

clwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ egL dx]Gb|gfy
pkfWofo ;d]t lj=u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
;d]t g]sfk @)%#, lg=g+=^!&!, k[=@*& df
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt
;Gbe{df o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^$.(.@% df ePsf km};nf pQm l;4fGt
;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf]s bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -v_ jdf]lhd k|:t't d'2f k'g/fnf]sg
u/L x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^&.%.$ sf] cfb]z .
o;df u'7L ;+:yfgsf] lg0f{opk/ eQmk'/
lhnf cbfntdf k/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ xs sfod
d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfpk/ oL lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gdf bfo/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg xfn
pQm cbfntsf] ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] eGg] ax;sf
l;nl;nfdf hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] / ;f] d'2fdf
p7fOPsf] ljifo k|:t't d'2f;Fu ;d]t ;DalGwt
b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 pQm ldl;n
lemsfO{ k|fKt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug"{ .
lgodjdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{jf6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /fdk|;fb e08f/L ';+ej' n]
ljjflbt u'7L hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfof
ePklg lghn] @)$) ;fnb]lv g} hUuf sdfpg
5f]8s
] f] sf/0f 5"6jfnf /Tgs'df/n] lgj]bsnfO{
bf]xf]/f] sa'lnot u/L df]xLdf sdfpg lbPsf
x'g\ . ;f] adf]lhd 5 jif{sf] afnL ;d]t a'emfPsf]
cj:yf 5 . g=kf=sf] l;kmfl/z / :yfgLo
;h{ldgaf6 ;d]t ljjflbt hUufdf lgj]bss}
ef]u b]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bssf] df]xLxssf]
hUufdf cl3 g} df]xL xs 5fl8;s]sL ljs'dfofaf6
z]=j=kfPsf] egL ljkIfLn] df]xLdf bfjL u/]sf]
sf/0f k|i6 kdf df]xL t]/f]d/] f] k/]sf] xf] . o:tf]
164
ljifodf u'7L ;+:yfgn] geO{ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non]

lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ egL g]sfk @)%#, k[=@*& df
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt ljkIfLsf gfddf df]xL
gfd;f/Lsf nflu n]vL k7fpg' egL ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] cfb]z
k'g/fnf]sg x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL /fds'df/ jgdfnfsf] tkm{af6
/xg' ePsf ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L a;Gt/fd
e08f/Ln] df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfb g} 5}g .
hUufwgL u'7L / df]xL l/6 lgj]bssf] ah}
ljs'dfof ePsf] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . ljs'dfofn]
@)$@ ;fndf lghsf] df]xLxs lgj]bssf] cfdf
ljs'nIdLnfO{ z]=j=dfkm{t\ xs x:tfGt/0f
ul/lbPsf] / @)$% ;fndf lghsf] d[To' ePsf]
x'Fbf dfuadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L;Dd x'g' kg]{
cj:yf 5 . ljs'dfofn] df]xL xs 5f8]s} 5}g .
@ g+= cg';"rL / $ g+= hf]tfxf c:yfoL lg:;f
ljs'dfof s} gfpFdf sfod 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
/Tgs'df/nfO{ ljs'dfofsf] df]xLxs ljkIfLnfO{
lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ g} 5}g . lbPsf] klg xf]Og .
ljkIfL :jo+ unt af6f] cjnDag u/L lg0f{o
ab/ d'2f lnP/ hfg' ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgaf6 lghsf] xs sfod x'g ;Sb}g .
k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;fdf pNn]v ePsf] ghL/
cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]n] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f cGoyf ug'k{ g]{
cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
u'7L ;+:yfgsf tkm{jf6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]nn] df]xLsf] bfjL
ug]{ b'j} JolQm df]xL sfod x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
gePsf]n] u'7Lsf gfddf sfod ug]{ u/L u'7L
;+:yfgaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\
ePsf] / u'7L ;+:yfgsf lj?4df k/dfb]z hf/L
x'g g;Sg] x'bF f ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z
ab/ x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
kIf ljkIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]

ug'{ ePsf] plNnlvt ax; lhls/ dgg\ u/L k]z
x'g cfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog
ul/x]bf{ o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;jf6 ePsf]
cfb]z k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]gk{' g]{ xf], xf]Og eGg]
laifodf s]lGb|t /lx lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
5.
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;j]{ gfkLdf
gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu afNg] u'7L hUufwgL /
hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfof hlgPsf] eQmk'/ g=kf=j8f
g+=!-u_ ls=g+=! If]qkmn @!%) sf] ljjflbt
u'7L clwg:y 5"6 hUufsf] hUufwgL u'7L ;+:yfg
eGg] hlgPsf] kfOG5 . ;f] hUufsf] 5"6jfnf
u'l7of/ /tgs'df/ / ;fljs hf]tfxf df]xL
ljs'dfof ePsf] tYodf klg vf;} ljjfb /x]sf]
kfOFbg} . hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfofsf] klt tyf
5f]/f gePsf] / lghsf] a[4fj:yf ePsf]n] pQm
hUuf @)$) ;fnb] l v g} sdfpg 5f8L
5"6jfnfsf] lhDdfdf lbPsf]n] 5"6jfnf u'l7of/sf]
d~h"/Ln] @)$) ;fnb]lv g} hf]tsdf]b u/L
;fn;fnsf] s"t a'emfpFb} cfPsf] tyf ldlt
@)$^.@.# df bf]xf]/f] s"t sj'lnot ;d]t u/L
df]xLsf] x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf]n] cfk\mgf] gfddf
df]xL sfod x'g'kg]{ eGg] lgj]bs s[i0fdfg
af;'snfsf] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ pQm
hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfofn] lghsf] df]xL
xs ldlt @)$@.^.* df 5f]/L ljs'nIdLnfO{
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L lbPsf]df aHo} ljs'dfof
tyf cfdf ljs'nIdLsf] ;d]t b'js
} f] k/nf]s
ePsf] sf/0f cfk\mgf] xs ePsf] / gfd;f/L;Dd
ug{ afFsL /x]sf] eGb} ljs'nIdLsf] 5f]/f ljkIfL
l/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ jgdfnfn] df]xL gfd;f/Lsf]
bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= pk/f]Qm df]xL sfod;DaGwL ljjfbdf
eQmk'/ u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{ sfof{noaf6
sf/jfxL x'bF } hfFbf df]xL t]/f]d/] f]sf] l:ylt k/L
165

&), h]7
@)&),
u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k/fdz{sf] nflu

k7fOPsf]df df]xLsf] k/nf]s eO{ xsbf/ gePsf]
cj:yfdf u'7L t}gfyLtkm{ btf{ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 egL
/fo k|fKt ePsf] / k'gM ;f]xL adf]lhd lgsf;fsf]
nflu n]vL k7fOPsf]df ldlt @)%(.!@.@) df
df]xLsf] nut sf u/L df]xL / hUufwgL dxndf
u'7L ;+:yfg n]vL u'7L t}gfyL hgfO{ btf{ ug]t{ km{
sf/jfxL ug{' eGg] ;d]t lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] .
u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] pQm lg0f{o /
ldlt @)%(.!@.@% sf] kqfrf/ -cfb]z_ adf]lhd
ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xLsf] nut sf u/L u'7L
t}gfyL k"hf{ dfu ug]{ u/L u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf
sfof{no eQmk'/af6 ldlt @)^).!.!@ df lg0f{o
ePsf] / ;f] b'j} lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/
u/L df]xL gfd;f/L u/L lbg' egL k/dfb]z ;d]t
dfu u/L l/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ jgdfnfn] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
$= ;fljsb]lv sfod /x]sf] btf{jfn
df]xL ljs'dfofn] xs 5f8]sf] k|df0fsf cefjdf
cGo JolQmnfO{ bf]xf]/f] s't sa'lnot u/L lbg]
tyf ;f]sf] cfwf/df df]xL bfjL ug]{ clwsf/
u'l7of/ tyf u'l7of/af6 sfuh u/fpg] s[i0fdfg
af;'snfnfO{ gx'g] / ;fljs df]xLsf] df]xL xs
;dfKt x'g] u/L df]xL nut sf u/]sf] u}/sfg"gL
x'g] egL df]xL nut sf u/L u'7L ;+:yfgs}
gfddf t}gfyL sfod u/]sf] / ;f] adf]lhd
hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ agfpg n]vL k7fpg] pk/f]Qm
ldlt @)%(.!@.@) / @)^).!.!@ sf] lg0f{o
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lgjb]ssf]
dfuadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L k|lqmofsf] nflu
;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fO{ lbg" egL o;
cbfntaf6 ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfgsf gfddf
k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{opk/
cfk"mn] lg0f{o ab/ d'2f lbO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]s}
cj:yfdf pQm d'2fnfO{ ;d]t c;/ kg]{ u/L
df]xL t]/f]d/] f]sf] ljjfbdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6

lg0f{o x'gk' g]{ eGg] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k+l| ts"n
kIfsf] :yfg u|x0f u/L l/6 lgj]bssf gfddf
df]xL gfd;f/Lsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg" egL k/dfb]z
hf/L u/]sf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf]n] k'g/fnf]sg ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ToyL{ s[i0fdfg
af;'snfsf] lgj]bg k/L ;f]xL cfwf/df lg:;f
k|bfg ePsf] /x]5 .
^= k|ydtM df]xL xs sfg"gadf]lhd dfq
k|fKt / ;dfKt x'g] xs xf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g .
s'g} klg JolQmsf gfddf sfod ePsf] df]xLsf]
nut sf ug{sf] nflu e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
/ e"ld ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@! df lglb{i6
cj:yf / cfwf/xsf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{tf
x'G5 . u'7L sfof{nonfO{ u'7L hUufsf] k|zf;g /
Joj:yfkg ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)##
n] k|bfg u/]sf] ePklg df]xLsf] xs ;dfKt x'g]
u/L df]xL nut sf ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvFbg} . t;y{ ljs'dfofsf] df]xL nut sf ug]{
u/L u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ldlt
@)%(.!@.@) df / ;f] adf]lhd ;|:] tf k"hf{
agfpg n]vL k7fpg] u/L u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf
sfof{no, eQmk'/af6 ldlt @)^).!.!@ df ul/Psf
lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL b]lvPsf]n] pQm lg0f{ox
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] 7xofPsf] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;sf] cfb]z cGoyf b]lvg cfpFbg} .
&= hxfF;Dd l/6 lgj]bssf gfpFdf df]xL
gfd;f/Lsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg" egL k/dfb]z
hf/L ePsf] gldn]sf] eGg] ljifo 5, ljjflbt
ls=g+=! hUufsf] ;fljs hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfof
x'g\ eGg] tYodf ljjfb geP klg @)$)
;fnkl5 lghn] hUuf sdfpg 5f8]sf sf/0f
5"6 u'l7of/n] bf]xf]/f] sa"lnot ;d]t ul/lbPaf6
cfk"m df]xL ePsf] egL s[i0fdfg af;'snfn]
df]xL bfjL u/]sf] sf/0f df]xLdf t]/f]d]/f] k/L
ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf
166
*(%$ x'sd' l;+x yfkf lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
;fljs hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfofn] /Ltk"j{s df]xL

xs 5f8]sf] cj:yf xf] xf]Og, df]xL xs 5f8]sf]
eP ljjfbsf] hUuf xfn s] s'g JolQmn]
hf]tsdf]b u/]sf] cj:yf 5 / df]xL xs g5f8]sf]
eP lghn] ul/lbPsf] elgPsf] z]ifkl5sf]
js;kqadf]lhd lghsL 5f]/L ljs'nIdL tyf
lghsf 5f]/f l/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ agdfnfsf]
gfddf df]xL xs sfod x'g ;Sg] xf] xf]Og eGg]
cfwf/e"t k|Zg Psftkm{ pkl:yt ePsf] kfOG5 .
To:t} hf]tfxf df]xLn] @)$) ;fnb]lv hUuf
sdfpg 5f8]sf sf/0f 5"6 u'l7of/n] lbPsf]
elgPsf] s't sj'lnot / ekf{Oa{ df]lhd df]xLsf]
x}l;otn] hUuf hf]tsdf]b u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bs
s[i0fdfg af;'snfsf] l:ylt s] x'g] xf], lghnfO{
lbOPsf] elgPsf] bf]xf]/f] s't sj'lnot / ekf{O{
sfuhxsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 ;f]sf]
cfwf/df lghsf gfddf df]xL sfod x'g ;Sg]
xf] xf]Og eGg] ljifox klg lg0ff{os k|Zgsf]
kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= df]xLsf] xs k|flKt / ;dflKt;Fu
hf]l8Psf pk/f]Qm k|df0fxsf] ljZn]if0f u/L
df]xLsf] ljjfbdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L
;+:yfgnfO{ gePsf]n] ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/
sfof{noaf6} lg0f{o lgk0f x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 . u'7L
hUufdf df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d/] f]sf] k|Zg lgxLt
/x]sf] o:t} k|sl[ tsf] dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo ;d]t
lj=u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t ePsf]
d'2fdf o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 u'7L hUufsf]
df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d/] f] ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg?k0f
ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ geO{ k|df0f a'emL
df]xL ;DaGwL t]/f]d/] f] k|Zgdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] egL g]sfk @)%#,
lg=g+=^!&!, k[=@*& df l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg
ePsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't df]xL t]/f]d/] f]sf] ljjfbsf]
klg ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6} 6'u+ f] nfUg'
kg]{ b]lvof] .
*= t;y{M plNnlvt k|ltkflbt l;4fGt

;d]tsf] cfwf/ sf/0faf6 ljs'dfofsf] df]xL xs
l/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ jgdfnfsf] gfddf gfd;f/L
ug{ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg" egL u'7L
;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z
hf/L u/]sf] xb;Dd o; cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf]
ldlt @)^$.(.@% sf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf]n]
;f]xb;Dd k'g/fnf]sg eO{ df]xL t]/f]d/] f]sf] ljifodf
lg0f{o ug{ b'j} kIfnfO{ ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/
sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg" egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg
zfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L
x'g] 7x5{ . ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLnfO{ u/fO{
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn j}zfv % ut] /f]h % z'ed\=
Ohnf; clws[tMgf/fo0f ;'jb] L
167
lg0f{o g+=*(%$
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz] Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0F >]i7
l/6 g+=)^*WS))%@
cfb]z ldltM@)^(.*.@*.%
ljoM pTk|i] f0f;d]t .

&), h]7
@)&),
lgj]bsM lh=;Kt/L, xlb{of uf=lj=;=j8f g+= #

cfb]z
Gof=bfdf] b /k| ; fb zdf{ M g] k fnsf]
a:g] x'sd
' l;+x yfkf
lj?4
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/b\sf] sfof{no -!_ / -@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf btf{ eO{ k]z
;d]t
ePsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] tYo Pj+ lg0F{o
o;k|sf/ 5M
ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,
d lgj]bs g]kfnsf] gful/s x'" . dhb"/L
@)!( sf] bkmf % n] s'g} k|sf/sf] ug{ d ef/t uO{ dhb"/L u/L ldlt @)^*.(.$
ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnleq Nofpg, df af"ss
] f] k}l8of gfsfaf6 g]kfn k|jz
] u/]sf]df
aflx/ n}hfg jf a}l+ s sf/f]jf/;d]t dnfO{ Toxf" t}gfy k|x/Lxn] vfgtnf;L u/L
ug{ gkfpg] u/L lg]w ug]{ u/L ;"rgf d}n] ef/tdf dhb"/L u/L sdfO{ NofPsf]
k| s flzt ug{ ; Sg] clwsf/ g] k fn ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x;d]t vf];L
;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k| o f] u hkmt u/] . ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x
u/L cy{ dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|sflzt g]kfndf rngrNtLdf cfp"bg} g\ eGg] af/]df dnfO{
u/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf] 6 sf] yfxf hfgsf/L;d]t lyPg . To:tf gf]6x
sf/f] j f/df nufPsf] k| l taGwnfO{ g]kfndf cj}w dflgG5g\ egL s'g} ;"rgf, af]8,{
sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] .
jf krf{ klg lgsflnPsf] dnfO{ hfgsf/L lyPg .
;6xL jf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndf ;lhnf]sf] nflu dfq d}n] ef=?=!)). sf gf]6x
Nofpg n}hfg;d]t lg]lwt gf]6x ef/td} ;f6L ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x
;fydf lnO{ lx8\ g ] sfo{ :jo+ d f NofPsf] lyP" . o;/L daf6 ef=?=%)). / !))).
s;"/hGo sfo{ ePsfn] ;f] s;"/df sf gf]6x ;fydf NofPsf] eGg] cleof]udf
cg' ; Gwfg / sf/jfxL ug{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L ldlt @)^*.(.% df /fhZj
clwsf/k| f Kt lgsfo /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefudf a'fPkl5 ;f] ljefuaf6
cg' ; Gwfg ljefun] k| r lnt a/fdb ePsf ef=?=%)). b/sf yfg #($ /
sfg" g adf] h d w/f} 6 L dfuL d' 2 fsf] !)). b/sf yfg $% ;d] t hDdf
sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{ ef=?=@,$@,))). sf] ;6xL b/adf]lhdsf] x'g]
sfg"gljk/Lt eGg jf dfGg g;lsg] . g]=?=#,*&,%^#. ljuf] sfod u/L ljuf]adf]lhd
-k|s/0f g+=%_ w/f}6L dfu ug]{ egL cfb]z ePsf]df d}n] ;f]
w/f}6L a'fO{ xfn y'gfd'Qm ePsf] 5' .
ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf] 6 x
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf /fdxl/ lqkf7L g]kfndf k|ltalGwt ug{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ /x]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] /fhZj cg';Gwfg
/]UdL
ljefuaf6 dnfO{ w/f}6L dfuL sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
ePsf] cfb]zdf sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . t;y{ ;f]
;Da4 sfg"gM
ljefusf] ldlt @)^*.(.% sf] cfb]zkrf{ ab/efuL
168
x'b+ f pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy}

d]/f] ;fyaf6 a/fdb u/L hkmt u/]sf] ef=?=%)).
/ !))). sf gf]6x lagfzt{ lkmtf{ lbg' lbnfpg'
egL k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm .
tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{
dGqfnoaf6 @)%&.#.!@ df g]kfn /fhkqdf
k| s flzt ;" r gfsf] klxnf] a' + b f -s_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf t/ ef=?=%)). b/sf
gf]6 g]kfn clw/fHodf a}l+ s sf/f]jf/ / ;6xL
gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf d'bf| x g]kfn clw/fHoleq
Nofpg jf aflx/ k7fpg ;d]t kfOg] 5}g egL
;"rgf hf/L ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] ;"rgf ljb]zL
ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]_{ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf %
sf] ckJofVof u/L hf/L ul/Psf] /x]5 . g]kfn
ef/taLr hg:t/df ;DaGw /x]sf] cj:yf x'b+ f
nfvf}+ g]kfnL gful/sx /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ef/tdf
hfg] / dhb"/L u/L sdfPsf] gub;d]t g]kfn
NofO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ oyfy{nfO{ /fHon] cgb]vf
ug{ ldNb}g . dhb"/L u/L NofPsf] ef=?=%)). /
!))). sf gf]6x cj}w egL hkmt ug]{ / pN6}
;hfo ug]{ jt{dfg Joj:yf lj8Dagfk"0F{ 5 .
ctM oL ;a} tYonfO{ dgg\ u/L ef=?=%)). /
!))). sf gf]6xsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L pko'Qm
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ egL ljkLxsf] gfp"df
k/dfb]znufot cGo pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf
k"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^*.!!.!% sf] l/6 lgj]bg .
dfuadf]lhdsf] lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkLxnfO{ ;"rgf
lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!!.!^ sf]
cfb]z .
g]kfn /fhkq v08 %), ;+Vof!!, ldlt
@)%&.@.!@ df k|sflzt ;"rgf;DaGwL ljo
ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]_{ P]g, @)!( sf]
bkmf % ;"u aflPsf] egL lgj]bsn] bfjL lng

;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf %-!_ df s'g}
JolQm kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfn] a}s
+ af6 Ohfhtkq
glnO{ s'g} vf; lsl;dsf] g]kfnL d'bf| jf ljb]zL
d'bf| g]kfn /fHosf] ;a} jf s'g} vf; Onfsfleq
Nofpg jf k7fpg gkfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]
g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfb]z hf/L
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ef/tLo d'bf| sf ;DaGwdf hf/L ePsf]
ldlt @)%&.#.!@ sf] ;"rgfnfO{ cGoyf eGg
;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . ;f] ;"rgf s] s;/L
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@, !* / !( ;"u aflPsf] xf]
/ To;af6 lgj]bssf] xsdf s] s;/L cf3ft
k'us
] f] xf] eGg] af/]df lgj]bgdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v
ePsf] 5}g . ctM cfwf/xLg bfjL lnO{ btf{
ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/b\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6
k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .
cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)%&.#.!@ sf]
g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] a'b" f g+=s_sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] t/ ef=?=%)).
b/sf gf]6x g]kfn clw/fHoe/df a}l+ s sf/f]jf/
/ ;6xL gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf d'bf| x g]kfn
clw/fHoleq Nofpg jf aflx/ k7fpg;d]t kfOg]
5}g eGg] Joxf]/f ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]_{
P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf % ;"u gaflPsf] eGg]
s'/fnfO{ lgj]bs :jo+dn] l/6df g} :jLsf/ u/]sf]
b]lv"bf /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefun] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt
P]g, lgodadf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L u/]sf]
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ sfg"g;Ddt\ g} dfGg'kg]{ ePsf]n]
k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t cy{
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .
ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgodlt ug]_{ P]g @)!(
sf] bkmf %-@_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%&.#.!@ sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x
169

&), h]7
@)&),
g]kfndf Nofpg / aflx/ k7fpg aGb]h nufPsf]

5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/
k|of]u u/L g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf] ldlt @)%(.(.!(
/ P]= ljb]zL ljlgdo Joj:yfkg ljefusf] kl/kq
;+Vof $@) ldlt @)^#.!@.!! af6 ef=?=t
:%)). / !))). sf gf]6x v/Lb laqmLdf
aGb]h nufOPsf] 5 . o;/L k|rlnt P]gn] lbPsf]
clwsf/cGtu{t ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L sf/f]jf/
ug{ k|ltaGw nufOPsf ef=?=%)). / !))).
sf gf]6x lgj]bssf] ;fyaf6 a/fdb ePsf]n]
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, af"sn
] ] a/fdb ef=?=;lxt
lgj]bsnfO{ o; ljefudf pkl:yt u/fPsf] /
ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!(
cGtu{tsf] s;"/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ o;
ljefusf] dxflgb] { z s jf lghn] tf] s ] s f]
pkdxflgb]z
{ s jf lgb]z
{ snfO{ ldlt @)%(.^.!
sf] /fhkqaf6 k|bfg ePcg'k o; ljefusf]
dxflgb]z
{ saf6 lghnfO{ aofg u/fO{ P]gsf] bkmf
!&-!)_ adf]lhd d'2f cg';Gwfgsf] nflu w/f}6L
dfu ePsf] xf] . o; ljefuaf6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{
:jLsf/ u/L w/f}6 a'fO{ lgj]bs y'gfd'Qm ePkl5
k|:t't l/6 lbPsf] x'b+ f l/6 vf/]h x'gk' b{5 .
k|rlnt P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/cGtu{t hf/L ePsf
;"rgf / kl/kqsf] pNn3+g ub}{ sfg"gljk/Ltsf]
s;"/ ug]{ lgj]bsnfO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0F clwsf/]qaf6 pkrf/ dfu ug]{ xs
g/x]sf] x'b+ f k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf]
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0F{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf /fdxl/ lqkf7Ln] lgj]bs ;fdfGo
g]kfnL gufl/s x'g.\ ef/tdf dhb"/L u/L :j]bz
kms{bf cfkm"n] sdfPsf] ef=?=%)). / !))).
sf gf]6x lnO{ cfPsf]df TolQs} cfwf/df /fhZj
cg';Gwfg ljefun] ef=?=hkmt u/L sf/jfxL
rnfPsf] 5 . hg:t/df ;DaGw ePsf] ef/tdf

g]kfnL gful/sx hfg] / cfpg] qmd :jfefljs
kdf rln/xg] x' + b f cJofjxfl/s kdf
ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6xdfly k|ltaGw
nufpg] / sf/jfxL rnfPsf] sf/0Fn] lgj]bssf]
/f]huf/Lsf] xsdf g} cf3ft k'us
] f] 5 . ctM
/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt @)^*.(.% sf]
cfb]z krf{;d]t ab/ u/L lgj]bsaf6 a/fdb
ePsf d'bf| x lgj]sbnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg' eGg]
k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L x'g'kb{5 egL / ljkL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/b\sf] sfof{no;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdLn]
ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug]{ P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/
k|of]u u/L cy{ dGqfnoaf6 /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x
g]kfndf Nofpg / g]kfn aflx/ n}hfg jf sf/f]jf/
ug{df k|ltaGw nufOPsf] xf] . lgj]bsn] To:tf]
k|ltalGwt gf]6x ;fydf lnO{ cfPsf] cj:yfdf
k|x/Ln] gf]6;lxt kqmfp u/L clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo
/fhZj cg' ; Gwfg ljefuaf6 sf/jfxL
rnfOPsf]df s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 5}g . ctM l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
pko'Qm adf]lhdsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL
ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0F{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g ;Sg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ljodf lg0F{o
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= ef/tdf dhb"/L u/L g]kfn kms]/{
cfp"bf ;fydf NofPsf] ef=?= %)). / !))).
sf gf]6x k|x/Ln] a/fdb u/L /fhZj cg';Gwfg
ljefudf a'fPsf] / ;f] ljefun] ;f] ;DaGwdf
cg';Gwfg ubf{ w/f}6L dfUg] u/L cfb]z u/]sf]
eGb} /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt @)^*.(.%
sf] cfb]znfO{ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] dfubfjL /fvL
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] b]lvof] . ljb]zL
ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]_{ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf %
170
sf] pkbkmf -!_ df s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf

;+:yfn] a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq glnO{ s'g} vf;
lsl;dsf] g]kfnL d'bf| jf ljb]zL d'bf| g]kfnsf]
;a} jf s'g} vf; Onfsfleq Nofpg jf k7fpg
gkfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf
;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} bkmf !& df P]g jf
o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf ;f]cGtu{t
hf/L ePsf] cfb]z jf lgb]z
{ g jf kl/kq jf
;"rgf jf a}s
+ n] tf]lslbPsf] s'g} k|lqmofljk/Lt
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} sfd u/]df ;f] sfd u/]afkt
ePsf] s;"/;"u ;DalGwt ljb]zL ljlgdo hkmt
u/L To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ljuf]adf]lhdsf] h/Ljfgfb]lv
ljuf]sf] tLg u'0Ff;Dd yk h/Ljfgf x'g5
] eGg]
;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
#= P]gsf] bkmf %-!_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/, xfn g]kfn
;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)%&.#.!@ sf]
g]kfn /fhkq v08 %), ;+Vof !! df k|sflzt
;"rgfsf] a'b" f g+= -s_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf
t/ ef=?= %)). b/sf gf]6 g]kfn clw/fHodf
a}l+ s sf/f]jf/ / ;6xL gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf
d'bf| x g]kfn clw/fHoleq Nofpg jf aflx/
k7fpg;d]t kfOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/L
ef=?=%)). b/sf] gf]6nfO{ g]kfnleq sf/f]jf/
ug{, leq\ofpg / g]kfnaf6 aflx/ k7fpg;d]t
gkfOg] u/L lg]lwt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf !@ df ;f] P]gdf n]lvPsf s'/fx sfof{lGjt
ug{sf] nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;do ;dodf
g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ n] lgb]z
{ gx lbg jf ljlgod
agfpg jf cfb]z jf ;"rgf hf/L ug{ ;Sg] yk
Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn
/fi6 a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, ljb]zL ljlgdo
Joj:yfkg ljefusf] kl/kq ;+Vof$@) ldlt
@)^#.!@.!! sf] kl/kqaf6 ef=?=%)). / !))).
b/sf gf]6xsf] v/Lb laqmLdf aGb]h nufPsf]
eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L lgj]bssf] ;fyaf6 a/fdb

ePsf ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x ljb]zL
ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]_{ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf %!_ / bkmf !@ cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{
dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt ;"rgf tyf g]kfn /fi6
a}s
+ sf] kl/kq;d]t adf]lhd g]kfnleq sf/f]jf/
ug{, ;6xL ug{ jf Nofpg jf n}hfg;d]t gkfpg]
u/L k|ltalGwt ul//x]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb
b]lv"b}g . lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
ef=?=%)). / !,))). b/sf afx] s cGo
ef=?=;d]t a/fdb u/L hkmt u/]sf] eGg ;s]sf]
kfO"bg} .
$= ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]_{ P]g,
@)!( cGtu{t s;"/ dflgg] sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg
ug{ /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ clwsf/
;'lDkPsf] s'/f ldlt @)%(.^.! sf] /fhkqaf6
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL clwsf/cGtu{t lgj]bssf] ;fyaf6
a/fdb ePsf ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf cj}w
gf]6xsf] af/]df /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6
cg';Gwfg eO{ sf/jfxL rNbf ldlt @)^*.(.%
df ;f] ljefusf] dxflgb]z
{ sn] lgj]bsaf6 a/fdb
ePsf] ef=?=%)). b/sf #($ yfg / !))).
b/sf $% yfg;d]t hDdf ef=?=@,$@,))). sf]
;6xL b/n] x'g] g]=?=#,*&,%^#. ljuf] sfod u/L
ljuf] a/fj/sf] w/f}6L dfu ug]{ u/L cfb]z u/]sf]
ldl;n ;+nUg cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 .
;f] cfb]znfO{ :jLsf/ u/L w/f}6L;d]t a'fO{
y'gfd'Qm ePkl5 lgj]bsn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdfkm{t\
/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] pQm ldlt @)^*.(.%
sf] cfb]z tyf cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)%&.#.!@
df k|sflzt ;"rgf;d]t ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
%= ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]_{ P]g,
@)!( sf] bkmf %n] s'g} k|sf/sf] ljb]zL d'bf| nfO{
g]kfnleq Nofpg, aflx/ n}hfg jf a}+ls
sf/f]jf/;d]t ug{ gkfpg] u/L lg]w ug]{ u/L
171

&), h]7
@)&),
;" r gf k| s flzt ug{ ; Sg] clwsf/ g] k fn

;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf]5 eg] bkmf !@n] g]kfn /fi6
a}s
+ nfO{;d]t ;f]xL k|sl[ tsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]xL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cy{
dGqfnon] ldlt @)%&.#.!@ df ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf]6sf] sf/f]jf/df nufPsf]
k|ltaGwnfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt eGg ldn]g . ;fy}
g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf] ldlt @)^#.!@.!! sf] kl/kqaf6
klg ef=? %)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x ;6xL
jf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndf Nofpg n}hfg;d]t
lg]lwt u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf lg]lwt gf]6x
;fydf lnO{ lx8\g] sfo{ :joddf s;"/hGo sfo{
eGg] b]lvG5 . ctM ;f] s;"/df cg';Gwfg /
sf/jfxL ug{ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo /fhZj
cg';Gwfg ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsn] k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]hd lgj]bs;"u w/f}6L dfuL d'2fsf]
sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt
eGg jf dfGg ;lsb}g .
^= t;y{ dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
sf/0F;d] t af6 cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt
@)%&.#.!@sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf
tyf /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 @)^*.(.%
df ePsf] cfb]z;d]t ab/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf gb]lv"bf
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf]
nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodadf]lhd a'fO{
lbg" .
lg0f{o g+=*(%%
;jf{R] r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
d'2f g+=)^&CF))@), ))@!
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.@!.%
d'2f M st{Jo Hofg .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g+=#) sdnfIfL c;g j:g] pk]Gb| zfSo
lj?4
ljkIfL jfbLM;Dk"0f{/Tg t'nfw/sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;/sf/
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ;Dk"0f{/Tg t'nfw/sf] hfx]/Ln]

g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
ljkIfL k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=j8f
g+=#) sdnfIfL c;g j:g] pk]Gb| zfSo
;+oQ' m Ohnf;df km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|t] L

Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\====
Ohnf; clws[t -pk ;lrj_M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
&
172
s'k cg'xf/sf] 5fnf ldnfpgsf nflu

ul/Psf] ck/] z gl;t ;DalGwt
Pg]:y]l;of ;d]tsf] cf}iflwxsf sf/0f
d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ Ps
dlxgfcufl8 P;L8 kmfn]sf] jf/bft;Fu
hf]8L ;f]xL hl/ofaf6 d[To' ePsf] eGg]
lgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
*(%% pk]Gb| zfSo lj=g]kfn ;/sf/
s'ktfnfO{ 7Ls kfg]{ p2]Zon] u/]

u/fPsf] ck/]zgsf] qmddf ePsf] d[To'sf]
;DaGw d[To' x'g' eGbf Ps dlxgf cufj}
P;L8 kmflnPsf] 36gf;Fu hf]8/] bf]ifL
/ d[To'sf] sf/s agfpg' cf}lrTok"0f{,
ts{;u+ t, sfg"g;Ddt / Gofok"0f{ gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
P;L8sf] k|efj jf sf/0faf6 d[To' ePsf]
geO{ ck/]zgsf] qmddf k|of]u ePsf]
"ljleGg cf}iflwsf] Side Effect jf Toxic
Effect tyf e]lG6n]6/n] :jf; gnLdf
;'hg ePsf] sf/0f ;d]taf6 d[To' ePsf]
eGg] ljz]if1 lrlsT;sxsf] k|ltj]bg
/ cbfntdf ePsf] askq ;d]taf6
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$
g+= cg';f/ ;hfo ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
;fwf/0f nf7L, 9'f, nft d'Ssfsf] k|xf/
gu/L P;L8 cg'xf/df kmfn]sf] / lgh
pkrf/ u/L lgsf] eO{ l8:rfh{ e};s]kl5
cg'xf/sf] hn]sf] efu k"j{ kdf Nofpg]
k|of;:jk ck/]zg ubf{ P]gn] tf]ss
] f]
;dofjlw @! lbgkl5 d[To' ePsfn]
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+ = cg' ; f/
s'6kL6sf] 36gfaf6 ynf k/]sf] gePdf
jf P]gn] tf]s]sf] @! lbgkl5 d/]sf]
cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwL dxncGtu{t
Hofg df/]sf] egL ;hfo ug{ sfg"gcg'sn
"
gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tk{maf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf

xl/k|;fb /]UdL
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] *, (, !), !!,
!@, !#-#_, !$ g+=+
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf]
lgod #-!_-s_
km};nf
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM o; cbfntsf]

;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 /fojfemL km};nf eO{ ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_
adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf]] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ pk]Gb| zfSon]
ldlt @)%(.!!.^ ut] k"j{ l/;OjL lnO{ cg'xf/df
P;L8 vGofO{ s'k agfO{ pkrf/sf] l;nl;nfdf
ck/]zg ug{sf nflu ;jf{ :jf:Yo s]Gb| nu]sf]df
ck/]zg x'g gkfO{ ;f]xL rf]6 kL8fsf] sf/0faf6
d[To' ePsf]n] sfg"gadf]lhd Hofg;DaGwL
dxncg';f/ xb};Dd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg]
;Dk"0f{/Tg t'nfw/sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
nfzsf] 6fpsf]df skfn geO{ k"/}
vf}l/Psf], d[tssf] sGr6 tkm{ b'O{ O~rL nfdf]
bfu ePsf], 6fpsf]sf] efudf ! O~r nfdf] 3fp
ePsf], afofF ufnfdf cfFvfd'lg 5fnf k"/} sfnf]
ePsf], 5ftLb]lv 3fF6L lrpF8f];Ddsf] efu k"/}
5fnf hnL sfnf] ePsf] 5ftLsf] 5fnf hn]sf] /
/ut cfPsf], lt3|fdfly k"/} 5fnf sfnf] ePsf]
eGg] nf; k|sl[ t d'rN' sf .
d]/f] Zj]tf t'nfw/;Fu k|d
] ;DaGw e}
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 ljjfx k|foM lglZrt\ e} Zj]tfsf] cfdfj'jfn]
clwjQmf zDe' yfkf tyf ljfg ;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/;Fu lghsf] ljjfx kSsf u/L
clwjQmfx 1fg/Tg zfSo tyf jNne lbg' ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfO{ ;[hgjL/nfO{ ;DemfO{
j:g]t
a'emfO{ ubf{ klg lghn] jf:tf gu/]sf] x'bF f lghnfO{
173

&), h]7
@)&),
st{Jo u/L dfg{] of]hgf agfO{ ldlt @)%(.!!.^

df lghnfO{ Zj]tfsf] af/]df s'/f 5 egL af]nfO{
sf]7fdf n'sfO{ /fv]sf] ;'g, rfFbL agfpg k|of]u
x'g] t]hfa -P;L8_ sf] lzzLn] lghsf] cg'xf/df
5\ofkL s'6kL6 u/L tTsfn gd/L 3fO{t] dfq
eO{ jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{ kl5 pkrf/sf]
qmddf ;jf{ gl;{ xf]ddf egf{ ePsf]df ;f]xL
rf]6 kL8fn] d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t pk]Gb| zfSosf]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf aofg .
pk]Gb| zfSon] 5\ofk]sf] P;L8sf] rf]6
kL8fn] ;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/sf] d[To' ePsf] s'/fdf
ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nId0f
jh|frfo{sf] sfuh .
k"j{ l/;OjLn] 3fts t]hfa 5\ofkL ;Vt
3fO{t] agfO{ jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ eO{ k'gM
;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgdf egf{ ul/Psf]df lghsf]
;f]xL lbg t]hfasf] rf]6 kL8fn] d[To' ePsf] s'/f
;'gL yfxf kfPsf] ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t
j'lemPsf k|of >]i7, kjg >]i7sf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] Hofg dfg{] p2]Zon]
P;L8 -t]hfa_ vGofPsf] / s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf]
;f]xL rf]6 kL8faf6 ;+jb] gzLn cdf uDeL/ c;/
k/L ynf k/L pkrf/fy{ jL/ c:ktfn Pj+ ;jf{
gl;{ xf]ddf pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] x'bF f
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] * g+=jlv{nfk P]=sf] ! g+=+
tyf !#-#_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf xb};Dd ;hfFo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .
d}n] d[tsnfO{ P;L8 5sL{ s'6kL6 u/]sf]
xf]Og dnfO{ xfg]sf] P;L8 d}n] 5]Sbf d]/f] xftdf
/ jf]tnaf6 pl5lP/ d[tsnfO{ nfUg uPsf] xf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon]
cbfntdf u/]sf]] aofg .
kLl8tsf] 3fF6L / 5ftLsf 3fpx lgsf]
gePsf]n] j]xf]z e} pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf]
xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgsf
8f=gf/fo0f uf]ljGb cdfTosf] askq .
pk]Gb|sf] st{Joaf6 d[To' ePsf] eP cl3

g} d[To' x'g' kb{Yof] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf
;fIfL pd]z dx{hgsf] askq .
;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ pk]Gb| zfSon]
P;L8 5s{s
] f]n] d[To'' ePsf] xf] egL hfx]/jfnf
;Dk"0f{ /Tg t'nfw/sf] askq .
d[tsnfO{ /fd|f] cj:yfdf gcfO{ l8:rfh{
ul/Fbg} . l8:rfh{ ubf{ lghsf] cj:yf /fd|f] lyof]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jL/ c:ktfnsf] 8f=s]zj
bf; hf]zLsf] askq .
k| : t' t d' 2 fdf d[ t ssf] d[ T o' '
Hofg;DaGwLsf] * g+=+ df pNn]v ePcg';f/
d[tsnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] s'g} c efRg] l5Gg] u/L
xfg] s'6s
] f] cj:yf / To;af6 3fO{t] eO{ ynf
k/L lgsf] geO{ d[To' ePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg
/x]sf] kfO{bg} . jL/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePkl5
P;L8af6 hn]/ v'lDrPsf] 5fnfxsf] ck/]zg
u/L ldnfpg] qmddf lgh a]xf]z ul/Fbfsf] cj:yfdf
ldlt @)%(.!@.* df d[To' ePsf] k|df0fxaf6
k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] Hofg;DaGwLsf] * g+= sf] cj:yf
k/L d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] gx'bF f k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
sf7df8f}+F lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!!.@*
sf] km};nf .
d[ts ;[hgnfO{ dfg{] p2]Zon] d[tssf]
z/L/df t]hfa xfnL 8f]/Ln] 3fF6Ldf s;L dfg{
vf]Hbf d[ts ToxFfaf6 efuL hfx]/jfnfsf] k;ndf
k'uL ToxFfaf6 pkrf/sf] nflu jL/ c:ktfndf
pkrf/ ;d] t eO;s] k l5 l8:rfh{ eO{
k'g' Mpkrf/sf] nflu ;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgdf pkrf/
ubf{ ub{} d[To' ePsf] k|i6 x'bF f klg z'?n] ;kmfO
lbPsf] ldn]g, cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
d[tsnfO{ cg'xf/df t]hfa 5\ofkL dfg{]
of]hgf agfPsf] egL clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L
174
;dIf ;fljt eO{ aofg u/]sf] / P;L8 t]hfasf]

hngsf] pkrf/ x'bF fx'bF s
} f] cj:yfdf c:ktfndf
d[To' ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] l:yltdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] 7xofPsf] z'? sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntsf] O{G;fkm km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf
k|ToyL{nfO{ 5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfO{
cfP kl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z .
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhdsf]
cleof]u bfjL cfslif{t geO{ P]=sf] !$ g+= cfslif{t
x'g] x'bF f k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{ d'ns
' L P]g
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= adf]lhd !) jif{
s}b x'g] 7x5{ . cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg]
7xofPsf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNNff cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^).!!.@* sf] km};nf pN6L x'G5 eGg] ;d]tsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] @)^$.#.#@ sf]
km};nf .
k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] k|]ldsfsf] ljjfx
d[ts;Fu x'g] lglZrt\ ePkl5 ;f]xL l/;OjLsf
sf/0f d[tsnfO{ dfg{] p2]Zo lnO{ cfkm"n] n'sfO{
/fv]sf] P;L8 d[tssf] z/L/df 5\ofk]sf] /
To;kl5 s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf] tYodf ;xdt
eO{ aofg u/]sf 5g\ . jf/bft k|ltjfbLs} 3/
sf]7fdf ePsf] / t]hfa h:tf] kbfYf{ ;lhnf] ;Fu
;a}n] b]Vg 5'g ;lsg] 7fpFdf g/flvg] ePsf] t/
d[tsnfO{ pQm t]hfaaf6} 3fO{t] agfO{ k6sk6s
k|xf/ u/L s'6kL6 u/]sf]] tYo 3fO{ts
] f] hfFr s]z
kmf/fd , t]hfa a/fdb ePsf] a/fdbL d'rN' sfaf6
;d]t k'li6 eO{ k|ltjfbLsf] dfg{] dg;fo :ki6tM
b]lvO/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfg{] dg;fo gePsf] egL
cfTdut kdf lnOPsf] cfwf/ :jLsf/ of]Uo
5}g\ . k|ltjfbLn] n'sfO{ l5kfO{ /fv]sf] P;L8n]
5\ofk]sf] tYodf ljjfb x'g] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd
;hfo gu/L Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= adf]lhdsf]
s:f"/ 7x/ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm km};nf ;f] xb;Dd

ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
ldlt @)%(.!!.^ df ePsf]
jf/bftkZrft\ P]gsf] Dofb @! lbgleq d[To'
geO{ @% cf}+ lbg ldlt @)%(.!!.#) df lgh
;[hgjL/ s+zfsf/ jL/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{
eO{ 3/ uPsf] / To;kl5 & lbg 3/df a;L
cf7f}+ lbgsf lbg ljxfg ;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgdf
cfgf] v'zLn] egf{ ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftxaf6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Sulfuric
Acid sf] hngs} sf/0faf6 P]gsf] Dofbleq lghsf]
d[To' ePsf] geO{ ck/]zgsf] qmddf d[To' ePsf]
eGg] ;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgsf] ldlt @)%(.!@.*
sf] Admission and summary / k| x /Ln]
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ;f]ws
] f k|Zgsf hjfkmdf
lbPsf] ldlt @)^).!.!& r=g+=@)# sf] kqaf6
:ki6 ePsf] 5 eg] ;f] c:ktfnsf cWoIf
8f=uf]ljGb cdfTon] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf
u/]sf] askqsf] ;jfn hjfkmaf6 ;d]t ;f]
tYo k'li6 ePsf] 5 . cfgf] v'zLn] pkrf/
u/fpFbf 8fS6/sf] nfk/jfxLn] d[To' eO{ d[To'sf]
hfFrdf Cause of Death g} km/s kg{ uPsf]
cj:yfdf eljtJo e} lgh ;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/sf]
d[To' ePsf] ;+nUg ldl;ndf /x]sf] k|df0fn] k|ToIf
kdf af]ln/x]sf] cj:yfdf d k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLnfO{ sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 ;kmfO
lbg] u/L ePsf] z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf pN6L u/L d'ns
' L P]g Hofg ;DaGwL
dxnsf] !$ g+=adf]lhd s}b x'g] 7xofO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf tYo, sfg"g /
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntsf] z'? km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
175

&), h]7
@)&),
k|:t't d'2fdf b'j} kIfaf6 k'g/fj]bg

k/]sf] b]lv+bf jfbLaf6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ / k|ltjfbLaf6 k/]sf]
k' g /fj] b g ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg]] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!.^ sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbLn] P;L8 kmfn]sf] tYo;Dd :yflkt ePsf]
ePklg P;L8 kmfn]af6 ePsf] zf/Ll/s Ifltsf]
;Gbe{df bfjL geO{ ;f]xL jf/bftnfO{ st{Ao
Hofgsf] jf/bftsf] ;+1f lbO{ k|:t't cleof]ukq
bflvn ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ P;L8sf] sf/0f dg]{
;[hgjL/sf] d[To' gePsf] / oL k|ltjfbLn] Hofg
dfg]{ s;"/ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf]n] lghnfO{
bfjLcg';f/ jf Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cg';f/
;hfo ug{ klg ldn]g . t;y{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf]
!$g+= cg';
' f/ k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{ !) jif{
s}b ;hfo ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
km};nf gldn]sf]n] pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO
kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/
cnL cG;f/Lsf] /fo .
oL k|ltjfbLn] d[tssf] d'vdf t]hfa (Acid) kmfn]sf]
tYo :yflkt ePsf] / d[tsnfO{ dg;fok"js
{
t]hfa (Acid) d'vdf xfn]sf] sf/0f ;f]xL 3fp
rf]6nfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ qmddf d[To' ePsf]
36gfqmdxn] l;nl;n]jf/ kdf k'li6 u/L
/x]sf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] tTsfn p7]sf] l/;sf]
cfj]udf t]hfa -Acid_ d'vdf 5\ofk]sf] sf/0fn]
;f]xL rf]6sf] kL8faf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvbf
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf]] !$ g+= adf]lhd !) jif{
s}b x'g] 7xofO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo
GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] Lsf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkf tyf
clwjQmfx 1fg/Tg zfSo tyf jNne j:g]tn]
ldlt @)%(.!!.^ sf] jf/bftkZrft\ d[ts jL/

c:ktfndf egf{ eO{ pkrf/ u/fO{ @)%(.!!.#)
df jL/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
jL/ c:ktfnn] yk pkrf/sf] nflu cGo
c:ktfndf l;kmfl/z u/]sf] cj:yf geO{ 8l] ;
ug{ ;f]xL c:ktfndf cfpg] eg]sf] cj:yf 5 .
t/ d[tssf] d[To' lghL c:ktfndf ck/]zg
ubf{ub{s
} f] cj:yfdf ldlt @)%(.!@.* df ePsf]
: kfOG5 . lghsf] d[To'sf] sf/0f klg P;L8
geO{ km/s kg{ uPsf] cj:yf 5 ;f] s'/f ;DalGwt
8fS6/xsf] askqaf6 klg k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
o; l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz tflx/ cln cG;f/Lsf] /fo
;b/ x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . csf{ k'g/fj]bs
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdLn] k|ltjfbLn]
d[tsnfO{ dfg{] p2]Z] o /fvL P;L8 xfnL s'k
agfPsf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] P;L8
xfg]sf] sf/0faf6 kLl8t c:ktfndf pkrf/fy{
egf{ ePsf] / k"0f{ :j:y x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
lghsf] d[To' ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz e/t/fh
pk|t] Lsf] /fo ;b/ x'g' k5{ egL jx; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg" g Joj;foLxsf] jx; ;' g L
k'g/fj]bgkq;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L o;
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz
tflx/ cnL cG;f/L tyf dfggLo GofofwLz
e/t/fh pk|t] LdWo] s;sf] /fo ;b/ x'g] xf] jf
sfg"gadf]lhd s] x'gk' g]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
jfbLn] ;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ pk]Gb|
zfSon] ldlt @)%(.!!.^ ut] k"j{ l/;OjL lnO{
cg'xf/df P;L8 vGofO{ s'k agfO{ pkrf/sf]
l;nl;nfdf ck/]zg ug{sf nflu ;jf{ :jf:Yo
176
;bg nu]sf]df ck/]zg x'g gkfO{ ;f]xL rf]6

kL8fsf] sf/0faf6 d[To' ePsf]n] sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] cfwf/df
cg';Gwfg x'bF f k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] d[tsnfO{
Hofg dfg{] p2]Zon] P;L8 -t]hfa_ vGofPsf] /
s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf]n] ;f]xL rf]6 kL8faf6 ynf
k/L jL/ c:ktfn Pj+ ;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgdf
pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] x'bF f Hofg ;DaGwL
dxnsf] * g+=alv{nfk !#-#_ g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] egL ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= cg';f/
;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]u kq bfo/
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] cfgf] k|l] dsf
Zj]tf t'nfw/sf] ljjfx ;[hgjL/;Fu x'g] ePkl5
lghnfO{ ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ ubf{ jf:tf gu/]sf]n]
of]hgf jgfO{ lghsf] cg'xf/df cfkm"n] P;L8
vGofO{ s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf] t/ lgh tTsfn
gd/L jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{ kl5 ;jf{
:jf:Yo ;bgdf pkrf/ u/fpFbf d[To' ePsf] egL
cg';Gwfg clws[t ;dIf s;"/hGo s'/fdf ;flat
ePsf] t/ cbfntdf jofg ubf{ lgh d[ts
;[hgjL/nfO{ cfkm"n] P;L8 5\ofkL s'6kL6 u/]sf]
xf]Og . lghn] dnfO{ xfg]sf] P;L8 d}n] 5]Sbf
d]/f] xftdf / jf]tnaf6 pl5lP/ d[tsnfO{
nfUg uPsf] xf] egL s;"/df OGsf/ /xL aofg
u/]sf] 5 .
z' ? lhNnf cbfntn] d[ t s jL/
c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePkl5 P;L8af6 hn]/
v'lDrPsf] 5fnfxsf] ck/]zg u/L ldnfpg]
qmddf a]xf]; ul/Fbfsf] cj:yfdf d[To' ePsf]
k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] Hofg ;DaGwLsf] * g+= sf]
cj:yf k/L d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] gb]lvPsf] egL
cleof]u bfjLaf6 lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg]
7x5{ egL km};nf u/] pk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn]
;f] km};nf pN6L u/L k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{
d'ns
' L P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$g+=adf]lhd
!) jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/ u/]sf]df jfbL tyf k|ltjfbL
b'j}sf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;df k]z x'bF f dfggLo GofofwLz tflx/
cnL cG;f/Ln] k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] /fo
JoQm u/]sf] / dfggLo GofofwLz e/t/fh pk|t] Ln]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ /fo JoQm
u/L b'Oh
{ gf dfggLo GofofwLzxsf] km/s km/s
/fo sfod ePsf]n] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd o; k"0f{
Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
@= k|:t't d'2fdf Zj]tf t'nfw/sf]
;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/;Fu ljjfx x'g] kSsf ePkl5
Zj]tf;Fu k|d
] ug]{ k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] d[ts
;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ sf]7fdf af]nfO{
ldlt @)%(.!!.^ ut]sf lbg lghsf] cg'xf/df
t]hfa -Acid_ xfn]sf] / lghnfO{ s'6kL6 u/]sf]af6
lghsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t cleof]u bfjL
/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] jf/bftkZrft\ d[ts ;[hgjL/
k|ltjfbLsf] 3/af6 efuL lg:s]kl5 pkrf/sf]
nflu jL/ c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf] eGg] tYonfO{
oL k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L ;dIf tyf cbfntdf aofg ubf{ ;d]t
:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= ;fy} d[ts ;[hgjL/ g} pQm P;L8
lnO{ cfPsf] / cfkm"pk/ kmfn]sf]df ;f] t]hfaaf6
cfkm" aRg vf]Hbf cfgf] cg'xf/, hLpdf k/]sf]
egL cbfntdf lgh k|ltjfbLn] aofg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ k|ltjfbLsf] 3/df cfpFbf d[tsn] g}
cfgf] ;fydf t]hfa -Acid) lnO{ cfPsf] lyof]
eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg s'g} klg tYo / ;Da4
k|df0fx ;d]taf6 b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbLnfO{ dfg]{
u/L d[tsn] g} t]hfa -Acid) Nofpg' kg]{ / ;f]sf]
k|xf/ k|ltjfbLdfly ug'k{ g];
{ Ddsf] s'g} j:t'lgi7
sf/0f klg ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvb}g . olb
k|ltjfbLn] aofgdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] dg]n
{ ] g}
177

&), h]7
@)&),
klxnf t]hfa k|ltjfbL dfly k|xf/ u/]sf] eP

To;nfO{ 5Ng] sfddf t]hfa h:tf] t/n kbfy{
pN6f] ;f] kmfNg]sf] cg'xf/df kg]{ cj:yf / ;Defjgf
/xFbg} . o;sf/0f d[tsn] kmfn]sf] t]hfaaf6 aRg
vf]Hbf lghs} cg'xf/ / hLpdf ;f] t]hfa k/L lgh
3fOt] ePsf] egL k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt;dIf u/]sf]
aofg tYo;+ut Pj+ ljZjf;k|b b]lvg cfpFbg} .
k|ltjfbLsf] aofg / ;Dk"0f{ 36gfqmdnfO{ ;dli6ut
kn] ljrf/ ubf{ d[ts ;[hgjL/ k|ltjfbLsf]
3/df cfPkl5 oL b'O{ hgfaLr jfbljjfb emu8f
x'bF f cfg} 3/df /x]sf] t]hfa -Acid) k|ltjfbLn]
d[tssf] d'v, cg'xf/ dfly xfn]sf] eGg] tYo
ts{;u+ t Pj+ tYok/s /x]sf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLsf]
cbfntdf ePsf] aofgdf ;Totf b]lvg cfPg .
36gf:yn k|ltjfbLsf] jf;:yfg /x]sf] / lghn]
k|d] ;DaGw :yflkt u/]sf] Zj]tf;Fu d[tssf] ljjfx
x'g] lglZrt\ ePkl5 d[ts / k|ltjfbLaLr ;f]
;DaGwdf jfbljjfb ePsf] / ;f]xL sf/0f lgh
k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ sf]7fdf /x]sf] t]hfj -Acid_ lghn]
d[tspk/ kmfn]sf] sf/0faf6 lgh d[ts 3fOt]
ePsf] eGg] tYo ts{;u+ t kdf :yflkt ePsf]n]
lgh k|ltjfbLsf] k|x/Lsf] jofg ;dly{t ePsf] 5 .
$= ca k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/ u/]sf] t]hfas}
sf/0faf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]
;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ d[ts dfly k|ltjfbLn]
t]hfa -Acid) kmfn]sf] jf/bft @)%(.!!.^ df
36]sf] / ;f]xL ldltdf lgh ;[hgjL/nfO{ jL/
c:ktfndf egf{ ul/Psf] eGg] jL/ c:ktfnsf]
egf{ / l8:rfh{sf] sfuhaf6 b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL
jL/ c:ktfndf egf{ /xFbfs} cj:yfdf ldlt
@)%(.!!.@^ df 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf lghsf] sfuh
u/fOPsf] / pkrf/kl5 ldlt @)%(.!!.#) df
lghnfO{ ;f] c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . l8:rfh{ ubf{ lghsf] cj:yf d/0ff;Gg
/x]sf] jf egf{ x'bF fsf] cj:yf eGbf lau|k] l5
Onfh ug}{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf l8:rfh{ ul/Psf]
eGg] cj:yf geO{ jL/ c:ktfnaf6 @)%(.!!.#)

df l8:rfh{ x'bF f lghsf] cj:yfdf kof{Kt ;'wf/
ePsf] / 8l] ;+u u/fpg c:ktfn cfO/xg egL
lgb]z
{ g;lxt k7fOPsf] b]lvG5 . jL/ c:ktfnaf6
l8:rfh{ ePsf] gjf}+ lbg cs}{ c:ktfn, ;jf{
:jf:Yo ;bgdf lghnfO{ egf{ ul/Psf] / ;f]xL
c:ktfndf P;L8af6 hn]sf] 5fnf ldnfpgsf
nflu ck/]zg ug]{ qmddf kLl8tsf] d[To' ePsf]
eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFbg} .
%= o;/L d[ts ;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/pk/
k|ltjfbLn] t]hfa xfn]sf] / t]hfa -Acid) xfn]sf]
sf/0faf6 3fOt] eO{ lghsf] cg'xf/ s'k ePsf]
eGg];Dd b]lvG5 . jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/kZrft\
ToxfFaf6 l8:rfh{ ePkl5 csf]{ c:ktfndf
pkrf/fy{ ck/]zg u/fpFbf ldlt @)%(.!@.*
df lghsf] d[To' ePsf] / d[To'sf] sf/0f
PULMONARY OEDEMA ePsf] eGg] zj k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg -Post Mortem Report) af6 b]lvG5 .
zj k/LIf0f ug{] ljz]if1 8f= xl/x/ j:tL /
8f=uf]ljGb gf/fo0fn] cbfntdf jskq ubf{
"d[tssf] d[To' d'6s
' f] rfnsf] u8j8L / d[tsdf
/flvPsf] e]lG6n]6/n] :jfF; gnLdf ;'hg ePsf]
sf/0f ePsf] x'gk' b{5 "t]hfasf] hngaf6 d'6s
' f]
rfnsf] u8j8L t]hfaaf6 rf]6 kg{] lalQs} x'g
;Sg], lgsf] e};s]sf] t]hfasf] vtaf6 d'6s
' f]
rfndf u8j8L gx'g,] d[To'sf] sf/0f ck/]zgsf]
qmddf k|of]u ePsf] ljleGg cf}iflwsf] Side Effect
jf Toxic Effect af6 ePsf] x'gk' b{5 egL cfgf]
askqdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
^= To:t} lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6o k|lti7fg
-jL/ c:ktfn_ af6 u7g ePsf] 8fS6/xsf]
af]8n
{ ] d[To'sf] ;Defljt sf/0fdf "ck/]zg ug'{
eGbf cufl8 k|of]u ul/g] Pg]:y]l;ofdf u8a8Ln]
x'g ;Sg] atfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lkl8t tyf
d[ts ;[hgjL/ pkrf/kZrft\ jL/ c:ktfnaf6
l8:rfh{ x'g' / lgh ;[hgjL/sf] ;jf{ :jf:Yo
178
;bgdf ck/]zg x'g' aLr s'g} cGt/;DaGw

/x]sf] b]lvFbg} . jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{
lj/fdLsf] xfntdf ;'wf/ eO{ lgsf] ePkl5
l8:rfh{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgdf
s'k cg'xf/sf] 5fnf ldnfpgsf nflu ul/Psf]
ck/]zgl;t ;DalGwt Pg]:y]l;of ;d]tsf]
cf}iflwxsf sf/0f d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] eGg]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ Ps dlxgf cufl8
P;L8 kmfn]sf] jf/bft;Fu hf]8L ;f]xL hl/ofaf6
;[hgjL/sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] lg:sif{df k'Ug ;lsg]
s'g} lrlsT;sLo / sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvg cfpFbg} .
&= oL k|ltjfbLpk/ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
* g+= sf] cleof]u bfjL lnPsf] 5 . t/
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] * g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
x]bf{ eljtJo 7xg]{ afx]s s'g} c efFRg] l5Gg]
u/L xfg] s'6d] f Tof] ynf k/L lgsf] geP hlt;'s}
;dokl5 d/] klg Hofgdf/fsf] aft nfU5 eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfadf]lhd d[tssf] c efFRg] l5Gg] u/L
k|ltjfbLn] xfg] s'6s
] f] cj:yf 5}g . o;} u/L
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ( g+= df Hofg} dfg{sf
nflu s'g} c efFRg] l5Gg] u/L xfg] s'6d
] f afx]s
df/f}+ egL u}x| dg]{ s'/f ubf{ p;} avt Hofg
gd/L ToxLF df/f}+ egL u/]sf rf]6 kL/n] p7\g
g;sL ynfk/L PSsfO; lbgleq, c? ;f:tL
;f;gf hf]/ h'nd
' u/]df tLg lbgleq / ljif u}x|
v'jfPdf ;ft lbgleq dof] eg] Hofgdf/f 7x5{
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k[i7e"lddf x]bf{ k|ltjfbLn]
d[tsnfO{ s'g} c efFRg] l5Gg] u/L xfg]sf] s'6s
] f]
geO{ ;f] jfx]s t]hfa kmfnL 3fOt] jgfPsf]
b]lvP klg lgh k|ltjfbLn] xfn]sf] t]hfasf] rf]6
kL/n] p7\g g;sL ynf k/L d[tssf] d[To' ePsf]
cj:yf b]lvFbg} . lgh jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/
u/fO{ lgsf] eO l8:rfh{ eO{ 3/ uPsf] b]lvPsf]n]
lgh ynf k/]sf] b]lvFbg} . To:t} sfg"gdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd jf/bft ePsf] PSsfO; lbgleq

d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] klg gb]lvPsf], k|ltjfbLn]
xfn]sf] t]hfasf] sf/0f d[ts ynf k/L lgsf]
geP/ d[To' ePsf] eGg] klg gb]lvPsf] / lgh
pkrf/ u/fP/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePsf] ;d]t
cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] xfn]sf]
t]hfasf] hl/ofaf6} d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yf
klg b]lvg cfPg .
*= o;sf cltl/Qm t]hfasf] k|efjaf6
lghsf] cg'xf/df ljleGg bfu eO{ s'k;Dd
ePsf] b]lvPsf] / ;jf{ :jf:Yo ;bgdf
;[hgjL/sf]] ;f]xL s'ktfnfO{ 7Ls kfg]{ p2]Zon]
ck/]zg u/] u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL ck/]zgsf]
qmddf ePsf] d[To'sf] ;DaGw d[To' x'g' eGbf Ps
dlxgf cufj} P;L8 kmflnPsf] 36gf;Fu hf]8/]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ bf]ifL / d[To'sf] sf/s agfpg'
cf}lrTok"0f{, ts{;u+ t, sfg"g;Ddt / Gofok"0f{
x'g] b]lvb}g . ;du| kl/l:ylt Pj+ 36gfqmdsf]
ljZn]if0f tyf ;Dk"0f{ k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg ubf{
dg]{ ;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/ pk/ oL k|ltjfbLn] Hofg
lng] dg;fon] geO{ cfgf] k|l] dsf;Fu ljjfxsf]
k|;u+ rn]sf] sf/0faf6 p]lnt eO{ zf/Ll/s
Iflt k'ofpg] / s'k agfpg] lgotn] P;L8;Dd
kmfn]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
(= o; l:yltdf d[tspk/ P;L8 kmfn]sf]
36gf 36]sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 / jL/ c:ktfnaf6
pkrf/ u/fO l8:rfh{ ePsf] cf7 lbgkl5 P;L8
k|xf/af6 hnL lau|s
] f] cg'xf/sf] 5fnf ldnfpg]
qmddf ck/]zg ubf{ ub}s
{ f] cj:yfdf ePsf]
d[tssf] d[To'nfO{ oL k|ltjfbLn] dg;fok"js
{
Hofg df/]sf] eGg] cy{ nufO{ Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] ( g+= df tf]lsPsf] @! lbg JotLt
ePkl5 d[To' ePsf] cj:yf / / l:yltdf ;f]xL
P;L8 kmfn]sf] jf/bftsf] lg/Gt/tfdf d[To' ePsf]
5 eGg] cy{ u/L Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ cg';f/sf]
cleof]u bfjL k|dfl0ft x'g cfpFbg} .
179

&), h]7
@)&),
!)= csf]t{ km{ ldlt @)%(.!!.^ df P;L8

kmfn]sf] jf/bftsf ;DaGwdf ldlt @)%(.!!.*
df oL k|ltjfbL pk/ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]udf hfx]/L
b/vf:t k/]sf]df ;f]sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 ;[hgjL/
s+;fsf/sf] ldlt @)%(.!@.* df d[To' ePkZrft\
;f]xL ldltdf oL k|ltjfbLpk/ st{Jo Hofgtk{m
hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvG5 . P;L8 kmfn]sf]
sf/0faf6 ePsf] zf/Ll/s Iflttkm{ geO{ ;f]xL
jf/bftnfO{ st{Ao Hofgsf] jf/bftsf] ;+1f lbO{
k|:t't cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] kfOG5 . t/
P;L8sf] k|efj jf sf/0faf6 ;[hgjL/sf] d[To'
ePsf] geO{ ck/]zgsf] qmddf k|of]u ePsf]
"ljleGg cf}iflwsf] Side Effect jf Toxic Effect
tyf e]lG6n]6/n] :jfF; gnLdf ;'hg ePsf]
sf/0f ;d]taf6 d[To' ePsf] eGg] ljz]if1
lrlsT;sxsf] k|ltj]bg / cbfntdf ePsf]
askq ;d] t af6 b] l vPsf] cj:yfdf oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cg';f/
;hfo ug{ ldNg] cj:yf klg b]lvPg .
!!= Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cg';f/
Hofg dfg]{ lgot gePsf], tTsfn p7]sf] l/;
yfDg g;sL hf]lvdL xltof/ afx]s ;fwf/0f
nf7f, 9'f, nft, d'Ssf OToflbn] xfGbf d[To'
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] !$ g+= sf] s;"/ :yflkt
x'g ;S5 . t/ k|:t't jf/bftdf To:tf] ePsf]
geO{ k|ltjfbLn] ;fwf/0f nf7L, 9'f, nft d'Ssfsf]
k|xf/ gu/L P;L8 cg'xf/df kmfn]sf] / lgh jL/
c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/L lgsf] eO{ l8:rfh{
e};s]sf]df kl5 cg'xf/sf] hn]sf] efu k"j{ kdf
Nofpg] k|of;:jk ck/]zg ubf{ d[tssf] P]gn]
tf]ss
] f] ;dofjlw @! lbg kl5 d[To' ePsf]
b]lvG5 . Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+=cg'xf/df P;L8
kmfn]sf] / ;f]sf] pkrf/ u/fO{ lgsf] eO{
c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf cGo
pkrf/ u/fpg ck/]zg ubf{ d/]df nfUg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf xf]Og . Hofg;DaGwLsf] (, !), !! /
!@ g+= ;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ s'g} k|sf/af6

s'6kL6 u/]sf]df @! lbgleq ;f]xL rf]6sf] sf/0f
ynf k/L d/]df dfq Hofgdf/fsf] jft nfUg]
x'G5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ s'6kL6sf]
36gfaf6 ynf k/]sf] gePdf jf P]gn] tf]ss
] f]
@! lbg kl5 d/]sf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwL
dxn cGtu{t Hofg df/]sf] egL ;hfo ug{
sfg"gcg'sn
" x'bF g} .
!@= t;y{, ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
z'? sf7df8f}+F lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L
u/L Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= cg'';f/
k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{ !) jif{ s}b ;hfo ug{]
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
gb]lvPsf] egL pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz
tflx/ cnL cG;f/Lsf] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
c?df tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"{ .
tk;Ln
dfly OG;fkm v08df pNn]v ePadf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz
tflx/ cnL cG;f/Lsf] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x/]sf]n]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08sf]
b]xfo ! g+= df plNnlvt nut sf ug'{ egL z'?
sf7df8f}+F lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fO{ lbg" === !
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/

u/L a'emfO{ lbg" ====!
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @! ut] /f]h % z'ed
Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L
180
*(%^ dlxnf, sfg"g tyf ljsf; d~r ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
lg0f{o g+=*(%^
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz] Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0F >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
l/6 g+= )^&WS))^@
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.&.!^.%
ljoM pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z;d]t .
lgj]bsM dlxnf, sfg"g tyf ljsf; d~r /
cfkm\g} tkm{af6 ;d]t lh=sf7df8f}+
sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!! a:g] clwjQmf dL/f
9'u+ fgf ;d]t
lj?4
ljkLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/b\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
a9' j f ;ldltsf] lg0F{ o pk/ lrQ
gj'fpg] lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ g]kfn
6] l nlehg ;+ : yfgsf sd{ r f/Ln]
ph"/L ug]{ / ;f] ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdf
ph"/Lstf{sf] c s6[f ug]{ ;DaGwdf
;a} k| s f/sf jf ;a} txsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg kn] nfu" x'g]
u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] sfg" g L
k|fjwfgnfO{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ xs
jf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljk/Lt eGg'
ts{;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .
a9' j fdf lrQ ga' g] sd{ r f/Ln]
a9'jfsf] lg0F{odf lrQ gj'fO{ ph"/L
u/]sf] dfq sf/0Fn] ;f] kZrft\sf]
a9' j f lg0F{ o df p;sf] c :jtM
sfl6g] eGg] klg b]lv"bg} . a9'jfpk/
181
ph"/L lb+bf cfwf/, sf/0F / tYodf

cfwfl/t eO{ ;f] ph"/L ljZj;gLo
b]vfpg' kg]{ .
ljgfcfwf/ jf sf/0F xr'jfsf] e/df
c?nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv jf x}/fgL
lbg] jf a9' j fsf] k| l qmofnfO{
cgfjZos ph"/L lbO{ nDjfO{ /fVg]
k|of]hgn] dfq ph"/L gk/f];\ eGg]
p2] Z on] dfq em" 7 f ph" / L lbPsf]
7xl/Pdf c sfl6g]5 egL ul/Psf]
sfg"gL k|fjwfgxnfO{ ;+ljwfgf/f
k|bQ k]zf jf /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGqtf
jf ;dfgtfsf] xs jf ;fdflhs
;' / fsf] xs ljk/Lt ;Dg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s' g } sfg" g sf] j} w flgstfsf] k| Z g
p7fO{ lgj] b g lbg' k " j { lgj] b sx
h:tf sfg" g nfO{ k] z fsf] kdf
cjnDag u/L lqmofzLn /x] s f
JolQmn] cfkm"n] j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg
p7fPsf] s'g} k|rlnt sfg"gsf] af/]df
o; cbfntn] ;f]eGbf cufl8 klg
lgk0f u/] gu/] s f] s] 5 eGg]
af/] d f j:t' l gi7 kdf vf] h ,
cg';Gwfg u/L osLg ug'{ lghxsf]
klxnf] st{Jo x'g cfpg] .
Pp6} k| Z gdf o; cbfntnfO{
af/Daf/ cNfO{ /xg] jf Ps k6s
lgk0f ePsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ nf]k
u/L jf cgb] v f u/L k' g M To:t}
ljodf k|Zg p7fO{ k6s k6s l/6
lgj]bg lb+b} hfg] xf] eg] ljjfbsf]
cGToxLg >[\vnf v8f x'g] / Gofo
lgk0f eO;s] s f] k| Z gdf o;
cbfntn] af/Daf/ af]Nb} hfg' kg]{

&), h]7
@)&),
l:ylt cfp" 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf]

nflu ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf]
pkwf/f -!_ sf] k|of]u ul/g gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf dL/f 9'u+ fgf
ljkL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
ljgf]bs'df/ kf]v/]n tyf ljfg
clwjQmf 1fg]Gb| g]kfn
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)%&, lg=g+=^*(&, k[i7 #^$
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@, !#, !(, !)&-!_
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@$r= sf] pkbkmf -$_
g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L
;]jfzt{ -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL,
@)^^ sf] ljlgod ^&-#_
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f !_cGtu{t o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] tYo Pj+ lg0F{o o;k|sf/ 5M
dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r dlxnf ju{sf]
xslxt / clwsf/sf] /f ug]{ / tL clwsf/xsf]
sfof{Gjog u/fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg eOcfPsf] ;+:yf
xf] . xfdL lgj]bsxn] o;} ;+:yfdfkm{t\ s'g} P]g
sfg"gsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;"u aflPsf] ;d]tsf
ljodf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb lnO{
;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfnt;d ljleGg ;dodf
l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/fO{ df}lns xs ;+/0F ug]{
sfo{df ;+nUg eO{ cfPsf 5f}+ .
wf/f !-!_n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg"g dfgL
;+ljwfg;"u aflPsf] sfg"g aflPsf] xb;Dd

cdfGo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$(sf] bkmf @$r= df a9'jfsf] ph"/L
zL{scGtu{t pkbkmf -!_ df bkmf @) adf]lhd
a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf] a9'jf l;kmfl/zdf lrQ
ga'] ;DalGwt lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] To:tf]
l;kmfl/z u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq nf]s;]jf
cfof]udf ph"/L lbg ;Sg]5 . To;/L k/]sf]
ph"/Ldf ph"/L ug]{ Dofb gf3]sf] ldltn] ^)
lbgleq 6'u+ f] nufOg]5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL
pkbkmf -$_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf]
ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdf ph"/L k/]kl5 x'g] a9'jfdf
To:tf] ph"/Lstf{sf] klxnf]k6ssf] ph"/L eP @
c / bf];f| ] k6ssf] ph"/L eP # c sfl6g]5
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]5 . To:t} g]kfn 6]lnlehg
;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ -5}6f}+ ;+zf]wg_
ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod ^& sf]
pkljlgod -#_ df ;d]t ph"/L cfwf/xLg
7xl/Pdf dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0F ;d]tsf]
hfgsf/L ;DalGwt ph"/jfnfnfO{ lbg'kg]5
{ , ;fy}
ph"/L kl5 x'g] a9'jfdf To:tf] ph"/Lstf{sf]
klxnf] k6ssf] ph"/L eP @ c / bf];f| ] k6ssf]
ph"/L eP # c sfl6g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
lghfdtL ;]jf jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sfg"gadf]lhd k|jz
] u/L ;]jf
ug]{ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf x'g]
sfg"gL xs /xG5 . ;f] l;nl;nfdf s'g} a9'jf
lg0F{odf lrQ ga'd
] f ph"/L ug{ kfpg] xs klg
x'G5 . To;/L ph"/L u/]sf] sf/0Faf6 dfq lghsf]
c sf6\g] eGg] dfly plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf
e]befjk"0F{ / cGofok"0F{ 5 . a9'jf gul/Psf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ph"/L ug{ g} xtf]T;fxL ug],{ cfkm"nfO{
dg k/]sf] sd{rf/L dfq a9'jf ug]{ u/L ;f]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] k|zf;snfO{ lg/+sz
' clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf]5 .
182
b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;a}sf] rf;f] /

;/f]sf/ ePsf] ;]jf xf] . o; ;]jfnfO{ ;~rfng
ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf c;+jw} flgs
Joj:yfxpk/ l/6 lgj]bg lbg] xs xfdL
lgj]bsxdf ;'/lt g} 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# n] ;a} gful/snfO{
sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/0Fsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf /fHosf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t
JolQmnfO{ Gofo dfUg hfg] sfo{df xtf]T;flxt
ug]{ sfg"g lgdf{0F u/L sd{rf/LxjLrd} c;dfg
Jojxf/ ug'{ ;+ljwfgtM q'l6k"0F{ 5 . sd{rf/Lju{
leq} klg c;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ u/L juL{s/0f ug'{
;+ljwfgsf] efjgf ljk/Lt x'G5.g]kfnn] cg'df]bg
u/]sf ljleGg cGt/f{li6o ;lGwxn];d]t k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] xs k|bfg u/L /fHoaf6
s'g} klg cfwf/n] e]befj ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf
u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljodf dfgaxfb'/
ljZjsdf{ lj?4 dlGqkl/b\;d]t -g]sfk @)$(,
k[=!)!)_, Odfgl;+x u'? lj?4 hg/n ;}lgs
cbfnt;d]t -g]sfk @)$(, k[=&!)_ nufotsf
d'2fxdf ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] lj:t[t JofVof ub}{
e]befjhGo sfg"g vf/]h x'g] l;2fGt :yflkt
u/]sf 5 . To;}n] sfg"gsf] k|of]udf e]befj x'g]
u/L hyfefjL kdf juL{s/0f ug'{ u}/;+jw} flgs
x'G5 .
JolQmsf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu
ckl/xfo{ clwsf/ eg]sf] cGofodf k/]sf] avt
Gofosf] nflu ph"/L ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf xf] .
To:tf] xsnfO{ zt{oQ
' m agfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L
/ g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxsf]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-!_ adf]lhdsf] ;Ddfgk"js
{
af"Rg kfpg] xsdf cf3ft k'ofPsf] 5 . ctM
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$-r_ sf]
pkbkmf -$_ / g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L
;]jfzt{ -5}6f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf]
ljlgod ^& sf] pkljlgod -#_ df ePsf]
Joj:yfn] ;f] P]g / ljlgodcGtu{t\ sfo{/t

sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfgtfsf] xs / j}olQms :jtGqtf
;DaGwL xsdf cf3ft kfg's
{ f] ;fy} :jR5 k|zf;g
kfpg] gful/ssf] xsdf g} k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf]
5 . sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0F{ ksf]
kdf /x]sf] a9'jf;"u ;DalGwt Joj:yf ;dfg
Gofo k|flKtsf] clwsf/;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sfn]
pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfx cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lt
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbg" . ;fy} k|:t't l/6lgj]bg
nf]slxt oflrsfsf] kdf bfo/ ePsf] /
lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljoj:t'sf] uDeL/tf
;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] rf"8f]
lsgf/f x'g' cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] cu|flwsf/ k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!.@!
sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bsx sfg"g Joj;foL ePsf,
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf ;]jf zt{;DaGwL
k|rlnt sfg"gsf Joj:yfx ;DalGwt ;]jfdf
/x]sf jf /lx;s]sf JolQmxsf] xsdf cfs[i6
x'g] x'gfn] lgj]bsxn] lje]bk"0F{ ePsf] bfjL ug'{
ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ab/ u/fpg ;DdfgLt
cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of g} lgj]bsxdf
5}g . olb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] kdf xsb}of
b]vfOPsf] xf] eg] klg ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf]
s'g ljGb"df lgj]bsxsf] ;fy{s ;DaGw /xG5,
Tof] eGg ;Sg'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] xslxtk|lt ;r]t
gePsf] jf pkrf/sf] nflu cfkm}+ ;d gePsf]
s'g} ju{sf] ;fd"lxs xslxtsf] /f ug{ dfq
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg]
x'G5 . t/ o; l/6 lgj]bgdf oL s'g} klg cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf
183

&), h]7
@)&),
@$r= sf] pkbkmf -$_ / g]kfn 6]lnlehg

;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_
ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod ^& sf] pklgod
-#_ df ePsf] Joj:yfn] lgj]bsxsf] s'g} klg
df}lns xsdf cf3ft kf/]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL
sd{rf/L a9'jf k|lqmof lglZrt xf];,\ q'l6k"0F{
g/xf];\ / ;dod} of]Uo JolQm 5gf}6 eO{ b
hgzlQm cfk"lt x'g{ ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] a9'jf
glthfdf lrQ ga'g] sd{rf/Ln] ;xL, ;To /
tYok"0F{ cfwf/df ph"/L lbg ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Zon]
;f] sfg" g L Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . ;f]
Joj:yfadf]lhd s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ a9'jf x'g kfpg]
xsdf g} cf3ft k'Ug] u/L jf k|ltzf]w lnO{ b'Mv
lbg] unt dg;fo /fvL em"7f ph"/ gk/f];\ eGg]
p2]Zo;Dd lnO{ ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
ljwflosfn] ;'a'k"0F{ tj/n] lgdf{0F u/]sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ unt cy{ nufO{ df}lns
xsdf cf3ft kof] egL lbOPsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 . vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t sfg"g
tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] tkm{ a f6 k/] s f]
lnlvthjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd
ljleGg kbdf a9'jf ubf{ a9'jf ;ldltn] ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/xdWo]af6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf]
cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L c k|fKt ug]n
{ fO{ l;kmfl/z
ug]{ / To;/L ul/Psf l;kmfl/zpk/ lrQ ga'g]
JolQmn] sfg"gadf]lhd ph"/ ug{ kfpg] u/L
ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] b'kof]u ug{ gkfcf];\
egL em"7f ph"/L u/]sf] 7xl/Pdf ph"/L kl5 x'g]
a9'jfdf To:tf] ph"/Lstf{sf] klxnf] k6ssf] ph"/L
eP @ c / bf];f| ] k6ssf] eP # c sfl6g]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . ;f]xL ;/xsf] Joj:yf g]kfn
6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ -5}7f}+
;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljgod ^& sf]
pklgod -#_ df ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;"u s] s;/L aflPsf] egL
lgj]bsxn] cfwf/ / sf/0F b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf]

5}g . t;y{ cfwf/xLg kdf lbOPsf] lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/b\sf] sfof{notkm{af6 k]z ePsf]
lnlvthjfkm .
a9'jf ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdf To;kl5
x'g] a9'jfdf c sfl6g] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xs
jf :jtGqtfsf] xs k|lts"n eGg] b]lv"bg} . pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] s;}nfO{ sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt
ug]{ xsaf6 al~rt u/]sf] klg 5}g . of]
Joj:yfaf6 d"ntM cgfjZos jf clt/l~ht
k|sf/sf ph"/LxnfO{ lgoGq0F ug{ vf]lhPsf]
dfq xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / g]kfn 6]lnlehg
;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^
;d]t ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ nfu" x'g] sfg"g
x'g\ . tL sfg"gx ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lafx]s cGo
;j{;fwf/0F s;}nfO{ klg nfu" x'b" g} g\. To;}n]
To:tf] ljodf ;fy{ s ;DaGw gePsf
lgj]bsxsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ egL l/6 lgj]bg
lbg] xsb}of g} 5}g . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] dsf{
kg]{ jf k/]sf] eP ;DalGwt JolQmn] ;f]pk/
pkrf/ vf]Hg' kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ xsb}ofljxLg
kdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .
lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfx
a9'jf k|lqmofnfO{ nDAofO{ cgfjZos kdf of]Uo
pDd]bjf/xnfO{ b'Mv lbg] sfo{af6 /f]Sg /
ab\lgotk"js
{ , cfwf/xLg, em"7f ph"/L ug]n
{ fO{
lgT;fflxt ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq Joj:yf ul/Psf
x'g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] a9'jfpk/sf] ph"/L nf]s;]jf
cfof]un] ;'Gg] x'b+ f ;TotYodf cfwfl/t ph"/L
u/]afkt c sfl6g] cj:yf x'b" g} . em"7f ph"/L
u/]sf] k'li6 ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;TotYodf
cfwfl/t ph"/L u/]afkt c sfl6g] klg xf]Og .
t;y{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0F g} lagf lghfdtL ;]jf
184
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$r= sf] pkbkmf -$_ /

g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{
ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod ^& sf]
pkljlgod -#_ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL xr'jfsf]
e/df btf{ u/]sf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg];d]t ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] tkm{af6
k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .
g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L
ljlgod ^& sf] pkljlgod -#_ sf] Joj:yfn]
;+ljwfg k|bQ s'g} klg xsdf cf3ft k'ofPsf]
5}g . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo a9'jfdf
lrQ ga'g] knfO{ ph"/L ug{ cg'lrt aGb]h
nufpg' geO{ em"7f, cfwf/xLg / sfNklgs
ph"/LnfO{ lgT;fflxt u/L of]Uo pDd]bjf/sf]
a9'jfnfO{ l56f] lsgf/f nufpg] dfq xf] . t;y{
pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf]
xs ljk/Lt eGg sbflk ldNg] b]lv"bg} . ctM
k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t g]kfn
6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0F{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxsf]
tkm{af6 lgj]bs clwjQmf dL/f 9'u+ fgfn] lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$r= sf] pkbkmf $_ sf] Joj:yfn] sfg"gL pkrf/ kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf]
xsnfO{ ;+s'lrt u/]sf] 5 . To:t} g]kfn
6]lnlehg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^
sf] ljlgod ^& sf] pkljlgod -#_ sf] Joj:yf
klg lje]bsf/L 5 . a9'jfsf] lg0F{oaf6 dsf{ kg]{
sd{rf/LnfO{ ph"/L ug{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ Joj:yfn]
sd{rf/LnfO{ cGofo ;xg jfWo kf/]sf] 5 . o:tf]
Joj:yfn] k]zf / Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtfdf
k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5.sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an lu/fP/
p;sf] k]zfut xssf] ;Ddfg ug{ ;lsb}g .
lghfdtL k|zf;g r':t, b'?:t x'gnfO{ zt{/lxt
sfg"gL pkrf/ /fHon] ;'lglZrt ug'k{ b{5 . o:tf]

;zt{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg / cGt/f{li6o
dxf;lGw;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{ ab/efuL x'b+ f cdfGo
/ ab/ ul/g' kb{5 eGg];d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkL g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf 1fg]Gb| g]kfnn] g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg,
sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL,
@)^^ sf] ljlgod ^& sf] pkljlgod s'g} Pp6f
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'g] geO{ ;a}
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;dfg kdf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf
xf] . o:tf] ;fdfGo sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ s'g} JolQm
ljz];"u dfq hf]8L lg/k] kdf JofVof ug{
ldNb}g . t;y{ ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ Pp6} cfwf/df
nfu" x'g] sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] xs
ljk/Lt eGg ;lsb}g . l/6lgj]bg cf}lrToxLg
x'b+ f vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/b\sf]
sfof{no;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
ljgf]bs'df/ kf]v/]nn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf @$ r= sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] ljonfO{
lnP/ o;eGbf cufl8 k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o;
cbfntn] lgk0f u/L ldlt @)%&.@.@% df lg0F{o
u/L l/6 vf/]h x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . Psk6s
;+jw} flgstfsf] af/]df k/L0F ul/;s]sf] ljonfO{
l/6 lgj]bsn] 9f"6L k'gM btf{ u/]sf] k|:t't l/6dfly
Ohnf;n] ljrf/ ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf gx'+bf
l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t ax; ug'e{ of] .
b'j} ksf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] pko'Q{ m ax;;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog
u/L lg0F{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lgk0F x'g' kg]{ b]lvof]M
-s_
185
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf

@$r sf] pkbkmf -$_ tyf g]kfn
6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf]

&), h]7
@)&),
ljlgod ^& sf] pkljlgod -#_ sf] sfg"gL ul/Psf] /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/f;DaGwL
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgljk/Lt 5, 5}g <
xssf] k|lts"n /x]sf] eGb} ;f] b'j} Joj:yf ab/
-v_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ bfjL lgj]sbxn] lnPsf] kfOG5 .
x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og <
#= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@$r df a9'jf ph"/L zL{scGtu{t pkbkmf @= lgk0f x'g'kg]{ klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ !_ df a9'jf l;kmfl/zpk/ ph"/ lbg ;lsg],
ljrf/ ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf pkbkmf -@_ df ph"/L 6'u+ f] nfu]kl5 a9'jf gfdfjnL
@$r= sf] pkbkmf -$_ tyf g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+zf]wg ug'k{ g]{ ePdf ;f] ;DaGwL ;"rgf a9'jf
;+ : yfg, sd{ r f/L ;] j fzt{ - 5} 7 f} + ;+ z f] w g_ ;ldltnfO{ lbg'kg],{ pkbkmf -#_ df q'l6k"0F{ kdf
ljgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod ^& sf] d"Nofg u/]sf] b]lvPdf d"Nofgstf{nfO{ r]tfjgL
pkljlgod -#_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f lbg ;lsg] / pkbkmf -$_ df ph"/L em"7f
!@, !# / !( ;d]t;"u aflPsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpFm 7xl/Pdf klxnf] k6ssf] ph"/L eP @ c /
eGg] dfubfjL lnPsf] b]lvof] . lghfdtL ;]jfdf bf];f| ] k6ssf] eP # c s6[f ul/g] Joj:yf
a9'jf k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ kdf l56f]5l/tf] u/]sf] b]lvg cfp"5 . o:t} Joj:yf g]kfn
u/L 6'+uf] nufO{ of]Uotd\ sd{rf/LnfO{ dflyNnf] 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ -5}7f}+
kbdf a9'jf ug{ / To;/L a9'jf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ ;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod ^&
7f]; cfwf/ k|df0Fljgf b'Mv jf x}/fgL lbO{ sf] pkljlgod -#_ df ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . oL b'j}
a9'jfsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cgGt;Dd cNfO{ /xg Joj:yfx h'g;'s} gful/ssf] xsdf cfsl{t
gkfcf];\ eGg] p2]Zo /fvL lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, x'g] sfg"gL k|fjwfg geO{ qmdzM g]kfnsf] lghfdtL
@)$( sf] bkmf @$r=sf] pkbkmf -$_ df ;]jfdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/L / g]kfn
ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdf ph"/L kl5 x'g] a9'jfdf 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
To:tf] ph"/Lstf{sf] klxnf] k6ssf] ph"/L eP xsdf dfq nfu" x'g] sfg"g eGg] b]lvG5g\ .
@ c / bf];|f] k6ssf] ph"/L eP # c To;}u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @$r= sf]
sfl6g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] eGg] ljkL pkbkmf -$_ df ePsf] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jfdf
;/sf/L lgsfoxsf] lnlvthjfkm b]lvG5 . /x]sf] s'g} Pp6f JolQm ljz]nfO{ dfq nfu" x'g]
g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ - geO{ lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf] ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg
5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod kdf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf xf] . g]kfn 6]lnlehg
^& sf] pkljlgod -#_ sf] Joj:yf klg lghfdtL ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod
;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @$r=sf] pkbkmf -$_ s} ^&-#_ sf] Joj:yf klg g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] ;]jfdf
;dk b]lvPsf] / ;f] Joj:yf klg ;f]xL sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg kdf nfu" x'g]
p2]Zocg'k /flvPsf] eGg] ljkL g]kfn Joj:yf xf] . pQm b'j} sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] k|of]u
6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] lnlvthjfkm b]lvG5 . ubf{ s;}sf] xsdf c s6[f ug]{ / s;}sf] xsdf
oL b'j} Joj:yfx ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ gug]{ lje]bo'Qm cj:yfsf] u'~hfo; /x]sf] klg
f/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u, b]lv"bg} . To:tf] lje]bo'Qm Jojxf/ u/L s;}nfO{
Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf, wf/f !# f/f k|Tofe"t c;dfg kdf c sf6L cf3ft k'ofPsf] cj:yf
ul/Psf] ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f !* f/f k|Tofe"t jf b[i6fGt klg lgj]bsxn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
186
$= o;/L a9'jf ;ldltsf] lg0F{opk/

lrQ gj'fpg] lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ g]kfn
6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln] ph"/L ug]{ /
;f] ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdf ph"/Lstf{sf] c
s6[f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;a} k|sf/sf jf ;a} txsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg kn] nfu" x'g] u/L Joj:yf
ul/Psf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{
xs jf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljk/Lt eGg' ts{;Ddt
x'g ;Qm}g . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ a9'jfdf
lrQ ga'g] sd{rf/Ln] a9'jfsf] lg0F{odf lrQ
gj'fO{ ph"/L u/]sf] dfq sf/0Fn] ;f] kZrftsf]
a9'jf lg0F{odf p;sf] c :jtM sfl6g] eGg]
klg b]lv"b}g . a9'jfpk/ ph"/L lb+bf cfwf/,
sf/0F / tYodf cfwfl/t eO{ ;f] ph" / L
ljZj;gLo b]vfpg' kg]{, olb ljgfcfwf/ jf
sf/0F xr'jfsf] e/df c?nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv
jf x}/fgL lbg] jf a9'jfsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cgfjZos
ph"/L lbO{ nDjfO{ /fVg] k|of]hgn] dfq ph"/L
gk/f];\ eGg] p2]Zon] dfq em"7f ph"/L lbPsf]
7xl/Pdf c sfl6g]5 egL sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . t;y{ pko'Qm sfg"gL
k| f jwfgxnfO{ lgj] b sn] bfjL lnPh:tf]
;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ k]zf jf /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGqtf
jf ;dfgtfsf] xs jf ;fdflhs ;'/fsf] xssf]
ljk/Lt ;Dg ldNg] b]lv+b}g .
%= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@$r sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] o;} Joj:yfnfO{
tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f !! f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f
!@-@_ sf] -s_ / -_ cGtu{t k|Tofe"t ul/Psf]
k]zf, Joj;fo / /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] ljk/Lt /x]sf]
eGb} bfo/ ePsf] lgj]bs j;Gts'df/ yfkf lj?4
dlGqkl/b\ ;lrjnfo ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
o; cbfntsf] ljz] Ohnf;af6 ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] j}wtfsf]af/]df lgk0f eO{ ljjflbt
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgf/f k|bTt ;dfgtfsf]
xs jf k]zf, Joj;fo jf /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGqtf

k|lts"n g/x]sf] egL l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ePsf]
b]lvG5 -g]sfk @)%&, lg=g+=^*(& k[=#^$_ .
;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;af6 Psk6s lgk0f ePsf]
ljodf k'gM cGoyf ljrf/ ul//xg' cfjZos
;d]t 5}g . o; cbfntaf6 Psk6s lgk0f
eO;s]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@$r= sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfn
6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ -5}7f}+
;+zf]wg_ ljlgodfjnL, @)^^ sf] ljlgod ^&
sf] pkljlgod -#_sf] Joj:yf;"u uf";L k'gM o;
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0F clwsf/]q cGtu{t
lgj]bsx k|jz
] u/]sf] b]lvof] .
^= lgj]bsx clwjQmfsf] kdf ;lqmo
/x]sf / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_
cGtu{t s'g} g]kfn sfg"gsf] j}wtfsf] k|Zg p7fO{
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0F clwsf/]q lqmofzLn
u/fpg ;d JolQm eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . t/
;f]cg'k s'g} sfg"gsf] j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fO{
lgj]bg lbg'kj" { lgj]bsx h:tf sfg"gnfO{ k]zfsf]
kdf cjnDag u/L lqmofzLn /x]sf JolQmn]
cfkm"n] j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fPsf] s'g} k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] af/]df o; cbfntn] ;f]eGbf cufl8
klg lgk0f u/] gu/]sf] s] 5 eGg] af/]df
j:t'lgi7 kdf vf]h, cg';Gwfg u/L osLg ug'{
lghxsf] klxnf] st{Jo x'g cfp"5 . ;+ljwfgn]
pbf/ kdf s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;+jw} flgstfsf]
af/]df k|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt k|jz
] ug{ kfpg] u/L
hf];s
' } g]kfnL gful/snfO{ xsb}of lbPsf] 5
eGb}df ;f] xssf] lg?2]Zo / k|of]hgxLg cEof;
ug{ yfNg] xf] eg] jf Pp6} ljodf k6sk6s
lgj]bg lbO{ cbfntsf] ;do, >d / ;|ft] sf]
ckJoo u/fpg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf]
pbf/ xsb}ofsf] ;xL k|of]u geO{ b'kof]u u/]sf]
7xl/G5 . To;} n ] lgj] b s h:tf ljfg
clwjQmfxn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
187

&), h]7
@)&),
-!_ cGtu{t lgj]bg lnO{ o; cbfnt k|jz

]
lg0f{o g+=*(%&
ug'{k"j{ cfkm"n] k|Zg p7fPsf] s'g} sfg"gsf]
;+j}wflgstfsf] af/]df o; cbfntn] klxn]
lgk0f u/] gu/]sf] tYotkm{ a9L ;+jb] gzLn
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
x'g' cfjZos 5 . Pp6} k|Zgdf o; cbfntnfO{
af/Daf/ cNfO{ /xg] jf Ps k6s lgk0f
ePsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ nf]k u/L jf cgb]vf u/L
k'gM To:t} ljodf k|Zg p7fO{ k6s k6s
l/6 g+= )^&WS))%^
l/6lgj]bg lb+b} hfg] xf] eg] ljjfbsf] cGToxLg
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.!$.%
>[v
\ nf v8f x'g] / Gofo lgk0f eO;s]sf]
k|Zgdf o; cbfntn] af/Daf/ af]Nb} hfg' kg]{
ljifoM pTk]i| f0f k/dfb]z .
l:ylt cfp"5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] nflu ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] k|of]u ul/g' x'b" g} . l/6 lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf= j8f
&= ctM dfly ljZn]0F ul/Pcg'k
g+= % a:g] t'o' 8+uf]n
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$r sf]
lj?4
pkbkmf -$_ tyf g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
ljlgod ^& sf] pkljlgod -#_ sf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, wf/f !# / !* ;d]tsf]
;"rgfsf] cjlwleq hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L
k|lts"n gb]lvPsf] / lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] o;}
kfpg lgj]bg glbO{ s/Lj rf/ jif{kl5
Joj:yfsf] af/]df k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o;
tf]lsPsf] cjlw JotLt u/L lbOPsf]
cbfntaf6 ;+jw} flgstf k/L0F eO{ l/6 lgj]bg
lgj]bg b/kL7 ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{
vf/]h eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf k'gM ;f]xL sfg"gL
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] eGg g;lsg] .
Joj:yfpk/ k|Zg p7fO{ lgj]bsx o; cbfntdf
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
k|jz
] u/]sf];d]t b]lv"bf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3!
hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg . ctM k|:t't l/6
/ @^3# ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L hf/L ePsf]
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L
e"ld;DaGwL 5}7f} ;+zf]wg cWofb]z, @)^@
ldl;n lgodadf]lhd a'fO{ lbg" .
n] P]gsf] k u|x0f ug{ g;sL cWofb]z
lgliqmo x'bF f df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf df]xL /
hUufwgLsf] aLrdf jfF8kmfF8sf nflu
lgj]bg lbg] / hUuf jfF8kmfF8 ul/lbg]
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
af/]sf] ;+lIfKt xbDofbsf] ;dflKt
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
eO;s]sf], To;n] df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf
/x]sf] }w :jfldTj cGTo u/L df]xL nut
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn sflQs !^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\===
sf ug]{ / e"ldsf] pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4
Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
ug]{ P]gsf] k'lgt p2]Zo xfl;n x'gdf
188
*(%& t'o' 8+uf]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
cfPsf] cj/f]wsf ;fy} hUufjfnf /

df]xLn] cfcfk\mgf xssf] hUuf afF8kmfF8
u/L lnglbgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg] /
sf/jfxL ug{] sfo{df cj/f]w cfpFbf
hUufwgL / df]xLaLrsf] ;d:of oyfjt
/lx/xg] b]lvPsfn] df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf
df]xL / hUufwgLsf] aLrdf jfF8kmfF8
ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLltut lg0f{o lnO pko'Qm
/ Jojxfl/s Joj:yf ug'{ egL g]kfn
;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
hf/L x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ;"ok{ ;
| fb
kf]v/]n Pj+ ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe'
yfkf Pj+ clwjQmfo 6Lsf/fd e/fO{
Pj+ eLdfh'g{ cfrfo{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo aRr'l;+ v8\sf
/ /fdrGb| Gof}kfg, w'j| gfy kGt
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @û,
@^3! / @^3#
wf/f !(
cfb]z
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)& -!_, -@_
adf]lhd bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bssf] klt :juL{o afa'sfhL 8+uf]n
x'g'x'G5 . lgh afa'sfhL / daf6 Ps 5f]/f
afa'nfn 8+uf]nsf] hfohGd ePsf]df lgh 5f]/f;Fu}
a;L cfPsL 5' . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, skg uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= #-em_ sf] ;fljs ls=g+= @( xfn ls=g+=
$^@ sf] hUuf d lgj]bssf klt afa'sfhL

8+uf]nn] df]xLsf] x}l;otdf hf]tef]u ub}{ cfpg'
ePsf]df kltsf] lgwgkl5 d}n] lg/Gt/ hf]tef]u
ub}{ cfPsL 5' . sfg"gadf]lhd df]xLsf] x}l;otn]
pQm hUufsf] cfwf lx:;f d lgj]bssf] x'g]
lglZrt 5 . hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL nut
sf u/f}+ egL hUufwgL :juL{o d}lq/Tgsf] 5f]/f;Fu
cfu|x ubf{ plNnlvt hUuf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf
vfg]kfgL lnld6]8n] clws/0f u/L;s]sf] x'bF f
;f]xL sfof{no;Fu ;Dks{ ug'e{ gL hjfkm lbg'eof] .
ljkIfL lnld6]8;Fu hUufwgL / df]xLaLr hUuf
afF8kmfF8 u/f}+ egL k6sk6s cfu|x ubf{ x'G5
kl5 u/f}n
F f egL 6fb}{ cfPsf 5g\ / To;sf]
;'gj' fO ul/Pg .
d]/f klt df]xL hlgg] pQm hUuf d]/f]
gfddf gfd;f/L u/L e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
bkmf @^v cg';f/ hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL
nut sf ul/kfpFm egL @)^&.!!.!@ df ljkIfL
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bg
btf{ gu/L g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
@)^#.@.@( sf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df afF8kmfF8;DaGwL
lgj]bg lbg] Dofb @)^# r}q d;fGt;Dd /x]sf]df
;f] Dofbleq lgj]bg glbO{ Dofb ;dfKt ePkl5
lgj]bg ug'e
{ Psfn] lgj]bg btf{ ug{ gldNg] x'bF f
b/kL7 ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/f kf/L ldlt
@)^&.!!.@# df b/kL7 ul/of] . ljkIfLxsf]
pQm sfo{ / Jojxf/n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs
xgg\ x'gs
' f ;fy} e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
;+zf]lwt bkmf @^3!, @^3# g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsfn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{
pkl:yt ePsL 5' .
df]xL xs gfd;f/L ug]{ s'g} xbDofb
gePsf] / d'ns
' L P]g hUuf khgLsf] @ -s_
adf]lhd hlxn];s
' } gfd;f/L ug]{ Dofb /xg] egL
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 l;4fGt :yflkt ePsf]
5 . pQm hUufdf d]/f] cfwf xs lx:;f /xL
189

&), h]7
@)&),
/x]sf] / xfn;Dd d]/} ef]urng tyf ;|:] tfdf

;d]t gfd hlgPsfn] ljkIfLn] cGoyf eGg
;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ljkIfL lnld6]8n] pQm
hUuf clws/0f u/]sf] ;DaGwdf d lgj]bsnfO{
hUufwgLaf6 s'g} hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5}g . d]/f]
df]lxofgL xs ;'/lIft g} 5 / df]xLsf] st{Jo
lgjf{x u/L cfPsL 5' . ljkIfL lnld6]8n] pQm
hUuf clwu|x0f u/]sf] xf] eg]klg hUuf k|flKt
P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @) adf]lhd hUufafkt
lbOg] d'cfAhfsf] %) k|ltzt /sd df]xLsf]
x}l;otn] d}n] kfpg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
/ ;f]adf]lhd d}n] pQm /sd ;d]t gkfPsfn]
d}n] d]/f] df]xL xs kl/Tofu gu/]sf] :ki6 g} 5 .
pQm hUufdf xfn;Dd d}n] c6'6 kdf v]tL
u/L cfPsf] x' F b f vfg] k fgL cfof] h gf
;~rfng;DaGwL s'g} sfd ePsf] 5}g . o:tf]
l:yltdf d]/f] lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg'
kg]d
{ f b/kL7 ug]{ lg0f{oaf6 d]/f] df}lns xsdf
cg'lrt aGb]h nfUg uPsfn] pQm b/kL7sf]
cfb]z pTk]i| f0faf6 ab/efuL 5 .
/ @^3# cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !, !@-#_r,
wf/f !#, wf/f !( ;d]t;Fu aflemPsfn] ab/efuL
5 . ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] /fhkqdf
k|sflzt u/]sf] ;do;Ldf;DaGwL ;"rgfn]
;+ljwfg k|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf aGb]h
nufPsf], ;f] ;"rgf k|sfzg ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf]
P]gsf] bkmf @^3! / @^3# n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ
df}lnsxdf aGb]h nufPsfn] ljkIfLxsf gfddf
lgDglnlvt cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmM
sf] wf/f !, !@-#_r, !#, !(, @!

;Fu aflemPsfn] pQm bkmfx k|f/De
ePsf] ldltb]lv g} c;+jw} flgs 3f]lift
ul/kfpFm .
-v_ d lgj]bsnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ kg]{
u/L df] x L xs afF 8 kmfF 8 ug] {
;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L g]kfn
/fhkqdf k|sflzt ePsf] ldlt
@)^#.@.@( sf] ;" r gf /
To;;DaGwdf cGo lg0f{o ePsf
eP tL ;d]t pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zaf6
ab/ u/L d lgj]bsn] lbPsf] lgj]bg
btf{ u/L d]/f] gfddf df]xL xs
gfd;f/L u/L lbO{ ljkIfL lnld6]8n]
clwu|x0f ubf{sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
hUufsf] If]qkmnaf6 g36\g] u/L
df]xLsf] x}l;otaf6 d}n] kfpg] hUuf
afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg' egL ljkIfLsf
gfddf k/dfb]znufotsf cGo
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
-u_ ;fljs hUufwgLn] clwu| x 0f
;DaGwdf dnfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L
gu/fPsf], pQm hUuf d}n] hf]tsdf]b
ub}{ cfPsf] / vfg]kfgL lnld6]8n]
oltsf nfdf] ;do;Dd k|of]udf
;d]t gNofPsf] / Nofpg ;Sg]
cj:yf;d]t gePsfn] df]xLsf] xs
lx:;fdf kg];
{ Ddsf] efu hlt hUuf
lgj]bsnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf
gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
-s_ ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd

ldlt @)^#.@.@( sf] /fhkqdf
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ e"ld;DaGwL dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf]
P]gsf] bkmf @^3! / bkmf @^3# hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP !% lbgleq
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
190
;"rgf hf/L ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt

@)^&.!@.# sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] o; sfof{nosf] s]
s'g sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{oaf6 lghsf] ;+ljwfg
k|bQ s] s'g df}lns xsdf s] s;/L afwf k'us
] f]
xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf :ki6 v'nfpg
;s]sf] kfOb}g+ .
e"ld;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf @û / @^3 df
hUufwgL / df]xLsf] xs afF8kmfF8 ug{ hUufwgL
/ df]xLn] ;+oQ
' m jf s'g} Psn] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] bkmf @^3! df pQm
bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . e"ld ;DaGwL kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_ P]g @)%* n] Joj:yf u/]sf] bkmf
@^3! sf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd ;f] bkmf k|f/De
ePsf] ldlt @)%*.!).@% n] ^ dlxgfleq P]gsf]
bkmf @û / @^3 adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg lbg' kg]d
{ f
;f]adf]lhd lgj]bg glbO{ ljkIfL lgj]lbsfn] ldlt
@)^&.!!.!@ df dfq lgj]bg lbPsfn] P]gsf]
Joj:yfcg' ; f/ lgj] b g btf{ gu/L b/kL7
ul/lbPsf] e" l d;' w f/ sfof{ n osf] sfo{
sfg"gadf]lhds} /x]ePsfn] cGoyf eGg ldNg]
b]lvFbg} . hldgdf /x]sf] 4}w :jfldTj cGTo u/L
;fj{hlgs lxt sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/Psf]
P]gsf] pQm Joj:yf oyfy{df ;+ljwfgcg'sn
"
/x]sf] 5 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
adf]lhd df]xL nfu]sf] hUufsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL
lgj]bg lbg] Dofb g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt
@)^#.@.@( sf] ;" r gfcg' ; f/ @)^# r} q
d;fGt;Dd dfq ePsf]df lgj]bsn] ;f] Dofb
;dfKt ePsf] sl/a $ jif{ kl5 hUuf afF8kmfF8
ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg btf{ u/fpg NofPsf] x'bF f
pQm lgj]bg b/kL7 ul/Psf] xf] l/6 lgj]bg
191
vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] e"ld;'wf/

sfof{no sf7df8f}s
+ f] lnlvt hjfkm .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf]
;+zf]wgn] hUufwgL / df]xLaLr hUuf afF8kmFf8
ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf], kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn] lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf], 5}7f] ;+zf]wg cWofb]z_ n] ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf]
Dofbleq lgj]bg lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] /
;f] x L sfg" g L Joj:yfadf] l hd @)^# r} q
d;fGt;Dd lgj]bg lbg] Dofb g]kfn /fhkqdf
k|sfzg ul/Psf], kl5 pQm cWofb]z ;+;baf6
cg'df]bg x'g g;sL P]gsf] bkmf @^3! sf] ;fljs
Joj:yfg} oyfjt /xg uPsf] / pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf sf/0f dGqfnon] o;} ljifonfO{
;xhLs/0f ug{ P]gsf] bkmf @^3! nfO{ ;+zf]wg
ug{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ljw]os k|:t't u/L
;s]sfn] ;f] ljw]osn] sfg"gL k u|x0f u/]kZrft\
l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 x'g]
g} x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] o; ljefunfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' kg]{ :ki6 cfwf/ v'nfpg g;s]sf] / o;
ljefuaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} xs clwsf/ xgg\
gePsfn] ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f o; ljefunfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg
ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;DaGwdf lgj]bssf]
xs clwsf/df c;/ kg]{ s'g} lg0f{o o;
sfof{noaf6 gePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}s
F f]
lnlvt hjfkm .
;fljs ls=g+= @( xfn ls=g+= $^@ sf]
hUuf ;fljsdf vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf;
;+:yfgsf] btf{ :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUuf xf] eGg]

&), h]7
@)&),
s'/f nfnk"hf{ ;d]taf6 k'li6 x'G5 . ;fljs

vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}+
pkTosfleqsf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt rn
crn ;DklQ / bfloTjx kl5 sf7df8f}+
pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8d
{ f x:tfGt/0f
ePsf] / jf]8d
{ fkm{t\ o; vfg]kfgL lnld6]8nfO{
pkTosf leqsf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf k|0ffnL ;~rfngsf
nflu dfq s/f/df x:tfGt/0f ePsf] xf] . o;/L
;fljs vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] :jfldTjsf ;a} ;+/rgf
vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8d
{ f s]lGb|t ePsf]df
l/6 lgj]bsn] o; lnld6]8;Fu /x]sf] eGg] cfefif
lbnfpFb} hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/f}+ egL cg'/f]w u/]sf]
eGg] Joxf]/f em"7f xf] . o;/L a];/f]sf/ lgsfonfO{
ljkIfL agfPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
lgj]bg bfjLsf] ;fljs ls=g+= @( xfn
ls=g+= $^@ sf] )## -tLg cfgf tLg k};f_
hUuf tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] )$@.#.$
sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ vfg]kfgLsf] nflu 6\o'jj]n
lgdf{0fsf] nflu clwu|x0f eO{ vfg]kfgL of]hgf
;~rfng eO{ cfPsf] 5 . pQm hUuf xfn
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{sf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] hUuf clwu|x0f
ePsf] s'/f hUufwgLn] hfgsf/L gu/fPsf] tyf
cfkm}n] v]tL u/L cfPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf]
Joxf]/f em"7f xf] . pQm hUuf clwu|x0f kZrft\
sf7df8f} + pkTosf vfg] k fgL Joj:yfkg
af]8{dfkm{t\ s/f/df o; lnld6]8n] vfg]kfgL
cfof]hgf ;~rfng u/L lg/Gt/ kdf ef]u
rng u/L cfPsf] 5 .
sl/a @% jif{ cufl8 hUuf k|flKt P]g,
@)#$ adf]lhd clwu|x0f ug]{ lg0f{o ePkl5
;fljs ls=g+= @( sf] hUufwgL d}qL/Tg t'nfw/n]
ldlt @)$^.%.$ df d'cfAhfsf nflu vfg]kfgL
;+:yfg ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf], ljkIfL t'o' 8+uf]n
/ lghsf] 5f]/f afa'nfn 8+uf]nn] klg ldlt
@)$&.$.#) df ;+:yfg ;dIf d'cfAhfsf] nflu
lgj]bg lbO{ ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)$&.%.#! sf]

;b/ l6Kk0fL / ldlt @)$&.^.@% sf] kq
d'tfljs lghxnfO{ d'cfAhf e'QmfgL lbg] cfb]z
eO{ lgj]bs / lghsf] 5f]/fn] d'cfAhf a'lemlnO{
;+:yfgn] nfdf] cjlwb]lv vfg]kfgLsf] nflu
6\o'aj]n ;~rfng u/L cfPsf], h'g p2]Zosf
nflu clwu|x0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f]xL sfddf k|of]u
eO{ cfPsf] hUufnfO{ lgj]bsn] %) k|ltzt
df]xL xs /x]sf] eGb} ;f] hUuf lkmtf{ kfpg
bfjL ug'{ lg/y{s / cf}lrTolxg 5 l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf7df8f}+
pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8sf] lnlvt hjfkm
Joxf]/f .
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt xfn ls=g+= $^@
df clwu|x0f ePsf] @^ jif{;Dd s'gk} lg lgdf{0f
sfo{ gePsf], h'g p2]Zosf nflu clwu|x0f
ul/Psf] xf] Tof] k"/f x'g] cj:yf gePkl5 hUuf
k|flKt P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf #$ adf]lhd To:tf]
hUuf hUufwgLnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'k{ g]{ afWofTds sfg"gL
k|fjwfg ePsfn] To;tkm{ sf/jfxL rnfpg] d]/f]
xs ;'/lIft 5 . l/6 lgj]bssf] lx:;fdf kg]{
hUuf lkmtf{ ePdf d]/f] s'g} c;xdlt gePsfn]
dnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{ sf/0f 5}g, l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ljkIfL dfg/Tg t'nfw/sf] lnlvt
hjfkm Joxf]/f .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf Pj+ clwjQmfo
>L 6Lsf/fd e/fO{ Pj+ eLdfh'{g cfrfo{n] xfn
ls=g+= $^@ sf] hUufdf lgj]bssf] df]xL xs
lgxLt /x]sf] eGg] s'/f hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
;d]taf6 b]lvO{ /x]sf] / pQm hUufdf df]xLsf]
x}l;otn] lg/Gt/ hf]tef]u u/L /x]sf] cj:yf
5 . e"ld;DaGwL P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ pQm
hUufdf xfd|f] kIfsf] cfwf xs lx:;flgxLt
/x]sf] / P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ hUuf afF8kmfF8
192
ug{ lgj]bg lbFbf To;df sf/jfxL gul/gfn]

;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf cf3ft k'Ug uPsf] 5 .
h'g lgsfoaf6 tTsfnsf] cjlwdf xfd|f] xs
clwsf/df cf3ft k'ofpg] u/L lg0f{o /
sfdsf/jfxL ePsf] xf] ;f]xL lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL
agfOPsf] 5 . ljjflbt hUufdf df]xLn] g}
tf/jf/ nufO{ t/sf/L v]tL u/L /x]sf] cj:yf
5 . pQm hUuf clwu|x0f ul/Psf] elgPtfklg
clwu|x0f ubf{sf] k|of]hgdf pkof]u ul/Psf]
5}g . df]xLn] d'cfAhf a'em]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
5}g . hUufwgLsf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'bF d
} f df]xL
xs hfg] xf]Og . e"ld;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf @^3!
/ @^3# sf] Joj:yfn] ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf
aGb]h nufPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] / df]lxofgL xssf]
afF8kmfF8df ;d:of /x]sf] x'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L xf];\ egL ax; ug'{eof] . ljkIfL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xofoflwjQmf >L
;"o{k|;fb kf]v/]nn] e"ld;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf]
5}7f} ;+zf]wg cWofb]zcg';f/ df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf
afF8kmfF8 u/L lng lgj]bg lbg] Dofb @)^#
;fn r}q d;fGtleq tf]lsPsf]df ;f] cjlw
JotLt ePkl5 afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bg k/]sf] x'gfn]
To:tf] lgj]bg b/kL7 ul/g' sfg"g;+ut 5 .
lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] hUuf vfg]kfgL tyf 9n
lgsf; ;+:yfgsf] nflu clwu|x0f eO{ ;s]sf] /
:jfldTj;d]t ;/]sf] x'gfn] lgj]bg ug]{ clwsf/
g} 5}g . lgj]bs ljnDa u/L cfPsf] cj:yf
;d]t ljBdfg 5 . lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgs /x]sf]
egL bfjL u/]sf] e"ld;DaGwL P]gsf] Joj:yfn]
s;}sf] xs clwsf/ ;dflKt u/]sf] 5}g, pQm
Joj:yfcg' ; f/ k| s flzt ;" r gf cg' ; f/
afF8kmfF8df lgj]bg u/] cfwf hUufdf :jfldTj
cfpg] xf], gq df]xLn] hUuf sdfpg] xsdf
aGb] h nufPsf] cj:yf 5} g , hUuf
jfF8kmfF8;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;/n Pj+ Jojxfl/s
agfpg] p2]Zon] P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ tof/L eO/x]sf]

x'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf
5}g l/6 vf/]h xf];\ egL ax; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL
lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf o >L
aRr'l;+ v8\sf / /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]n] ljkIfL l/6
lgj]bs ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xLsf] >LdtLsf] gftfn]
l/6 lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg' ePsf] 5, lghsf
gfddf df]xL xs gfd;f/L ePsf] eGg ;Sg'ePsf]
5}g, lgj]bgdf h'g lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{
xf] p;nfO{ agfpg ;s] s f] cj:yf 5} g ,
a];/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] 5 .
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt hUuf vfg]kfgLsf] 6\oj" j]n
lgdf{0fsf nflu clwu|x0f eO{ vfg]kfgL tyf 9n
lgsf; ;+:yfgsf] :jfldTjdf cfPsf] hUuf xf],
To; ;+ : yfgsf] ef} l ts ;DklQ sf7df8f} +
pkTosfdf vfg]kfgL af]8d
{ f x:tfGt/0f ePsf]
5, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8nfO{
ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{ xf]Og, ljkIfLnfO{ pQm hUufsf]
d'cfAhf lbg] lg0f{o eO{ d'cfAhf lnO{ ;s]sf] /
pQm hUuf clwu|x0f ul/Psf] k|of]hg d} pkof]u
ePsf] x'bF f l/6 vf/]h xf];\ egL tyf ljkIfL
dfg/Tgsf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf >L w'j| gfy
kGtn] plNnlvt hUuf clwu|x0f ePkl5 d}n]
kfpg] d'cfAhf a'emL lnPsf] xf] xfdLnfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f gePsfn] l/6 vf/]hxf];\
egL ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
k]z ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgkq;lxtsf ldl;n
sfuh cWoog u/L b'j} tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{
l/6 lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gkg]{
xf] xf]Og eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, ;fljs ls=g+=
@( xfn ls=g+= $^@ sf] hUufdf cfk\mgf] klt
df]xL /x]sf]df kltsf] d[To'kl5 pQm hUuf df]xLsf]
x}l;otdf cfk"mn] lg/Gt/ hf]tef]u u/L cfPsf],
193

&), h]7
@)&),
hUufwgL;Fu hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug{ cg'/f]w ubf{

gu/L lbPsf x'gfn] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf
afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bg lbFbf b/kL6 u/LlbPsfn] hUuf
afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xLsf] cfwLlx:;f 5'6o\ fO{ lbg'
eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ug's
{ f ;fy} e"ld;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @^3! / @^3# df /x]sf] Joj:yfn]
;+ljwfgk|bQ ;DklQsf] df}lns xsnfO{ s'l07t
t'NofO ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsfn] pQm bkmfxsf]
Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bssf] dfubfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= ;j{ky| d e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
bkmf @^3! / @^3# df /x]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsfn] pQm Joj:yf ab/ x'g' kg]{ egL
lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{
ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] c;+jw} flgs egL r'gf}tL
lbPsf] e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! /
@^3# df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf b]xfocg';f/
/x]sf] kfOof]M
bkmf @^3!M lgj]bg lbg'kg]M{ bkmf @û / @^3
sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu of] bkmf k|f/De
ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq lgj]bg
lbg'kg]5
{ .
bkmf @^3#M sf/jfxL 6'f] nufO;Sg'kg]M{ df]xL
nfu]sf] hUuf o; P]gadf]lhd hUufjfnf
/ df]xLaLr afF8kmfF8 ug]{ sf/jfxL
tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] of] bkmf k|f/De
ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq 6'f] nufO{
;Sg'kg]5
{ .
$= e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
@û df df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf hUufjfnf / df]xL
b'j} kIfn] ;xdltf/f hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L lng
lbg rfx]df jf cfkm\gf] efudf kg]{ hUufsf] d"No
lnO{ hUufjfnf jf df]xLdWo] s;}nfO{ k"/} hUuf
5f]8L df]xL nut sf ug{ rfx]df To;sf] ljj/0f
v'nfO{ tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L;dIf ;+oQ' mkdf lgj]bg

lbg'kg]{ / To;/L lgj]bg k/]df ;DalGwt clwsf/Ln]
tbg'k ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t},
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @^3 df hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{
ljifodf hUufwgL / df]xL cfk;df ;xdt x'g
g;sL hUufwgL jf df]xLdWo] s'g} Ps kIfn]
lgj]bg lbPdf ;DalGwt clwsf/Ln] g/du/d
ldnfO{ hUufwgL / df]xLnfO{ cfwfcfwf x'g] u/L
hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL nut sf ug'k{ g]{
sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L pQm
P]gsf] bkmf @^3@ df, bkmf @^3! sf] Dofbleq
hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug{ hUufwgL jf df]xLdWo] s;}sf]
klg lgj]bg kg{ gcfP klg ;DalGwt clwsf/Ln]
cfjZos k|df0f a'emL hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg'kg]{
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= plNnlvt bkmf @^3!, bkmf @^3@,
bkmf @^3# sf Joj:yfx e"ld;DaGwL -kfrf}F
;+zf]wg_ P]g @)%* af6 / @û / @^3 sf
Joj:yfx rf}yf] ;+zf]wg @)%# af6 yk ePsf]
kfOG5 . e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ;+zf]wg
u/L yk ePsf pQm Joj:yfx hldgdf /x]sf]
}w :jfldTj cGTo u/L ;fj{hlgs lxt sfod
ug]{ p2]Zon] NofO{Psf x'g\ egL lnlvt hjfkmdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvof] . tL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
cWoog u/L x]bf{ df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf /x]sf] }w
:jfldTjnfO{ cGTo ug]{ ljwflosfsf] dg;fo /x]sf]
:ki6 b]lvG5 . e"lddf /x]sf] hUufwgL / df]xLsf]
bf]xf]/f] :jfldTjsf] cGTo u/L df]xL nut sf
ug]{ / e"ldsf] pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 u/L cfly{s
ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg] pQm P]gsf] p2]Zodf
lgj]bsn] cfklQ hgfPsf] cj:yf b]lvFbg} .
^= ;dosf] kl/jt{ g / ;fdflhs
cfjZostfcg'k ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'ljwf
/ cfly{s lxt sfod /fVg s:tf] sfg"g agfpg]
jf eO/x]sf] sfg"gdf s] s:tf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ eGg]
ljifo ljwflosfsf] clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ ljifo
194
xf] . ;f]lxcg';f/ ljwflosfn] e"ld;DaGwL P]gdf

;+zf]wg u/L bkmf @^3! / @^3# ;d]tsf Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfn] df]xL nfu]sf]
hUuf afF8kmFf8 ug{sf nflu lgj]bg lbg / o;/L
k/]sf lgj]bgxsf] km5\of}6{ ug]{ ljifodf sfg"gn]
;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ l jwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !( f/f k| b Q
;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] pkof]udf aGb]h
nufPsf] / ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg]
lgj]bssf] bfjL /x]sf] 5 .
&= ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
ug]{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !(-!_ df /x]sf]
Joj:yf x]bf{ k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug],{ ef]u ug],{ a]rlavg
ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g5
]
eGg] pNn] v ePsf] kfOG5 . l;4fGttM
;+ljwfgk|bQ s'g} klg df}lns xs jf :jtGqtf
jGb]h/lxt x'bF g} g\ . lg/k]If xs jf :jtGqtfsf]
kl/sNkgf ug{ klg ;lsFbg} . df}lns xs jf
:jtGqtfs} /Iffsf] nflu klg To;sf] pkef]udf
s]xL ;Ldf jf aGb]hx lgwf{/0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{
x'g] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg :jo+
jf ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gf/f To:tf ;Ldf jf
aGb]hx lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5g\ . plNnlvt wf/f
!( sf] Joj:yfdf g} ;DklQ;DaGwL xs sfg"gsf]
cwLgdf /xL pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] / ;+/lIft x'g]
xssf] kdf k|Tofe"t ePsf] b]lvG5 . gful/sn]
;DklQ cfh{g ubf{,{ ef]u ubf{,{ a]rlavg nufotsf
cGo sf/f]af/ ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ug'k{ g]{
:ki6 ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsfn] ljwflosL
sfg"gn] of] xssf] pkof]u / k|rngdf d'gfl;j
aGb]h nufpg ;Sg] jf lgodg ug{ ;Sg] tyf
sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ dfq of] xssf] pkef]u
ug{ kfO{g] eGg] b]lvG5 .
*= s'gk} lg sfg"gL Joj:yf c;+jw} fflgs
7x/ x'gsf nflu To:tf] sfg"gn] ;+ljwfg
k|bQ df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf]

jf cGo sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'g'
k5{ . To:tf] sfg"g ts{;t, ljj]sk"0f{ /
Gofok"0f{ /x]sf] 5}g eGg] :ki6 b]lvg' k5{ .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! tyf @^3# sf]
sfg"gL Joj:Yffn] df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf afF8kmfF8
ug{ lgj]bg lbg] tyf To:tf lgj]bgxsf]
km5\of}{6 ug]{ ljifodf ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L
o; ljifonfO{ lgoldt u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
dfly ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ hldgdf /x]sf]
hUufwgL / df]xLsf] bf]xf]/f] :jfldTjsf] cGTo
u/L df]xL nut sf ug]{ / e"ldsf] pTkfbsTjdf
clej[ l 4 ug] { p2] Z on] ljwflosfn] To:tf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . sfg"gsf]
pQm Joj:yfn] df]xL xssf] ;dflKt x'g] jf
sfg"gadf]lhd df]xL nut sf geP;Dd
df]xLsf] x}l;otn] hUuf hf]Tg gkfpg] eGg]
lsl;dn] s'g} lsl;dsf] jGb]h nufPsf] b]lvg
cfpb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf plNnlvt e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! tyf @^3# sf]
sfg"gL Joj:Yffn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!(-!_ f/f k|bQ ;DklQsf] xsnfO{ s'l07t
t'NofPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt
x'g ;lsPg .
(= cj lgj]bsn] df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf
afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwdf lbPsf] lgj]bg btf{ u/L cfkm\gf]
gfddf df]xL xs gfd;f/L u/L lbO{ df]xLsf]
x}l;otaf6 kfpg] hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg' egL
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] dfu bfjLsf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . lgj]bsn]
bfjL u/]sf] ls=g+= $^@ sf] hUuf clwu|x0f
;DaGwdf cfkm"nfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L gu/fOPsf],
pQm hUuf df]xLsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/ kdf
hf]tsdf]b ub}{ cfPsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] .
pQm hUufdf lgj]bssf klt jfj'sfhL 8+uf]n
195

&), h]7
@)&),
df]xL /x]sf] eGb} lgh df]xLsf] kTgLsf] x}l;otdf

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] kfOof] . lghn]
kltsf gfdsf] df]lxofgL xs e"ld;DaGwL P]g /
lgodfjnLcg';f/ cfkm\gf] gfddf gfd;f/L u/L
;s]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpb}g . df]xL gfd;f/L ug{sf
nflu ;flwsf/ lgsfo e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf
lgj]bg lbPsf]df To:tf] lgj]bg b/kL7 u/L lbPsf]
eP ;f] pk/ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]adf]lhd
j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ x'bF fx'bF } To;sf] cjnDag
gu/L o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qcGtu{t bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgaf6 lg0f{o x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . ;fy}
k|:t't l/6af6 tYo / k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L
df]xL gfd;f/Lsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ l:ylt
;d]t x'bF g} .
!)= hxfF;Dd l/6 lgj]bgdf hUuf
afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwdf lbPsf] lgj]bg btf{ u/L df]xLsf]
x}l;otaf6 kfpg] hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg k/dfb]z
dfu ulPsf] 5 To;;DaGwdf x]bf{, ;fljs ls=g+=
@( xfn ls=g+= $^@ sf] hUuf tTsfnLg >L %
sf] ;/sf/n] )$@.#.!$ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
vfg]kfgLsf] nflu 6\oj' j]n lgdf{0fsf] nflu clwu|x0f
eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg
af]8s
{ f] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] s'/f lnlvt hjfkmdf
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L lgj]bs cfkm}n]
v]tL u/L cfPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] Joxf]/f em"7f
/x]sf] / pQm hUuf clwu|x0fkZrft\ sf7df8f}+
pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8d{ fkm{t\ s/f/df
o; lnld6]8n] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;~rfng
u/L lg/Gt/ kdf ef]u rng u/L cfPsf] eGg]
Joxf]/f ;d]t sf7df8f}F pkTofsf vfg]kfgL
lnld6]8sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . pQm hUufsf] hUufwgL dfg/Tg t'nfw/n]
;d]t ljjflbt hUuf tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
clwu|x0f u/]sf] / cfk"mn] d'cfJhf;d]t j'lemlnPsf]
egL :jLsf/ u/]sf] tyf ldl;n ;+nUg kmfOnaf6

;d]t pQm hUuf vfg]kfgLsf] 6\oj" j]n lgdf{0f
;d]tsf nflu clwu|x0f ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]
5.
!!= @)$@ ;fndf hUuf k|flKt P]g,
@)#$ adf]lhd plNnlvt hUuf clwu|x0f ug]{
lg0f{o ePkl5 pQm hUufsf df]xL jfj'sfhL
8+uf]nsL >LdtL oL l/6 lgj]bs t'o' 8+uf]n /
lghsf] 5f] / f afa' n fn 8+ u f] n n] ldlt
@)$&.$.#) df g]kfn vfg]kfgL tyf 9n
lgsf; ;+:yfg;dIf d'cfAhf e'QmfgL kfpgsf]
nflu lgj]bg lbO{ ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)$&.%.#!
sf] ;b/ l6Kk0fL / ldlt @)$&.^.@% sf] kq
d'tfljs lghxnfO{ d'cfAhf e'QmfgL lbg] cfb]z
ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhaf6 b]lvg cfPsf]
5 . To; s'/fnfO{ Ohnf;df lgj]bstkm{sf
sfg"g Joj;foLn] c:jLsf/ ug'{ ePsf] kfOPg .
o;/L hUuf clwu|x0f eO;s]kl5 df]xLsf]
x}l;otdf kfpg] d'cfJhf bfjL u/L oL lgj]bs
;d]tn] lgj]bg lbPsf] s'/fnfO{ nf]k u/L hUuf
clwu|x0f ePsf] s'/f cfkm"nfO{ hfgsf/L g}
gePsf], hUufwgLn] ;d]t hfgsf/L glbPsf]
eGg] Joxf]/f l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/L o;
cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] kfOFbf lgj]bs ;kmf
xft lnP/ o; cbfntdf cfPsf] eGg] b]lvg
cfPg . cfk\mgf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] egL
pkrf/dfUg cbfntdf lgj]bg lnO cfpFbf
ePsf] Joxf]/f :ki6 v'nfO{ ;kmfxft lnP/
k|j]z ug'{kg]{df ;f] dfGotfsf] ljk/Lt lgj]bg
bfo/ ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} @)$@
;fndf hUuf clwu|x0f ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] /
@)$& ;fndf d'cfJhf kfpgsf nflu cfkm}n]
lgj]bg lbPsf] l:yltdf s/Lj @) jif{sf] nfdf]
cjlwkl5 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]
kfOPsfn] lgj]bsn] cg'lrt ljnDa u/L lgj]bg
lbPsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfof] .
196
*(%* rt'eh
{ e6[ ;d]t lj=s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ln=;d]t
!@= e"ld;DaGwL 5}7f} ;+zf]wg cWofb]z,

@)^@ n] bkmf @^3!df ;+zf]wg u/L hUuf
af8kmfF8sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|sfzg
u/L tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]c
] g';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ e"ld;'wf/ tyf
Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 df]xLnfu]sf] hUuf hUufjfnf
/ df]xLn] afF8kmfF8 u/L lng lgj]bg lbg] Dofb
@)^# r}t d;fGt;Dd tf]s]sf] egL ldlt
@)^#.@.@( df ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pQm ;"rgfadf]lhdsf] cjlwleq hUuf afF8kmfF8
u/L kfpg lgj]bg glbO{ s/Lj rf/ jif{kl5
ldlt @)^&.!!.!@ df oL lgj]bsn] e"ld;'wf/
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvFbf tf]lsPsf] cjlw
JotLt u/L lbOPsf] To:tf] lgj]bg b/kL7 ug]{
u/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}n
+ ] u/]sf] lg0f{o
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] eGg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g .
!#= ctM dfly laa]rgf ul/Pcg';f/sf
cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvg gcfPsfn]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
!$= t/, e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
bkmf @^3! / @^3# ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L hf/L ePsf]
e"ld;DaGwL 5}7f} ;+zf]wg cWofb]z @)^@ n] P]gsf]
k u|x0f ug{ g;sL cWofb]z lgliqmo x'bF f df]xL
nfu]sf] hUuf df]xL / hUufwgLsf] aLrdf
jfF8kmfF8sf nflu lgj]bg lbg] / hUuf jfF8kmfF8
ul/lbg] af/]sf] ;+lIfKt xbDofbsf] ;dflKt eO{;s]sf],
To;n] df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf /x]sf] }w :jfldTj
cGTo u/L df]xL nut sf ug]{ / e"ldsf]
pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 ug]{ P]gsf] k'lgt p2]Zo
xfl;n x'gdf cj/f]w cfPsf] cj:yf b]lvg'sf
;fy} hUufjfnf / df]xLn] cfcfk\mgf xssf] hUuf
afF8kmfF8 u/L lnglbgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg] /
sf/jfxL ug{] sfo{df cj/f]w cfpFbf hUufwgL /
df]xLaLrsf] ;d:of oyfjt /lx/xg] b]lvPsfn]
df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf df]xL / hUufwgLsf] aLrdf
jfF8kmfF8 ug]{ ;DaGwdf bkmf @^3! / @^3# df

ePsf] cjlw ;DaGwdf gLltut lg0f{o lnO pko'Qm
/ Jojxfl/s Joj:yf ug'{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf]
nut sfu/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{
&
lg0f{o g+=*(%*
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
l/6 g+= )^(WF)))*
cfb]z ldltM @)&).!.!@.%
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM 88]nw'/f lhNnf, eb|k/' uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
@ a:g] s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8sf]
k|jGws -clws[t bzf}+ tx_ kbaf6 :j]lR5s
cjsfz lnPsf] rt'eh
{' e ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
!^ s'nZ] j/ l:yt s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL
lnld6]8 ;d]t
197

&), h]7
@)&),
;fdfGotM cfo ul/G5 eg] To;df

sfg"gadf]lhd s/ nfUb5 eGg] s'/fsf]
cg'dfg ul/g' kb{5 . To;df klg s/
nfUg] / gnfUg] eGg] s'/fdf sfg"gdf
ePsf b'O{ Joj:yfaLr c;df~h:otf
b]lvG5 eg] cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd
s/ nfUb5 eGg] Joj:yfsf] kIfdf cg'dfg
ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !)_
cjsfz e'QmfgLafkt lbOPsf] cltl/Qm
;x'lnot /sddf kGw| k|ltzt jf kfFr
k|ltztdWo] s] slt s/ nfUg] xf] eGg]
;DaGwdf lljwf ePsf] eP ;f]xL
k|lqmofadf]lhd :ki6 x'g ;lsg]df s/
k|zf;g ug]{ s/ sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL g}
gagfO{ ;Lw} l/6 If]qdf k|jz
] u/]sf]
;d]t sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !#_
xfdL lgj]bsx s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL

lnld6]8df ljleGg ldltdf ;]jf k|j]z u/L
cgj/t\ kdf sfo{/t\ /xL cfPsf lyof}+ . s[lif
;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ljleGg kbxdf
sfo{/t /xL ldlt @)^%.!@.!! b]lv nfu" x'g]
u/L ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf 5f}+ . xfdL lgj]bsx
sDkgLdf axfn /xL sfdsfh ubf{s} ;dodf
sDkgLn] df}hb' f sf/f]jf/sf] b[li6df hgzlQm
af]lemnf] ePsf] / sf/f]jf/ l:ylt xfns} cj:yfdf
/xFbf tna e'QmfgL ug{ ;d]t sl7t x'g] cj:yf
b]lvPsf]n] :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 ul7t pk;ldltsf]
k| l tj] b g sfof{ G jogsf] nflu sDkgLsf]
Joj:yfkgaf6 ;~rfns ;ldltdf Ps k|:tfj
k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/sf] l:ylt
xfns} cj:yfdf /lx/x] lgs6 eljio d} tna
e'QmfgL ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{ x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf
eO{ ;DklQ laqmL ljt/0f u/L ;f]af6 bfloTj
Joxf]g{] u/L clgjfo cjsfz lbg' kg]{ l:ylt
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf k|d] axfb'/ b[li6ut ubf{ pk;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ljut
v8\sf
aif{xdf :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf nfu" ubf{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf s[i0fs'df/ lbO{ cfPsf ;'ljwfx k|bfg ug]{ u/L :j]lR5s
cf\bDa]
cjsfzsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ egL sDkgLsf]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;~rfns ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] / ;f]xL
;Da4 sfg"gM
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df sDkgLaf6 d"ntM lgDg zt{x
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-_, !@, pNn]v u/L :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] cfj]bg cfJxfg
^#, ^$, ^%-!_, &^, **-!+_
ul/Psf] ;"rgf ldlt @)^%.!!.!$ df k|sflzt
ePsf] lyof]M
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 1. sDkgLdf sfo{ / t\ OR5' s :yfoL
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
sd{rf/Lxn] sfof{no k|dv
' ;dIf ldlt
bfo/ eO{ ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
@)^%.!@.$ ;Dd cfj]bg ug{ ;Sg] /
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-v_ adf]lhd
:j]lR5s cjsfz ldlt @)^%.!@.!! b]lv
sfg"gsf] JofVof Pj+ Psktfsf] nflu k"0f{
nfu" x'g] .
Ohnf;df k7fpg] cfb]z ePcg';f/ k]z x'g 2. @)^% ;fn kmfu'g d;fGt;Dddf pd]/sf]
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
xbn] clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g] cjlwdf slDtdf
cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
198
*(%* rt'eh
3.
4.
8]9 aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw afFsL

/x]sf sd{rf/LxnfO{ lghn] sDkgLdf
;]jf u/]sf] v'b :yfoL ;]jf k|lt aif{ ! Ps_ dlxgfsf] lx;fjn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
tna a/fa/sf] /sdn] x'g cfpg] /sd
cltl/Qm ;x'lnot lbg] .
pkbfg k|of]hgsf] nflu %* aif{ pd]/
ggfg] u/L -kfFr_ aif{ gf]s/L cjlw yk
u/L ;]jf cjlw u0fgf ug]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/sf]
pkbfg lbg] .
cGo ;'ljwfx sDkgLsf] ljlgodfjnL
cg';f/ x'g] .
pQm ldlt @)^%.!!.$ df k|sflzt

:j] l R5s cjsfzsf] ;" r gfcg' ; f/ xfdL
lgj]bsxn] cfj]bg k]z u/]sf]df sDkgLsf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.!) sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)^%.!@.!!
ut]bl] v nfu" x'g] u/L xfd|f] :j]lR5s cjsfz
:jLs[t ul/Psf] lyof] . xfdL lgj]bsxsf]
:j]lR5s cjsfz eP kZrft\ xfdLn] kfpg' kg]{
pkbfgnufotsf ;'ljwf /sddWo] dfly bkmf v_ df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ v'b :yfoL ;]jf
cjlwdf k|lt aif{ ! -Ps_ dlxgfsf b/n] yk
ul/Psf] cltl/Qm ;x' l not /sddf !%
k|ltztsf b/n] cfos/ sL u/L e'QmfgL k|fKt
x'g cfPsf]n] o; k"j{ ldlt @)%(.@.@#, @)%(.^.&,
@)^@.!@.( / @)^$.$.@@ df sfof{Gjog ul/Psf
:j]lR5s cjsfzsf] sfo{qmddf % -kfFr_
k|ltztsf b/n] cfos/ sL u/L sd{rf/LxnfO{
pkbfg /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf]df ljut / xfn
k|sflzt ul/Psf] ;"rgf, pQm ;"rgfdf plNnlvt
;'ljwf / zt{x x'ax' Ps} k|sf/sf] /x]sf] /
cfos/ P]g, @)%* / cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%(
df klg s'g} k|sf/sf] ;+zf]wg gePsf] cj:yfdf
o;k6s !% -kGw|_| k|ltztsf b/n] cfos/ sf
ug'{kg]{ sf/0f / cf}lrTosf ljifodf ldlt
199
@)^%.!@.!^ sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L dfu ubf{ !%

k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'k{ g]{ :ki6 / 7f];
sf/0f glbO{ Ps dlxgfsf] cltl/Qm ;'ljwfdf
cfos/ P]g, @)%* tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL,
@)%( sf] bkmf **-!_ df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd
s/ sL ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ug'x{ g' egL ldlt
@)^%.!@.@^ sf] kqaf6 xfdLnfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof] .
k|rlnt lgod sfg"gnfO{ cWoog ubf{
cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( lgod @) sf]
pklgod ^-s_ / -v_ cg';f/ P]g k|f/De x'ge
' Gbf
cl3sf cfo jif{xdf -cfos/ P]g @)%*.!@.!(
b]lv nfu" ePsf]_ sd{rf/Lsf] ;~ro sf]if jf
gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] ;fFjf
Jofhnufotsf /sddf / ;f] cjlw;Dd kfs]sf]
pkbfg tyf ;l~rt ljbfafktsf] /sddf s/
5"6 x'g] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf ^% sf] !-s_ / -v_ cg';f/
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxtaf6 ePsf]
jf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgLdf
cfo u0fgf ubf{ To:tf] e'QmfgL Psd'i6 kdf
ul/Psf] 5 eg] o;/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgL /sdaf6
;f] e'QmfgL /sdsf] %) -krf;_ k|ltzt jf
kfFr nfv k}ofF h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd 36fO{
x'g] e'QmfgLnfO{ s/ of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6
k|fKt nfe dfgL cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
** sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd % k|ltztsf
b/n] s/ sL ug'{kg]{5 egL :ki6 ls6fgL
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]g lgoddf ePsf log}
k|fjwfgcg';f/ g} ljkIfL sDkgLn] ljut @)%(
;fnb]lv $ k6s :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf
;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;fljssf rf/}j6f
:j]lR5s cjsfz sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf hgfpg]
sd{rf/LxnfO{ lgodfg';f/ % k|ltzt s/
sf ul/Psf]df ljkIfLxn] cGoyf eGg ;Sg]
7fpF 5}g .

&), h]7
@)&),
ljkIfL sDkgLaf6 :j]lR5s cjsfz

of]hgfcGtu{t cjsfz lnOhfg] sd{rf/LxnfO{
xfn;Dd h]hlt pkbfgnufotsf ;/;'ljwf
/sdx e'QmfgL ul/Psf]5 Tof] ljkIfL sDkgLsf]
gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] :jLs[t
cjsfz sf]ifaf6} Joxf]l/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/ jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ePsf] cjsfz
e'QmfgLsf] xsdf bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
u0fgf ul/Psf] nfedf % k|ltztsf b/n] s/
sL ug'k{ g]{ :ki6 sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] alv{nfk
ljkIfL sDkgLn] Pp6} sfof{nodf sfo{/t ;dfg
sd{rf/Ldf c;dfg Jojxf/ u/L s;}nfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd g} s/ lgwf{/0f u/L sf ug]{
s;}nfO{ k"jf{ux| /fvL sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] b/eGbf
a9L !% k|ltzt cfos/ sf ug]{ sfo{ ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGtljk/Lt e} cGofodf k/]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf 5f}+ .
ctM sDkgLn] cGofo Pj+ u}/sfg"gL s/
sf u/]sf] plNnlvt sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{o
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L sfg"gn] tf]s]
cg';f/ % k|ltztsf b/n] lgodfg';f/ s/ sf
ug'{ egL sDkgLsf] gfddf k/dfb]z nufot hf]
rflxg] cf1f cfb]z k"h
F L{ hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 o; d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd
sf u/]sf] s/ /sd s/ sfof{nodf gk7fO{
oyfjt /fVg' egL ljkIfL sDkgLsf] gfddf
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bgkq .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}+ jf
cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw f/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6
lgj] b gsf] Ps k| l t gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfL
;d]tnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL 5nkmn ug{ pko'Qm

x'g] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5nkmndf
pkl:yt x'g ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{
eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df k|ToyL{ sDkgLaf6 :j]lR5s
cjsfz ln+ b f lgj] b sx eGbf k" j { s f
sd{rf/LxnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sddf ljleGg
k6s % k|ltzt dfq cfos/ sfl6Psf] t/
lgj] b sxsf] xsdf !% k| l tzt cfos/
sfl6Psf]n] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg
bfjL ePsf]n] cfos/ olt sfl6g' kg]{ eGg]
k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f clGtd ;'gj' fOaf6 x'g] b]vfPsf]
x'gfn] of] lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd
xfnnfO{ pQm adf]lhd sf ul/Psf] cfos/sf]
/sd s/ sfof{nodf gk7fO{ oyfjt\ /fVg' egL
ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf]
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsxn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ljjfb
cfos/ P]g, @)%* ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] /
P]gsf] bkmf &@ n] ;f] P]gsf] sfof{Gjog tyf
k|zf;g ug]{ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L cfGtl/s /fh:j
ljefunfO{ lbPsf] 5 . s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8
cfos/ nufpg] p7fpg] ;DaGwL ljwflosL jf
sfo{sf/L clwsf/L ePsf] lgsfo ge} cfkm"n] ug]{
e'QmfgLdf sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ s6fO{ To:tf]
s/ /sd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ()
adf]lhd clgjfo{ kdf csf]{ dlxgfsf] kGw|
lbgleq /fhZj vftfdf a'emfpg] st{Jo ePsf]
sDkgL xf] . o; cj:yfdf P]gadf]lhd s/sf]
sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g ug]{ cfGtl/s /fhZj
ljefunfO{ tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnonfO{
ljkIfL g} gagfO{ bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg
k|ydb[li6d} q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] vf/]hefuL 5 .
sDkgLn] :j] l R5s cjsfz
of]hgfcGtu{t pknAw u/fPsf] yk cltl/Qm
200
*(%* rt'eh
;'ljwf afktsf] /sddf !% k|ltzt geO{ %

k|ltzt dfq s/ sf ug'k{ g]{ eGg] cfwf/nfO{
k'li6 ug{ ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxn] cfos/
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @)-^_ sf] v08 s_ / -v_ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^%!_sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ Pj+ ;fljssf :j]lR5s
cjsfz of]hgfnfO{ cfwf/ lng' ePsf] kfOG5,
h'g sfg"gsf] jf:tljs dd{ / dg;fo;Fu d]n
vfg] b]lvFbg} . cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf]
lgod @)-^_-s_ n] cfos/ P]g nfu" x'gc
' l3sf]
cfo jif{xdf sd{rf/Lsf] ;~rosf]if jf gful/s
nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] ;fFjf Jofhnufotsf
/sddf / ;f] cjlw;Dd kfs]sf] pkbfg tyf
;+lrt ljbfafktsf] /sddf s/ 5"6 x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
^%-!_ sf] v08 -s_ n] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf
/x]sf] lxt afkt sf]ifn] u/]sf] cjsfz e'QmfgLnfO{
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g]{ elgP tfklg v08 -v_
n] To:tf] e'QmfgL Psd'i7 kdf ul/Psf] 5 eg]
;f] e'QmfgLsf] % k|ltzt jf % nfv k}ofFdWo]
h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] 36fO{ x'g] e'QmfgLnfO{ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfe dflgg]5
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL Joj:yf ljkIfL
l/6 lgj]bsxsf xsdf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf xf]Ogg\ .
sDkgLn] :j]lR5s cjsfzcGtu{t yk
cltl/Qm ;x'lnot lbPsf] /sd s'g} k|rlnt
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df jf sDkgLsf]
;fljsb]lv nfu" /x]sf] ljlgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/df lbPsf] geO{ cltl/Qm ;x'lnotafktsf]
/sd sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkgn] 5'} lg0f{o u/L
pknAw u/fPsf] x'bF f o:tf] k|sl[ tsf] /sd cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-_-!_ n] kl/eflift u/]sf]
cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] kfl/efiff leq kb}g{ . o:tf]
k|sf/sf] e'QmfgL ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g,@)%*
sf] bkmf **-!_ df jl0f{t cyf{t ===cjsfz
e'QmfgL ubf{ s"n e'QmfgL /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztsf
b/n] clu|d s/ sL ug'k{ g]5

{ eGg] Joj:Yff
/x]sf] cfwf/df x]l/g' kg]{ x'G5 . sDkgLn] pknAw
u/fPsf] yk cltl/Qm ;x'lnotafkt e'QmfgL
lbPsf] /sddf dfq !% sf b/n] s/ sL
u/]sf] x'bF f ;f]nfO{ sfg"g ljk/Lt jf q'l6k"0f{ eGg
;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . sDkgLsf] ljlgodfjnLdf
ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ;]jf cjlwsf] cfwf/df
kfpg] pkbfg /sd lx;fa u/L pkbfgsf] nfedf
kfFr k|ltzt dfq s/ sfl6Psf] 5, To; afx]ssf]
/sdn] ;d]t o;} k|sl[ tsf] ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sb}g .
To;dfyL klg of] /sd clGtd x'g] ge} 36a9
ePsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsx cfGtl/s
/fhZj ljefu jf o; cGtu{tsf sfof{nodf
;Dkls{t /xL lx;fa ldnfg ug]{ clwsf/ ;'/lIft
g} /x]sf] 5 .
sDkgLn] :j] l R5s cjsfzcGtu{ t
pknAw u/fPsf] ;'ljwfx dWo] ;]jf cjlwsf]
cfwf/df k|lt aif{ ! dlxgf a/fa/sf] tna /sd
cjsfzafktsf] e'QmfgLafktsf] /sd cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-_-!_ n] tf]sc
] g';
' f/
cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf lbOg] e'QmfgL geO{
@)^% kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd pd]/sf] xbn] clgjfo{
cjsfz x'g] cjlwdf 8]9 aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L
cjlw afFsL /x]sf sd{rf/LxnfO{ :yfoL ;]jf
cjlwsf] cfwf/df k|lt aif{ ! dlxgfsf] lx;fan]
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna a/fa/sf] /sd cltl/Qm
;x'lnot:jk sDkgLn] pknAw u/fPsf] yk
cltl/Qm ;'ljwf x'bF f o:tf] /sdnfO{ cjsfzafkt
k|fKt ePsf] /sd dfGg ldNb}g . sDkgLn] pknAw
u/fPsf] yk jf cltl/Qm ;x'lnot cjsfz
k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] s'g} sfg"gsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd
jf sDkgLsf] ljlgodfjnLdf ;fjLsb]lv pNn]v
ePsf] sf/0f kfpg] cj:yf gePsf]n] of] cjsfz
sf]if jf ;~ro sf]ifdf /flvg] clwsf/:jk
bfjL ug{ ;lsg] /sd klg xf]Og . o;y{ cjsfz
k|fKt ubf{ sfg"gtM e'QmfgL lbg}kg]{ clgjfo{tf
201

&), h]7
@)&),
gePsf] /sdnfO{ sDkgLn] cfk\mgf] ;fdflhs

st{Josf] kdf x]/L sDkgLdf k'ofpg' ePsf]
;]jfnfO{ sb/ ub}{ ;bfzotf:jk pxfFxsf]
cjsfzk|fKt eljiosf] cfly{s ;'/If0f x]t' pknAw
u/fPsf] /sd x'bF f cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
**-!_ adf]lhd !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL
ul/Psf] sfg"gadf]lhd g} 5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ cg';f/
;fnj;fnL cfly{s P]gn] of] P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug{
;S5 . o;/L x/] s aif{ cfos/ P] g sf
Joj:yfxdf kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;cl3
s'g kl/l:yltdf s'g sfg"gL Joj:yf c+ufn]/
slt s/ s6fOPsf] lyof] eGg] tYo ;fGble{s
ljifo xf]Og . olb sd s/ sfl6Psf] 5 eg]
cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu tyf dftxtsf
sfof{noxn] sd /sd p7fO{ s/ ;dfof]hg
u/L s/ r'Stf u/fpg] clwsf/ oyfl:yltdf
/x]sf] 5 . ctM o; cl3 cu|Ld s/ sd b/df
sfl6Psf] lyof] eGg] ljifon] ghL/sf] :jk
u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{
s'g} lljwf ePsf] eP To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &^ cGtu{t
ljefu;dIf k"jf{b]z dfu u/L lnlvtkdf
lgj]bg k]z ug]{ clwsf/ P]gd} 5 . lgj]bsn]
P]gdf tf]lsPsf] ;fdfGo pkrf/sf] dfu{;d]t
cjnDag u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g . lghxn] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf] s'g
df}lns xs clwsf/df sDkgLn] cf3ft k'ofPsf]
xf] ;f] ;d]t k|i6 u/]sf] 5}g .
l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{ :j]lR5s cjsfz
of] h gfdf ;xefuL ePafkt sDkgLsf]
Joj:yfkgn] :yfoL ;]jfsf] cfwf/df pknAw
u/fPsf] cltl/Qm yk ;x'lnot /sddf cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd kGw| k|ltzt
clu|d cfos/ sL ul/Psf] sfg"g;+ut g} x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ljkIfL s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8 ;d]tsf]

tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df, lgj]bsxn] :j]lR5s cjsfz
lnFbf lghxn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd e'QmfgL lbFbf
!% k|ltzt s/ sL u/]sf] lg0f{o;lxtsf] kmfon
/ o; cufl8sf cGo :j] l R5s cjsfz
of]hgfcGtu{t cjsfz lnPsf sd{rf/LxnfO{
lghxn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd e'QmfgL lbFbf %
k|ltzt s/ sL u/]sf] lg0f{o ;lxtsf] kmfon
s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8af6 pQm ;+:yfgsf
sfg"g Joj;foLdfkm{t k]zLsf lbg lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-_ n]
u/]sf] kfl/eflifs Joj:yf x]bf{ cjsfz e'QmfgL
eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQmn] cjsfz lnPsf]
cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lbOg] e'QmfgL jf k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{
lbOg] e'QmfgLnfO{ ;d]6s
] f] b]lvof] . k|:t't ljjfbdf
!% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL u/L lgj]bsxnfO{
e'QmfgL lbOPsf] ljifonfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%*
sf] bkmf @-_ df cjsfz e'QmfgL cGtu{t
u/]sf] plNnlvt kl/efiffn] g;d]6s
] f] eGg] s'/fnfO{
:jo+ ljkIfLxn] lnlvt hjfkmdf :jLsf/ g}
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . :j]lR5s cjsfz :jLs[t u/L
;f]afkt sDkgLsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lghxnfO{
e'QmfgL ul/Psf] cltl/Qm ;x'lnotafktsf] /sd
b] l vg cfPsf] x' F b f To:tf] cltl/Qm
;x'lnotafktsf] /sdnfO{ ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Ln]
cjsfz eP kZrft\ sfg" g cg' k kfpg]
e'QmfgLsf] kdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
**-!_ sf] cjsfz e'QmfgL zJbn] ;d]6g\ ]
b]lvPg . cltl/Qm ;x'lnotafktsf] /sddf ;f]
bkmf cfslif{t x'g] eGb} !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/
sL u/L e'QmfgL lbg] ljkIfL sDkgLsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] eGg / dfGg ldn]g .
202
*(%* rt'eh
t/ o:t} laifo ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs

1fgaxfb'/ rf}w/L lj?4 s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL
ln= ;d] t ePsf] @)^^ WO )### sf]
pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn]
:j]lR5s cjsfzafkt k|fKt u/]sf] yk ;'ljwfsf]
/sddf cfo s/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_
adf]lhd !% k|ltzt s/ sL x'g] egL ul/Psf]
lg0f{o /Ltk"js
{ s} b]lvPsf] egL o; cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^*.!.@ df l/6 vf/]h ug]{ u/L lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
:j]R5fn] cjsfz lnPsf lgj]bsxn] k|fKt
u/]sf] !) jif{sf] Psd'i6 lgj[lQe/0f /sddf
cu|Ld lgj[lQe/0f w/f}6L lx;fa -vftf ;+s]t
g+=_ vftfdf /flvPsf] /sd Psd'i6 kdf
cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf e'QmfgL ug]{ lg0f{o
/ ;f] cg'ksf] sfo{ ab/ x'g' kg]{ xf] xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t k|Zg ;dflxt /x]sf] lgj]bs dx]Gb|/fh
kf08] ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn /fi6 a}+s, s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6
gDa/ @^&& sf] pTk|]if0fldl>t k/dfb]zsf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf cfodf cfos/ k|To]s cfly{s
aif{sf] b/n] lx;fa ul/G5 . !) aif{sf] /sd
Psd'i7 sf u/]klg lagf x/lx;fa / lagf
sf/0f !) aif{sf] cfos/ Ps}kN6 cu|Ld a'emfpg]
lakIfL g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] sfo{ plrt eGg
g;lsPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] egL
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.$.@# df lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
:j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgfcGt{ut cjsfz
sf]ifdf /xg] /sd afx]s 5'} lg0f{osf] cfwf/df
:j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf :jLsf/ u/]afkt e'QmfgL
x'g] Psd'i6 /sd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
@-_ df kl/eflift cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] bfo/fdf
kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] / o:tf] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ pQm
P]gsf] bkmf **-!_cg';f/ ;|ft] df sf ug{k' g]{
gkg]{ s] xf] eGg] h:tf k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0f tyf
plNnlvt cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_

sf] JofVof Pj+ Goflos Psktfsf] nflu k|:t't
d'2f ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod #-!_-v_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug'{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.&.@& df ePsf] cfb]z .
lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgjb]gdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L k|d] axfb'/ v8\sfn] sDkgLaf6
:j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgfcGtu{t k|sflzt ;"rgf
adf]lhd lgj]bsxn] :j]lR5s cjsfz lnPsf]
xf] . To;/L ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{ g} ;]jf u/]sf]
x/]s Ps jif{sf] Ps dlxgfsf] b/n] x'g cfpg]
cltl/Qm ;'ljwf lbg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] lyof] .
;f]xL ljZjf;df lgj]bsn] :j]lR5s cjsfz
lnPsf] xf] . t/ o;cl3 :j]lR5s cjsfz
lng]nfO{ lbOPsf] To:tf] cltl/Qm ;'ljwfdf kfFr
k|ltzt dfq s/ sf ul/Psf]df lgj]bsxsf
xsdf c;dfgkdf !% k|ltzt sf ul/of] .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd
egL To:tf] s/ nufOPsf] 5 . t/ lgj]bsxnfO{
lbOPsf] pQm /sd cjsfz e'QmgLsf] /sd
geO{ cltl/Qm ;x' l not ePsf] n ] pQm
bkmfcGtu{t kg]{ xf]Og . P]gsf] bkmf @-_ sf]
cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t of] ljifo
kb}g{ . ctM lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{ eof] .
ljkIfsf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg
clwjQmf >L s[i0fs'df/ cf\bDa]n] sDkgLn] s'g}
klg sd{rf/LnfO{ lje]b u/]sf] 5}g . k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd s/ sL ul/Psf] xf] . o;cl3
:j]lR5s casf; kfPsf 1fgaxfb'/ rf}w/Ln]
lnPsf] e'QmfgLdf ;d]t !% k|ltzt g} s/ sL
ul/Psf] / To;pk/ lghn] lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;'ljwf lng] t/ s/
203

&), h]7
@)&),
gltg]{ eGg] s'/f ldNb}g . u}/sfg"gL kaf6 s/

sL u/]sf] eP s/ sfof{nodf hfg ;lsGYof] .
lgjb]s s/ sfof{ndf uPsf] / s/ sfof{nonfO{
ljkIfL agfPsf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . ctM l/6
lgjb]g vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{
eof] .
kIf ljIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] plNnlvt ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L l/6
lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n, ;DalGwt lg0f{o kmfOn
/ ;Da4 sfg"gL Joj:yfx ;d]t b[li6ut u/L
x]bf{ d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5M
1.
2.
:j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgfcGtu{t e'QmfgL

lbOg] cltl/Qm ;'ljwfsf] /sd cfos/
P]g, @)%* n] kl/eflift u/]cg'k
cjsfz e'QmfgLcGtu{t kg{] xf] xf]Og <
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{] cj:yf 5 5}g <
@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf pko'{Qm

k|Zgxdf k|j]z ug'{cl3 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
tYout cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ;+lIfKtkdf
l;Fxfjnf]sg ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . j:t'tM
ljkIfL sDkgLn] o;cl3sf :j]lR5s cjsfzdf
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^%-!_ adf]lhd
% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ub}{ cfPsf]df
lgj]bsxsf xsdf bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd
egL !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL u/]sf] lg0f{o
e]befjk"0f{ / u}/sfg"gL eO{ lgj]bsxsf]
;+ljwfg / sfg"gk|bQ xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf]
x'bF f pQm u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L sfg"gn] tf]s]adf]lhd % k|ltztn]
dfq s/ sf ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] g} lgj]bsxsf]
d'Vo lgjb]g dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ lgjb]snfO{

sDkgLsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ lbOPsf] cltl/Qm
;x'lnot cjsfz sf]if e'QmfgLcGtu{t gkg]{
x'bF f cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^%-!_ adf]lhd
% k|ltzt s/ nfUg] geO{ bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd
!% k|ltzt g} s/ nfUg] xf] . To;df s/ sL
;DaGwdf s'g} lljwf eP bkmf &^ adf]lhd
s/ ljefu;dIf lgj]bg lbO{ k|i6 x'g ;lsg]df
;Lw} l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnOPsf]
kfOG5 .
#= :j]lR5s cjsfz lnFbf sDkgLsf]
lg0f{oaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] k|ltjif{ Ps dlxgfsf]
tjn a/fa/sf] cltl/Qm ;x'lnot cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf @-_ sf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ gkg]{
tyf o:tf] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf
**-!_ cg';f/ ;|ft] df s/ sf ug'k{ g]{ gkg]{ s]
xf] eGg] k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0f / JofVof Pj+ ;f]
;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 l/6 g+=@)^^WO
)### / ;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@^&& sf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf km/skm/s JofVof ePsf]n] Goflos
Psktf x'g' kg]{ eGg] ;d]t k|Zg p7fO{ ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;n] k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf k7fpg] cfb]z
u/]cg'k k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] .
$= plNnlvt k[i7e"lddf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
x'g cfPsf] klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . lgj]bsxn] k|ToyL{
s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8n] cfJxfg u/]sf]
:j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgfcGtu{t :j]lR5s
cjsfz lnPsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb /x]sf]
kfOFb}g . To;/L cjsfz lnFbf k|ltjif{ Ps
dlxgfsf] tnj a/fa/sf] /sd cltl/Qm
;x'lnot lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] / To:tf] cltl/Qm
;x' l notsf] /sd e' Q mfgL lnF b f cfos/
P]gadf]lhd s] slt s/ sf x'g'kg]{ xf] eGg]
;DaGwdf ljjfb ePsf] kfOG5 .
204
*(%* rt'eh
%= s' g } klg ;+ u 7gsf] , cfly{ s ,

Joj:yfksLo / sfdsf] k|sl[ tsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
s] slt sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{, egf{ ul/Psf
sd{rf/LnfO{ s] s:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ /
cjsfz lbFbf s] s:tf] ;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{ eGg]
ljifo to ug]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . lghL sDkgLxdf
nfe / nfutsf] cfwf/df o:tf ljifox lgwf{/0f
ul/G5g\ eg] ;/sf/L If] q df k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd g} o:tf ljifox to ul/Psf
x'G5g\ . ;+u7gsf] sfo{ k|sl[ tdf cfPsf] ;+sr
' g,
cfly{s dGbL nufotsf sf/0faf6 e}/x]sf sd{rf/L
s6f}tL ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o;/L aLr}df sd{rf/L
s6f}tL ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] c;xof]u ug]{ / sfg"gL
c8\rg ;d]t cfpg;Sg] ePaf6 cfsif{s ;'ljwf
k|bfg u/L sd{rf/Lxn] :j]R5fn] cjsfz lng]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ ul/G5 . :j]lR5s cjsfz
of]hgf (Voluntery retirement plan) klg elgg]
o; k|sf/sf] k|lqmofnfO{ Golden handshake klg
eGg] ul/G5 .
^= o;/L :j] l R5s cjsfz lnF b f
sd{rf/Lxn] k|fKt ug]{ To:tf] cltl/Qm ;x'lnot
/sd e'QmfgL ubf{ s] slt s/ sL ug'k{ g]{ xf]
eGg] ljifodf k|jz
] ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . o;sf]
nflu k| r lnt cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg" g sf
Joj:yfx b[li6ut ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf @-_ df cjsfz e'QmfgLsf]
kl/efiff lbOPsf] kfOG5 . h; cg';f/ k|fs[lts
JolQmn] cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lbOg]
e' Q mfgL ;d] t nfO{ cjsfz e' Q mfgLsf]
kl/efiffcGtu{t ;d]l6Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f] kl/efiffn]
cjsfz lnFbf kfpg] ljleGg zLif{sxsf] /sdnfO{
juL{s/0f gu/L s'g} klg k|fs[lts JolQmn] cjsfz
lnFbf e'QmfgL kfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sdnfO{ uf]Zjf/f
kdf cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t
;d]6s
] f] b]lvof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] g}
cjsfz lnFbf lbOg] e'QmfgL, cjsfz e'QmfgL xf]
egL :ki6kdf kl/eflift u/]kl5 To;df

ank"js
{ JofVof ul//xg' kg]{ l:ylt x'bF g} . To;df
klg pQm cltl/Qm ;x'lnot cjsfz lnPsf]
sf/0faf6} lbOPsf] / k|fKt ul/Psf] eGg] tYodf
ljjfb 5}g . cjsfz glng] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]
zLif{saf6 To;/L /sd e'QmfgL glbOPsf] / lbg
;Dej gx'g] x'bF f ;x'lnot jf cltl/Qm ;x'lnot
h'g;'s} gfdaf6 lbOPsf] ePklg lgj]bsxn]
sDkgLsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lnPsf] Psdfq
sf/0faf6 To:tf] ;'ljwf lbOPsf]n] To:tf] /sd
cjsfz e'QmfgLcGtu{t g} kg]{ b]lvG5 .
&= ca, cfos/ P]gn] s] s:tf cfo /
e'QmfgLxdf s] s;/L s/ nufpg] jf 5"6 lbg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f klg x]l/g' kb{5 .
pQm P]gsf] bkmf % df s/of]Uo cfo / cfosf
zLif{sxsf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmfdf
cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm Joj;fo, /f]huf/L /
nufgL;d]tdf s/ nfUg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf]
kfOPsf]n] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ug]{ cfodf s/
nfUg] /x]5 eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFbg} . t/ bkmf
!@ / ^# adf]lhd bfjL ul/Psf] /sd 36fpg'
kg]{ eGg] bkmf % sf] Joj:yf ePsf]n] tL bkmfx
;d]t b[li6ut ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . bkmf !@ df s/
5"6 kfPsf ;+:yfxnfO{ lbOPsf] rGbf pkxf/sf]
ljifo pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] bkmf k|:t't
;Gbe{df cfslif{t x'g] b]lvFbg} . To;} u/L bkmf
^# df cjsfz sf]ifsf] :jLs[lt, To:tf] sf]ifdf
hDdf ul/g] cjsfz of]ubfg s/of]Uo cfoaf6
36fpg kfpg] / To;sf] ;Ldfnufotsf ljifo
;d]l6Psf b]lvG5g\ . k|:t't ljifo cjsfz
e'QmfgL;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvP klg :jLs[t cjsfz
sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL kfpg] cjsfz of]ubfgsf] /sd
xf] eGg] gb]lvPsf]n] pQm bkmf ;d]t cfslif{t
x'g] b]lvFbg} . o;/L g} bkmf ^$ n] klg cjsfz
sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sdsf ;DaGwdf cfo u0fgf jf
s/ sL ug]{ k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf]
205

&), h]7
@)&),
b]lvPsf]n] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t lgj]bsxsf

;Gbe{df cfslif{t x'g] b]lvFbg} .
*= P] g sf] bkmf ^% df cjsfz
e'QmfgLxsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
t/ ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf -!_ df :jLs[t cjsfz
sf]ifaf6 /x]sf] lxtaf6 ePsf] cfo / g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgL;d]tsf] u0fgf
ug]{ ljifo pNn]v ul/Psf] / pkbkmf -@_ df
:jLs[lt glnPsf] To:tf] sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxtaf6
ePsf] nfe u0fgf ug]{ ljifo pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} bkmf ^^ df cjsfz sf]ifdf
/x]sf] lxtafktsf vr{ / cfDbfgLx pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvFbf pQm ljifoxn] ;d]t lgj]bsxn]
k|fKt u/]sf] :j]lR5s cjsfzafktsf] cltl/Qm
;x'lnot /sdsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ ;d]6s
] f] cy{ ug{
ldNg] b]lvPg .
(= o; l:yltdf P]gsf] kl/R5]b!&
cGtu{t e'QmfgLdf s/ sL;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yfx x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . o; kl/R5]bd
\ f ul/Psf
cGo Joj:yfdWo] bkmf **-!_ sf] Joj:yf o;
;Gbe{df ;fGble{s b]lvPsf] 5 . bkmf ** sf]
zLif{s nufgL k|l| tkmn / ;]jf z'Nssf] e'QmfgL
ubf{ s/ sL eGg] eO{ pkbkmf -!_ df afl;Gbf
JolQmn] g]kfndf ;|ft] ePsf] Aofh, k|fs[lts
;|ft] , ef8f, /f]oN6L, ;]jf z'Ns, sdLzg jf
laqmL af]g; / cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] /sd e'QmfgL
ubf{ s'n e'QmfgL /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztsf b/n]
s/ sL ug'{ kg]5
{ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o; bkmfdf e'QmfgL lbFbf kGw| k|ltztsf
b/n] s/ sL ug'k{ g]{ zLif{sx k|i6 kdf
pNn]v ul/Psf]n] plNnlvt zLif{scGtu{t
ljjfbsf] /sd kg]{ gkg]{ 5'6o\ fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
o; bkmfdf pNn]v ePsf !% k|ltzt s/ sL
ul/g] cGo zLif{sx k|:t't ;Gbe{df ;fGble{s
5}gg\ . s/ sL x'gk' g]{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf]
cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ eGg]
jfSof+z;d]t pQm bkmfdf k/]sf] b]lvPaf6

cjsfz e'QmfgL ul/Psf] s'n e'QmfgL /sddf
!% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'k{ g]{ /x]5 eGg]
:ki6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
!)= t/, o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
pQm bkmf **-!_ df cltl/Qm ;x'lnot eGg]
pNn]v gePsf] egL cltl/Qm ;x'lnotafktsf]
/sddf ;f] bkmf cfslif{t gx'g] eGb} !% k|ltztsf
b/n] ;f] /sddf s/ sL u/L e'QmfgL lbg]
ljkIfL sDkgLsf] lg0f{o pQm bkmf **-!_ cg'k
/x]sf] eGg / dfGg ldn]g eGg] lgZsif{df k'us
] f]
b]lvG5 . ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] pQm JofVofnfO{
sfg"g;Ddt dfGg] xf] eg] To;/L cltl/Qm
;x'lnotafkt lbOPsf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL g}
ug{ gx'g] eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 h'g :jLs[t
cjsfz e'QmfgL sf]ifsf] /sddf ;d]t lglZrt\
k|ltzt s/ sL x'g] bkmf ^% sf] k|fjwfg
ljk/Lt b]lvG5 . ;fdfGotM cfo ul/G5 eg]
To;df sfg"gadf]lhd s/ nfUb5 eGg] s'/fsf]
cg'dfg ul/g' kb{5 . To;df klg s/ nfUg] /
gnfUg] eGg] s'/fdf sfg"gdf ePsf b'O{ Joj:yfaLr
c;df~h:otf b]lvG5 eg] cGoyf k|dfl0ft
geP;Dd s/ nfUb5 eGg] Joj:yfsf] kIfdf
cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . P]gsf] bkmf @-_ df
ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t
cjsfz x'bF f lbOg] ;a} k|sf/sf e'QmfgL /sd
kg]{ egL dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf 5'} AofVof
ul/Psf]n] ;f] ljifod yk rrf{ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
5}g . To;}n] lgj]bsxnfO{ h'g;'s} gfdaf6
lbOPsf] eP klg cjsfzafkt g} e'QmfgL lbOPsf]
x'bF f :j]lR5s cjsfzafkt lbOPsf] cltl/Qm
;x'lnot /sd klg bkmf @-_ / **-!+_ df
pNn]v ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] kl/efiff /
bfo/fleq} kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'bF f ;f] cltl/Qm ;x'lnot
o; bkmfcGtu{t gkg]{ eGg] JofVof;Fu ;xdt
x'g ;lsPg .
206
*(%* rt'eh
!!= o:t} laifo ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs

1fgaxfb'/ rf}w/L lj?4 s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ln=
;d]t ePsf] @)^^WO)### sf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm
k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] :j]lR5s cjsfz
lnFbf k|fKt u/]sf] yk ;'ljwfafktsf] /sddf cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ cGtu{t g} kg]{ b]lvPsf]n]
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq} a;]/ ljkIfL lgsfon]
!% k|ltzt s/ sL u/]sf] sfg"g;Ddt b]lvPsf]n]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] egL ul/Psf] JofVof g} pQm
P]gsf] dd{ / efjgfcg'k b]lvPsf]n] pQm d'2fdf
ul/OPsf] JofVof g} sfod x'G5 .
!@= g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ n] :j]R5fn] cjsfz
lnPsf lgj]bsxn] k|fKt u/]sf] !) jif{sf] Psd'i6
lgj[lQe/0f /sddf clu|d lgj[lQe/0f w/f}6L
lx;fa -vftf ;+st] g+=_ vftfdf /flvPsf] /sd
Psd'i6 kdf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf
e'QmfgL ug]{ lg0f{o / ;f] cg'ksf] sfo{ ab/
x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t k|Zg ;dflxt /x]sf]
lgj]bs dx]Gb|/fh kf08] ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn /fi6
a}s
+ , s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^@
;fnsf] l/6 gDa/ @^&& sf] pTk|]if0fldl>t
k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxaf6 lglZrt
k|of]hgsf] nflu sf ul/Psf] /sd cfGtl/s
/fhZj sfof{nodf nuL a'emfpg] eGg] lg0f{o Pj+
sfo{ u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfo{ b]lvPsf]n] pQm sfo{x
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] egL o; cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^$.$.@# df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pQm ljifo :j]lR5s cjsfz lnFbf e'QmfgL lbOg]
cltl/Qm ;x'lnot;Fu ;DalGwt gb]lvPsf]n]
lgj]bs 1fgaxfb'/ rf}w/Lsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf]
JofVof;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf b]lvPg .
!#= o;sf cltl/Qm of] P]g nfu" x'g]
cj:yfsf af/]df s'g} lljwf ePdf cfo s/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &^ adf]lhd s/ ljefu;dIf
lgj]bg lbO{ k"jf{bz
] hf/L u/fpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] klg kfFr k|ltzt s/ sL x'gk' g]{ s'/f
:jLsf/ u/]s} b]lvG5 . cjsfz e'QmfgLafkt

lbOPsf] cltl/Qm ;x'lnot /sddf kGw| k|ltzt
jf kfFr k|ltztdWo] s] slt s/ nfUg] xf] eGg]
;DaGwdf lljwf ePsf] eP ;f]xL k|lqmofadf]lhd
:ki6 x' g ;lsg] d f s/ k| z f;g ug] { s/
sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL g} gagfO{ l;w} l/6 If]qdf
k|jz
] u/]sf] ;d]t sfg"g;Ddt b]lvFbg} .
!$= ca, lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
x'g cfPsf] 5 . klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf dfly
k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf] tYout ljZn]if0f,
sfg"gsf] JofVof ;d]tsf] cfwf/ sf/0faf6 s'g}
klg sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz x'bF f lbOg] ;a} k|sf/sf
e'QmfgLx cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf @-_ / **-!_
adf]lhd cjsfz e'QmfgL cGtu{t kg]{ b]lvPsf]
:ki6 x'G5 . To;sf/0f cjsfz e'QmfgL ubf{
5"6 kfpg] jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if jf :jLs[t
gePsf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 lbOg] e'QmfgLdf sfg"gn]
tf]s] adf]lhd s/ nufpg] jf sL ug]{ ljifox
afx]ssf] cjsfz e'QmfgLdf bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd
kGw| k|ltzt s/ sL ug'k{ g]{ eGg] s'/f :ki6
ePsf] x'bF f lgj]bsxnfO{ :j]lR5s cjsfz lnFbf
lbOPsf] cltl/Qm ;x'lnot e'QmfgLdf ;f]xLcg'k
s/ sL u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g}
b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] /f]h % z'ed
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'jb] L
&
207

&), h]7
@)&),
lg0f{o g+=*(%(
Joj;fo ;~rfngsf l;nl;nfdf

sDkgLaf6 tf]lsPsf zt{xsf] kfngf
eof] ePg eGg] d"Nofg / cg'udg ug{]
clwsf/ dGqfnonfO{ /x] ePs} b]lvG5 .
t/ tL zt{x cg';f/ Joj;fo ;~rfng
eof] ePg eGg] tkm{ d"Nofg g} gu/L
s] j n ;fj{ h lgs n] v f ;ldltsf]
lgb]z
{ gnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] lgb]{lzt lg0f{onfO{ ;flwsf/
lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sfg"gk|bQ clwsf/sf]
k|of]u u/L ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;+1f lbg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgod agfpg] cfkm\gf] sfg"gL st{Jo
nfdf] cjlw;Dd k"/f gu/L csd{0o
eP/ /xg] clg lgod / sfo{ljlw lglZrt
geP;Ddsf nflu egL Joj;fo g} aGb
ug] { u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{ o nfO{
sfg"gcg'ksf] lg0f{o dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
l/6 g+= )^&WO)*(#
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!!.(.$
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM ;]G6n ldl8of k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6
clwsf/k|fKt u/L cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t
g/]Gb| ;fx snjf/
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6 cg'dtL k|fKt u/L
Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
gjLs/0f ;d]t ul/Psf] cj:yfdf
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ JolQmsf] clwsf/
:jtM l;h{gf x'g hfg] / To:tf]df Joj;fo
;~rfngsf j}w ck]Iffx hfu[t x'gn
' fO{
c:jfefljs eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s'g} klg Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu
sfg"gn] u/]sf] k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw lglZrt\
ug{sf nflu sfg"gcg'ksf] k|lqmof /
ljlwsf] cjnDag ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 .
/fHo ;+oGqleqsf k|To]s cn] cfkm\gf]
sfo{If]q / st{Jo s] xf] eGg] ga'emL
hyfefjL kdf cfkm"nfO{ lqmofzLn
u/fpFbf To;n] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dof{bf
eTsg hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bstkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf /fw]Zofd

clwsf/L / xl/x/ bfxfn tyf
clwjQmfx lqnf]rg uf}td, gjLgs'df/
jdf{ / /d]zk|;fb lwtfn
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfo ;"og{ fy
k|sfz clwsf/L / z+s/axfb'/ /fO{
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f %&
;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflks;+;bsf]
sfo{;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]
lgod !!), !!%
ko{6g P]g, @)#% sf] bkmf $%s
208
*(%( ;]G6n ldl8of k|f=ln lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
cfb]z
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_
adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pjd\ cfb]z
o; k|sf/ 5 M
lgj]bs sDkgL, sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nodf ldlt @)%&.%.% df b=g+= !#^%^)%&
df btf{ ePsf] sDkgL xf] . o; sDkgLn] cfkm\gf]
p2]Zocg'k Healthy & Pleasurable Activity
cGtu{t ljleGg lsl;dsf Coin, Token, Key,
Cash, Bill -gf]6_, Ticket, Chips OToflbaf6 rNg]
On]S6fl] gS; l8lh6n d]lzgx, 6]jn u]D;, jln
P]n, cGo v]n af/sf ;fwgx h:t}M Reel slot,
Video slot, Video game, Poker, PrO~ressive Link
Jackpot, Pachinko, Derby game, Wheel of fortune,
Multi Player Game h:tf v]nx
ljleGg ljB'tLo
dfWodaf6 v]nfOg] ul/G5 . ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL
hgtfsf] kx'Fr gk'Ug] 7"nf tf/] xf]6nx /
cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn h:tf ljb]zL ko{6sxsf]
cfudg x'g] / a:g] ko{6sLo :ynxdf dfq
o:tf v]nx v]nfpg] ul/G5 .
lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqL:t/_ sf] ldlt @)^%.!!.!# sf] lg0f{o egL
ljleGg !^ j6f zt{x /fvL Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ ldlt @)^%.!!.!% sf] kqaf6 cg'dtL k|bfg
ul/Psf] xf] . ko{6g P]g, @)#% sf] bkmf $%s
adf]lhd ko{6g dGqfnosf ljleGg OsfO{ k|dv
'
Pj+ k|ltlglwxsf] pkl:yltdf cg'dtL k|bfg
ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . lgj]bsn] Coin, Token,
Bill, Ticket, Chips OToflbaf6 rNg] On]S6fl] gS;
l8lh6n d]lzg, 6]jn u]D;, aln, P]n, v]n
af/sf] dfWodaf6 cfuGt's kfx'gf ko{6sxnfO{
:j:y dgf]/~hg lbg] p2]Zon] Joj;flos kdf
g} plNnlvt v]n v]nfpg] cg'dtL kfPsf], cg'dtL
kqsf] cjlw Ps cfly{s jif{sf] x'g] / ldlt

@)^^ c;f/ d;fGtleq ;]jf ;~rfng ul/;Sg'
kg]{ zt{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf]
;fpg dlxgfleq gjLs/0f ug'k{ g]{ k|fjwfgcg'k
cfly{ s jif{ @)^&)^* ;Dd lgj] b gsf]
cg'dtLkq gjLs/0f ePsf] 5 . ;fy} plNnlvt
cjlw;Dd nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ /fhZj;d]t lgj]bsn]
r'Qmf ul/;s]sf] 5 .
ljkIfL ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og
dGqfno, ko{6g pBf]u dxfzfvfn] lgj]bs
sDkgLnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ldlt @)^&.!@.@ df
kq n]vL k|:t't ljifodf Joj:yflksf ;+;b,
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/
On]S6fl] gs d]lzgsf dfWodaf6 v]n v]nfOg]
:6n d]lzg -ldgL S;fl;gf]_ ;~rfng;DaGwL
sfg" g / sfo{ l jlw gaGbf;Dd ;f] d] l zg
;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sg / /f]Sg nufpg]
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dfggLo dGqL:t/_ af6 ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& df lg0f{o ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{ofg';f/
ug'x{ g' hfgsf/L u/fOG5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq
lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf] kq /
kqdf plNnlvt lg0f{on] lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#!_, !*-!_, !(-!_-@_ f/f k|bQ df}lns xs
clwsf/xdf cf3ft k'us
] f]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
#@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd of] lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt
ePsf] 5' .
Joj:yflksf ;+;b lgodfjnL, @)^#
sf] lgod !*& n] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf]
sfo{If]q / st{Jo tf]lsPsf] x'bF f To;eGbf afx]ssf]
ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbg kfpg]
clwsf/ ;f] ;ldltnfO{ 5}g . ko{6g P]g, @)#%
sf] bkmf $% s cg';f/ cg'dtLkq lbOPsf] /
;f] cg' d tLkqsf] cjlw sfod /xF b f;Dd
ljgfcfwf/ d]lzg ;~rfngdf ca/f]w ug]{ lbOPsf]
pQm kq :jtM ab/efuL 5 .
209

&), h]7
@)&),
t;y{ ko{6g pBf]u dxfzfvfsf] ldlt

@)^&.!@.@ sf] kq / ;f] kqdf plNnlvt ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltsf] lgb]z
{ g;d]tn] lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ
xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] x'Fbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]z hf/L u/L ljkIfLxsf] ldlt @)^&.!@.@
sf] kq / ;f] kqdf plNnlvt ldlt @)^&.!!.@&
sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ljkIfL n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]z
{ g
tyf ;f];uF ;DalGwt kqfrf/ ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lgj]bsn] sfg"gtM cg'dtL
k|fKt u/L gjLs/0f ;d]t ul//x]sf] ljB'tLo
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t :j:y dgf]/~hgsf nflu
;~rflnt v]nx g/f]Sgsf nflu k|ltif]wsf]
cfb]z hf/L u/L cg'dtL kqadf]lhdsf] sfo{
ug{ lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} ljkIfL ko{6g pBf]u
dxfzfvfsf] ldlt @)^&.!@.@ sf] kqadf]lhd
lgj] b sn] cg' d tL k| f Kt ljB' t Lo :j:y
dgf]/~hgfTds v]n ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sbf
w]/} dflg; k|ToIf kdf a]/f]huf/ x'g] / lgj]bssf]
s/f]8f}s
+ f] nufgL 8'aL 3/jf/ljxLg e} ck"/0fLo
Iflt k'Ug hfg] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
lg0f{o geP;Ddsf nflu ljkIfLxsf gfddf
pQm ldlt @)^&.!@.@ sf] kq / ;f] kqdf
pNn]v ePsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@& sf] lg0f{osf]
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm dfu u/L
lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} lgj]bgdf cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu /x]sf] b]lvFbf cGtl/d

cfb] z ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt
@)^&.!@.!$ sf] k]zL tf]sL ;f]sf] ;"rgf lbO{
k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.!@.* df
ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df lgj]bsn] ko{6g P]g, @)#% sf]
bkmf $%s adf]lhd Joj;fo ug{ zt{x tf]sL
cg'dtLkq k|fKt u/L rfn' cfly{s jif{sf]
xsdf;d]t gjLs/0f u/]sf / gjLs/0fsf]
cjlw;d]t afFsL /x]sf] b]lvof] . lgj]bsaf6
p7fpg' kg]{ s'g} b:t"/ c;"n ug{ afFsL /x]sf]
eGg] klg pNn]v gePsf] b]lvof] . lgj]bsn]
cg'dtLkq k|fKt u/L Joj;fo ;~rfng ul/;s]sf]
b]lvPsf], lghn] cg'dtL kq jf sfg"gsf] s'g}
zt{ pNn+3g u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df lghn] ;~rfng
u/]sf] Joj;fo /f]Sg] cfb]z u/]sf] klg g]kfn
;/sf/, ko{6g dGqfnosf] dGqL:t/Lo ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& sf] lg0f{oaf6 b]lvPsf] 5}g,
cg'dtLkqn] cg'dtL lbPsf] Joj;fosf] ;DaGwdf
sfg"g agfO{ lgoldt ug{ ;Sg] g} ljifo b]lvPsf]
/ To;sf] nflu ;~rflnt Joj;fo g} /f]Sg kg]{
cf}lrTo gb]lvPsf] ;fy} sfg"g jf cg'dtLsf
zt{ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] eGg] cj:yfsf] cefjdf
s'g} vf; sfg"gL cfwf/ pNn]v gul/sg gjLs/0f
cjlw afFsL /xFbf/xFb} Ohfht kqadf]lhd
;~rflnt Joj;fo /f]Sg ;'ljwf / ;Gt'ngsf]
b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t gldNg] x'gfn] lgj]bssf] xsdf
ljkIfL ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnosf]
ldlt @)^&.!@.@ sf] kq xfnnfO{ a9Ldf
cg'dtLkq gjLs/0f ePsf] cjlw;Dd sfof{Gjog
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf of]
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . ;f]sf]
;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^&.!@.!$ df ePsf] cfb]z .
210
ko{6g dGqfnoaf6 tf]lsPsf] ljleGg

!^ j6f zt{x ;lxt Coin, Token, Bill, Ticket,
Chips OToflbaf6 rNg] On]S6fl] gS; l8lh6n
d]lzgsf dfWodaf6 ko{6sxnfO{ :jf:Yo
dgf]/~hgsf nflu Joj;flos kdf v]n v]nfpg]
cg'dtL k|bfg ePsf], Joj:yflksf ;+;b,
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.!).!(
sf] kqn] sfg"g / sfo{ljlw gaGbf;Dd v]n
v]nfpg];DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sg] / /f]Sg nufpg] eGg]
lgb]z
{ g k|fKt ePsf] x'bF f pQm lgb]z
{ gadf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dfggLo dGqLo:t/_ sf] ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& sf] lg0f{o u/L ;f] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog
ul/Psf] x'bF f lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd s'g} cfb]z
hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]Og, lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo dGqL, ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, P]= dGqfno tyf P]=
dGqfnocGtu{tsf] ko{6g pBf]u dxfzfvfsf
tkm{af6 k]z ul/Psf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'6f[ 5'6}[
lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] s]
s:tf] sfd, sf/jfxL jf lg0f{oaf6 lghsf] s]
s:tf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xs clwsf/df
cf3ft k/]sf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v
ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . s;}sf lj?4 s'g} s'/fsf]
bfjL lnFbf s;sf] s], s'g sfd, sf/jfxL jf
lg0f{osf sf/0f lgj]bsnfO{ s], s'g sfg"g k|bQ
xsflwsf/df s], s;/L cf3ft kg{ uPsf] xf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 kdf pNn]v u/L ;f]
s'/fdf cbfnt;d]t ;Gt'i6 x'g] k|df0f k]z ug'{
kb{5 . s]jn ljkIfL agfpFb}df jf bfjL lnFb}df
lgj]bssf] bfjL k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sb}g . /fHoleqsf
;a} sfdsf/afxL sfg"gadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g'
kg]{ sfg"gL /fHosf] cawf/0ffljk/Lt s]jn :n6
d]lzg -ldgL Sofl;gf]_ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf]n]
;f] Joj;fo ;~rfng;DaGwL sfg" g /
sfo{ljlwsf] lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq ;~rfng ug{

lbg' eGg] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df clVtof/ k|fKt lgsfosf
tkm{af6 eP u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ cGoyf
eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . t;y{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf tkm{af6 k]z
ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;fj{ h lgs n] v f ;ldltsf] lg0f{ o
;dfhdf s'g} klg sfd sf/afxL sfg"gsf]
cfwf/df ;~rfng xf];\, To;sf] sfo{ljlw
kf/bzL{ xf];\ eGg] p2]Zoaf6 k|l] /t eP/ ul/Psf]
xf] eGg] :ki6 5 . sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmoflagf
v]nsf] gfddf h'jfsf] k|s[ltsf s'g} klg
lqmofsnfkn] k|f]T;fxg gkfcf];\, ;dfhnfO{
;j} k|sf/sf s'g} klg ljs[ltaf6 d'Qm ug{
;lsof];\, cgfxsdf gful/sn] ;DklQsf] aaf{b
ug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf gxf];\ eGg] a[xQ/ hglxt
/ /fi6 l xtsf] efjgfnfO{ dWogh/ ub} {
hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 ePsf] pQm sfo{af6
s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] Joj;flos xs lxtdf
c;/ kg] { cj:yf 5} g . ;+ l jwfg;ef Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod !!), !!% / !@& sf] kl/lwleq
/x]/ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgdf
clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 ljBdfg 5}g . t;y{
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf gePsfn] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b, ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf tkm{af6 k]z ul/Psf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t v]nx ;~rfng ;DaGwdf /f]s nufPsf]
ljifodf o; dGqfnoaf6 s] s'g sfd sf/afxL
ePsf] xf], cfgf] l/6 lgj]bgdf sxLF st} pNn]v
211

&), h]7
@)&),
g} gu/L o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ xr'jfsf] e/df

ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg k|ydb[li6d}
vf/]hefuL 5 . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] sfg"g
k|bQ clwsf/cGtu{t lgb]z
{ g lbPadf]lhd ko{6g
tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnoaf6 ko{6g;Fu
;DalGwt ljifodf s] s:tf] v]nx ;~rfng
ug{ lbg] jf glbg] eGg] ljifodf ko{6g;DaGwL
P]g, sfg"gadf]lhd ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
v]nx ;~rfng ug{ /f]s nufpg ;Sg] g}
b]lvFbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6
k]z ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]z
{ g, clwsf/ k|fKt
lgsfo tyf clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd /f]s
nufOPsf] x'bF f o; ljifodf u[x dGqfnonfO{
ljkIfL agfO/xg' kg]{ xf]Og . t;y{ lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u[x dGqfnosf
tkm{af6 k]z ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;
;dIf k] z x' g cfPsf] k| : t' t lgj] b gdf
lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
>L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L / >L xl/x/ bfxfn tyf
clwjQmfx >L lqnf]rg uf}td, >L gjLgs'df/
jdf{ / >L /d]zk|;fb lwtfnn] ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltaf6 gofF Ohfhtkq glbg] ;Ddsf]
lgb]z
{ gnfO{ unt kdf k|of]u u/L lbO;s]sf
Ohfht gjLs/0f gug]{ sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . lgj]bs
h:t} cGo Joj;fonfO{ /f]s gnufO{ lgj]bsnfO{
/f]s nufpg] sfo{ selective ePsfn] c;dfg
Jojxf/ ePsf] 5 . tf]lsPsf zt{x kfngf
ul/Psf] cj:yfdf gjLs/0f ug{ OGsf/ ug{
ldNb}g, Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/]kl5 ;f]cg';f/ sfo{
;~rfng ug{sf nflu nufgL;d]t e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf cs:dft\ sf/f]af/ aGb ul/lbFbf nufgL
8'Ag] cj:yf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . t;y{ lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 egL jx;

k|:t't ug'e
{ of] . To;}u/L ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af-6 /xg' ePsf ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfo
>L ;"og{ fy k|sfz clwsf/L / >L z+s/axfb'/
/fO{n] ko{6g P]gsf] bkmf $%s sf] b'kof]u u/L
cg'dtLkq k|bfg ul/Psf] x'bF f To;nfO{ ;Rofpg]
u/L ePsf] sfo{nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g .
sfg"gljk/Ltsf sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' kb{5
egL bfjL lng klg x'bF g} . lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu
:ki6Ls/0f ;d]t ;f]wL k|lqmof k"/f u/L lg0f{odf
k'luPsf] x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 egL jx;
ug'e
{ of] .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] d"ntM
ko{6sxnfO{ :j:y dgf]/~hgsf] nflu Joj;flos
kdf v]n v]nfpg lglZrt zt{;lxt cg'dtL
k|bfg ul/Psf] / zt{adf]lhd u/L cfPsf] cj:yfdf
d]lzg ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sg] / /f]Sg nufpg]
u/L eP u/]sf lg0f{ox / ;f];DaGwL kqx
;d] t pTk| ] i f0fsf] cfb] z n] ab/ u/L
cg'dtLadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug{ lbg' lbnfpg' egL
k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnPsf]df
ljkIfLtkm{af6 sfg"g / sfo{ljlw agfO{ Jojl:yt
kdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltaf6 lgb]z
{ g k|fKt ePsf] / ;f]xL
lgb]z
{ g adf]lhd lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 ;~rflnt
v]n v]nfpg] sfo{df /f]s nufOPsf] x'bF f To;af6
lgj]bssf] s'g} klg xs xgg ePsf] cj:yf
gePsfn] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 egL k|ltjfb
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ljifox,
;f] ;DaGwdf lnlvt hjfkmdf lnOPsf lhsL/x
/ b'j} tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxaf6 k|:t't
ul/Psf] jx; lhsL/;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf d'Vo kdf b]xfosf k|Zgxsf]
lgk0f u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
ePsf] 5M
212
!=
k|:t't ljjfbsf] ljifodf lgb]z

{ g lbg kfpg]
clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltnfO{ /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g <
@= cg'dtLkqdf plNnlvt zt{cg';f/ u/]
gu/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf d"Nofg g} gu/L
{ gcg';f/
egL Joj;fodf /f]s nufpg] u/L eP u/]sf
sfo{xnfO{ sfg"gcg'ksf] dfGg ldN5 jf
ldNb}g <
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ plNnlvt
k|Zgxdf k|jz
] ug'{ cl3 k|:t't d'2fsf] tYosf
af/]df cjnf]sg ul/g' ;fGble{s g} x'g] b]lvG5 .
sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf ldlt @)%&.%.%
df btf{ ePsf] lgj]bs sDkgL ;]G6n ldl8of
k|f=ln=n] Healthy & Pleasurable Activity cGtu{t
ljleGg lsl;dsf Coin, Token, Key, Cash, Bill gf]6_, Ticket, Chips OToflbaf6 rNg] On]S6fl] gS;
l8lh6n d]lzgxsf] k|of]u u/L kfx'gfxnfO{
:j:y dgf]/~hg u/fpg] p2]Zon] Joj;fo
;~rfngsf] cg'dtL dfu u/]adf]lhd ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfnocGtu{tsf] ko{6g pBf]u
dxfzfvfaf6 ljleGg !^ j6f zt{x /fvL ldlt
@)^%.!!.!% df cg'dtL k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
cg'dtLkqsf] cjlw Ps cfly{s jif{sf] x'g,] @)^^
c;f/ d;fGt;Dd cfkm"n] kfPsf] cg'dtLadf]lhdsf]
sfo{ z'? ul/;Sg' kg],{ k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;fpg
dlxgfleq cg'dtLkq gjLs/0f ug'k{ g]{ ;d]tsf
zt{x cg'dtLkqdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L
cg'dtLkqcg';f/ Joj;fo k|f/De e} cfly{s jif{
@)^^)^& / @)^&)^* sf] nflu gjLs/0f
;d]t ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg;fy ;+nUg ko{6g
tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnocGtu{tsf] ko{6g
pBf]u dxfzfvfsf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{
@)^&)^* sf] nflu ldlt @)^&.%.! df ul/Psf]
gjLs/0f kl5 lgj]bs sDkgLn] @)^* c;f/
d;fGt;Dd Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] eGg]

b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ o;}aLr pQm dxfzfvfsf] ldlt
@)^&.!@.@ sf] kqaf6 Joj:yflksf ;+;b,
{ gcg';f/ On]S6fl] gs
d]lzgsf dfWodaf6 v]n v]nfOg] :n6 d]lzg ldgL Sofl;gf]_ ;~rfng;DaGwL sfg"g / sfo{ljlw
gaGbf;Dd ;f] d]lzg ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sg]
/ /f]Sg nufpg] g]kfn ;/sf/ -dfggLo dGqL:t/_
sf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df lg0f{o ePsf]n] ;f]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ug'{ egL sDkgLnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L
kqfrf/ eP kl5 g} k|:t't ljjfb p7]sf] cj:yf
b]lvg cfpF5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfkm"nfO{ Joj;fo
;~rfngsf] cg'dtL k|fKt ePsf] / ;f]xL
cg'dtLkqdf tf]lsPadf]lhd Joj;fo ;~rfng
u/L cg'dtLkq gjLs/0f ;d]t ePsf] cj:yfdf
cjlw afFsL 5Fb} ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf]
lgb]z
{ gnfO{ 6]s/] cs:dft\ d]lzg ;~rfngdf
/f]s nufpg] u/L ePsf] sfo{n] cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ
xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f] egL of] lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
#= plNnlvt ;Gbe{df k|:t't ljjfbsf]
ljifodf lgb]z
{ g lbg kfpg] clwsf/ Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ /x] g/x]sf]
;DaGwdf ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]g{'
kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;b, ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] r=g+= !&!, ldlt @)^&.!).!(
sf] kqaf6 ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno,
cy{ dGqfno / u[x dGqfnosf ;lrjnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.!).!( sf] a}7ssf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf nflu kqfrf/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
;f] kqdf ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnon]
u[x / cy{ dGqfno;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ !% lbgleq
sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug],{ Sofl;gf] ;~rfng;DaGwL
sfg"g hlt;Sbf] l56f] agfpg kxn ug]{ / :n6
d]lzg -ldgL Sofl;gf]_ ;~rfng;DaGwL sfg"g /
sfo{ljlw gaGbf;Dd ;f] d]lzg ;~rfng;DaGwL
213

&), h]7
@)&),
sfo{ /f]Sg] / /f]Sg nufpg] eGg] ;d]tsf] Joxf]/f

pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f] kq k|fKt ePkl5
ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnoaf6 lgj]bs
sDkgLnfO{ cfkm\gf] egfO{ :ki6 ug{ ldlt
@)^&.!!.! df kqfrf/ ul/Psf]df sDkgLsf
tkm{af6 ldlt @)^&.!!.!% df :ki6Ls/0f k]z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 dGqfnoaf6 ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]z
{ gnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ d]lzg
;~Rffng;DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sg] / /f]Sg nufpg] egL
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dfggLo dGqL:t/_ af6 ldlt
@)^&.!!.@& df lg0f{o ePsf] egL sDkgLnfO{
kqfrf/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
$= o;/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] cg'dtL k|fKt
u/L Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf] / ;f] cg'dtLkqdf
g} Joj;fo ;~rfng;DaGwL zt{x lglZrt\
ul/Psf]df ;f] zt{cg';f/ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf
;flwsf/ lgsfon] cg'udg d"Nofg ug{ kfpg]
s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . t/ cfkm}n
+ ] cg'dtL
lbg] / cg'dtLkq gjLs/0f ;d]t ug]{ / ;f]
cjlw afFsL 5Fb} x7ft\ sf/f]af/ /f]Sg lgb]z
{ g
lbFbf To;af6 ;DalGwt JolQmsf] xs clwsf/df
cf3ft kg{ hfg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ;flwsf/
lgsfoaf6 cg'dtL k|fKt u/L Joj;fo ;~rfng
ul/Psf] / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf gjLs/0f ;d]t
ul/Psf] cj:yfdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ JolQmsf]
clwsf/ :jtM l;h{gf x'g hfg] / To:tf]df Joj;fo
;~rfngsf j}w ck]Iffx hfu[t x'g'nfO{
c:jfefljs eGg ldNb}g .
%= cg'dtL k|fKt u/L Joj;fo ;~rfng
u/]sf] cj:yfdf cg'dtLkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf
zt{cg';f/ ePg jf sfg"g k|lts"nsf sfo{x
eP eg] ;flwsf/ lgsfon] To;df k|Zg p7fpg
g;Sg] eGg] x'Fb}g . t/ k|:t't ljjfbdf To:tf]
cj:yf gb]vfO{ s]jn ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf]
lgb] { z gnfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfP/ d] l zg
;~rfngdf /f]s nufOPsf] kfOFbf ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] If]qflwsf/sf] k|Zg p7]sf] xf] .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f %&
df Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;ldltxsf] u7g,
sfd sf/afxL / cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf nflu
lgodfjnL agfpg] Joj:yf ul/Pcg' ; f/
;+ l jwfg;ef -Joj:yflks;+ ; bsf] sfo{
;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% th'{df ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ;f] lgodfjnLsf] lgod !!) n]
;/sf/nfO{ Joj:yflksf;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL /
hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;/sf/af6 eP u/]sf sfd
sf/afxLsf] cg'udg / d"Nofg u/L cfjZos
lgb]{zg jf /fo ;Nnfx lbg ljleGg ;ldltx
/xg] egL Joj:yf u/]sf] / To;dWo] l;=g+= & df
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q tf]lsPsf]
kfOG5 . h;cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs n]vf / dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
o; cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] cfkm\gf]
If]qflwsf/leqsf] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
cfjZos lgb]z
{ g / /fo ;Nnfx lbg kfpg]
s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . To;f] ul/g' hgpQ/bfoL
zf;g k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk"0f{ rl/q g} xf] . t/
cfkm"nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/If]qsf] pNn+3g
u/L h'g;'s} ljifodf klg x:tIf]k ug]{ clwsf/
Joj:yflksf ;+;b jf To; cGtu{tsf] ;ldltnfO{
/xF b } g . /fHo ;+ o Gqleqsf cjojxsf]
clwsf/If]q ;+ljwfg, P]g, lgodn] lglZrt\
ul/lbPsf x'G5g\ . sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] clwsf/If]qsf]
k|of]u u/L cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf
lgjf{x ug'{ g} ;DalGwt lgsfosf] st{Jo aGb5 .
sfg"gL zf;gn] hlxn] klg sfg"g kfngfdf hf]8
lbG5 . csf{sf] clwsf/If]qdf x:tIf]k gx'g] u/L
cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{ klg sfg"gL zf;gsf]
dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
^= k|:t't ljjfbdf ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ clwsf/ g} gePsf] ljifodf
cglws[t kdf x:tIf]k u/]sf] eGg] ;d]tsf]
214
k|Zg p7]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf;+;bsf]

sfo{;~rfng_ lgodfjnLn] ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltnufot ;+;bsf ljleGg ;ldltxsf]
clwsf/If]q lglZrt\ ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgod !!% df
ljifout ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/cGtu{t
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] Joj:yflksf;+;bdf
k]z ul/Psf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf
plNnlvt a]?h'sf] hfFr u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsf/f
eP u/]sf sfd sf/afxL / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 x'g' kg]{ sfd sf/afxL sfg"g;+ut /
cf}lrTok"0f{ tj/af6 eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t
cWoog u/L cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{ / hfFr ug{
pko'Qm b]lvPsf] cGo ;fj{hlgs n]vfsf] hfFr
u/L aflif{s cg'dfg k]z ug'{ cufj} ;efdf k|ltj]bg
k]z ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
klg ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf
/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf b'O{ ljifodf
dfq cg'udg d"Nofg u/L cfjZos lgb]z
{ g lbg
/ /fo ;Nnfx lbg kfpg] clwsf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
t/ ;ldltn] ldlt @)^&.!).!( df ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L n]lvPsf] kqaf6 ;fj{hlgs n]vf jf dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgdf cWoog, hfFra'em jf
cf}lrTotfsf] k/LIf0f ul/Psf] jf ;f]xL l;nl;nfdf
To:tf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg] v'Nb}g . :n6 d]lzg ldgL Sofl;gf]_ ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfg"g /
sfo{ljlwsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs n]vf jf dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf]
eGg] klg slxFst}af6 b]lvg cfpFbg} .
&= s'g} klg Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu
sfg"gn] lglZrt k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwsf] ck]Iff
u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] Joj:yf ug'{ ckl/xfo{
x'G5 . t/ To:tf] k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw lglZrt
ug{sf nflu klg sfg"g cg'ksf] k|lqmof /
ljlwsf] cjnDag ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 . /fHo
;+oGqleqsf k|To]s cn] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q s] xf]
/ cfkm\gf] st{Jo s] xf] eGg] ga'emL hyfefjL

kdf cfkm"nfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpFbf To;n] sfg"gsf]
zf;gsf] dof{bf eTsG5 . :n6 d]lzg ;~rfngsf]
ljifodf olb dxfn] v f k/LIfssf] jflif{ s
k|ltj]bgdf a]?h' cf}N+ ofOPsf] cj:yf lyof] jf
;f] ljifo ;fj{hlgs n]vf;Fu ;DalGwt lyof]
eg] To;df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] cfkm\gf]
clwsf/If]q :ki6 u/L 5nkmnf/f lg0f{o ug{
kfpg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . t/ ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o Joxf]/fdf slxF klg To:tf] cfwf/ v'nfOPsf]
kfO{b+ g} eg] lnlvt hjfkmsf dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf]
clwsf/If]q :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf klg
ldl;naf6 v'Nb}g . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.!).!( sf] lg0f{o egL
ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnosf ;lrj
;d]tnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L n]lvPsf] kqsf] k|s/0f
# df plNnlvt :n6 d]lzg -ldgL Sofl;gf]_
;~rfng;DaGwL sfg"g / sfo{ljlw gaGbf;Dd
;f] d]lzg ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sg] / /f]Sg
nufpg] eGg];Ddsf] Joxf]/f sfg"gcg'ksf]
b]lvg cfPg .
*= ca, cg'dtLkqdf plNnlvt zt{
cg';f/ u/] gu/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf d"Nofg g}
gu/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]z
{ gcg';f/
egL Joj;fodf /f]s nufpg] u/L eP u/]sf
sfo{xnfO{ sfg"gcg'ksf] dfGg ldNg] xf] jf
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfno cGtu{tsf] ko{6g pBf]u
dxfzfvfn] ldlt @)^&.!@.@ df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{
;Daf]wg u/L n]vs
] f] kqdf g]kfn ;/sf/ -dfggLo
dGqL:t/_ sf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@& sf] lg0f{osf]
cfwf/ s]jn ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]z
{ gnfO{
dfq agfPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
cf}N+ ofPsf] ljifodf cWoog jf hfFra'em u/L dfggLo
dGqL:t/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pQm lg0f{oaf6
v'Ng cfPsf] 5}g . lg0f{o ubf{ ljjfbsf] ljifosf
215

&), h]7
@)&),
;a} kIfdf d"Nofg u/L ljj]s k|of]u ePsf] eGg]

cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g . a? ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltaf6 lbOPsf] lgb]z
{ gnfO{ dGqfnon] oyfjt\
kdf cfkm\gf] lg0f{o agfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ldlt
@)^%.!!.!% df cg'dtL k|bfg ubf{ dGqfno
:jo+n] g} !^ j6f zt{x tf]lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .
Joj;fo ;~rfngsf l;nl;nfdf sDkgLaf6 tL
zt{xsf] kfngf eof] ePg eGg] d"Nofg /
cg'udg ug{] clwsf/ dGqfnonfO{ /x] ePs}
b]lvG5 . t/ tL zt{x cg';f/ Joj;fo ;~rfng
eof] ePg eGg] tkm{ d"Nofg g} gu/L s]jn
{ gnfO{ cfwf/
agfOPsf] b]lvPaf6 To:tf] lgb]l{ zt lg0f{onfO{
;flwsf/ lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sfg"gk|bQ clwsf/sf]
k|of]u u/L ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] x'bF g} .
(= ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno
;d]tnfO{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf tkm{af6
lbOPsf] lgb]z
{ gdf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm !%
lbgleq sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug]{ eGg] ;d]tsf]
Joxf]/f /x]sf] 5 . t/ pQm lgb]z
{ gcg';f/ ;f]
dGqfnon] sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] kfO{b+ g} .
g t Ohfhtkqdf tf]lsPsf zt{xsf] pNn+3g
ePsf] egL Ohfhtkq vf/]h u/]sf] cj:yf g}
5 . ko{6g P]g, @)#% sf] bkmf $%s n] hnofqf
-oflkm\6_, UnfO{l8, a]nl' g, h+un ;kmf/L,
SoflDk, xfO{ls, :sfO{ tyf tf]lsPsf cGo
ko{6g Joj;foxsf] btf{ ug],{ Ohfht lng],
gjLs/0f ug],{ ;~rfng ug],{ Ohfht b:t"/
lt/L tf]lsPadf]lhd cg'dtL lng'kg]{ egL :ki6
kdf sfg"gL cfwf/ to ul/g' kg]{ clgjfo{tfnfO{
O\lut u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/
lgod agfO{ tf]lsg' kg]d
{ f oltsf aif{;Dd klg
sfo{ljlw lglZrt ul/Psf] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . cfkm"n]
agfpg' kg]{ lgod eg] gagfpg] t/ cfkm}n
+ ]
zt{x tf]sL Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] cg'dtL lbPsf]
cj:yfdf To;/L tf]lsPsf zt{cg';f/ u/] gu/]sf]

eGg]tkm{ d"Nofg g} gu/L x7ft\ sf/f]af/ g} aGb
ug]{ xb;Ddsf] lg0f{o ug's
{ f] sfg"g;+ut cfwf/ /
sf/0f b]lvFbg} . To;/L lgod agfpg] cfkm\gf]
sfg"gL st{Jo nfdf] cjlw;Dd k"/f gu/L csd{0o
eP/ /xg] clg lgod / sfo{ljlw lglZrt
geP;Ddsf nflu egL Joj;fo g} aGb ug]{ u/L
ul/Psf] lg0f{onfO{ sfg"g cg'ksf] lg0f{o dfGg
ldn]g .
!)= ca, lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g] gx'g] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly ljj]rgf
ul/Psf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ aflx/sf] ljifodf k|jz
] u/L
lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] / ;f] lgb]z
{ gnfO{ dfq cfwf/
agfP/ ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnoaf6
lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.!).!( sf] lg0f{o
dWo] k|s/0f # df /x]sf] :n6 d]lzg -ldgL
Sofl;gf]_ ;~rfng;DaGwL sfg"g / sfo{ljlw
gaGbf;Dd ;f] d]lzg ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ /f]Sg]
/ /f]Sg nufpg] eGg] xb;Ddsf] lg0f{o / ;f]
lg0f{osf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/ -dfggLo
dGqL:t/_ af6 ldlt @)^&.!!.@& df ePsf]
lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] adf]lhd eP u/]sf cGo sfo{x
;d]t sfg"gcg'ksf] gb]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t ljkIfLxnfO{
lbO{ k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn kmfu'g ( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf
&
216
*(^) uf]n] du/ ;d]t lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t
lg0f{o g+=*(^)
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
)^*WO!@*@
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!!.!$
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx s[i0f

;fksf]6f / ltnk|;fb uf}td
ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
;/f]h/fh uf}td
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^*, lg=g+= *%%*, k[= @^@,
g]sfk @)^*, lg=g+= *&!$, k[= !!@
;Da4 sfg"gM
jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $&
ljifoM pTk|i] f0fldl>t k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM kfFry/ lhNnf, of;f]s uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= ! j:g] uf]n] du/ ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
;d]t
/fHosf x/]s c tyf kbflwsf/Lxsf
sfdsf/jfxL / lqmofsnfk sfg"g;Ddt
x'g' kb{5 . sf]xL klg sfg"geGbf aflx/
hfg ;Sb}g . s'g} klg lgsfon] hlt;'s}
/fd|f] kl/0ffd cfpg] sfd u/] klg olb
Tof] sfd ug]{ clwsf/ Tof] lgsfonfO{
5}g cyf{t\ gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
lg0f{o ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf] lg0f{on] j}Btf
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . lsgls sfg"gL zf;gdf
sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfdn] dfq
dfGotf kfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k|rlnt sfg"gn] lhNnf jg sfof{nosf]
If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifodf x:tIf]k ug]{
u/L ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 ePsf]
lg0f{o Pj+ kqn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ Pj+ wf/f !)&-@_
cGtu{t k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
dfnkf] t sfof{ n o kfF r y/df
lgj]bsxsf] gfpFdf btf{ e} hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
k|fKt u/L lghL xsef]u cfjfb /x]sf] hUufdWo]
d lgj]bs k|d
] axfb'/ s'jF /sf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf]
lhNnf kfFry/, dfhfj' uf=lj=;=j8f g++ & v_ ls=g+= @!, !%! / !(, d lgj]bs jL/]Gb|axfb'/
lg/f}nfsf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] P]=P]=j8f g+= (-s_
ls=g+= !^! / !^#, d uf]n] du/sf] gfpFdf btf{
/x]sf] lh= kfFry/ of;f]s uf=lj=;=j8f g+= !-x_
sf] ls=g+= $^ / %! d nIdLk|;fb /fO{sf] gfp+df
btf{ /x]sf] P]=j8f g+= !-3_ sf] ls=g+= !%@
lgj]bsdWo]sf xfdL ltnaxfb'/ lg/f}nf / afns[i0f
lg/f}nfsf] gfp+df btf{ /x]sf], lh= kfFry/ dfhfj'
j8f g+= ( -3_ ls=g+= @, d l6sfaxfb'/ l3ld/]sf
gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] P] :ofj?Djf uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
^ -v_ ls=g+= #* / $!, d cd/l;+x yfkfsf]
gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] lh= kfFry/ of;f]s uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= !-6_ ls=g+= !), #( / $), d eQmaxfb'/
sfsL{sf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] kfFry/ lhNnf
:ofj?Djf uf=lj=;=j8f g+= (-s_ ls=g+= !$% /
!$^, d h;lj/ rf]Dhf]sf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf]
217

&), h]7
@)&),
lhNnf kfFry/ :ofj?Djf uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^-0f_

ls=g+= !!, !@ / !# sf hUufdf k/fk"js
{ fnb]lv
vo/ tyf cGo ljleGg hftsf ?vx /f]kL
x'sf{O a9fO{ ;+/If0f u/L cfPsf lyof}+ .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd lgj]bsxsf] k"0f{ xs
ef]uleqsf] lghL gDj/L btf{ ;|:] tfleqsf] hUufdf
k/fk"j{sfnb]lv nufPsf] vo/sf ?vxdWo]
cfgf] 3/ Jojxf/ vr{ rnfpgsf] nflu tL
vo/sf ?vx sf6L laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ p2]Zon]
lgj]bsdWo] eQmaxfb'/ sfsL{, l6sf axfb'/
l3ld/], lj/]Gb| axfb'/ lg/f}nf, h;jL/ r]Dhf],
nIdLk|;fb /fO{ / uf]n] du/sf] :ofa?Djf
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ df, To:t} cd/l;+x yfkfsf]
ofzf]s# ofzf]s ahf/ / /fgLufpFdf tyf
k|]daxfb'/ s'Fj/, ltnaxfb'/ lg/f}nf, afns[i0f
lg/f}nfsf] /fFs]b]lv d}bfg];Ddsf] :yfgdf nuL
uf]lnof agfO{ y'kf/L /x]sf] cj:yf lyof] . o;}
;dodf lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/af6 sd{rf/L
cfO{ ;f]wvf]h u/L pQm vo/ sf7 cfgf]
ePsf] lg:;f k|df0f b]vfpg eg]adf]lhd xfdL
lgj] b sxn] tT;DaGwL k| d f0f k] z u/L
tT;DaGwdf :yfgLo dflg;, ufpF ljsf;
;ldltsf] k|ltlglw Pj+ ;fFw ;lwof/sf] /f]xj/df
;h{ldg d'r'Nsf ;d]t ;DkGg u/L ;f]lx
Joxf] / fsf] k| l tj] b g lhNnf jg sfof{ n o
kfFry/af6 vl6 cfPsf ;=j=c= ;Togf/fo0f
b]jn] ldlt @)^&.$.@ / ldlt @)^&.&.$ ut]
lhNnf jg, sfof{no kfFry/df k]z u/]sf 5f}+ .
o;/L xfdL lgj]bsxsf] xs ef]u
/x]sf] vo/ sf7sf] ;DaGwdf 5fgaLg e} ;s]kl5
;f] sf7 p7fpgsf] nflu k"lh{ kf hf] h] lbg'
kg]{ xf] ;f]sf] k|ltIff u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no,
kfFry/sf] ;Dks{df /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
sf7sf] ljifodf sf/jfxL k|lqmofdf /x]sf] kmfOn
clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u ,
sf7df8f}+df uPsf] 5 eGg] lgj]bsxnfO{
hfgsf/L x'g cfPaf6 xfdL lgj]bsx ldlt

@)^^.!@.!& df ;f] cfof]udf pkl:yt eO{ ;f]
:yfgdf 3f6ul4 u/L y'kf/L /fv]sf]] vo/sf]
sf7 lgj]bsxsf] xs ef]uleqsf] gDa/L btf{
leqsf] /x]sf]n] tT;DaGwL sf/jfxLdf /x]sf]
kmfO{n lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/df lkmtf{
k7fO{ pQm sf7 p7fO{ laqmL ljt/0f ug{ cg'dtL
kfpFm egL lgj]bg;d]t btf{ u/]sf lyof}+ . t/
;f] cfof]uaf6 tT;DaGwdf xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{
a'em\g], k|df0f k]z ug{ nufpg] nufotsf] s'g}
klg sfd sf/jfxL ePsf] lyPg .
o;} aLrdf ldlt @)^(.#.^ ut]sf]
uf]/vfkqdf lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/sf] vo/
sf7 lnnfd;DaGwL ljifodf o; lhNnfsf]
of;f]s /]~hkf]i6cGtu{tsf ljleGg 7fpFaf6
cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& df s6fg cfb]z j]u/
s6fg eO{ :ofj?Daf, /fgLufpF / /fFs] d}bfgdf
3f6u4L /x]sf vo/ uf]lnof *, ()& yfgsf] x'g]
kl/df0f %@*&=@( So" kmL6 sf7 clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, 6+ufn sf7df8f}a+ f6
ldlt @)^(.@.% df ePsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd h]
h:tf] cj:yfdf 5 ;f]lx cj:yfdf lnnfd laqmL
ug' { k g] { ePsf] n ] v/Lb ug{ O{ R 5' s
JolQmkmd{sDkgLn] of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf]
ldltn] @! lbgleq jf]nkq v/Lb u/L /Ltk"js
{
lznjGbL af]nkq k]z ug{ of] ;"rgf k|sflzt
ul/Psf] 5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu o;
sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fVg ;lsg] 5 eGg] ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf] /x]5 .
pk/f]Qm j0f{g u/]adf]lhd lgj]bsxsf]
xs ef]u btf{ lt/f]leqsf] gDa/L hUufdf /x]sf]
vo/ sf7 lgj]bsxsf] lglj{jfb lghL :jfldTjsf]
;DklQ /x] ePsf]df ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL
ug]{ egL ePsf] clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] u}/sfg"gL, cgflwsf/, clwsf/If]qljxLg
tj/af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{ocg'k
218
egL ljkIfLdWo]sf] lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/n]

lnnfd laqmL ug]{ egL u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f]cg';f/
ug{ nfu]sf] lnnfdL sfo{ /f]sL jb/ u/L pQm
cfgf] ;DklQ -vo/ sf7_ ;+/If0f u/L pkef]u,
k|rng, laqmL Jojxf/ ug{ kfpg] cGo s'g}
j}slNks k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] dfu{sf] cefj
/x]sf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@-@_-r_, !#, !(, #@ / !)&-@_ cGtu{t
;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf of] lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt
ePsf] 5f}+ .
cfgf] btf{ lt/f] l eqsf] hUufdf
nufO{Psf ?v / ;f] hUufdf x'sf{O{ a9fOPsf]
jg k}bfjf/ jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf #* n]
To:tf] lghL jgsf] wgLn] cfgf] OR5fcg';f/
laqmL ljt/0f, pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] xs clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm sf7x lgj]bsxsf]
xs ef]usf] hUufleqsf] gePsf] / cGoq
;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs, klt{ hUufdf /x] ePsf]
?vx sfl6Psf] xf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] egfO{ g}
/x]sf] 5}g . lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/af6 g}
ePsf] lg/LIf0f, 5fgaLg, :yfgLo ;h{ldgaf6
;d]t pQm sf7x lgj]bsxsf] hUufsf] /x]sf]
eGg] b]lvO/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
clVtof/ljgf ;f] sf7 lnnfd ug]{ u/L ePsf]
cfof] u sf] ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{ o
clwsf/If]qljxLg 5 . k|rlnt sfg"gn] ljkIfL
cfof]unfO{ s;}sf] ;DklQ lnnfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . pQm
sf7 jg P]g, @)$( / jg lgodfjnL, @)%!
sf] s'g k|fjwfgcGtu{t lnnfd x'g] lg0f{o
ul/Psf] xf] ;f] s'/f cfof]usf] ldlt @)^(.@.%
sf] lg0f{odf pNn]v x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{ o df kfF r y/
lhNnfcGtu{t ofzf]s /]~hkf]i6 cGtu{t /fFs],
d}bfg] nufot !! 7fpFdf j]jfl/;] cj:yfdf
e]l6Psf] vo/ sf7 yfg *()&=@( So' kmL6

sf7 lgj]bsxn] cfgf] lghL cfjfbL hUufdf
/x]sf] ?v s6fg u/L laqmL k|lqmofdf /xsf]
egL hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ tyf gful/stfsf]
kmf]6f]slk ;+nUg u/L j]jfl/;] sf7df bfjL
u/]sf] b]lvFbf hkmt u/L lnnfd ug'{ egL
lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 . ;j{k|yd ;f] sf7 j]jfl/;]
ge} xfdL lgj]bsxsf] gDj/L hUufdf jiff}{
klxn]b]lv nufO{ x'sf{O{ a9fO{ u/L laqmLsf]
nflu s6fg u/L laqmLsf] nflu Pslqt u/L
/flvPsf] xf] . To;/L Pslqt u/L /flvPsf]df
jg sfof{non] ;f] sf7 ;DaGwdf 5fgaLg ug]{
qmddf xfdL lgj]bsxsf] gDj/L hUufleqsf]
hUufsf vo/ nufO{ s6fg u/]sf] eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0ft ePsf] / xfdL lgj]bsxn] ;f] sf7
xfd|f] gDj/L btf{ lt/f]leqsf] hUufdf nufO{
s6fg u/]sf] egL bfjL lnO/x]sf] cj:yfdf
j]jfl/;] egL tT;DaGwdf k|df0fsf] d"Nofg
gu/L ;f] sf7sf] :jfldTjsf] ;DaGwdf
lgj]bsxn] k]z u/]sf] k|df0f Pj+ lhNnf jg
sfof{ n o kfF r y/4f/f ul/Psf] ;h{ l dgsf]
k|dfl0fs d"Nofg gu/L j]jfl/;] sf7 ePsf]n]
lnnfd ug{' egL lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
ljkIfL cfof]unfO{ jg P]g, @)$( tyf jg
lgodfjnL, @)%! n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL
cfof]unfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gn] cleof]hgfTds clwsf/
dfq} k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s;}sf] ;DklQnfO{ c;/
kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ljkIfL cfof]unfO{
5}g . t;y{ pQm cfof]usf] ldlt @)^(.@.% sf]
lg0f{o clwsf/If]qljxLg Pj+ o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n
ePaf6 jb/efuL x'gfn] pQm lg0f{o / ;f]
lg0f{ocg'k egL lnnfd ug{ nfluPsf] ldlt
@)^(.#.^ sf] ;"rgfnufotsf sfdsf/jfxL
jb/efuL 5 .
219

&), h]7
@)&),
lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 ePsf] hfFra'em,

;h{ldg d'rN' sf tyf ;=j=c= ;Togf/fo0f b]jn]
lhNnf jg sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgn]
;d]t tL sf7x xfdL lgj]bsxsf] ePsf]
eGg] k|i6 ub{5 . ljjflbt sf7df xssf] k|df0f
gk'Ug] eP dfq j]jfl/;] sfod x'g] xf] . jg P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf $^ df o; ;DaGwdf :ki6
Joj:yf 5 . jg P]gsf] bkmf $^, $& / $*
cGtu{tsf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lhNnf
jg clws[tnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]df lhNnf jg
clws[taf6 lg0f{o ge} clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 j]jfl/;] 7x/ u/]sf] lg0f{o
plNnlvt jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $^, $& /
$* Pj+ ^@ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n 5 . o;/L lhNnf
jg clws[tsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] ljifodf clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] x:tIf]k u/L sf7
hkmt ug]{ u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{o
u}/sfg"gL 5 .
To;sf/0f lgj]bsxsf] xs ef]uleqsf]
hUufdf /x]sf] vo/sf] ?vx s6fg u/L y'kf/L
/fv]sf] sf7x hkmt u/L lnnfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf
ljkIfL cfof]uaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^(.@.% sf]
lg0f{o Pj+ ;f]xL lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lnnfd ug]{
egL lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/af6 ePsf]
lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] cg';f/ ldlt @)^(.#.^ sf]
uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ lnnfd ug{
nfluPsf] sfo{ clwsf/If]qljxLg, :j]R5frf/L
Pj+ sfg"gljk/Lt ePaf6 cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{o ;f] lg0f{ocg';f/ n]lvPsf]
kq Pj+ lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/sf] ldlt
@)^(.@.!% sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ldlt @)^(.#.^ sf]
;"rgfadf]lhd ug{ nfu]sf] lnnfd k|lqmofnfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!)&-@_ n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f jb/ u/L
k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof k"/f ug{ nufO{
lgj]bsxsf] xs ef]u btf{ lt/f] leqsf] hUufdf
/x]sf] ?vx s6fg u/L ljleGg :yfgxdf

y'kf/L /fv]sf] cj:yfdf e]l6O{ lhNnf jg
sfof{no kfFry/sf] sf/jfxLdf /x]sf sf7x
lgj]bsxnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;fy} ljkIfLdWo]sf] lhNnf jg sfof{no
kfFry/n] ldlt @)^(.#.^ sf] uf]=k=df= k|sflzt
;" r gfadf] l hd lnnfd ug{ nfu] s f] , ;f]
;"rgfadf]lhd lgj]bsxsf] sf7 lnnfd laqmL
x'g uPdf lgj]bsxnfO{ ck'/0fLo IftL x'g] /
k|:t't lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo klg ;dfKt x'g] ePsf]
x' g fn] k| : t' t lgj] b gsf] clGtd lsgf/f
gnfUbf;Dd ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lg0f{o / ;f]
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/sf]
ldlt @)^(.#.^ sf] ;"rgfadf]lhd x'g nfu]sf]
vo/ sf7 lnnfdsf] k|lqmof sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfpFdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $!-!_ cGtu{t cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn
;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf]
af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg" .
;fy} cGtl/d cfb] z sf] dfusf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^(.#.^ sf]
k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ lnnfd ug]{ elgPsf
sf7x lghL hUufleqsf] pTkfbg tyf s6fg
eP u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ ePsf] / pQm
sf7xsf] ;DaGwdf k|df0f eP gePtkm{ lhNnf
jg sfof{no kfFry/ lkmlbdsf] ldlt @)^(.@.!&
220
sf] cfb]z cg';f/ ;/hldgnufotsf cg';Gwfg

sfo{ eO{ jg ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.(.!$ sf]
kl/kqadf]lhd lg0f{o x'g jfFsL /x]s} cj:yfdf
ljkIfL clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{o Pj+ @)^(.@.!$ sf]
kqadf]lhd lnnfd laqmL x'g nfu]sf] eGg]
lgj] b g;fy k| : t' t ePsf] sfuhftsf]
5fFofk|ltaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . ljkIfL clVtof/
b'kof]u cg'Gwfg cfof]usf] lg0f{o / kqaf6
lgj]bsxsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf cltqmd0f
ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] tyf pQm
lg0f{o / kq x]bf{ s'g sfg"g cjnDag eP
u/]sf] xf] ;f]sf] cefj /x]sf] cj:Yff ;d]t
b]lvg cfpF5 . lnnfdL ;"rgfadf]lhdsf] sfo{
x'g uPdf lgj]bsxnfO{ k'Ug ;Sg] IfltnfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ t'ngfTds kdf lgj]bsxsf]
kIfdf ;'ljwf / ;Gt'ng ljBdfg /x]sf] l:ylt
;d]t x'Fbf of] lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd
pQm ldlt @)^(.#.^ sf] lnnfd laqmL;DaGwL
;"rgf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf
/fVg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd of] cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg" eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^(.#.@%.@ sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bsxn] a/fdbL sf7 cfkm\gf] lghL
cfjfbL hUufdf /x]sf] vo/sf] ?v s6fg u/L
cfPsf] xf] eg]tfklg jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
#( / jg lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod ^!
adf]lhd lghxn] ;f] hUufdf vo/sf ?v
nufPsf] egL lghL jg btf{ u/fPsf] 5}g .
lgj]bsxn] cfkm\gf] hUufsf] ?v sf6]sf] eg]
klg jg ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.(.!& sf]
kl/kqadf]lhd cfjfbL hUUffsf] ?v s6fg ug'{
k"j{ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 s6fg
cfb]z / cf];f/k;f/sf] nflu cg'dtL lnPsf]
klg b]lvFb}g . lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/sf

lhNnf jg clws[tf/f tTsfn lkmN8 lg/LIf0f
ubf{ ljleGg :yfgdf vo/ hftsf uf]lnof
vo/sf sf7x j]jfl/;] l:yltdf y'kf/L /fv]sf]
kfOPsf]n] tL sf7sf] k|df0f eP gePsf] s] xf]
< k|df0f ljgfsf] sf7 sf] s;n] sxfFaf6 NofPsf]
xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6
cg';Gwfg x'bF } ubf{ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]uaf6 ;f];DaGwL kmfon lemsfO cg';Gwfg
hfFrj'em eO /fs] d}bfg]nufotsf :yfgdf
j]jfl/;] cj:Yffdf km]nf k/]sf] s6fg cfb]z
ljgfsf] vo/ sf7 hkmt u/L lnnfd laqmL
ug'{ egL ldlt @)^(.@.% df lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]
lg0f{oadf]lhd ug'{ egL ;f] cfof]uaf6 n]vL
cfPsf]n] vo/ uf]lnof yfg *()& kl/df0f
%@*&=@( 3g kmL6 sf7 hkmt u/L lgodfg';f/
lnnfd k| l qmof cufl8 j9fpg] eGg] o;
sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^(.@.!% df lg0f{o eO{
sfg"gadf]lhd lnnfdsf] k|lqmof z'? ul/Psf]
xf] . o;/L sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bsxsf] xs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ cj:yf
gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL
lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj] b sxn] lhNnf jg sfof{ n o
kfFry/af6 lnnfd x'g nfu]sf] vo/sf sf7
cfkm\gf] egL hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{sf] k|ltlnkL
/fvL bfjL u/]klg ;f] hUufdf vo/ nufPsf]
egL lghL jg btf{ u/]sf] k|df0f k]z u/]sf]
5}g . hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ k]z ePs} cfwf/df
;f] hUufdf vo/ eP gePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g
;Sb}g . cfkm\gf] gDj/L hUufleqsf] sf7 s6fg
ug{ lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 s6fg cfb]z
lnP/ s6fg ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'sf]
;fy} jg ljefuaf6 ;d]t ;f] ;DaGwdf kl/kq
ePsf] 5 . ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 cg'dtL glnO{
cf]v/sf] ?v s6fg u/L laqmL ljt/0f ug]{
221

&), h]7
@)&),
sfo{ sfg"gljk/Ltsf] dflgG5 . u}/sfg"gL

kdf sfl6Psf j] j fl/;] cj:yfdf km] n f
kfl/Psf] sf7 jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $^,
$&, $* / $*-s_, jg lgodfjnL, @)%!
sf] kl/R5]b\ & tyf lghL gDj/L cfjfbLsf]
?v s6fg ;DaGwL jg ljefusf] ldlt
@)^$.(.!& sf] lg0f{o kl/kq;d]taf6 lnnfd
ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf lnnfd laqmL ug{ lhNnf jg
sfof{no kfFry/nfO{ cfb]z lbg] u/L ldlt
@)^(.@.% df o; cfof]uaf6 lg0f{o ePsf]
x'Fbf ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5 . o;sf] cnjf
/fs] d}bfg] nufotsf :yfgxdf e]l6Psf
j]jfl/;] sf7sf] ;DaGwdf jg sfof{nosf
sd{rf/Lx ;To gf/fo0f b]j, gj/fh l3ld/]
/ /fdaxfb'/ s'?jfn] :yfgLo JolQmx;Fu
ldnL tL a/fdbL sf7x lghL cfjfbLsf]
sf7 x'g egL s[ltd k|df0f v8f ug]{ p2]Zon]
clgoldt / u} / sfg" g L sfo{ u/] s f] eGg]
;DaGwdf ;d]t o; cfof]udf ph"/ k/L ;f]sf]
cg' ; Gwfg ubf{ tL sd{ r f/Lxn] To:tf]
clgoldt sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] tL tLg} hgf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ jg tyf
e";+/If0f dGqfnodf n]vL k7fpg] lg0f{o u/L
kq k7fO{ ;lsPsf] 5 . o;af6 klg j]jfl/;]
kdf j/fdb ePsf cf]v/sf sf7x s;}sf]
lghL cfjfbLsf] geO{ /fli6o h+unsf] ePsf]df
s'g} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . pQm sf7x hkmt u/L
lnnfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ lrQ
gj'em] ;DalGwt kIfn] clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg'Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #% -u_
adf]lhd ljz]if cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg]
sfg"gL jf6f] x'bF fx'bF } pQm sfg"gL jf6f] cjnDag
gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] cfwf/
;d]taf6 klg k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lghL jgsf] sf7 s6fg ug]{ ;DaGwdf

;DalGwt hUufwgLn] Onfsf jg sfof{nodfkm{t\
jf ;f]em} lhNnf jg sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{
/ ;f] lgj]bgpk/ cfjZos hfFrj'em u/L lhNnf
jg clws[tn] ?v s6fg ug]{ cg'dtL lbg'kg]{
Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f] adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof lgj]bsn]
k"/f u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . j/fdbL sf7 lgj]bssf]
cfjfbL hUuf eGbf cGoq e]l6Psf]n] ;f] sf7
lgj]bsxsf] xf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf ;d]t
b]lvFbg} . t;y{ clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo lhNnf jg
sfof{noaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd To:tf] j]jfl/;] sf7
lnnfd ug{ k|lqmof z'? u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL jg ljefusf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L cfh
o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfx s[i0f ;fksf]6f / ltnk|;fb uf}tdn]
lgj]bsxn] cfkm\gf] hUufdf nufO{ x'sf{O a9fPsf]
vo/ tyf cGo ljleGg hftsf ?vx cfkm\gf]
3/ Jojxf/sf] vr{ rnfpgsf] nflu sf6L laqmL
ljt/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] sf6L /fFsb] l] v d}bfg];Ddsf]
:yfgdf nuL uf]lnof jgfO{ y'kf/L /x]sf] cj:Yffdf
lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/af6 sd{rf/L cfO{
;f]wvf]h ubf{ lgj]bsxn] ;f] sf7x cfkm\gf]
ePsf] egL ;f];DaGwL k|df0f / lg:;f k]z u/L
tf]lsPsf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6 ;/hldg
d'r'Nsf u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/df
cg';Gwfgsf] kdf /x]sf] lyof] . cg';Gwfg
;DkGg ePkl5 lgj]bsx tL sf7 p7fpg]
k"lh{sf] k|ltIff ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm sf/jfxLsf]
kmfon clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
uPsf] 5 egL hfgsf/L ePkl5 lgj]bsx
cfof]udf pkl:yt eO{ tT;DaGwL kmfon ;DalGwt
lhNnf jg sfof{nodf lkmtf{ u/L sf7 p7fpg]
;DaGwdf cg'dtL kfpFm egL lgj]bg lbPsf
222
lyPF . t/ To; ;DaGwdf cfof] u af6

lgj]sbxnfO{ s]xL a'em\g] sfd ePg .
pQm a/fdbL sf7x cfkm\gf] lghL
cfjfbLsf] ?vx s6fg u/L laqmL k|lqmofdf
/x]sf] egL lgj]bs eQmaxfb'/ sfsL{ ;d]tsf !!
hgf JolQmxn] lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/df
lgj]bg;lxt bfjL u/]tfklg pQm sf7x s6fg
cfb]zj]u/ j]jfl/;] cj:Yffdf km]nf k/]sf] /
lgj]bsxn] em"7f k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ;f] sf7sf]
bfjL u/]sf] b]lvFbf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ pQm
sf7x hkmt u/L lnnfd laqmL ug{ lhNnf jg
sfof{no, kfFry/nfO{ n]vL k7fpg] eGg] ;f]
cfof]usf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ n]lvPsf]
kq cg';f/ lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^(.@.!% sf] lg0f{o / ldlt @)^(.#.^ df tL
sf7x lnnfd ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
lgj]bsxn] pQm sf7x cfkm\gf] lghL
hUufsf] ePsf] egL k|df0f;d]t /fvL bfjL u/L
lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/af6 cg';Gwfg eO{
;f] sfof{noaf6 ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o x'g jfFsL
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljgf clwsf/ cfof]un] sf7
hkmt u/L lnnfd laqmL ug'{ egL lhNnf jg
sfof{nonfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbg] / lhNnf jg sfof{non]
klg ;f] lgb]z
{ fg';f/ egL lg0f{o u/L lnnfd
laqmLsf] nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]n] cfof]usf]
ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{o, pQm lg0f{osf] cfwf/df
n] v ] s f] ldlt @)^(.@.!$ sf] kq / ;f]
kqcg';f/ lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/af6 ldlt
@)^(.@.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] kqsf]
cfwf/df lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/af6
uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)^(.#.^ sf]
;"rgfnufotsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ u/L pQm sf7x lgj]bsxsf]
cfjfbLleqsf] sfl6Psf] x'bF f lgj]bsxnfO{ lkmtf{
lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ax;

ug'e
{ of] .
To:t} ljkIfLsf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ;/f]h/fh uf}tdn]
lgj]bsxsf] hUuf eGbf cGoq ;fj{hlgs
:yfgdf j/fdb ePsf j] j fl/;] sf7x
lgj]bssf] lghL gDj/Lsf] hUufsf] xf] eGg
;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . lghxsf] lghL cfjfbLsf]
hUufdf vo/sf ?vx /x]sf] eGg] b]lvFb}g .
sf7 ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf km]nf k/]sf] 5 . lghL
cfjfbLsf] sf7 s6fg ug]{ tyf cf];f/k;f/
ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgj]bsxn] k|rlnt sfg"g
Pj+ jg ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.(.!$ sf]
kl/kqcg';f/ cg'dtL lnPsf 5}gg\ . o;/L
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 :jLs[lt glnO{ sfl6Psf
/ cf];f/k;f/ ePsf sf7x jg P]g cg';f/
hkmt u/L lnnfd laqmL ug' { k g] { ePaf6
cfof]uaf6 lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/nfO{
n]vL k7fpg] lg0f{o ePcg';f/ ;f] sfof{noaf6
lg0f{o u/L lnnfd laqmLsf] nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePsf] xf] . cfof]un] u/]sf] pQm lg0f{odf
lrQ gj'em] ;f] lg0f{opk/ ljz]if cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bsxn]
;f]adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{df Ps}rf]6L l/6
If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] ax;
k|:t't ug'{eof] .
b'j} kIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] jx; ;d]t ;'gL
lgj]bsxsf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf]
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ xfdL
lgj]bsxn] cfkm\gf] gDa/L hUufdf nufO{
x'sf{Psf vo/ / cGo hftsf sf7x s6fg
u/L 3/ Jojxf/ rnfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu tL
sf7x sf6L laqmL ljt/0f ug{ nfu]sf] cj:yfdf
lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/af6 vl6O cfPsf]
223

&), h]7
@)&),
6f]nLn] km]nf kf/L ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos

hfFra'em u/L ;a"b k|df0f b]vfpg eg]cg';f/
;f] ; DaGwL k| d f0f k] z u/L 5fgaLg Pj+
cg';Gwfgdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm sf/jfxLsf]
kmfon clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
lemsfPsf]df ;f] cfof]udf klg xfdLxn] cfkm\gf]
;f]xL Joxf]/f /fv]sf]df cfof]uaf6 cgflwsf/
kdf s6fg cfb]z a]u/ a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf
km]nf k/]sf tL sf7x hkmt u/L lnnfd
laqmL ug{ lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/df n]vL
k7fpg] egL ldlt @)^(.@.% df lg0f{o u/L
ldlt @)^(.@.!$ sf] kq;fy kmfon lkmtf{
k7fPadf]lhd lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/af6
klg ;f]xL lg0f{osf] cfwf/df sf7 hkmt u/L
lnnfd ug]{ egL ldlt @)^(.@.!% df lg0f{o
u/L ldlt @)^(.#.^ df lnnfd laqmLsf] ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf]n] plNnlvt lg0f{o, kq /
;"rgfnufotsf tT;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL
pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L a/fdbL sf7x
lgj]bsxnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' egL tTsfn cGtl/d
cfb]z;lxtsf] k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg lhsL/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bsxn] bfjL u/]sf] vo/sf sf7x
lgj]bsxn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 s6fg
ug{ cg'dtL glnO sfl6Psf / a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf
km]nf k/]sf] sf7x ePsf] / tL sf7x cfkm\gf]
xf] egL lgj]bsxn] bfjL u/] tfklg lghxsf]
gDa/L hUufdf /x]sf] eGg] k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yf x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g eGg]
ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f /x]sf] kfOof] .
#= lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/sf lhNnf
jg clws[tjf6 lkmN8 lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf /fFs]
d}bfg]nufotsf ljleGg :yfgxdf vo/ hftsf
uf]lnof sf7x y'kf/L /fv]sf] cj:yf e]l6Psf]
x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf k|df0f k'Ug] / k|df0f gk'Ug]
sf7sf] xsdf cfjZos hfFrj'em u/L k|df0f
gk'u]sf] sf7sf] xsdf pQm sf7 sf] s;n]

sxfFaf6 NofO{ y'kf/]sf] xf] kQf nufO{ cfjZos
sf/jfxL u/L k]z ug'{ x'g egL lhNnf jg
sfof{no, kfFry/af6 ;xfos jg clws[t
;Togf/fo0f b]jnfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ v6fO kq
n]v]sf] kfOG5 . cg';Gwfg ubf{ tL sf7x
lgj]bsxsf] cfkm\gf] cfjfbL hUufsf] ePsf] /
;/sf/af6 k|ltjlGwt k|hflt jfx]ssf] x'Fbf 3/
Jojxf/ rnfpgsf] nflu laqmL ljt/0f ug{
n}hfbf of;f]s /]~hkf]i6 If]qleqsf] ljleGg
:yfgxdf km]nf k/]sf] egL lgh cg';Gwfg
clws[tn] ;/hdLg d'r'Nsf;lxt cfkm\gf] /fo
k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tTkZrft\ tL sf7sf]
;DaGwdf lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/af6 lg0f{o
x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf7sf] ;DaGwdf
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ph"/L
k/L ;f] cfof]uaf6 ;f] sf/jfxLsf] kmfon lemsfO{
cg';Gwfg ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . cfof]uaf6
cg';Gwfg kZrft\ of;f]s /]~hkf]i6cGtu{t
/fFs] d}bfg] nufot ljleGg !! 7fpFdf j]jfl/;]
cj:yfdf e]l6Psf vo/ sf7 yfg *()&
kl/df0f %@*&=@( So" kmL6sf] pQm sf7x
lgj]bsxn] cfkm\gf] cfjfbLsf] sf7 s6fg u/L
laqmL k|lqmofdf /x]sf] eg] klg jg P]g, @)$(,
jg lgodfjnL, @)%! tyf lghL gDa/L
cfjfbLsf] ?v s6fg;DaGwL jg ljefusf] ldlt
@)^$.(.!& sf] kl/kqn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmofcg';f/
pQm vo/ sf7 s6fg ug{ / cf];f/k;f/ ug{
cg'dtL glnPsf] Pj+ lgj]bsxn] cfkm\gf]
hUufsf] sf7 xf] egL hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ /fvL
lgj]bg lbO{ pQm j]jfl/;] sf7sf] ;DaGwdf
bfjL u/] s f] b] l vF b f jg ;DaGwL k| r lnt
sfg"gcg';f/ pQm vo/ sf7 hkmt u/L lnnfd
ug{ lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/nfO{ n]vL k7fpg]
egL clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6
ldlt @)^(.@.% df lg0f{o u/L ;f] lg0f{o
224
sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu lhNnf jg sfof{no

kfFry/df ldlt @)^(.@.!$ df kq n]vL k7fPsf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . To:t} lhNnf jg sfof{no,
kfFry/af6 klg cfkm"n] 5fgaLg u/]sf] tYo /
k|df0fsf] :jefljs lgisif{sf] cfwf/df ;f] sf7sf]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df ;f]adf]lhd gu/L
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd egL pQm sf7x
hkmt u/L lnnfd ug]{ egL ldlt @)^(.@.!%
df lg0f{o u/L ;f]xL lg0f{o;d]tsf] cfwf/df h]
h:tf] cj:yfdf 5 ;f]xL cj:yfdf lnnfd
laqmL ug{'kg]{ ePsf] egL pQm j/fdbL vo/sf
sf7x lnnfd laqmL ug{ ldlt @)^(.#.^
ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf vo/ sf7 lnnfd ;DaGwL
;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
$= o;af6 clVtof/ b' kof] u
cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 pQm vo/ sf7x hkmt
u/L lnnfd ug] { lg0f{ o u/L ;f] lg0f{ o
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dfq lhNnf jg sfof{no
kfFry/df n]vL k7fPsf] / lhNnf jg sfof{no,
kfFry/af6 klg ;f]xL lg0f{oadf]lhd pQm sf7x
hkmt ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^(.@.!% df lg0f{o u/L
pQm vo/sf sf7x lnnfd laqmL ug] {
;DaGwdf ldlt @)^(.#.^ df ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g .
%= s'g} /fli6o jg If]qdf geO a]jfl/;]
cj:yfdf e]l6Psf sf7sf] ;DaGwdf jg P]gdf
s] s:tf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 egL x]bf{ jg P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf $& df cfkm\gf] If]qleq a]jfl/;]
sf7 km]nf k/]df ;DalGwt lhNnf jg clws[tn]
a]jfl/;] sf7sf] xsbfjL;DaGwL ;"rgf 6fF;
ug'{kg]{ / To:tf] sf7df xsbfjL ug]{n] kGw|
lbgleq cfkm\gf] xsbfjLsf] ;j"b k|df0f ;lxtsf]
lbg'kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} bkmf
$* df xs bfjL ;DaGwdf s;}sf] b/vf:t kg{
cfPdf ;DalGwt jg clws[tn] cfjZos
txsLsft u/L u/fO{ b/vf:tjfnfsf] xsbfjL

k'Ug] gk'Ug] s'/fsf] lg0f{o u/L To;sf] ;"rgf
b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ lbg'kg]{ eGg] Joj:Yff /x]sf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . lgj]bg n]vfO Pj+ ljkIfL lhNnf
jg sfof{no kfFry/sf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6
lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] sf7sf ;DaGwdf
sfg"gn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lhNnf jg
sfof{no, kfFry/df cg';Gwfg Pj+ hfFrj'em
eO{ /x] s f] eGg] b] l vg cfpF 5 . clVtof/
b'kof]u cg'Gwfg cfof]usf] lg0f{odf pNn]v
ePcg';f/ s6fg cfb]z gePsf] j]jfl/;] sf7
hkmt u/L lnnfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf jg P]g,
@)$( n] clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]unfO{ 5fgaLg ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ ;DaGwdf
s' g } clwsf/ lbPsf] geO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf
;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nosf lhNnf jg
clws[tnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 vo/sf]
sf7 hkmt u/L lnnfd ug]{ egL n]vL k7fpg]
egL ldlt @)^(.@.% df lg0f{o ubf{ s'g sfg"gsf]
cfwf/df pQm lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f pQm
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk x]bf{ b]lvFb}g .
^= lhNnf jg clws[tn] To;/L a]jfl/;]
cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf s6fg cfb]z j]u/sf
vo/ hftsf] uf]lnof sf7sf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos
5fgaLg ug{ ;xfos jg clws[t ;Togf/fo0f
b]jnfO{ lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] / ;f] hfFra'emsf]
qmddf lgj]bsxn] pQm sf7x cfkm\gf] xf]
egL ;f] ;DaGwL k|df0f k]z u/]sf], ;fy} ;f]
;DaGwdf ;/hdLg d'r'Nsf eO{ cfjZos
5fgaLg Pj+ cg';Gwfg / txsLsft eO lhNnf
jg sfof{noaf6 lg0f{o ug{ jfFsL /x]s} cj:yfdf
;f];DaGwL sfo{jfxL kmfon ljkIfL clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lemsfO{ pQm
sf7x a]jfl/;] b]lvPsf] / pQm sf7x cfkm\gf]
xf] egL lgj]sbxn] bfjL u/]sf] b]lvP tfklg
225

&), h]7
@)&),
hkmt u/L lnnfd ug]{ egL ;DalGwt lhNnf

jg sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg] eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf]
kfOof] . To;/L lg0f{o ubf{ lgj]bsxnfO{ s'g}
;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf;d]t lbPsf] b]lvg cfpFb}g .
;fy} cfof]un] pQm lg0f{o s'g sfg"gsf] cfwf/df
u/]sf] xf] ;f] ;d]t lg0f{odf pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvg cfPg .
&= /fHosf x/] s c tyf
kbflwsf/Lxsf sfd sf/jfxL / lqmofsnfk
sfg"g;Ddt x'g' kb{5 . sf]xL klg sfg"geGbf
aflx/ hfg ;Sb}g . s'g} klg lgsfon] hlt;'s}
/fd|f] kl/0ffd cfpg] sfd u/] klg olb Tof]
sfd ug]{ clwsf/ Tof] lgsfonfO{ 5}g cyf{t
gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ePsf] 5
eg] To:tf] lg0f{on] j}Btf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g .
lsgsL sfg"gL zf;gdf sfg"gadf]lhd eP
u/]sf] sfdn] dfq dfGotf kfpg] x'G5 . o;}
;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt ;jf] { R r cbfntaf6
tf]lsPsf] clwsf/eGbf a9L clwsf/ s;}n]
klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}g . olb To:tf] ub{5 eg]
If]qflwsf/sf] cefjdf To:tf] sfo{n] dfGotf
k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] egL g]sfk @)^*, lg=g+=
*%%*, k[= @^@ df ghL/ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/
k|fKt lgsfodf ljrf/fwLg ePsf] ljifodf
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] x:tIf]k
u/L ;f] lgsfon] ug]{ sfddf cg'lrt k|efj
kfg]{ u/L xs a]xsdf lg0f{o ug{ gx'g] egL
g]sfk @)^*, lg=g+= *&!$, k[= !!@ df
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .
*= plNnlvt ghL/ l;4fGtcg';f/
;d]t k|rlnt sfg"gn] lhNnf jg sfof{nosf]
If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ ljifodf x:tIf]k ug]{ u/L
lgj]bsxnfO{ ;'gjfOsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 ePsf]
lg0f{o Pj+ kqn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg ;Sg]
cj:yf b] l vPg . To:tf] lg0f{ o Pj+ kq

clwsf/If]qsf] cefjdf eP u/]sf] x'bF f ab/efuL
b] l vg cfof] . ;fy} lhNnf jg sfof{ n o
kfF r y/n] klg cfkm" n ] u/] s f] 5fgaLgsf]
:jefljs lgisif{sf] cfwf/df lg0f{o gu/L
clwsf/If]qsf] cefjdf ePsf] cfof]usf] To:tf]
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df egL u/]sf] ldlt @)^(.@.!%
sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ldlt
@)^(.#.^ sf] lnnfd ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] sfo{n] klg sfg"gL dfGotf
kfpg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
(= t;y{ pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf jl0f{t
tYout cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 k|:t't ljifodf
lhNnf jg sfof{nojf6 j]jfl/;] cj:yfdf km]nf
k/]sf] vo/ sf7sf] cfjZos 5fgaLg / hfFrj'em
u/L lg0f{o ug{ afFsL ePsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] ljifodf ljkIfL clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 clwsf/If]qljxLg kdf
lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 x'g] lg0f{odf cg'lrt
kdf x:tIf]k x'g] u/L ldlt @)^(.@.% df
vo/sf sf7 hkmt ug]{ lg0f{o u/L ;f] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug{;Dd lhNnf jg sfof{nodf n]vL
k7fPsf] b]lvPsf]n] To:tf] lg0f{o plNnlvt
sfg" g tyf ghL/ l;4fGtk| l ts" n b] l vF b f
cfof]usf] ldlt @)^(.@.% sf] lg0f{o / ;f]
lg0f{ocg';f/ n]v]sf] ldlt @)^(.@.!$ sf] kq
Pj+ d \ ;f] adf] l hd lhNnf jg sfof{ n o,
kfFry/jf6 ldlt @)^(.@.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o
Pj+ ldlt @)^(.#.^ df k|sflzt lnnfd laqmL
;DaGwL ;"rgf;d]tsf sfdsf/jfxL u}/sfg"gL
b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lbPsf]
5 . ca pQm a]jfl/;] a/fdbL sf7sf] ;DaGwdf
lhNnf jg sfof{no kfFry/af6 cfjZos
cg';Gwfg Pj+ 5fgaLg eO{ eO/x]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf
;f] a]jfl/;] a/fdbL sf7 lgj]bsxsf] xssf]
xf], xf]Og osLg ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gadf]lhd
226
*(^! v8\uaxfb'/ vqL lj=k"0f{l;+x yfkf du/
h] hf] a'em\g' kg]{ xf] a'emL sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o z'? km};nf ug]M{
ug'{ egL ljkIfL lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfFry/sf]
df=lh=Gof=>L ef]h/fh zdf{
gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
ljkIfLsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
df=d'=Gof=>L b'uf{k;
| fb pk|t] L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n odfkm{ t \ n] v L
df=Gof=>L afa'/fd /]UdL
k7fpg" . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
ufnL a]OHhtL;DaGwL d'2fdf kLl8t
kIfsf] OHht k|lti7fdf k'Ug uPsf] Iflt
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
jf xflg gf]S;fgLafkt kLl8t kIfnfO{
k|fKt x'g] pkrf/ dgf]j1} flgs k|sl[ tsf]
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdL
x'G5 . o; qmddf k|ltjfbL kIfnfO{
;f]lts k|sl[ tsf] ;hfo u/L kLl8t
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn kmfu'g !$ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
kIfsf] OHht / k|lti7fdf k'us
] f] IfltnfO{
Ohnf; clws[tM sdn/fh lai6
cbfntn] k'g:yf{lkt ul/lbg' g} kLl8t
kIfsf nflu Gofo / k|ltjfbL kIfsf
&
nflu b08 b'j} k|of]hgsf nflu kof{Kt
x'G5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] dfqf
o; ;Gbe{df ljrf/0fLo g} x'bF g} eGg]
lg0f{o g+=*(^!
xf]Og t/ ;hfosf] dfqfTds a9f]Q/Ldf
g} kLl8t kIfn] kfpg] pkrf/ vDaL/
x'G5 eGg] lg/k]If wf/0ff /fVg' pko'Qm
;jf{R] r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s'g} vf; tYo, 36gf jf ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v
kmf}=k'=g+= )^&CR!!%@
u/L k| o f] u ul/Psf a] O HhtLk" 0 f{
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!).$.%
cleJolQmx hf] jf:tjdf ;To klg
x'bF g} g\ ltgLxsf] t'ngfdf s'g} vf;
d'2fM lnlvt a]OHhtL .
;Gbe{sf] pNn]v gu/L ;fdfGo kdf
cleJoQm ul/Psf o:tf zAbxnfO{
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM s~rgk'/ lhNnf, eLdbQ
kLl8t kIfsf] OHhtdf k'Ug] Ifltsf]
gu/kflnsf j8f g+=!% a:g] g]=/f=e"=k"=
b[li6af6 sd uDeL/ g} dfGg'kg]{ .
;} l gs ;+ 3 lhNnf sfo{ ; ldlt
-k|s/0f g+=%_
s~rgk'/sf ;efklt v8\uaxfb'/ vqL
lj?4
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM P]=P]= j8f g+= !* a:g] k"0f{l;Fx
ljZjgf/fo0f dxh{g
yfkf du/
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
227

&), h]7
@)&),
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
ufnL / a]OHhtL P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf
#/%
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
dx]Gb|gu/sf] ldlt @)^&.!!.( sf] km};nfpk/
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg k/L k]z x'gcfPsf]] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
d o; lhNnfdf gePsf] df}sf kf/L
ljkIfLn] ldlt @)^^.&.!% ut] cfkm\gf] cWoIftfdf
a}7s /fvL s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / ljwfgljk/Lt
cfkm\gf] cWoIftfdf :j3f]lift sfo{;ldlt u7g
ePsf] egL ljleGg lgsfodf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
lbO{ ljkIfL k"0f{l;Fx yfkf du/n] ldlt @)^^.&.!&
df d]/f gfpFdf kq n]vL ;f] kqdf dnfO{ g}lts
ktg x'g] / ;+3sf] uf}/jdo Oltxf;df cfFr
cfpg] sfo{x ;~rfng ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] /
h+un k;L sfo{ u/]sf], clkm;af6 rf]/L nu]sf]
;fdfgx gofF sfo{;ldltnfO{ a'emfpg] egL /
ga'emfPdf e|i6frf/L / rf]/L d'2f lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nodf btf{ u/fOg]5 egL d]/f] OHht
k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] zAb k|of]u u/L ufnL /
a]OHhtL P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf # adf]lhd s;"/
u/L lnlvt kdf a]OHht u/L cGofo u/]sfn]
lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ufnL / a]OHhtL P]g, @)!^
sf] bkmf % adf]lhd xb};Dd ;hfo u/L P]=P]gsf]
bkmf !@ adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{;d]t lbnfO e/fO{
kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fbkq .
ljkIfLn] ;+3sf] ljwfgljk/Lt sfo{
u/]sf]n] ;+3sf] ljwfgsf] wf/f !* adf]lhd
cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjf/f lghnfO{ ;j{;Ddt kdf
kbd'Qm u/L / gofF ;efkltsf] lgjf{rg u/L
;f]sf] hfgsf/L lhNnf k|zf;gnufot s]Gb|Lo
;ldltdf k7fpg] sfo{ / kqklqsfdf k|sflzt

ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] ;+3sf] sfo{ljlw / ljwfgleq}sf]
s'/f xf] . ljkIfLn] ;+3nfO{ k|fKt sf7 JolQmut
:jfy{kl" t{ ug{ lxgfldgf u/]sf], ;+3sf] 3/ ef8f
JolQmut kdf p7fO{ vfPsf], ;+3sf] b}lgs
sfdsf/jfxLdf cfpg] 5fk, sf8{nufotsf
clkm; ;fdu|L lhNnf sfo{ ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L
glbO{ ;'6S' s rf]//] nu]sf] x'bF f ;ldltsf] ;j{;Ddt\
lg0f{on] lghnfO{ kq k7fOPsf]n] s'g} lnlvt
a]OHhtL gePsf] / d jt{dfg ;efkltk|lt OjL
lnO{ dnfO{ b'Mv x}/fgL lbO{ OjL ;fFWg lbPsf]
k|:t't d'2f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k"0f{l;Fx yfkf du/sf] k|ltpQ/kq .
jfbL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLxn] as]sf]
askq ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
jfbL bfjLcg';f/ k|ltjfbLn] jfbLsf]
lnlvt ufnL a]OHhtL u/]sf], lghn] kqdf rf]/,
e|i6, h+un k:g]h:tf zAb k|of]u u/]sf] :jLsf/
u/]sf]af6 k|i6 x'g cfPsf]n] ufnL / a]OHhtL
P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf % adf]lhd k|ltjfbL k"0f{l;Fx
yfkf du/nfO{ !% lbg s}b / ?=@)). h/Ljfgf
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] z'? s~rgk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^&.@.@% df ePsf] km};nf .
;+3sf] sfof{nodf ljkIfLn] s] s] sfd
u/]sf 5g\ egL yfxf gePsf] JolQmsf] askqnfO{
cfwf/ agfpg ldNg] xf]Og . d]/f ;fIfLn] clkm;df
gcfpg] x'bF f kq n]vs
] f] xf], lnlvt a]OHhtL
u/]sf] xf]Og egL ;DdfgLt cbfntdf askq
ul/lbPaf6 ;d]t d}n] a]OHht gu/]sf] Joxf]/f
:ki6 x'bF fx'bF } dnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nf
ab/ u/L Gofo kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
k"0f{l;Fx yfkfsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
k"0f{l;Fx yfkf du/n] g]kfn /fli6o e"tk"j{
;}lgs ;+3 lhNnf sfo{;ldlt s~rgk'/sf
tkm{af6 jfbL v8saxfb'/ vqLnfO{ n]vs
] f] ldlt
228
*(^! v8\uaxfb'/ vqL lj=k"0f{l;+x yfkf du/
@)^^.&.!& sf] kqsf] efjgfsf] ljj]rgf /

ljZn]if0f gu/L ePsf] z'?sf] km};nf ljrf/0fLo
b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf nflu k|ToyL{ jfbLnfO{ lemsfO{
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt dx]Gb|gu/sf]
cfb]z .
cf}krfl/s kdf ul/Psf] kqfrf/df
lzi6 efiff k|of]u ug'k{ g]d
{ f k|ltjfbL k"0f{l;Fx
yfkf du/n] jfbL v8saxfb'/ vqLnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L @)^^.&.!& df n]vs
] f] kqdf jfbLnfO{ cfIf]k
nufO{ a]OHhtL ug]{ lsl;dsf zJbfjnL k|of]u
ePsf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbL k"0f{l;+x yfkf du/nfO{
!% lbg s}b;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] z' s~rgk'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ldl;n;+nUg k|df0f
sfuhftsf] cfwf/df h/Ljfgfdfq ul/Pdf klg
ufnL / a]OHhtL P]g, @)!^ sf] ds;b k"/f x'g]
l:yltdf s}bsf] ;hfo;d]t u/]sf] xb;Dd pQm
km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvPg . k|ltjfbL k"0f{l;Fx yfkf
du/nfO{ ?=@)). -b'O{ ;o_ h/Ljfgf u/]sf]
xb;Dd ;f] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ eO{ z'?
s~rgk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.@.@%
sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . ;Dk"0f{ cf/f]kaf6
;kmfO kfpFm eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] xb;Dd
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
dx]Gb|gu/sf] ldlt @)^&.!!.( sf] km};nf .
z'? km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L ljkIfLnfO{
s}bsf] ;hfo gug]{ / h/Ljfgfdfq ug]{ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f]
xb;Dd pN6L u/L ljkIfLnfO{ lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf >L ljZjgf/fo0f dxh{gn] jfbLsf
lj?4 k|ltjfbLn] k|of]u u/]sf a]OHhtLk"0f{
zAbxnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ h/Ljfgf

dfqsf] ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f] xb;Dd ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b;d]t x'gk' b{5 egL ax; ug'e{ of] .
@= plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] jfbLsf gfddf n]vs
] f]
ljjflbt ldlt @)^^.&.!& k=;+= )^^.^& r=g+=
@) sf] kqdf g}lts ktg x'g] / ;+3sf] uf}/jdo
Oltxf; k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] sfo{x ;~rfng
ub}{ cfpg'ePsf], h+un k;L g]=/f=e"=k"=;}=
;+3 lh=sf=;= sf] sfof{no ;~rfng ug'e
{ Psf],
tkfOF n ] clkm;af6 rf] / L nu] s f ;Dk" 0 f{
sfuhftx cfly{s ef}lts ;fdfgx sfof{nodf
NofO{ a'emfOlbg' x'g h:tf zAbfjnLx k|of]u
ePsf b]lvG5g\ .
#= s'g} cfwf/ k|df0flagf / cglws[t
tj/af6 jfbLsf lj?4 n]lvPsf] o:tf] Joxf]/fnfO{
lzi6 / dof{lbt eGg gldnL jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
k|ltjfbLn] ufnL / a]OHhtL P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf
# k|lts"nsf] sfo{ u/]s} b]lvg cfpF5 . ;hfosf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf % df
s;}sf] a]OHhtL ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kfFr xhf/
k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g5
] / Ps jif{;Dd s}bsf]
;hfo klg x'g ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
$= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 k|ltjfbLn]
u/]sf] s;"/sf] uDeL/tf / kLl8tn] ef]Ug' k/]sf]
kL8f jf lghsf] OHhtdf k'us
] f] Ifltsf] ljrf/
u/L cbfntn] pko'Qm ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg]
g} b]lvG5 . ufnL a]OHhtL;DaGwL d'2fdf kLl8t
kIfsf] OHht k|lti7fdf k|ltjfbL kIfaf6 k'Ug
uPsf] Iflt jf xflg gf]S;fgLafkt kLl8t kIfnfO{
k|fKt x'g] pkrf/ dgf]j1} flgs k|sl[ tsf] x'G5 .
o; qmddf k|ltjfbL kIfnfO{ ;f]lts k|sl[ tsf]
;hfo u/L kLl8t kIfsf] OHht / k|lti7fdf
k'us
] f] IfltnfO{ cbfntn] k'g:yf{lkt ul/lbg' g}
229

&), h]7
@)&),
kLl8t kIfsf nflu Gofo / k|ltjfbL kIfsf nflu

b08 b'j} k|of]hgsf nflu kof{Kt x'G5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{
x'g] ;hfosf] dfqf o; ;Gbe{df ljrf/0fLo g}
x'bF g} eGg] xf]Og t/ ;hfosf] dfqfTds a9f]Q/Ldf
g} kLl8t kIfn] kfpg] pkrf/ vDaL/ x'G5 eGg]
lg/k]If wf/0ff /fVg' pko'Qm x'bF g} .
%= k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn] jfbLpk/
ljjflbt kqdf k|of]u u/]sf pk/f]Qm zAbfjnLx
s'g} vf; tYo jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eGg] b]lvg
gcfO{ uf]Zjf/f af]nLdf s'g} vf; tYo jf ;Gbe{sf]
pNn]v gul/sg n]lvPsf b]lvG5g\ . s'g} vf;
tYo, 36gf jf ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v u/L k|of]u
ul/Psf a]OHhtLk"0f{ cleJolQmx, hf] jf:tjdf
;To klg x'bF g} g\ ltgLxsf] t'ngfdf s'g} vf;
;Gbe{sf] pNn]v gu/L ;fdfGo kdf cleJoQm
ul/Psf o:tf zAbxnfO{ kLl8t kIfsf] OHhtdf
k'Ug] Ifltsf] b[li6af6 sd uDeL/ g} dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 . ctM k|ltjfbLn] jfbLpk/ uf]Zjf/f af]nLdf
JoQm u/]sf pk/f]Qm cleJolQmxnfO{ x]bf{
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]lts ;hfo dfq u/] klg kof{Kt
x'g] / jfbLn] cfkm\gf] OHhtdf k'u]sf] Iflt
k'g:yf{lkt ePsf] dx;"; ug{;Sg] g} x'Fbf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ h/Ljfgf / s}b;d]t ug]{ u/]sf]
z' km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ?=@)).
h/Ljfgfdfq ug]{ 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
dx]Gb|gu/sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
lg0f{o g+=*(^@
' m Ohnf;
;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *$(^
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!!.@*.@
d'2fM /}s/ nut sf .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ = @& a:g]
sflhdfgGb ah|frfo{ ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM P]=P]= j8f g+= # a:g] s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g
z'? km};nf ug{M]

sf=d'= k|zf;s >L bfdf]b/ 9sfn
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{M]
df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k;
| fb sf]O/fnf
df=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn df3 $ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
&
230
ljjflbt hUufdf :jfldTjsf] bfjL ug{n

] ]
xfn} k|fKt u/]sf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
k]z ug'{ dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} . ;f] k|df0fk"hf{
j}wflgs kdf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] eGgnfO{
;f]sf] xssf] ;|f]txaf6 ljjflbt
hUufdflysf] :jfldTjsf] clwsf/ :yflkt
ePsf] x'gk' g]{ .
hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] k|df0f:jk hUufsf]
nut, ef]u / lt/f] ;d]tsf k|df0fxsf]
cefjdf lkmN8j'sdf ls;fgn] n]vfPsf]
Joxf]/fn] dfq hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] l;h{gf
x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
*(^@ sflhdfgGb ah|frfo{ ;d]t lj=s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g
u'7Lsf] hUuf sf/0fj; x}l;ot kl/jt{g

eO{ /}s/df btf{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] u'7L
;+:yfgsf] k|zf;sn] hUufsf] x}l;ot
kl/jt{g eO{ btf{ x'g uPsf] k|dfl0ft
x'g cfPdf ;fljscg';f/ g} hUuf btf{
ug{ ;Sg] / unt kdf btf{ ePsf]
nut sf ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]n]
o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ u'7Lsf] k|zf;g,
;+/If0f / lgodg ug{] u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{
P]gf/f k|bQ x'g] .
s'g} P]g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 7x/ eO{
ab/ ePsf] jf sfg" g sf dfGo
l;4fGtljk/Lt eO{ nfu" ug{ g;lsg]
ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ljwflosfn]
agfPsf] sfg"gnfO{ cbfntn] sfof{Gjog
ug'k{ g{] .
u'7L ;+:yfgsf] k|zf;snfO{ k|bfg ePsf]
Goflos clwsf/ cfTdut kdf /
:j]R5frf/L kdf k|of]u x'g ;Sb}g . of]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;b}j k|rlnt
sfg"g tyf j:t'ut k|df0fxsf] lgikIf
d"Nofg u/L Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L
lg0f{o ug'{kg{] . u'7L ;+:yfgn] u/]sf]
lg0f{odf sfg"g tyf k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg
u/L Goflos dg nufO{ lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvPdf o; cbfntaf6 u'7L ;+:yfgsf
k|zf;sn] lg0f{o u/]sf] cfwf/n] dfq
:j]R5frf/L eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
;Da4 sfg"gM
u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #(,
#(-!_,-@_
km};nf
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@ -!_-s_ adf]lhd bf]xf]ofO{
x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
d]/f] lktf cfzfd dxh{gsf gfpFdf
lzj zQm]Zj/ u'7Lsf] nut g+= * df btf{ ePsf]
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @@-u_ ls=g++
!&* sf] If]qkmn !!$! / P]= ls=g+= !&( sf]
If]qkmn )^! ;d]t hUuf lgh d]/f] lktf
cfzfd dxh{g @)$%.^.& df k/nf]s eO;s]sf
/ lghsf] z]ifkl5sf] xsbf/ d dfq x'bF f pQm
hUufxdf btf{jfnf hf]tfxf;d]t d]/f] gfpFdf
gfd;f/L u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+= # dxf/fhu~h a:g] s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{gsf]
sf7df8f}+ u'7L tx;Ln sfof{nodf lgj]bg btf{
eO{ sf/jfxL rn]sf] /x]5 .
lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] gftf k|dfl0ft
k|ltlnlkaf6 cfzfd dxh{g @)$%.^.* df
k/nf]s ePsf] / cfzfd dxh{gsf] 5f]/f gftfsf]
s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g Ps dfq xsbf/ eGg] b]lvPsf]
tyf lghn] lzj zQm]Zj/ u'7L nut g+= * sf]
sfodL sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @@u_ ls=g+= !&* sf] If]qkmn !!$! / ls=g+=
!&( sf] If]qkmn )^! sf] @)$$ ;fn;Ddsf]
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf z+s/ ;'jb] L s'tjfnL btf{jfnf df]xL cfzfd dxh{gsf
/ ejfgL v8\sf
gfpFaf6 sfof{nodf a'emfPsf] /l;bsf] k|ltlnlk
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo afns[i0f ;d]t lgj]bg;fy k]z u/]sf] / sf7df8f}+
Gof}kfg] / 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]n
dxfgu/kflnsf # g+= j8f ;ldltn] lgodfg';f/
cjnlDat ghL/M
gfd;f/L u/L lbg sf7df8f}+ u'7L tx;Lnsf]
g]sfk @)^^, lg=g+= *@#*
gfpFdf u/]sf] l;kmfl/z kq ;d]t lgj]bg ;fd]n
231

&), h]7
@)&),
/x]5 . pQm btf{jfnf df]xL afa'nfnsf gfpFaf6

ldlt @)#(.(.@* sf] l6Kk0fL ;b/adf]lhd
sf7df8f}+ dxf/fhu~h a:g] cfzfd dxh{gsf]
gfpFdf gfd;f/L ul/Psf] Joxf]/f;d]tsf] sf7df8f}+
u'7L tx;Lnsf] cf=j= @)#()$) sf] l6Kk0fL
/l;bsf] k]6jf]nLdf pNn]v ePsf] /x]5 .
pQm hUufxsf] lkmN8a's ptf/ x]bf{
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @@-u_ ls=g+=
!&* sf] If]qkmn !!$! e} hf]tfxf dxndf
cfzfd dxh{g sf=O{= dxf/fhu~h / ls;fgsf]
Joxf]/fdf of] hUuf sf=O{= Wjsf axfn a:g] ef]6]
zfSo sf] xf] . s'tdf hf]tL vfO{ cfPsf] 5' eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] . To:t} u/L sf/jfxLdf
cfPsf] pQm b'j} lsQf hUufsf] df]7 ;|:] tf x]bf{
dfnkf]t sfof{no l8NnLahf/af6 ;f] hUufsf] @
g+= cg';r
" L dfu ubf{ b'j} lsQf hUufdf df]xL
cfzfd dxh{g sf=O{= dxf/fhu~h hlgO{
hUufwgLdf ef]6] ZffSo sf=O{= Wjsf axfn hlgPsf]
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @@-u_ sf]
cg';r
" Laf6 b]lvPsf] Joxf]/f e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
sf7df8f}s
+ f] kqf/f hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf]
/x]5 .
tt\kZrft\ df]7 ;|:] tf lkmN8j's / @ g+=
cg';r
" L ;d]taf6 b]lvPsf JolQm ef]6] zfSonfO{
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd hfgsf/L gx'g] s'g} sf/0f
eP o;df ;k|df0f pkl:yt x'g cfpg' xf]nf
egL & lbg] Dofb ;"rgf hf/L ul/Psf]df pQm
Dofb ;"rgf ef]6] zfSo eGg] nf]sfgGb ah|frfo{
ePsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L lghsf] 5f]/f wd{ldqfgGb
ah|frfo{n] a'emL lnO{ ef]6] zfSo eGg] nf]sfgGb
ah|frfo{ ePsf] / c? ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f kl5 k]z
ug{] Joxf]/f bzf{pbF } sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g+= @& Tof}8 a:g] wdf{ldqfgGb ah|frfo{n]
@)$^.!!.@* df sf7df8f} + u' 7 L tx;Ln
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{ xfhL/ x'g' ePsf] /x]5 .
lghn] cfkm" xfhL/ x' F b f lhNnf sfof{ n o
sf7df8f}s
+ f] r=g+= @(^&, ldlt @)$^.&.@ sf]
hf] ;Fu ;DaGw 5 eGg] ljifosf] l;kmfl/z kqsf]
k| l tlnlk k] z u/] s f] h;df sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @& a:g] nf]sfgGb a}B
eGg] nf]sfgGb ah|frfo{ eGg]sf] 5f]/f wdf{ldqfgGb
ah|frfo{ eGg] / wdf{ldqfgGb a}B b'j} gfdsf]
Ps} JolQm x'g egL Joxf]/f k|dfl0ft ul/Psf]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] t/ ef]6] zfSo eGg] sf] xf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf] gkfO{Psf] . lgh
wdf{ldqfgGb ah|frfo{nfO{ sf7df8f}+ u'7L tx;Ln
sfof{nosf] cfb]zfg';f/ xfhL/ ePsf] ldlt
@)$^.!!.@* b]lv tfl/vdf /flvPsf] /x]5 .
ldlt @)$&.^.& sf] gftf k|dfl0ft
k|ltlnlkx ;d]t k]z ub{} sf/jfxLsf] hUuf
cfkm\gf] xfnfwf] jf]y] lghL u'7Lsf] kk'Ot{ f v]t
ePsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ub{} wd{ldqfgGb ah|frfo{sf]
;f 1flgofgGb ah|frfo{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ xsbf/xn]
jf/]; lgo'Qm u/L k7fPsf] / tt\kZrft\ lgh
jf/]; 1flgofgGb ah|frfo{ tfl/vdf a;L cfPsf]
/x]5g\ .
hUufwgLx kbdfgGb ah| f rfo{ ,
sflhdfgGb ah|frfo{, Gx'R5]dfgGb ah|frfo{,
a] b dfgGb ah| f rfo{ , ljBfgGb ah| f rfo{ ,
dgf]/fGhgs'df/ j}w, ;'dtL ah|frfo{ ;d]t hDdf
& hgfsf] gfd / df]xL dxndf cfzfd dxh{g
sf=O{= dxf/fhu~hsf] gfddf df]7 ;|:] tfaf6
k|dfl0ft b]lvPsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]
/x]5 .
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @@u_ ls=g+= !&* sf] !!$! / P]= ls=g+= !&(
sf] If]qkmn )^! hUuf lzj zQm]Zj/ u'7L
sfof{nodf /x]sf] cfzfd dxh{gsf] gfdsf]
vnf g+= * If]qkmn .@.!&.$ wfg .!^.@ ux'F .!.%
gubL .@) sf] xfn ;fljs nut ;|:] tfaf6
;d]t le8L lt/f] lt/fg x'bF } cfPsf] hUuf x'bF f
u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #( adf]lhd
232
pQm hUufsf] /}s/ nut sf u/L lzj zQm]Zj/

u'7L g} sfod ug{] u/L lg0f{o ul/of] eGg] u'7L
;+:yfgsf] lg0f{o .
ljjflbt hUufx lzj zQm]Zj/ u'7Lsf]
xf]Og . ljjflbt hUufx lghL u'7Lsf] hUuf
xf] . u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 /}s/ nut
sf ug{] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg]
k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
t]/f]d/] f] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf u'7L ;+:yfg
tyf dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+ s;}nfO{ klg
lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ g/xFbf g/xFb} u/]sf] lg0f{o
:jtM lgliqmo x'G5 . o:tf] lg0f{onfO{ ab/ u/fO{
/xg' kg{] x'bF g} . tyfkL u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt
@)%!.%.#! sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bssf] o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] x'bF f u'7Lsf]
pQm lg0f{o clwsf/If]q aflx/sf] b]lvFbf ab/
ul/lbPsf] 5 . cj h] hf] a'em\g' kg{] k|df0f a'emL
t]/f] d]/f]tkm{ xs sfod u/fO{ Nofpg' egL
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;'gfO{ lbg'kg{] x'bF f pkl:yt
kIfxnfO{ u'7L ;+:yfgsf] tfl/v tf]sL cg'kl:yt
kIfnfO{ ;d]t ;"rgf lbO{ ;'gfpg' egL ldl;n
z'? u'7L ;+:yfg sf7df8f}d
+ f k7fO{ lbg' eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)%$.!).!#
sf] km};nf .
7f]; / ljZjf;gLo k|df0f ljgf u'7L
;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #( sf] unt k|of]uaf6
s;}sf gfpFdf clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon] u/]sf]
/Ltk"js
{ sf] btf{ ;|:] tf ab/ ug{ gldNg] x'bF f u'7L
k|zf;ssf] ldlt @)%!.%.#! sf] lg0f{o ab/
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ sfod
/fvL k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o lgliqmo x'G5 egL dfnkf]t
sfof{non] ljjflbt hUuf xfd|f] gfpFdf btf{ ug{]
u/]sf] ldlt @)$*.!!.#) sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;+st]
u/L lgliqmo u/]sf] xf] eg] ;f] km};nfsf] pQm
v08 ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]

;jf{R] r cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;jf{R] r cbfntsf] cfb]z .
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
ePsf] ldlt @)%$.!).!# sf] km};nf ab/ u/L
lbPsf] 5 . ;DalGwt k|df0f tyf tt\ ;DaGwdf
hf] h] a'em\g' k5{ a'emL sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{
egL ?h' kIfnfO{ tfl/v tf]sL ldl;n k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gdf k7fO{ lbg' eGg] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.@.# sf] km};nf .
u'7Lsf] nut g+= * df /x]sf] hUuf ldlt
@)#(.(.@* df g} u'7L ;+:yfgn] u'7Ls} gftfn]
df]xL s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g sfod u/L ;s]sf]df
;f]pk/ oL jfbLn] r'gf}tL lbO{ ab/ u/fpg
;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ljjfbsf] hUuf ljleGg JolQmsf
gfpFdf xs x:tfGt/0f eO{ ;Sbf klg oL
k'g/fj]bsn] ab/ afltn u/fpg g;sL /x]sf]
cj:yfdf pQm ljjflbt ls=g+= !&*, !&( sf
hUuf /}s/ g} /x]5g\ eGg ;lsg] l:ylt gb]lvFbf
ljjflbt hUuf u'7L sfod u/]sf] u'7L ;+:yfgsf]
ldlt @)%!.%.#! sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf z'?sf]
km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bgsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] km};nf .
bfjLsf ls=g+= !&* / !&( sf] hUuf
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$*.!!.#) sf]
lg0f{on] xfd|f] gfpFdf btf{ eO{ hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
k|fKt u/]sf 5f}+ . oL hUufsf] lkmN8j'sdf df]xL
cfzd? hlgO{ lghn] ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf of]
hUuf sf=O{= 9f]sfaxfn a:g] ef]6] zfSosf] xf],
s'tdf hf]tL vfO{ cfPsf] 5' egL n]vfO{ lbPsf
5g\ . plNnlvt ef]6] zfSo xfd|f] afa' afh]
nf]sfgGb x'g\ . u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf
#( lg/k]If geO{ ;fk]If Joj:yf xf] . o;sf]
:j]R5frf/L k|of]u x'g ;Sb}g . u'7L k|zf;ssf]
233

&), h]7
@)&),
lg0f{o k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg

cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]/L ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L xfd|f] gfpFdf dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 btf{ ;|:] tf k"hf{ ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm
eGg] k|ltjfbL sflhdfgGb ah|frfo{ ;d]tsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df ljjfbsf] hUufsf] df]xL cfzfdsf]
@ g+= cg';r
" Ldf hUufwgLdf ef]6] zfSo eGg]
n]vfO{ /x]sf] / ljjflbt hUuf lgj]bssf gfpFdf
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$*.!!.#) sf]
lg0f{on] btf{ e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf u'7L sfod x'g]
u'7L ;+:yfgsf] @)%!.%.#! sf] lg0f{o ;b/ sfod
x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf
c=j+= !*$s / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$
sf] JofVofTds q'l6 b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd
k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5
eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf] l hd b} l gs k] z L ;" r Ldf
;dfj]z eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bsxsf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf z+s/
;'j]bLn] ljjflbt ls=g+= !&* / !&( sf
hUufxsf] df]xL cfzfd ePsf]df ljjfb
5}g . lghn] gfkL x'Fbf ls;fgsf] dxndf of]
hUuf 9f]sf6f]n a:g] ef]6] zfSosf] xf] egL
n]vfPsf] 5 . ef]6] zfSo oL k'g/fj]bssf
afh] nf]sfgGb x'g eGg] gftf k|dfl0ftnufotsf
sfuhftxn] k'li6 u/L /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ljjflbt hUufsf] ;fF w l;dfgfdf /x] s f
hUufx k'g/fjb]sxsf] ePsf]n] klg pQm
hUuf k'g/fj]bssf] lghL u'7Lsf] x'g\ eGg]
k|i6 x'G5 . pQm hUufxsf] ;|]:tf k|df0fxsf]
d"Nofg u/L dfnkf]t sfof{non] k'g/fj]bssf]
gfddf btf{ ug{] lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o ab/ x'g'k5{
egL ax; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{gsf] tkm{af6

ljfg clwjQmf afns[i0f Gof}kfg]n] ljjflbt
hUufx lzjzQm]Zj/ /fhu'7Lsf] xf] . h;sf]
nut sfod 5 . lghL u'7L eGg]n] ;f]sf] ;|:] tf
k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug'{kb{5 . u'7Ldf d'2f rnL
@)$^ ;fnb]lv tfl/vdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf
dfnkf]t sfof{nodf /}s/df btf{ ug'{ ab\lgotk"0f{
5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] OG;fkm ldn]s} x'bF f
;b/ x'gk' b{5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
To;}u/L ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfgsf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]nn] ljjflbt
hUufsf] lg0f{o x'bF f ;fljs nut ef]u ;d]tsf
k|df0f x]/L lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . df]xLn] u'7LnfO{ s't
a'emfpFb} cfPsf] x'bF f ljjflbt hUufdf u'7Lsf]
lg/Gt/ ef]u 5 . u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf #( cg';f/ k|fKt clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ePsf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
OG;fkm ;b/ x'g' k' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg k]zL
tf]lsPsf]df k'g/fjb]s tkm{af6 ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foL z+s/ ;'jb] L / ejfgL v8\sfn] k]z ug'{
ePsf] ;+oQ
' m ax;gf]6 tyf ljkIfLx tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]n
/ afns[i0f Gof}kfg]n] k]z ug'{ ePsf] 5'f5'}
ax; gf]6 ;d]t cWoog ul/of] .
OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gaf6 ePsf] OG;fkm ldn]sf] 5 5}g k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5 ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d]/f lktf
cfzfd dxh{gsf gfpFdf lzj zQm]Zj/ u'7Lsf]
nut g+ = * df btf{ ePsf] sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @@u ls=g+= !&* sf]
If]qkmn !!$! / ls=g+= !&( sf] If]qkmn )
^! hUufsf df]xL lktf cfzfd dxh{gsf]
234
@)$%.^.& df k/nf]s ePsf]n] d]/f] gfddf

gfd;f/L u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpmF eGg]
s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{gn] u'7L tx;Ln sfof{no
sfndf]rg sf7df8f}d+ f lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 sf/jfxL
k|f/De ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf bfjLsf] hUufx
cfkm\gf] lghL u'7Lsf] xfnfBf] jf]y] kk'Otf v]t xf]
eGg] k|ltjfbLxsf] bfjL lj/f]w ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljjflbt hUufx dfnkf] t sfof{ n o,
l8NnLahf/sf] ldlt @)$*.!!.#) sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ kbdfgGb ah|frfo{ ;d]t & hgfsf]
gfpFdf /}s/ btf{ ePsf]df u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt
@)%!.%.#! sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ pQm hUufxsf]
/}s/sf] nut sf u/L lzj zQm]Zj/ u'7L sfod
ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 . u'7L ;+:yfgsf] lg0f{odf
lrQ ga'emfO{ k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] z'? lg0f{o
;b/ ug{] km};nf u/]sf]n] k|ltjfbLxsf] o;
cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg k/L
lg:;f k|bfg eO{ lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf
k]z x'g cfPsf] /x]5 .
#= ljjflbt hUufx cfkm\gf] lghL u'7Lsf]
kk'Otf v]t ePsf]n] /}s/sf] nut sf ug{] u/L
u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug{] u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg]
k'g/fj]bsxsf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]
b]lvof] .
$= u'7L ;+:yfgsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug{]
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5
5}g egL x]bf{ ljjflbt hUufsf] lkmN8j'sdf
ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf of] hUuf Wjsf axfn a:g]
ef]6] zfSosf] xf] egL pNn]v ePsf] Joxf]/f /
ldlt @)$*.!!.#) sf] dfnkf]t sfof{no,
l8NnLahf/sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd k|fKt hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ afx]s hUufwgLsf] :jfldTjsf ;|ft] nfO{
:yflkt ug{] k|df0fx k|ltjfbLxaf6 k]z ePsf]
kfOb}g . pQm hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf btf{sf]
nflu k]z x'bF f df}hf dxf/fhu~hsf] kk'Otf

u'7Lsf] /l;b k]z ePsf] b]lvP klg pQm /l;bdf
plNnlvt hUuf ljjflbt hUuf xf] eGg] 7f];
cfwf/ k|ltjfbLxaf6 k]z ePsf] kfOb}g .
%= csf{]tkm{ pQm ls=g+= !&* / !&(
sf] hUufsf] u'7L ;+:yfgdf /x]s]f ;fljs lzj
zQm]Zj/ u'7L vnf g+= * v]t .@.!&.$ sf]
btf{jfnf df]xL afa'nfn eO{ ldlt @)#(.(.@*
df cfzfdsf gfddf gfd;f/L eO{ df]xLn]
u'7Ldf lg/Gt/ afnL a'emfPsf] cfwf/df u'7L
;+:yfgaf6 /}s/sf] nut sf ug{] lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]sf] cltl/Qm dlGb/sf] lbjfndf
lzj zQm]Zj/ c+lst dlGb/sf] t:jL/ ;d]t
ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L /fhu'7Lsf]
nut sfod /xg'sf] ;fy} df]xLaf6 lg/Gt/
afnL a'emL u'7L ;+:yfgsf] pQm hUufdf ef]u
sfod /x] s f] kfOG5 . ljjflbt hUufdf
k|ltjfbLxn] gt :jo+ ef]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g
df]xLaf6 afnL a'em\g] u/]sf] s'g} k|df0f k]z ug{
;s]sf] kfOG5 . ljjflbt hUufx k|ltjfbLxn]
cfkm\gf] ef]udf 5 egL bfjL ;d]t ug{ ;s]sf]
kfOb}g . df]xLn] tTsfnLg gfkLsf] cj:yfdf
pQm hUuf ef]6] zfSosf] xf] egL n]vfPsf]
ePklg xfn cfP/ pQm hUuf /fhu'7Lsf] xf]
lghL u'7Lsf] xf]Og egL u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ afnL
a'emfO{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
^= ljjflbt hUufxsf] dfnkf] t
sfof{noaf6 k|ltjfbLxn] hUufwgL btf{
k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t cfkm\gf]
xssf] k|df0fsf] kdf k|:t't u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ pQm ljifodf u'7L ;+:yfgdf
ljrf/fwLg /xL k|ltjfbLx tfl/vdf /x]sf]
cj:yfdf dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 k|ltjfbLxn]
hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . j:t'tM
ljjflbt hUufdf :jfldTjsf] bfjL ug{]n] xfn}
k|fKt u/]sf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ k]z ug'{ dfq
235

&), h]7
@)&),
kof{Kt x'Fb}g . ;f] k|df0fk"hf{ j}wflgs kdf

k|fKt u/]sf] xf] eGgnfO{ ;f]sf] xssf] ;|ft] xaf6
ljjflbt hUuf dflysf] :jfldTjsf] clwsf/
:yflkt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . t/ pQm hUufxsf]
hUufwgL k|df0fkqsf] xssf] ;|f]tsf] kdf
lkmN8j'sdf ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf of] hUuf ef]6]
zfSosf] xf] eGg] afx]s cGo s'g} 7f]; k|df0f
b]lvb}g . hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] k|df0f:jk
hUufsf] nut, ef]u / lt/f] ;d]tsf k|df0fxsf]
cefjdf lkmN8j'sdf ls;fgn] n]vfPsf] Joxf]/fn]
dfq hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] l;h{gf x'g g;Sg]
x'bF f ljjflbt hUufx k|ltjfbLxsf] :jfldTjsf]
lghL u'7L hUuf /x]5 eGg ldNg] ePg . ctM
k|ltjfbLxn] dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 hUufwgL
k| d f0fk" h f{ k| f Kt u/L ;s] s f] ePklg ;f]
k|df0fk"hf{nfO{ sfg"gtM dfGotf lbg ldNg ;Sg]
b]lvPg . u'7L ;+:yfgdf ePsf] nut tyf
hUufsf] ef]u ;d]tsf k|df0fxsf] cfwf/df
ljjflbt hUuf lghL u'7Lsf] lzj zQm]Zj/
u'7Lsf] geO{ kk'Otf v]t xf] eGg] k|ltjfbLxsf]
lhsL/ k|df0fxaf6 k'li6 ePsf] b]lvg cfPg .
&= k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf tyf
lghxsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfxn]
ax;sf] qmddf u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf
#( sf] :j]R5frf/L k|of]u u/L /}s/ hUufsf]
nut sf ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 egL
sfg"gL k|Zg ;d]t p7fpg' ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf #( sf] k"0f{kf7 b]xfo cg';f/ 5M
#(=
u'7L 3/ jf hUuf ;fljs adf]lhd

btf{ x'gM] -!_ u'7L t}gfyL hUuf u'7L
clwg:y hUufdf u'7L clwg:y hUuf
u'7L /}tfg gDa/L hUufdf jf u'7Lsf]
3/ jf hUuf /}s/df btf{ ePsf]
k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf k|zf;ssf] sfd
ug{] k|zf;sLo k|dv

' n] To:tf] u'7Lsf]
3/ jf hUuf ;fljssf] u'7L t}gfyL
hUuf, u'7L clwg:y hUuf jf u'7L
/}tfg gDa/Ldf g} btf{ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
To;/L btf{ eO;s]kl5 ;f] 3/ jf
hUufsf] klxn] btf{ ePsf] nut
sf x'g5
] .
-@_
pkbkmf -!_ adf] l hd

k|zf;sn] jf k|zf;ssf] sfd
ug{] k|zf;sLo k|dv
' n] u/]sf]
lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em\g] JolQmn]
;f] lg0f{opk/ k}tL; lbgleq
k' g /fj] b g cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
*= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] u'7Lsf]

hUuf sf/0fj; x}l;ot kl/jt{g eO{ /}s/df
btf{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] u'7L ;+:yfgsf] k|zf;sn]
hUufsf] x}l;ot kl/jt{g eO{ btf{ x'g uPsf]
k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf ;fljscg';f/ g} hUuf
btf{ ug{ ;Sg] / unt kdf btf{ ePsf]
nut sf ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
of] u'7Lsf] k|zf;g, ;+/If0f / lgodg ug{]
u' 7 L ;+ : yfgnfO{ P] g f/f k| b Q dxTjk" 0 f{
clwsf/ xf] . u' 7 Lsf] 3/ hUufnufotsf]
;DklQsf] lg/Gt/ / ;bfjt{ :jksf] ;+/If0f
ug' { /fHosf] st{ J o ePsf] n ] ;f] p2] Z o
kl/k"lt{sf nflu u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## ljz]if
P]gsf] kdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] P]gn] k|i6
kdf u'7Lsf k|zf;snfO{ u'7Lsf] ;DklQsf]
;+/If0ffy{ pQm clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
s'g} P]g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 7x/ eO{ ab/
ePsf] jf sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt eO{
nfu" ug{ g;lsg] ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s
ljwflosfn] agfPsf] sfg" g nfO{ cbfntn]
236
sfof{Gjog ug'{kg{] x'G5 . k|:t't P]g cg';f/

pQm clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ u'7Lsf] nut,
ef]u, lt/f];d]tsf nut ;|]:tfxsf] d"Nofg
u/L hUufsf] x}l;ot km/s k/]sf] k|dfl0ft
x'g cfPdf dfq u'7L ;+:yfgsf] k|zf;s jf
k|zf;ssf] sfd ug{] JolQmn] pQm clwsf/
k|of]u ug{ kfpg] x'G5 . k|zf;ssf] lg0f{odf
lrQ ga'em\g] JolQmnfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug{] xs
klg sfg"gn] ;'/lIft u/]sf] kfOG5 . u'7L
;+:yfgsf] k|zf;snfO{ k|bfg ePsf] of] Goflos
clwsf/ ePsf]n] Goflos clwsf/ cfTdut
kdf / :j]R5frf/L kdf k|of]u x'g ;Sb}g .
of] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;b}j k|rlnt sfg"g
tyf j:t'ut k|df0fxsf] lgikIf d"Nofg
u/L Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg{]
x' G 5 . ldl;n ;+ n Ug k| d f0fxaf6 u' 7 L
;+ : yfgn] u/] s f] lg0f{ o df sfg" g tyf
k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg u/L Goflos dg nufO{
lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPdf o; cbfntaf6 u'7L
;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] lg0f{o u/]sf] cfwf/n]
dfq :j]R5frf/L eGg ldNb}g .
(= k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ u'7L
k|zf;sn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf jfbL s[i0f dxh{g tyf
oL k|ltjfbLxn] k]z u/]sf] k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg
u/L hUufsf] nut, ef]u / lt/f] ;d]tsf dfly
plNnlvt k|df0fxsf] cfwf/df u'7L k|zf;saf6
lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPsf]n
] ] u'7L k|zf;saf6 lg0f{o
ePs} sf/0fn] dfq u'7L ;+:yfgsf] pQm lg0f{onfO{
:j]R5frf/L lg0f{o eGg ldNg] ePg .
!)= u'7L ;+:yfgsf] k|zf;saf6 u'7L
;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #( k|of]u u/L
ePsf] sltko lg0f{onfO{ o; cbfntaf6 o;
cl3 ;b/ x'g] 7x/fO{ km};nf ePsf] kfOG5 .
o; ;jf{R] r cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 l6sf/fd
kf7s lj?4 uf]/If l;2frn d[u:ynL d7 ;d]t
ePsf] /}s/ btf{ ab/ sfod d'2fdf -g]sfk
@)^^, lg=g+= *@#*_ df u'7L hUufnfO{ h'g;'s}

t/xn] hf];'s}n] /}s/df btf{ u/fPsf] ePklg
u'7L k|zf;sn] h'g;'s} ;dodf klg ab/ u/L
u'7L sfod ug{ ;Sg] u/L u'7L hUufsf] df}lns
:jk jf k|s[lt slxNo} klg kl/jt{g x'g
g;Sg] / ;b}j sfod /xg] ljz]ifflwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] cj:yfdf gfkL btf{pk/ u'7L ;+:yfgn]
ph"/L gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 ;gftg b]lv rnL
cfPsf] uf]/vgfysf] u'7L wd{nf]k x'g ;Sg]
l:ylt b]lvb}g eGg] ;d]t JofVof eO{ /x]sf]
5.
!!= t;y{ ljj]lrt nut ef]u;d]tsf
k|df0fx / sfg"g Pj+ k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df ljjflbt ls=g+= !&* / !&( sf] hUuf
lzjzQm]Zj/ /fhu'7Lsf] hUuf b]lvPsf] / ;f]
;DaGwdf u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;saf6 ePsf]
lg0f{o tYo, k|df0f, sfg"g / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
cg';f/ eO{ ldn]s} b]lvFbf pQm lg0f{onfO{ ;b/
ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^).!@.!) sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf d'2f bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f
k|bfg ubf{ JoQm ePsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L lgodfg';f/
ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( kmfu'g @* ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ ==
Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n
237
&

&), h]7
@)&),
sf/0f b]vfO{ ;fljsb]lvsf] df]xLnfO{

cf3ft kg{] u/L df]xL lgisfzgsf] bfjL
lng gkfpg] .
5'lleGg eO{ a;]sf] bfh' / efO{ s'g}
hUufsf] hUufwgL / df]xL x'g g;Sg]
eGg] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf 3/sf] bfh'n]
s]jn kl5af6 v/Lb u/L lnPs} cfwf/df
;fljsb]lv df]xL sfod /x]sf JolQmsf]
df]xL xs ;dfKt x'G5 eGg' ljj]s;Ddt
/ Gofo;Ddt gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lg0f{o g+=*(^#
' m Ohnf;
)^&CI!!&^
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.!(.#
d'2fM lg0f{o ab/ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf emfkf, vh'/uf5L
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & a:g] a'wnfn ofbj
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lhNnf emfkf, vh'/uf5L uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= & a:g] nIdL ofbjsf] d'=;= ug{]
;f]efb]jL ofbj
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7

clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn
ljkIfL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @, @-v_
z'? km};nf ug{M]

e"=;'=c=>L dw';w' g kf]v/]n
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{M]
df=Gof= >L Clif/fh ld>
df=Gof= >L k'?iff]Qd e08f/L
km};nf
@)$* sf] bkmf !@ -!_ adf]lhd bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{
lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bg kqsf] kdf bfo/
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
o; k|sf/ /x]s
] f] 5M
ljkIfL a'wnfn ofbj hUufwgL x'gk' j" {
g} d]/f] df]xL xs :yflkt ePsf] / ;fn;fn}
afnL a'emfpFb} cfO{ 3/ a;f]jf;;d]t ePsf]
vh'/uf5L & sf] ls=g+= ## sf] h=lj= )$!%
hUuf ljkIfLn] hUuf v/Lb u/L lnPkl5
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @-u_ cg';f/sf]
Psf3/ kl/jf/leqsf] JolQm dfgL d]/f] df]xL xs
sf u/L lbPsf x'bF f pQm lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb bfjL .
ljkIfL d]/f efO{ gftfsf dflg; x'g\ .
lghsf] 3/ a;f]jf; gePsf] x'bF f d}n] 3/;Dd
;uf]nsf Ps} 3/ kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf]

hUufdf ;uf]ns} csf{] s'g} Ps ;b:o
df]xLsf] x}l;otdf /xg g;Sg] eGg] P]gsf]
dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ 3/ kl/jf/
aflx/sf] cGo s'g} hUufwgLsf] gfddf
/x]sf] hUufdf Ps} 3/ kl/jf/sf] s'g}
Ps ;b:o ;fljsb]lv df]xL sfod /xL
cfPsf]df kl5af6 ;f] hUuf df]xLsf] 3/
kl/jf/sf] csf{] s'g} ;b:on] v/Lb u/L
lnO{ hUufwgL aGg uPsf] cj:yfdf
df]xL;Fu xfnjfnf hUufwgLsf] gftf k/]sf]
238
*(^# a'wnfn ofbj lj=d'=;=ug]{ ;f]efb]jL ofbj
agfpg lbO{ af; a:g lbPsf] xf] . lghsf] hUufdf

hf]t ef]u klg 5}g / lghsf] df]xL xs klg
sfod gePsf] hUufsf] df]xL nut sf ePsf]
lg0f{o ab/ ug'k{ g{] xf]Og eGg] k|To'Q/ lhsL/ .
vh'/uf5L & sf] ls=g+= ## sf] h=lj=
)$!% sf] df]xL nIdL ofbj x'g\ . pQm hUufdf
df]xLsf] 3/ a;f]jf; 5 . t/ ;Dk"0f{ hUufdf
df]xLsf] hf]tef]u 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;h{dLg
d'rN' sf .
o;df jfbLsf] df]xL xs sfod ePsf]
vh'/uf5L & sf] ls=g+= ## sf] h=lj= )$!%
sf] df]xL xs ;'/lIft x'bF f df]xL sf ePsf]
nutnfO{ k'gM sfod /fvL ;|:] tfdf nut sfod
u/L lbg dfnkf]t sfof{no bdsnfO{ n]vL k7fO{
lbg' eGg] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, emfkfsf] ldlt
@)^#.!).!& sf] km};nf .
df] x Ln] e/] s f] ! g+ = kmfF 6 jf/Lsf]
nutcg';f/ xfdL bfh'efO df]xLsf] kl/efiffleq
kg{] JolQm xf]Ogf}+ . ;f] s'/f e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @v sf] kl/efiffaf6 :ki6 x'gs
' f
;fy} cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o cfkm}+ ab/ ug{ kfOg]
klg xf]Og . a'em\g' kg{] k|df0f a'em\b} ga'emL u/]sf]
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o pN6fO{ ab/ u/L Gofok"0f{
OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= *^ g+= sf] JofVofTds
k|Zg ljBdfg b]lvFbf z'?sf] km};nf km/s kg{
;Sg] eO{ ljrf/0fLo b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf nflu
k|ToyL{ jfbLnfO{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ .
;fy} emfkf lhNnf cbfntdf d'ntjLdf /x]sf]
elgPsf] hfn;fh d'2fsf] ldl;n ;d]t lemsfpg'
eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!).@!
sf] cfb]z .
k|ToyL{ jfbL ljjflbt ls=g+= ## sf]
hUufsf] jf:tljs sfg" g L df] x L ePs] f df
sfg"gadf]lhd lghsf] df]xL xs :yflkt x'g] u/L

ePsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no emfkfsf] @)^#.!).!&
sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut eO{ ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;f] ;b/
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf]
km};nf .
ljkIfL jfbLn] dpk/ emfkf lhNnf
cbfntdf ldlt @)%(.@.( ut] e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no emfkfaf6 ePsf] df]xL nut sf x'g]
lg0f{o hfn;fhL 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL bfo/
u/]sf] d'2fdf lgh ljkIfL jfbLn] tfl/v u'hf/L
l8;ld; km};nf ePsf] ;d]tsf tYoaf6 ljkIfL
jfbL d]/f] hUufsf] df]xL x'g] jf sfod /xg]
Go"gtd\ cfwf/ ljBdfg gePsf] cj:yfdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdaf6 df]xL nut oyfjt\
sfod /fVg] u/L tYo / k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf gu/L
ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L Gofo kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
o;df ;fljs hUufwgLaf6 /fhLgfdff/f
xs k|fKt u/]sf] xfnsf] hUufwgL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL / oL jfbL ;f]xL ls=g+= ## sf] df]xL
ePsf] tyf oL b'j} bfh'efO{ b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 v_ n] df]xL eGgfn] c? hUufjfnfsf] hUuf s'g}
zt{df sdfPsf] JolQm eg]sf]df k|:t't d'2fdf
pQm bkmf @-v_ sf] JofVofTds q'l6 u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ cg';f/ bf]xf]ofO{
x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfL lemsfO{
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.@.@!
sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
>L xl/x/ bfxfnn] ljjflbt ls=g+= ## sf] hUufsf]
239

&), h]7
@)&),
df]xLn] e/]sf] e'=;'= kmf/fd ! g+= nutdf

Psf;uf]nsf ;b:oxsf] ljj/0fdf ljkIfL jfbLsf]
gfd pNn]v u/L k'g/fj]bssf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . o;af6 k|ToyL{ jfbL nIdL ofbj /
k'g/fj]bs a'wnfn ofbj Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf]
k|i6 5 . k'g/fj]bsn] ;fljs hUufjfnf l;i6L
ofbjsf] 5f] / f /fds[ i 0f ofbjaf6 ldlt
@)$%.!!.!) df ljjflbt hUuf v/Lb u/L lnPsf
x'g\ . o;/L df]xL x'F eGg] k|ToyL{ jfbL nIdL
ofbj / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL a'wnfn ofbj
Psf;uf]nsf bfh'efO eO{ lghx aLr c+za08f
;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf Psf3/ ;uf]nsf] JolQm
sf]xL df]xL / sf]xL hUufwgL x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf
e"ld ;DawL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -v_
sf] q'l6 u/L df]xL sfod u/]sf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
emfkfsf] lg0f{o / ;f] ;b/ ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf pN6L u/L Gofo lg?k0f
x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k'g/fj]bg kq;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog
u/L k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLtkm{sf ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmfn] ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdaf6 ePsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug] xf] xf]Og < ;f];DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{]
b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df d]/f]
df]xL :yflkt ePsf] hUufdf ;fn;fn} afnL
a'emfpFb} cfPsf] / ;f] hUufdf cfkm\gf] 3/jf;
;d]t ePsf] ls=g+= ## sf] hUuf ljkIfLn] v/Lb
u/]kl5 df]xL Psf3/ leqsf] egL e"ld ;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @ sf] kl/efiffleq kf/L d]/f]
df]xL nut sf x'g] u/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,
emfkfn] lg0f{o u/]sf] x'bF f ;f] ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
jfbL bfjL /x]sf]df jfbL Psf3/sf] efO{ ePsf]n]
3/ agfO{ j:g;Dd lbPsf] xf] . lghn] hUuf
hf]tef]u gu/]sf] / df]xL xs klg sfod gePsf]n]

df]xL nut sf ug{] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L
/xg' kg]{ xf]Og eGg] k|To'Q/ lhsL/ ePsf]df z'?
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, emfkfn] ljjflbt hUufsf]
jfbLsf gfdsf] df]xL nut sf ug{] u/L ePsf]
;f]xL sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%(.@.( sf] k"j{ lg0f{o
ab/ u/L jfbLsf] gfdsf] df]xL nut k'gM sfod
ug{] u/L km};nf u/]sf]df ;f] pk/ lrQ ga'emfO{
k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df z'? km};nf ;b/ sfod x'g]
7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdaf6 km};nf ePsf]
kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfpk/
lrQ ga'emfO{ k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]l/kfpFm egL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bg k/]sf]df bf]xf]ofO{
x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] kdf bfo/
eO{ cfh lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] kfOof] .
#= lhNnf emfkf vh'/uf5L j8f g+= &
sf] ls=g+= ## sf] h=lj= )$!% ljjflbt
hUufsf] ;fljs hUufjfnf l;:6L ofbj hlgO{
s}lkmot dxndf oL k|ToyL{ jfbL nIdL ofbjsf]
hf]t hlgPsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . ;fljsb]lv
g} pQm hUufsf] df]xL e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
cg';f/ k|ToyL{ jfbL nIdL ofbj sfod ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL nIdL
ofbj ePsf] s'/fnfO{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
klg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL a'wnfn ofbjn] ;fljs hUufjfnf
l;:6L ofbjsf] 5f]/f /fds[i0f ofbjaf6 /=g+=
@*^( ldlt @)$%.!!.!) df xs 6' 6 fO{
/fhLgfdfaf6 xs k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq lgh
ljjflbt hUufsf] hUufwgL ePsf] kfOG5 .
tt\kZrft\ lghn] @)%( ;fn h]i7 dlxgfdf
oL k|ToyL{ jfbL df]xL nIdL ofbjsf] gfd
df]xL nutaf6 sf ul/kfpFm egL e"ld;'wf/
sfof{ n odf lgj] b g lbPsf] d f e" l d;' w f/
sfof{no, emfkfaf6 df]xLnfO{ a'em\b} ga'emL
240
*(^# a'wnfn ofbj lj=d'=;=ug]{ ;f]efb]jL ofbj
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt df]xLnfO{

k|ltjfb ug{] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ df]xL nut
sf x'g] lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
$= cfkm" df]xL xsaf6 jl~rt x'g]
u/L ePsf] lg0f{o cfkm"nfO{ yfxf g} geO{
cfkm" pQm hUufdf xn uf]? lnO{ hf]tvg ug{
nfu]sf] cj:yfdf PsfPs k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
cj pk|fGt pQm hUufsf] df]xL ltdL xf]Ogf} .
cj ghf] t , cjb] l v pQm hUufdf /x] s f]
3/;d]t eTsfO{ lbG5' egL df]xL xsdf bvn
lbPkl5 s] ePsf] /x] 5 egL e" l d;' w f/
sfof{nodf uO{ a'em\bf @)%(.@.( df df]xL
nut sf x'g] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o yfxf kfPsf]
egL sfg"gadf]lhd e"ld;DaGwL P]g nfu"
ePb]lv g} df]xL xs sfod ePsf] / xfnsf
hUufwgL / d df]xL bfh'efO{ eP tfklg xfn
cnucnu /x]sf] ;d]tsf sf/0faf6 df]xL
xs ;dfKt x'g] xf]Og egL pQm ldlt @)%(.@.(
sf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpmF
egL oL k|ToyL{ jfbLn] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
emfkfdf lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgh k|ToyL{
jfbL nIdL ofbj ljjflbt ls=g+= ## sf]
hUufsf] ;fljsb]lv g} df]xL eO{ e"ld ;DaGwL
P]g nfu" x'Fbfsf] cj:yfb]lv g} df]xL /x]sf]
b]lvg'sf ;fy} sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt oL k|ToyL{
df]xL nIdL ofbjn] df]xLsf] x}l;otaf6 kfng
ug'{kg{] sfg"gL bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf], hUufsf]
pAhgL 36\g] u/L hUuf ljuf/]sf] jf s't
ga'emfPsf] eGg] ;d]tsf] lhsL/ hUufwgLn]
lnO{ sfg"gadf]lhd df]xLaf6 x6fPsf] cj:yf
b]lvb}g . k|ToyL{ jfbL df]xLsf bfh' xfnsf
hUufwgL oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL a'wnfn /
df]xL nIdL ofbj Psf3/ ;uf]nsf geO{
5'lleGg eO{ cnucnu 3/f/ Jojxf/ u/L
a;]sf] eGg] k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] egfO{ /x]sf]df oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf eGg g;sL df]xL

nIdL ofbj 5'lleGg eO{ ;f]xL ljjflbt ls=g+=
## sf] hUufdf 3/ agfO{ a;]sf] s'/fnfO{ oL
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] klg :jLsf/ u/] s f]
cj:yf b]lvG5 .
%= e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
@-v_ df df]xL eGgfn] c? hUufjfnfsf] hUuf
s'g} zt{df sdfpg kfO{ ;f] hUufdf cfkm\gf]
jf cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] >dn] v]tL ug{] ls;fg
;Demg' k5{ eGg] pNn] v ePsf] kfOG5 .
plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ ;uf]nsf Ps}
3/ kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] hUufdf ;uf]ns}
csf{] s'g} Ps ;b:o df]xLsf] x}l;otdf /xg
g;Sg] eGg] P]gsf] dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
3/ kl/jf/ aflx/sf] cGo s'g} hUufwgLsf]
gfddf /x]sf] hUufdf Ps} 3/ kl/jf/sf] s'g}
Ps ;b:o ;fljsb] l v df] x L sfod /xL
cfPsf] d f kl5af6 ;f] hUuf df] x Lsf] 3/
kl/jf/sf] csf{] s'g} ;b:on] v/Lb u/L lnO{
hUufwgL aGg uPsf] cj:yfdf df] x L;F u
xfnjfnf hUufwgLsf] gftf k/]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{
;fljsb]lvsf] df]xLnfO{ cf3ft kg{] u/L df]xL
lgisfzgsf] bfjL lng kfpg] plNnlvt P]gsf]
dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvb}g . ;fy} 5'lleGg eO{
a;]sf] bfh' / efO{ s'g} hUufsf] hUufwgL /
df]xL x'g g;Sg] eGg] klg b]lvb}g . ljjflbt
ls=g+= ## sf] hUuf oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
3/sf] bfh'n] s]jn kl5af6 v/Lb u/L lnPs}
cfwf/df ;fljsb]lv df]xL sfod /x]sf k|ToyL{
jfbLsf] df]xL xs ;dfKt x'G5 eGg' ljj]s;Ddt
/ Gofo;Ddt gx' g ] ePsf] n ] k| : t' t d' 2 f
bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ug{] u/L ePsf] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.@.@! sf] cfb]z tyf
z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L
x'g' kb{5 eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{sf
241

&), h]7
@)&),
jl/i7 ljfg clwjQmfsf] jx; lhsL/;Fu

;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
^= ctM plNnlvt tYo / sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ljj]rgf;d]taf6 oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL / k|ToyL{ jfbL bfh'efO eGg] b]lvPtfklg
ljjflbt ls=g+= ## sf] hUuf oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)$%.!!.!) df v/Lb u/L
lng'k"j{ g} oL k|ToyL{ jfbL nIdL ofbj e"ld
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd
df]xL sfod eO{ /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / k|ToyL{
jfbLn] ljjflbt hUufdf df]xLsf] x}l;otn] k"/f
ug'k{ g{] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] lng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf s]jn 3/sf]
bfh'n] kl5af6 hUuf v/Lb u/L lnPs} cfwf/df
cufj}bl] v ljjflbt hUufdf sfg"gcg'k sfod
/x]sf df]xL k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] df]xL xs ;dfKt x'g
g;Sg] ePsf]n] z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no emfkfn]
plNnlvt ls=g+= ## sf] hUufaf6 df]xL lgisfzg
ug{] u/L ePsf] ;f]xL sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%(.@.(
sf] k"j{ lg0f{o ab/ u/L ljjflbt hUufsf] k|ToyL{
jfbLsf gfdsf] df]xL xs oyfjt sfod /fVg]
u/]sf] ldlt @)^#.!).!& sf] lg0f{o ;b/ ug{]
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdsf] km};nf ldn]s}
b]lvFbf ;f] ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ebf} !( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ =
Ohnf; clws[tM /fdk|;fb zdf{
lg0f{o g+=*(^$
' m Ohnf;
@)^^CI)^&% / @)^&CI!@()
km};nf ldltM @)^(.*.!@.#
d'2fM c+z btf{ .
k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbLM lhNnf k;f{, uf=lj=;= hLtk'/,
j8f g+= # a:g] clDasf dxtf]sf] 5f]/f
/fh]Zj/ dxtf]
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lhNnf k;f{, hLtk'/ uf=lj=;=,
j8f g+=# a:g] :j=clDasf dxtf] yfsf]
>LdtL slnofb]jL y?gL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf k;f{, hLtk'/ uf=lj=;=,
j8f g+=# a:g] a|Xdk|;fb dxtf]sf] >LdtL
kfj{tLb]jL y?gL ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lhNnf k;f{, hLtk'/ uf=lj=;=,
j8f g+= # a:g] :j=clDasf dxtf] yfsf]
>LdtL slnofb]jL y?gL
z'? km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L tLy{/fh b]jsf]6f
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L gGb/fh clwsf/L
df=Gof=>L uf}/Laxfb'/ sfsL{
;dfg c+lzof/aLr s'g} Pp6} dfkb08sf]
cfwf/df a/fa/ c+ z a08f ug' { k g] {
afWofTds sfg" g L Joj:yf geO{
&
242
*(^$ /fh]Zj/ dxtf] lj=slnofb]jL y?gL
Psfk;df g/du/d ldnfO{ c;n

sd;n 36a9L u/L Jofjxfl/s kdf
ldnfO{ c+za08f ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lv+bf
bf];|f] k':tfsf c+lzof/xaLr hUuf
36La9L ePsf] eGg] sf/0fn] dfq
/Ltk"js
{ sf] c+za08f ePsf] 5}g eGg
ldNg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
d'2fsf kIfxsf] aLr ;do;dodf
ePsf ljleGg 36gfqmdaf6 g} cnu
cnu Jojxf/ ePsf] tYo :yflkt x'g]
x'bF f To;/L cnucnu Jojxf/ tyf
sf/f]jf/ ePsf] b]lvg' g} c+za08f ePsf]
s'/fdf cbfnt ljZj:y x'g] cfwf/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
cfgf xfFufsf cGo bfh'efOxaf6 c+z
kfpg' kg]{ eP To:tf] bfjL lnO{ ;a"b
k|df0f;lxt c+zdf bfjL lng ;Sg] /
c+z gkfPsf] eP cfcfgf] xfFuf /
k':tfsf c+lzof/fxaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd
c+za08f u/L kfpg] .
bf];f| ] k':tfxaLr g} c+za08f gePsf]n]
;f] k' : tf tyf lghxsf] xfF u fsf
c+lzof/fx ;d]taf6 c+z kfpFm egL
lnPsf] c+ztkm{sf] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx zflns/fd kf08], n]vgfy
Gof}kfg] / gGbk|;fb clwsf/L
k| T oyL{ tkm{ a f6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
dxfb] j k| ; fb ofbj tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f, sf}zn
lszf]/ ;fx, ltnk|;fb uf}td, ls;'gb]j
k|;fb sf]O/L / /fhLj cfrfo{
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^^, lg=g+= &@@&,
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g c+za08fsf] #) g+=
km};nf
@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_-v_ cGt{ut o;
cbfntaf6 d'2f bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg eO{
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M
d"n k'vf{ jfn uf]ljGb dxtf] yfsf]
5f]/f t]hf dxtf] / /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] ePsf], t]hf
dxtf] / d lkm/fbL ;'vb]jLsf] bfDkTo hLjgaf6
clDasf dxtf] / d jfbL a|Xdk|;fb dxtf]sf]
hGd ePsf] . clDjsf dxtf] / d lkm/fbL slnof
b]jLaf6 ljkIfL /fh]Zj/ dxtf], d lkm/fbL k|df]b
dxtf], d lkm/fbL ;+hos'df/ rf}w/Lsf] hGd
ePsf] xf] . d lkm/fbL a|Xdk|;fb dxtf] / ljkIfL
kfj{tLb]jLaf6 zzLsfGt, ljho dxtf], d lkm/fbL
;'gLn, cgLnsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . ljkIfL
/fdgf/fo0fk|;fb yf / ljkIfL t]hdlt b]jLaf6
d lkm/fbL pdfsfGt rf}w/L, ljkIfL sdn]z
rf}w/L, d lkm/fbL ljsf;s'df/, ljhos'df/
rf}w/Lsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . jfnuf]ljGb dxtf],
pxfFsf] >LdtL, t]hf dxtf], /fdaxfb'/ dxtf],
lghsL >LdtL, clDjsf dxtf] k/nf]s x'g'
ePsf] . kl/jf/ j[l4 eO{ Psf;uf]ndf a:g
lxQlrQ gldNbf cfk;L ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df
ldlt @)%).!.@ ut]b]lv s]jn r'Nxf] dfgf]
cnucnu u/L a;]sf 5f} . /Ltk"js
{ a08f u/f}F
egL ljkIfLxnfO{ eGbf OGsf/ u/L vfg nfpg
;d]t aGb ul/lbPsfn] ldlt @)%).!.@ nfO{
dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L tfobftL lnO{
xfd|f] x'g] c+zxs 5'ofO{ kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL .
243

&), h]7
@)&),
plNnlvt k':tfjf/L 7Ls 5 . /fdaxfb'/

dxtf]sf] Psdfq 5f]/f d /fdgf/fo0f k|;fb yf
x'F . lkm/fbL / xfd|f] jLrdf c+za08f ePsf] 5}g .
ldlt @)$*.!.! b]lv t]hf dxtf]sf] ;Gtfgx
Ps 7fpFdf, k|ltjfbL d /fdgf/fo0fk|;fb yfsf]
;Gtfg Ps 7fpFdf eft efG;f u/L cfPsf lyof}F .
xfd|f] 5f]/fx jfx]s cGo lkm/fbLxsf] c+z xs
5'ofpg OGsf/ u/]sf 5}gf} eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL t]hdtL b]jL, sdn]Zj/ rf}w/L /
/fdgf/fo0fk|;fb yfsf] ;+oQ' m k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
jfnuf]ljGb dxtf]sf] # 5f]/f /fdb]j
dxtf], t]hf dxtf] / /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]sf] hGd
ePsf] xf] . /fdb]jsf] kTgL /dgL b]jL x'g\ .
t]hf dxtf]sf] b'O{ >LdtL ;/nLb]jL / ;'vnLb]jL
x'g\ . ;/nLaf6 clDjsf / ;'vnLaf6 j|Dx
dxtf]sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . /fdb]j / /dnLaf6
s'g} 5f]/f gePsf] . afnuf]ljGbsf] d[To'kl5
@)!* ;fndf 3/;f/df c;n sd;n ldnfO{
a08f 5' ofO{ t] h f dxtf] n ] cfgf] cfdf
x'nf;L;Fu j;L b'O{ efu / /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]
tyf /dnL b]jLn] !! efu c+z lnO{, /dnL
b]jLn] cfgf] c+z efu clDjsf dxtf]sf] gfpFdf
lnO{ tTsfnLg hldGbf/L srx/Laf6 btf{ u/fO{
;f]xL ;do b]lv cnu leGb} a;L cfpg' ePsf] .
ldlt @)@!.*.& df /dnLn] clDjsfsf] gfpFdf
t]hf dxtf]af6 ;'sL| laqmL /fhLgfdf n]vfO{ v/Lb
ug'{ ePsf] / ldlt @)@!.*.& df /dnLn] t]hf
dxtf]af6 hUuf /fhLgfdf u/L lng' ePsf], ;f]
b'j} lnvtdf /fdaxfb'/ C0fLsf] leGb} a;]sf]
efO egL ;fIfL a:g' ePsf] . /fdaxfb'/, /dgL
/ t]hf dxtf]n] & g+= kmfF6jf/L tyf ! g+= nut
cnucnu eg'{ ePsf] 5 . /fdaxfb'/n] ldlt
@)@!.*.& df 3'O/Lb]jLaf6 )!() hUuf
v/Lb ug' { ePsf] , /fdgf/fo0fn] ldlt
@)#^.!!.@( df @&% hUuf v/Lb ug'{ ePsf],
/fdaxfb' / n] cfgf] )!() hUuf ldlt

@)@#.@.@! df levf/L dxtf]nfO{ / %!#!*
hUUff j]gs'df/LnfO{ ldlt @)@(.!.@) df
/fhLgfdf u/L lbg' ePsf] . ldlt @)@(.!.!(
df )!!) hUuf /fdaxfb'/n] u+luofb]jLnfO{
/fhLgfdf u/L lbg' ePaf6 ;d]t /fdaxfb'/
cnu a;]sf] k|i6 5 . ;j]{ gfkL x'Fbf ls=g+=
!!^ sf] )*) hUuf t]hf dxtf]sf] gfpFdf
gfkL x'g uPsf]df /fdaxfb'/n] e'=k|=sf=df lgj]bg
lbO{ ldlt @)@(.$.!( df ePsf] lg0f{oaf6
cfgf] gfpFdf btf{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . t]hf dxtf]n]
ldlt @)@!.#.!# df /fdrGb| dxtf];uF #!)^
hUuf v/Lb ug'{ ePsf], cfgf] hUuf leGg a;]sf]
c+lzof/ /dnL / clDjsfnfO{ laqmL ug'{ ePsf],
ldlt @)$*.!@.!! df pxfF n ] ))!# ..
sf]lznfb]jLnfO{ laqmL ug'{ ePsf] 5 . jfbL
pdfsfGt, ljsf;n] cfgf] a'jf, cfdf efO;Fu,
;'vnL / j|Dxn] t]hfsf] kl/jf/dWo] j|Dxsf] >LdtL
5f]/f;Fu, sf]lznf, k|df]b, ;+hon] clDjsfsf]
kl/jf/leq d /fh]Zj/;Fu c+z xs dfu ug'k{ g]d{ f
c?nfO{ cgfjZos k|ltjfbL agfpg' ePsf] 5
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL kfj{tLb]jL /
k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/ dxtf]sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/ dxtf] ;d]tsf] ;fIfL
/fd]Zj/ dxtf], k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0f dxtf]sf]
;fIfL t]hf dxtf] wfg'sn] u/]sf] jskq ldl;n
;+nUg /x]sf] .
lkm/fbdf b]vfOPsf] k':tfjnL 7Ls xf] .
!)!@ jif{cl3 clDasf, j|Dxf, /fdgf/fo0f
k|;fbsf kl/jf/ r'Nxf] dfgf] cnu u/L a;L
cfP, crn ;DklQ ;uf]ndf g} 5 . lktfhLn]
c+z kfPkl5 pxfFn] kfPsf] ;DklQaf6 g} d
;d]tn] c+z kfpg' kg]{ xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf ljgos'df/
rf}w/Ln] u/]sf] aofg .
244
afnuf]ljGb dxtf]sf] # 5f]/f /fdb]j,

t]hf / /fdaxfb'/ x'g\ . lghx aLr @)!*
;fndf 3/;f/df hldbf/L srx/Ldf c+za08f
ePsf] xf] . jfbL / k|ltjfbLxn] cfcfg} 9+uaf6
c+z kfpg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j+= !#(
g+= adf]lhd j'lemPsf ljho dxtf] rf}w/Ln]
u/]sf] aofg, ;f]xL Joxf]/f ldnfgsf] c=j+= !#(
g+= adf]lhd j'lemPsf cgLn rf}w/L, zzLsfGt
rf}w/Ln] u/]sf] aofg .
o;df z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 tfobftL
kmfF6jf/L dfUg] cfb]zeO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLx af6
tfobftL kmfF6jf/L k]z ePsf] /x]5 .
jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6 k]z x'g cfPsf]
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt ;DklQdWo] btf{
;|:] tfdf le8]sf] ;DklQnfO{ @ efu nufO{ t]hf
dxtf]sf] xfFuftkm{sf] Ps efunfO{ # efu nufO{
;f] # efu dWo] Ps efu jfbL ;'vnL b]jLn]
5'ofO{ c+z kfpg], afFsL @ efudWo] Ps efunfO{
$ efu nufO{ jfbL slnofb]jL, k|df]b / ;+hon]
# efu 5'ofO{ c+z kfpg] / jfFsL /x]sf] Ps
efunfO{ ^ efu nufO{ jfbL j|Dxk|;fb / ;'gLnn]
@ efu 5'ofO{ c+z kfpg] tyf /fdaxfb'/ tkm{sf]
Ps efunfO{ ^ efu nufO{ jfbL pdfsfGt /
ljsf;s'df/n] @ efu c+z 5'ofO{ kfpg] 7x5{
egL z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^@.#.!^ sf] km};nf .
c+lzof/x aLr Ps cfk;df c+za08f
u/L cfcfgf] gfddf lnO{ tTsfnLg lhdbf/L
srx/Laf6 bflvn btf{ ePsf] 7f]; k|df0f 5 .
ToxL hUuf gfkL x'Fbfsf avt cfcfgf] c+z
efu 5'f5'} gfkL btf{ ePsf] 5 . ToxL c+zsf]
hUuf g} 5'f5'} & g+= kmf/fd / ! g+= nut
e/L 5'} 3/af; u/L Ps cfk;df hUuf v/Lb
laqmL x'Fb} cfPsf], cnucnu ef]u laqmL
Jojxf/ bflvn btf{sf] c+za08f eO;s]sf]
csf6\o Jojxf/ k|df0f x'Fbfx'Fb} To; ljk/Lt

lkm/fb k/]sf] lbgnfO{ dfg' 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod
u/L tfobftL kmfF6jf/L lnO k'gM c+za08f ug{
sbflk ldNb}g . t;y{ z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ab/ u/L xfdLaf6 jfbLn] c+z gkfpg]
u/L OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL kfj{tL b]jL y?gL ;d]tsf] ldlt
@)^@.&.! sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
@)!* ;fndf 3/;f/df g/d u/d
ldnfO{ c+za08f eO{ ;f]xLcg'k cfcfgf]
efudf k/]sf] >L;DklQ ef]u rng u/L laqmL
Jojxf/ ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf]df jfbLn] laqmL u/]sf]
lnvtdf laqmL u/]sf] hUufdf s;}sf] xs gnfUg]
cfgf] Psnf}6L xssf] hUuf egL b]vfO{ laqmL
u/]sf] b]lvG5 / c+lzof/x s;}nfO{ ;fIfL /fv]sf]
kfO{bg} h;af6 jfbLsf] cfgf] 5'} Jojxf/ b]lvg
cfPsf] / ljkIfL jfbLxdWo] ;'vnL b]jL, slnof
b]jL, k|df]b dxtf], ;+ho dxtf], a|xd
| dxtf],
;'gLnn] tfl/v 5f]8L yfDg] ydfpg] Dofb u'hf/L
Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 c+za08f e};s]sf] k|df0fnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] tYonfO{ Wofg
glbO{ ePsf] z'? km};nf d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= !*$s,
!*% g+,+ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ sf]
ljk/Lt x'bF f pQm km};nf ab/ u/L daf6 jfbLn]
c+z gkfpg] u/L OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/ dxtf]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
d"n c+lzof/x t]hf dxtf], /fdaxfb'/
dxtf] / /fdb]jsL >LdtL /dgLb]jL aLr @)!*
df g} 3/;f/df c+ z a08f ePsf] eGg]
k|ltjfbLxsf] lhsL/ ePsf] / d"n c+lzof/
/dgL b]jLn] c+lzof/ t]hf dxtf]nfO{ /=g+= !#&(,
ldlt @)@!.&.* df /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/L lbPsf]
lnvtdf csf{ ;dfg c+lzof/ /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]n]
leGg ePsf] efO egL ;fIfL a;]sf] ldl;n
245

&), h]7
@)&),
;+nUg pQm lnvtsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvg cfPsf]

cj:yfdf jfbL bfjL cg';f/ c+z kfpg] 7x/fPsf]
z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg{
;Sg] b]lvFbf ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg] ldlt @)^#.%.!( sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8+ fsf] cfb]z .
c+za08fsf] lnvt tof/ u/L c+z lnP
lbPsf] / c+za08fsf] lnvt tof/ gePdf Psfsf]
gfdaf6 csf{sf] gfddf hUuf x:tfGt/0f ePsf]
jf laqmL Jojxf/ 5'f5'} ePsf] cj:yf gePsf]
l:yltdf c+za08f e};s]sf] eGg gldNg] x'bF f
z'?n] c+za08f x'g] u/L lbPsf] km};nf ldn]s}
x'bF f z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf
;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljsf;s'df/ rf}w/Lsf]
jf/]; e} cfgf] xsdf pdfsfGt k|;fb rf}w/L
;d]tsf] lnlvt k|ltjfb .
d"n c+lzof/dWo] t]hf dxtf]n] cfgf
5f]/f xfd|f] lktf clDjsf dxtf] ePsf] ldlt
@)@!.*.& sf] /=g+=!#&* sf] kfl/t /fhLgfdf
/ lbg] t]hf dxtf] lng] /dgLb]jL ePsf]
ldlt @)@!.*.& sf] /=g+=!#&( sf] kfl/t
/fhLgfdfsf] lnvtxdf /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]n]
leGb} a;]sf] efO egL ;fIfL a;]sf 5g\ .
lbg] /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] lng] t]hf dxtf] ePsf]
ldlt @)@!.#.!# sf] /=g+= &$#&* sf] kfl/t
/fhLgfdf ldlt @)@(.$.!( sf] e"=k|=sf=sf]
lg0f{ o krf{ n ] ;d] t xfd| f ] d" n c+ l zof/
/fdaxfb'/ dxtf], t]hf dxtf] / /fdb]jsL
kTgL /dgLb]jLsf] aLrdf ldlt @)@!;fn
k"j{ g} c+za08f e} ;s]sf] k|dfl0ft e} /x]sf]
k|df0fxnfO{ d"Nof+sg gu/L xfdLx aLrdf
k'gM c+za08f ug]{u/L k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6
u/]sf] km};nf pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k| T oyL{ jfbL slnof b] j L, k| d f] b dxtf] ,
;+hos'df/ rf}w/L / a|Xdk|;fb dxtf] yfsf]
ldlt @)^#.(.!! sf] Ps} ldnfg Joxf]/fsf]

5'f5'} lnlvt k|ltjfb .
c+lzof/x aLr Pscfk;df c+za08f
u/L tTsfnLg lhldbf/L srx/Laf6 bflvn
btf{ u/fO{ 5'} 3/jf; u/L 5'f5'} Ps cfk;df
hUuf v/Lb laqmL Jojxf/ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg k'g
c+za08f u/]sf] z'? km};nf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 5'f5'} k'g/fj]bg
k/] s f] d f c+ z a08f ePsf] k| d f0f gePsf]
c+ l zof/nfO{ hUuf kfl/t u/L lbPsf] /
c+lzof/af6 hUuf kfl/t u/L lnb}df a08f
ePsf] eGg gx'g], cnu eO{ leGg a:b}df c+z
lnO{ ;s]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . c+z lng' / leGg
eO{ a:g' cnu s'/f /x]sf] x'Fbf a08fkq ePsf]
jf Jojxf/ k|df0fjf6 cflwsfl/s e/kbf]{ ;a"b
k|df0fj]u/ c+z h:tf] hGdl;4 g};lu{s xs
clwsf/nfO{ xgg\ x'g] u/L jl~rt ug{ gx'g] /
c+za08f eO;s]sf] gb]lvFbf c+za08f ug]{u/L
z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfnfO{
cGoyf eGg ldn]g . t;y{ a08f nfUg] u/L
z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt @)^@.#.!^ df
u/]sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf]
ldlt @)^$.(.@( sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
lrQ a'em]g . /dgLb]jLnfO{ c+lzof/df gb]vfO{
;uf]nsf] c+lzof/ x'g\ eGg] jfbL bfjL g} gePsf]
cj:yfdf ldlt @)%^.!).!* df d/]sf] JolQmnfO{
;uf]nsf] c+lzof/ 7xofO{ a08f ug{ ldNg] ljifo
g} xf]Og . cl3 g} 5'lPsf] /dgL b]jLaf6
ldlt@)%@.&.@& df /=g+= !&$), !&$!, !&$@
af6 qmdzM /fh]Zj/k|;fb dxtf], k|df]b k|;fb
dxtf], ;+hos'df/ rf}w/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQ
ldlt @)%(.*.@@ df dfnkf]t sfof{no, k;f{af6
246
bflvn vf/]h btf{ ePsf] hUuf c+za08fsf] !*

g+=n] kfpg]sf] lghL 7x/L a08f nufpg ldNb}g .
o; pk/ sf]xL s;}sf] r'gf}lt klg 5}g . ljkIfL
jfbLxdWo] slnofb]jL, k|df]bk|;fb dxtf], ;+ho,
a|Xd, ;'gLn dxtf] / dl/;s]sL ;'vnLb]jLn]
tfl/v u'hf/L c+za08f eO;s]sf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/
u/L a;]sf]df z'?sf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8F fsf] km};nf ;d]t q'l6k"0f{
5.
lbg] t]hf dxtf], lng] clDjsf dxtf]
ePsf] ldlt @)@!.*.& sf] /=g+= !#&* sf] kfl/t
/fhLgfdf, lbg] t]hf dxtf], lng] /dgLb]jL ePsf]
ldlt @)@!.*.& sf] /=g+= !@&( sf] kfl/t
/fhLgfdfdf /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] leGg a;]sf] efO
egL ;fIfL a;]sf 5g\ . lbg] /fd dxtf], lng]
t]hf dxtf] ePsf] ldlt @)@!.#.!# sf] /=g+=
!&#&@ sf] kfl/t /fhLgfdf, ldlt @)@(.$.!(
sf] e"dL k|zf;g sfof{no k;f{sf] lg0f{o krf{,
lbg] t]hf dxtf], lng] ;Ltfb]jL dxtf] ePsf]
ldlt @)$*.!).!! sf] /=g+= #(@) sf] kfl/t
/fhLgfdf, lbg] 3'8f/Lb]jL, lng] /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]
ePsf] ldlt @)@!.*.& sf] /=g+= !#(# sf] kfl/t
/fhLgfdf, lbg] kf/;gfy, lng] /fdgf/fo0f dxtf]
ePsf] ldlt @)#^.!!.!( sf] /=g+= !*() sf]
kfl/t /fhLgfdf, lbg] /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] lng]
levf/L dxtf] ldlt @)@#.@.@! sf] /=g+=
@$)^@#)# sf] kfl/t /fhLgfdf, lbg] /fdaxfb'/
dxtf], lng] j]gs'df/L sfsL{ ePsf] ldlt
@)@(.@.@) sf] /=g+=#!&#!(#( sf] kfl/t
/fhLgfdf, lbg] /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] lng] d+uLofb]jL
ePsf] ldlt @)@(.!.!( sf] /=g+= #!#!@*(%
sf] kfl/t /fhLgfdf, lbg] /dgLb]jL, lng] /fh]Zj/
dxtf] ePsf] ldlt @)%@.&.@& sf] /=g+= !&$),
lng] ;+hos'df/ ePsf] /=g+= !&$@, lng]
k|df]bk|;fb ePsf] /=g+=!&$! sf] z]if kl5sf]
kfl/t as;kq ;d]tsf laqmL Jojxf/nfO{ x]bf{

c+za08fsf] #) g+= cg';f/ @)!* ;fndf
5'lleGg ePsf] :ki6 5 . g]sfk @)$%, c
!), lg=g+= #^@% df k|ltkflbt ghL/n] dfly
plNnlvt k|df0fnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .
xfd|f] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"Lddf d'n k'?if
afnuf]ljGb dxtf]sf] d[To'kZrft\ @)!* ;fndf
3/;f/df g/d u/d ldnfO{ a08f 5'ofO{ t]hf
dxtf]n] cfgf] cfdf x'nf;L;Fu a;L lghxsf]
c+z t]hf dxtf]sf] gfpFdf h=lj=@!@^, /fd
axfb'/sf] c+z efu lghsf] gfpFdf h=lj= @#
!@(, /dgLb]jLsf] c+z efu clDjsf dxtf]sf]
gfpFdf h=lj= @$!#!$, lbO{ lnO{ tTsfnLg
lhdbf/L srx/Laf6 bflvn btf{ ePsf] 7f];,
ljjfb/xLt k|df0f df}hb" 5 . Tof] k|df0fnfO{
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd aofg ubf{
jfbL j|Dx dxtf]n] ;=h=# df, jfbL ;+hos'df/
rf}w/Ln] ;=h=# df tTsfnLg lhldbf/L srx/Lsf]
kfnfdf xfd|f #, c+lzof/ k'vf{fx t]hf dxtf],
/fdaxfb'/ dxtf] / /dgLb]jLsf] aLrdf cfgf
lx;fj zflGtn] hUufdf ePsf] x/lx:;f lnO{
lbO{ ;s]sf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd cfcfgf xs lx:;fdf
k/]sf hUufxsf] 5'f5'} /l;b xf], /l;b ;2]
eO{ ;f]xLadf]lhdsf] & g+=kmfF6jf/L tyf ! g+=
nut e/]sf] 7Ls xf] eg]kl5 b'j} kIf aLr
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= !*$s g+= adf]lhd d'v ldn]sf]
5.
ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nfdf
;d]t Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_s_ -v_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'bF f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{]
lg:;f k|bfg u/L k|ltjfbcg'k OG;fkm kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/ dxtf]sf]
lgj]bg kq .
;j{k|yd ;'vnL b]jLsf] d'2f rNbfrNb}
d[To' e};s]sf]n] lghnfO{ ljkIfL sfod ul/Psf]
247

&), h]7
@)&),
5}g . jfbLx slnofb]jL, k|df]b dxtf], ;+ho

dxtf], a|Xd dxtf] / ;'gLn dxtf]n] z'? txd}
tfl/v u'hf/L a;]sf] cj:yfdf lghxn]
c+za08f eO{ ;s]sf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/L a;]sf]
tkm{ Wofg glbO{ jfbL bfjL eGbf aflx/ uO{
ul/Psf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . :j= afn uf]ljGbsf
# efO{ 5f]/fxsf aLrdf @)!* ;fndf lhldbf/L
srx/Laf6 c+za08f ePsf] s'/f lghxsf
aLrdf @)@! ;fndf Ps cfk;df ePsf kfl/t
/fhLgfdf ;d]tsf sfuhftn] k'li6 u/L /x]sf]
5 . t]hf dxtf] / /dgLb]jLsf aLr ldlt
@)@!.*.& df kfl/t /=g+= !#&( sf] tyf
clDasf / t]hfaLr ldlt @)@!.&.@(df /=g+=
!#&*sf] kfl/t /fhLgfdfdf c+lzof/dWo] s}
/fdaxfb'/ leGg a;]sf] efO egL ;fIfL ;d]t
a;]sf] / @)@@ ;fnsf] gfkLdf ;d]t ;a}
c+lzof/n] & g+= kmfF6jf/L / ! g+= nut ebf{
cfcfgf kl/jf/sf] cnucnu nut e/L
cfcfgf gfpFdf k'hf{ k|fKt u/L ef]u laqmL
Jojxf/ u/]sf] s'/fdf b'j} kIf aLr d'v ldn]sf]
cj:yfdf Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 5'lleGg ePsf]
tYonfO{ aofpb} k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nf d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !*$-s_ g+= ;d]t
ljk/Lt 5 .
afn uf]ljGbsf # efO 5f]/fx dWo]
/fdb]jsf] @)!@ ;fndf d[To' e};s]kl5 @)!*
;fndf 3/;f/df g/d u/d ldnfO{ a08f
5'ofpg] qmddf t]hf dxtf]sf] efudf @!@
!^, /fdaxfb'/sf] efudf @#!@(, /fd b]jsf]
d[To' eO{ ;s]sf]n] lghsf] efu t]hf dxtf]sf]
b'O{ >LdtL dWo]sL ;/nL b]jLsf] d[To' ePsf] /
/fdb]j / /dgLb]jLsf ;Gtfg gePsfn] ;/nLsf
5f]/f clDjsf dxtf]sf gfpFdf @$!#!$ a08f
eO{ ltgLxsf gfpFdf bfv]n vf/]h u/L lt/f]
e/f] ePsf] / lt/f] e/f] u/]sf e/kfO{xnfO{
&* g+= adf]lhd aofg u/fpFbf pQm e/kfO{

;4] x'g egL jfbLn] aofg u/]sf] cj:yf / d'n
xfFufdf a08fadf]lhd cfcfgf gfpFdf bfv]n
vf/]h ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/L ef]u laqmL
Jojxf/ ;d]t u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf x'g] 7xofO{
;a} c+lzof/nfO{ ;uf]ndf ePsf] 7x/ u/L
ePsf] km};nf d'ns
' L P]g c+za08fsf] #) k|df0f
P]gsf] bkmf #, %$ ljk/Lt x'g'sf ;fy} Jojxf/
k|df0fnfO{ c+za08f ePsf] dfGg] u/L g]sfk
@)$@, c &, lg=g+= @$##, g]sfk @)%),
c !), lg=g+=$*), g]sfk @)%^, c !@,
lg=g++ ^*@$, g]sfk @)^@ c lg=g=+ &^!%
;d] t sf ljk/Lt x' F b f k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
x]6f}8faf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ctM pQm
km};nfdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@-!_-s_ / -v_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'Fbf d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg u/L xfd|f] k|ltpQ/
lhsL/adf]lhd x'g]u/L Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
k|ltjfbL kfj{tLb]jL y?gL ;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm
lgj]bg .
o;df d"n k"vf{ uf]ljGb dxtf]sf] b'O{
5f]/fdf t]hf dxtf] / /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] ePsf]df
ldlt @)@!.*.& df /dnLn] t]hf dxtf]af6
hUuf /fhLgfdf kfl/t ul/ln+bf /fdaxfb'/
C0fLsf] leGg a;]sf] efO egL ;fIfL ;d]t
a;]sf] b]lvG5 . e"ld;'wf/ ! g++= nut / & g+=
kmfF6jf/L ;d]t cnucnu el/Psf], btf{ lt/f]
cnucnu eO{ ef]u laqmL Jojxf/ k|df0f
;d]taf6 jfbL k|ltjfbLx ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf d"n c+lzof/ aLrg} a08f
gePsf] egL jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] z'?
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}+8fsf] km};nfdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
%$, c+za08fsf] !* / #) g+=sf] JofVofTds
q'l6 x'g'sf] ;fy} g]sfk @)%^, lg=g+= ^*@$,
248
;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g @)^@, k"0ff{, #@!

k[i7 @, df k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !@-!_ -s_ -v_ cGtu{t d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]g{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
c+za08fsf] lnvt gePsf], c+zafkt
egL hUufsf] bflvn vf/]h ;d]t gePsf]n] c+z
h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn ljifonfO{ c+za08fsf] lnvtsf]
cefjdf k|lts"n kdf lng'kg]{ x'bF f xfdLn]
c+z kfpg] u/L z'? Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8faf6 ePsf] km};nfdf s'g} q'l6 5}g . ljkIfLsf]
;f;" ;'vnL, klt a|Xdf, 5f]/f ;'gLn, h]7fgL
slnof ;d]tn] xfdLnfO{ ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/
:jLsf/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLn] xfdLnfO{ leGb}
c+lzof/ eGg ldNb}g . ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jfbL
ljsf;s'df/ / pdfsfGt rf}w/Lsf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvt
k|ltjfb .
k|:t't d'2fdf d]nldnfk x'g pko'Qm
b]lvPsf]n] d]nldnfk s]Gb|df k7fpg] u/L
Ohnf;af6 cfb]z ePsf]df ldnfkq x'g g;sL
lkmtf{ cfPsf] /x]5 .
o;df, b'j} kIfx pkl:yt u/fpgsf]
nflu csf]{ k]zL tf]sL k|:t't d'2f x]bf{ x]bd
{} f
/fvL o;} nufpsf] )^&CI!@() ;d]t ;fy}
/fvL lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
cfh o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k|fKt ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fxsf]
cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/
dxtf] tyf jfbL kfj{tLb]jL y?gL ;d]tsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/
bfxfn tyf clwjQmfx zflns/fd kf08],
n] v gfy Gof} k fg] / gGbk| ; fb clwsf/Ln]
k'g/fj]bsxsf d'n k'?if afnuf]ljGb dxtf]sf]

d[To'kZrft\ @)!* ;fndf 3/;f/df g/d u/d
ldnfO{ a08f 5'ofO{ t]hf dxtf]n] cfgf] cfdf
x'nf;L;Fu a;L lghxsf] c+z t]hf dxtf]sf]
gfpFdf h=lj=@!@^, /fd axfb'/sf] c+z efu
lghsf] gfpFdf h=lj= @#!@(, /dgLb]jLsf]
c+z efu clDjsf dxtf]sf] gfpFdf h=lj= @$
!#!$, lbO{ lnO{ tTsfnLg lhldbf/L srx/Laf6
bflvn btf{ ePsf] 7f]; k|df0f df}h"b 5 . pQm
s'/fnfO{ c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd aofg ubf{
jfbLx j|Dx dxtf] / ;+hos'df/ rf}w/Ln]
tTsfnLg lhdbf/L srx/Lsf] kfnfdf xfd|f #,
c+lzof/ k'vf{x t]hf dxtf], /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]
/ /dlgb]jLsf] aLrdf cfgf lx;fj zflGtn]
hUufdf ePsf] x/lx:;f lnO{ lbO;s]sfn]
;f]xLadf]lhd cfcfgf xs lx:;fdf k/]sf
hUufxsf] 5'f5'} /l;b xf], /l;b ;2] eO{
;f]xLadf]lhdsf] & g+= kmfF6jf/L tyf ! g+=
nut e/]sf] 7Ls xf] egL :jLsf/ u/L d'v
ldn]sf] 5 . To;}u/L d"n c+lzof/fx aLr
ljleGg ldltdf hUuf lng'lbg' u/]sf lnvt
tyf Joaxf/ k|df0fxaf6 ;d]t oL jfbL
k|ltjfbLxsf d"n k':tfx 5'LleGg e};s]sf]
x'Fbf z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pQm b'j}
km};nfx pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd
OG;fkm ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ePsf] ax; tyf k]z
ug'{ePsf] ax;gf]6 ;d]t ;'lgof], x]l/of] .
k|ToyL{x pdfsfGt rf}w/L ;d]tsf]
tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj tyf clwjQmfx s[i0fk|;fb
;fksf]6f, sf}zn lszf]/ ;fx, ltnk|;fb uf}td,
/ ls;'gb]j k|;fb sf]O/Ln] oL jfbL k|ltjfbLxsf]
k':tfjf/Ldf ljjfb 5}g . d"n k'?if afnuf]ljGbsf
tLg 5f]/fx aLr c+za08f ePsf] 5}g .
hUufsf] xbjGbL ldnfpg a9L ePsf] hUuf
249

&), h]7
@)&),
c+lzof/f aLr cnucnu & g+= kmfF6jf/L

el/Psf] / Ps c+lzof/ /fdaxfb'/n] ;fIfLdf
a:bf leGg ePsf] efO eGg] s'/fn] c+za08fsf]
dfGotf kfpg ;Sb}g . c+za08fsf] lnvt klg
gePsf] / c+zafkt egL hUufsf] bflvn vf/]h
;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf c+za08f ePsf] dfGg
ldNg] xf]Og . afnuf]ljGbsf # 5f]/fxdf j/fj/L
kdf hUufsf] kmfF6jf/L gel/Psf] tYoaf6
;d]t c+za08f gePsf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . t;y{
jfbLxn] c+z kfpg] u/L z'? k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nfdf s'g}
sfg"gL q'l6 gx'Fbf pQm km};nf ;b/ sfod
ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; tyf k]z ug'e
{ Psf]
ax;gf]6 ;d]t ;'lgof], x]l/of] .
To;}u/L k|ToyL{x slnofb]jL, k|df]b
dxtf] ;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf /flhj cfrfo{n] d]/f] kIfn] /fdaxfb'/
dxtf]sf] 5f]/f /fdgf/fo0f dxtf]n] nnfO{ kmsfO{
8/ qf; b]vfO d'2f lbg nufPsf x'g\ egL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fdf lnlvt hjfkm
k]z u/]sf] / z'? lhNnf cbfntdf tfl/v
u'hf/L a;]sf] cj:yfdf d'2f tfd]nLdf /fVg'
kg]{df ;f] gu/L lghxsf] xsdf ;d]t km};nf
u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . ;fy} d'n c+lzof/ t]hf
dxtf], /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] / /fdb]j dxtf]sf]
kTgL /dgLb]jL @)!* ;fnb]lv g} c+za08f
u/L @)@! ;fndf ! g+= nut tyf & g+=
kmfF6jf/L ;d]t cnucnu e/]sf] tyf t]hf
dxtf] / clDasf dxtf]aLr ldlt @)@!.*.&
df ePsf] /=g+= !#&* tyf t]hf dxtf] /
/d'gLb]jL aLr P]= ldltdf ePsf] /=g+= !#&(
sf] kfl/t /fhLgfdfdf leGg ePsf] efO egL
/fdaxfb'/ ;fIfL a;]sf] tYoaf6 ;d]t oL
d"n c+lzof/f aLr c+za08f ePsf] s'/f
k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . t;y{ jfbL bfjLadf]lhd

c+z kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfnt
/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nf ab/
u/L OG;fkm kfpFm egL ug'{ePsf] ax; tyf
k]z ug'{ePsf] ax;gf]6 ;d]t ;'lgof] x]l/of] .
plNnlvt ax; ;d]t ;'lg lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt @)^$.(.@( sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5, 5}g < egL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
o;df ljkIfL k|ltjfbLx ;d]taf6 xfdL
lkm/fbLsf] c+z xs 5'ofO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf]
;'vn
' L b]jL ;d]tsf * hgf jfbLxsf] d'Vo
lkm/fb bfjL ePsf]df xfdL @)$* ;fn b]lv
dfgf] cnu u/L a;]sf], c+z lbg d~h"/ 5f}F eGg]
k|ltjfbL t]hf, /fdgf/fo0f / sdn]z rf}w/Lsf]
d'Vo k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ ePsf]] tyf xfdL @)!*
;fn cufl8b]lv g} leGg eO{ cfcfgf] hUuf
;d]t ;'lqmlaqmL v/Lb ;d]t u/]sf] x'bF f 5'L
leGg eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . t;y{ jfbL bfjL vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL kfj{tLb]jL / /fh]Zj/
k|;fbsf] d'Vo k|ltpQ/ /x]5 . pQm jfbLbfjL
tyf k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ ePsf]df jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6
k]z x'g cfPsf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt
;DklQdWo] btf{ ;|:] tfdf le8]sf] ;DklQaf6 jfbL
bfjL ad]flhd c+z 5'ofO{ kfpg] 7x5{ egL z'?
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6 ;b/ ePsf] /x]5 . pQm
km};nfpk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ o; cbfntdf d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgdf
bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k|:t't d'2f
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf
k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] .
@= ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
oL jfbL k|ltjfbLxsf] lgDgfg';f/ k':tfjf/L
ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg M
250

afnuf]ljGb dxtf] yf -d"n k':tf_
/fdb]j dxtf] kTgL M /d'gL

-bf];|f] k':tf_
t]hf dxtf] k|ltjfbL_, kTgLM ;'vnLb]jL -jfbL_

-bf];|f] k':tf_
clDasf kTgL M slnofb]jL -jfbL_

-t];|f] k':tf_
k|df]b -jfbL_
a|Xdk|;fb -jfbL_, kTgL Mkfj{tL -k|ltjfbL_

-t];|f] k':tf_
/fh]Zj/ -k|ltjfbL_
/fdaxfb'/ dxtf]
-bf];|f] k':tf_
/fdgf/fo0f -k|ltjfbL_
-t];|f] k':tf_
;+ho -jfbL_
zlzsfGt -k|ltjfbL_
pdfdfGt -jfbL_
ljho -k|ltjfbL_
sdn]z
#= o;df plNnlvt k' : tfjf/L

tflnsfadf]lhd d"n k'?if -k|yd k':tf_ afnuf]ljGb
dxtf] yfsf tLg 5f]/fx -bf];f| ] k':tf_ /fdb]j
dxtf], t]hf dxtf], /fdaxfb'/ dxtf] ;d]tsf]
hDdf c+z ug{' kg]{ hUuf ljufxf &#!#)
ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . pQm hUUff plNnlvt
tLg efOdWo] /fdb]jsf] kTgL /dgL, t]hf /
/fdaxfb'/sf] gfddf cnucnu & g+=kmfF6jf/L
el/Psf] s'/fdf klg ljjfb b]lvPg . plNnlvt
bf];|f] k':tfaLr g} c+za08f gePsf]n] jfbL
;'lgn -jfbL_
ljsf;s'df/ -jfbL_
clgn -k|ltjfbL_
ljgos'df/ -k|ltjfbL_
bfjLadf]lhd c+z kfpFm eGg] ;'vnLb]jL ;d]t

hgf *n] bfjL lnPsf]df ;f] jfbL bfjLtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ & g+=kmfF6jf/Ladf]lhd /fdb]jsf] kTgL
/dgLb]jLsf] gfddf hUuf ljufxf ^!)!^, t]hf
dxtf]sf] cfgf] / 5f]/fsf] gfddf u/L hUuf
ljufxf $#!^!$ / /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]sf] gfddf
hUuf ljufxf @#&!$ cnucnu btf{
ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . To;}u/L t]hf dxtf]n]
lghsf] efph" /fdb]jsf] kTgL /dgLb]jLnfO{ ldlt
@)@!.*.& df hUuf kfl/t u/LlbPsf] lnvtdf
251

&), h]7
@)&),
leGg ePsf] efO egL /fdaxfb'/ ;fIfL a;]sf]

tYodf klg ljjfb b]lvPg . To;/L g} t]hf
dxtf]n] lghsf 5f]/f clDasf dxtf]nfO{ @)@!.*.&
df hUuf kfl/t ul/lbPsf] lnvtdf klg leGg
ePsf] efO egL /fdaxfb'/ ;fIfL a;]sf] tYodf
klg ljjfb b]lvPg .
$= hxfF;Dd ;fIfL a:b}df c+z ePsf]
dfGg ldNb}g eGg] jfbLxsf] ts{ Pj+ lhsL/ 5
;f]] ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbL kfj{tLb]jL y?gL ;d]tsf]
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ x]bf{ /dgL, t]hf / /fdaxfb'/n]
cnucnu & g+=kmfF6jf/L e/]sf] / pQm tLg}
hgfn] cnucnu ! g+= kmf/d ebf{ /dgLb]jLn]
cfgf] kl/jf/df t];f| ] k':tfsf clDasf a;]sf]
egL ;a}n] cf cfgf] cnucnu kfl/jfl/s
ljj/0f pNn]v ug'e
{ Psf] 5 . To;}u/L clDasf
dxtf]n] cfgf] lktfsf] c+z glnO hLjgel/
/dgLb]jLsf] ;fydf a;L pxfFsf] c+z xs k|fKt
ug'e
{ Psf] tyf /dgLb]jLsf] c+z xs ef]u rng
ul/cfpg' ePsf]df pxfFsf] d[To'kl5 lghsf 5f]/fx
k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/ ;d]t lgh /dgLb]jLsf ;fydf
a;L ;]jf 6xn u/L cfpFbf /dgLb]jLn] cfgf]
;Dk"0f{ hUuf clDasfsf 5f]/fx rf}yf] k':tfsf
k|df]bk|;fb, /fh]Zj/k|;fb / ;+hos'df/nfO{
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbg' ePsf] egL pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . clDasf /dgLb]jL;Fu ;fy
;+ u f] n df a;] s f] eGg] plNnlvt k| l tjfbL
lhsL/nfO{ jfbLxn] tYoo'Qm kdf cGoyf
eGg u/fpg ;s]sf] b]lv+bg} . To;}u/L bf];f| ]
k':tfsL /dgLb]jLn] clDasfsf 5f]/fx rf}yf]
k' : tfsf k| d f] b k| ; fb, /fh] Z j/k| ; fb /
;+hos'df/nfO{ tyf t]hf dxtf]n] lghsf 5f]/f
clDasf dxtf]nfO{ hUuf kfl/t u/L lbO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/lbg'sf] cGo tYoo'Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f klg
b]lv+bg} . To:t} bf];f| ] k':tfsL /dgLb]jLn] rf}yf]
k' : tfsf k| d f] b k| ; fb, /fh] Z j/k| ; fb /
;+hos'df/nfO{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L hUuf
x:tfGt/0f ul/lbPsf] s'/fnfO{ klg c+z kfpFm

eGg] jfbLxn] df}sd} f cGoyf eGg u/fpg ;s]sf]
klg b]lv+bg} .
%= plNnlvt tYoxaf6 x]bf{ t]hf
dxtf]n] lghsf] efph" /fdb]jsf] kTgL /dgLb]jL
tyf lgh t]hfsf] 5f]/f clDasf dxtf]nfO{ Pp6}
ldlt @)@!.*.& df hUuf kfl/t ul/lbg' pQm
lnvtdf leGg ePsf] efO egL /fdaxfb'/ ;fIfL
a;]sf] b]lvg'sf] ;fy} bf];f| ] k':tfsf c+lzof/fxn]
cnucnu & g+= tyf ! g+= kmfF6jf/L el/ t];f| ]
k':tfsf clDasf bf];f| ] k':tfsL /dgLb]jL;Fu a;]sf]
/ bf];|f] k':tfsL /dgLb]jLn] rf}yf] k':tfsf
k|df]bk|;fb, /fh]Zj/k|;fb / ;+hos'df/nfO{
lgh:xn] kfng tfng tyf x]/rfx u/]sf] eGg]
s}lkmot v'nfO{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L hUuf
x:tfGt/0f ul/lbPsf] tYo / ;f] nfO{ df}sd
} f
cGoyf eGg u/fpg ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yf
;d]taf6 plNnlvt k':t]jf/L tflnsfsf bf];f| ]
k':tfsf c+lzof/fxaLr Psfk;df cnucnu
Aojxf/ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
plNnlvt cnucnu Jojxf/ k|df0fsf
;DaGwdf d'ns
' L P]g c+za08fsf] #) g+= df
lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 M
252
.. #) g+= .. c+za08f ubf{ ;fIfL

/fvL sfg" g adf] l hd a08f 5' 6 \ o fO{
a08fkqsf] sfuh v8f u/L lng]sf] /
;fIfLsf] ;d]t ;lx5fk u/L /lhi6]zg
ug'{ kg{d] f ;f] u/L /fVg' k5{ . ;f]adf]lhd
gePsf] a08f ;b/ x'bF g} . t/ of] P]g
k|f/De x'bF f;Dddf a08fkq v8f u/L jf
gu/L 3/;f/df g/du/d ldnfO{ crn
c+za08f u/L 5'lO{ cfgf] lx;fj efu
zflGtadf]lhd lnO{ kfO{ bflvn vf/]h
;d]t u/fO{ ;s]sf] jf a08fadf]lhd cfgf]
efusf] crn 5'f5'} ef]u laqmL Jojxf/
u/]sf]df Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 a08f eO;s]sf]

7x/]df kl5 a08fkq /lhi6]zg ePsf]
5}g jf a08f 36L a9L c;n sd;n eof]
eGg kfpFbg} . /lhi6z
] g geP klg a08f
ePsf] ;b/ x'G5 . kfpg] c+zeGbf 36L
c+z hLpgL lnPsf]df / c+z 5f]8kq
u/]sf]df eg] /lhi6z
] g ePsf] x'gk' 5{ .
^= plNnlvt tYo tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf
x]bf{ oL jfbL k|ltjfbLsf bf];f| ] k':tfsf /fdb]jsf]
kTgL /dgLb]jL, t]hf / /fdaxfb'/sf] aLrdf
/Ltk"js
{ sf] c+za08fsf] lnvt gePsf] jf hUuf
36La9L ePsf] cyf{t t]hf dxtf]n] efph"
/dgLb]jLnfO{ sd hUuf lbPsf] ePklg ;dfg
c+lzof/aLr hUuf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] pQm
Jojxf/df csf{ ;dfg c+lzof/ /fdaxfb'/ leGg
ePsf] efO egL ;fIfL a;]sf] tyf plNnlvt
cnucnu Joaxf/ k|df0f ePsf] b]lvPaf6 /
;dfg c+lzof/aLr s'g} Pp6} dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
a/fa/ c+za08f ug'k{ g]{ afWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf
geO{ Psfk;df g/d u/d ldnfO{ c;n sd;n
36a9L u/L Jofjxfl/s kdf ldnfO{ c+za08f
ug{ ;Sg]g} b]lv+bf plNnlvt bf];|f] k':tfsf
c+lzof/xaLr hUuf 36La9L ePsf] eGg] sf/0fn]
dfq /Ltk"js
{ sf] c+za08f ePsf] 5}g eGg ldNg]
cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPg .
&= o; ;DaGwdf g]sfk @)^^, lg=g+=
&@@&, k'g/fj]bs jfbL k'is/k|;fb jfUn] lj?4
/fwfb]jL jfUn] pkfWofo ;d]t ePsf] c+z rng
d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6, cfr/0faf6 a08f ePsf]
s'/f c+lzof/n] :jLsfg]{ dfWod lnvt, cfk;L
Jojxf/, cfk;L sf/f]jf/, cnucnu jf;:yfg
/ ;dosf] c:jfefljs cGt/fn x'g\ . oL tTjdWo]
Ps jf PseGbf a9L cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtfn]
c+za08fsf] #) g+=sf] cfjZostf k"/f ub{5 .
o; s;Ldf hlt a9L tTjnfO{ k|df0fn] cLsf/
ub{5 Tolt a9L Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 c+za08f

eO;s]sf] s'/fdf cbfnt lj:j:y x'g] egL ghL/
l;4fGt k|ltkflbt e}/x]sf] tyf c+lzof/fx
aLr ePsf] cnucnu Jojxf/ k|df0faf6
c+za08f ePsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] s'/f
dfGo x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf cGo ljleGg ghL/
l;4fGtx ;d]t sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf pQm k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'g]
u/L c+lzof/fx aLrsf] cnucnu a;f]af;
tyf oL jfbL k|ltjfbLxdWo] ljleGg JolQmxn]
ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg JolQmx;Fu eP u/]sf
crn ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL Jojxf/
nufotaf6 ;d]t nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fnb]lvg}
oL jfbL k|ltjfbLx aLr cnucnu Jojxf/
sf/f]af/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf bf];f| ] k':tfaLr
cnucnu Jojxf/ ePsf] nfdf] ;dokZrft\
s]jn c+za08fsf] kfl/t lnvt gePsf] eGg]
lkm/fb bfjLsf] cfwf/df dfq c+za08f ePsf]
5}g eGg] dfGg ldNg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPg .
*= o;/L @)@! ;fndf g} bf];f| ] k':tfsf
tLghgf ;dfg c+lzof/fxn] cnucnu &
g+= tyf ! g+=kmfF6jf/L e/L lghxdWo] b'O{
c+lzof/faLr Psfk;df lnvt kfl/t u/L hUuf
;d]t xs x:tfGt/0f u/L lng'lbg' u/]sf] / pQm
lnvtdf ;dfg c+lzof/fdWo]sf] csf]{ c+lzof/f
leGg ePsf] efO egL ;fIfL ;d]t a;L cnu
cnu Jojxf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf lgs} nfdf] ;do
s/Lj #& aif{ eGbf kl5 cfP/ lgh c+lzof/fx
aLr c+za08f gePsf]n] c+za08f ul/kfpFm egL
lghx eGbf kl5sf] tx txsf k':tfn] bfjL
lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ ;f]xL bfjLsf] cfwf/df dfq
dfGotf lb+b} hfg] xf] eg] slxNo} klg ljjfbsf]
cGTo gx'g] kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'ghfg] x'G5 .
cyf{ t \ o:tf] cj:yfdf ljjfb lgk0fsf]
lglZrttf g} gx'g] cj:yf pTkGg x'G5 . cbfntn]
sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ o:tf] clglZrttfsf] a9fjf
253

&), h]7
@)&),
x'g] u/L AofVof ug{ x'bF g} . cbfntn] sfg"gsf]

AofVof ubf{ ljjfbsf] lgk0f x'g] u/L l;hgfTds
AofVof ug'k{ b{5 . d'ns
' L P]g c+za08fsf] #)
g+=n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] p2]Zo klg olx g}
b]lvG5 . d'2fsf kIfxsf] aLr ;do ;dodf
ePsf ljleGg 36gfqmdaf6 g} cnucnu
Jojxf/ ePsf] tYo :yflkt x'g] x'bF f To;/L
cnucnu Jojxf/ tyf sf/f]jf/ ePsf] b]lvg'
g} c+za08f ePsf] s'/fdf cbfnt ljZj:y x'g]
cfwf/ x'G5 . c+za08fsf] #) g+=sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] u/]sf] k|Tofe"tL klg oxL g} xf] .
(= To;}u/L k|:t't d'2fdf * hgf
jfbLxdWo] slnofb]jL, k|df]b / ;+hos'df/
tyf a|Xdk|;fb dxtf] ;d]t hgf $ n] lng]
/fdaxfb'/ dxtf] / lbg] t]hf dxtf] ePsf] ldlt
@)@!.#.!#, /=g+=&$#&* sf] kfl/t /fhLgfdfdf
ldlt @)@(.$.!(df e"ld k|zf;g sfof{noaf6
ePsf] lg0f{on] ;d]t xfd|f] d"n c+lzof/x
/fdaxfb'/, t]hf / /dgLb]jLsf] aLrdf ldlt
@)@! ;fn k"j{ g} c+za08f e};s]sf] k|dfl0ft e}
/x]sf]n] k'gM c+za08f ug]{ u/L z'? k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf plN6 ul/kfpFm egL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fdf lnlvt k|ltjfb u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfaf6 ;d]t oL c+lzof/f jfbLx
dWo]sf bfh'efOx aLr g} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ egfO{
/x]sf] b]lvof] . dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf] tYo tyf
sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] ;fy} jfbLxdWo]sf
bfh'efOx aLr b]lvPsf] pQm lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
egfOn] klg oL jfbL k|ltjfbLxsf bf];f| ] k':tfsf
d"n c+lzof/fxaLr c+za08f eO{ ;s]sf] /x]g5
eGg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvg cfPg .
!)= ctM dfly plNnlvt sfg" g L
Joj:yf, tYo tyf k|df0fxsf] ljj]rgfaf6 oL
jfbLxsf d"n k':tfxaLr c+za08f ePsf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yf x'bF f pdfsfGt rf}w/L ;d]tsf
rf}yf] tyf t];f| ] k':tfsf oL jfbLxn] ;d'Rrkdf
plNnlvt bf];f| ] k':tfsf d"n c+lzof/fxaf6

c+z kfpg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPg .
!!= jfbLx a|Xdk|;fb, slnofb]jL, k|df]b,
;~ho ;d]tn] xfdLxsf] cl3Nnf] k':tfx t]hf,
/dgL, / /fdaxfb'/ dxtf]xjLr g} c+za08f
e};s]sf] x'bF f a08f ug{ afFsL g/x]sf]n] xfdLxn]
z'?b]lv g} k|:t't d'2fsf] tfl/v u'hf/L a;]sf] egL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8F fdf lnlvt k|ltjfb u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] lghxsf] xsdf plNnlvt cl3Nnf]
k':tf afx]s cfcfgf] k':tf / xfFufaf6 c+z
kfpg kg]{ eP To:tf] bfjL lnPsf avt
sfg"gadf]lhd c+za08f u/L lng kfpg] g} x'bF f
To;tkm{ k|:t't d'2fdf s]xL af]ln/xg k/]g .
hxfF;Dd jfbLx pdfsfGt / ljsf; rf}w/Ln]
lghxsf] afa' k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0f jf efO ljgo
nufot cfgf xfFufsf cGo bfh'efOxaf6 c+z
kfpg' kg]{ eP To:tf] bfjL lnO{ ;a"b k|df0f ;lxt
c+zdf bfjL lng ;Sg] / c+z gkfPsf] eP cf
cfgf] xfF u f / k' : tfsf c+ l zof/fxaf6
sfg"gadf]lhd c+za08f u/L kfpg] g} x'bF f k|:t't
d'2fdf plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0fxaf6 c+za08fsf]
kfl/t lnvt gePsf] eGg] cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
dfq lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd tflnsfdf plNnlvt
t]hf dxtf] ;d]tsf bf];f| ] k':tfaf6 ;d]t c+z
kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg . t;y{
bf];f| ] k':tfxaLr g} c+za08f gePsf]n] ;f] k':tf
tyf lghxsf] xfFufsf c+lzof/fx ;d]taf6
c+z kfpFm egL lnPsf] c+ztkm{sf] jfbL bfjL k'Ug
g;Sg] 7x/ ug{k' g]d{ f ;f] gu/L jfbL bfjLcg';f/
;d'Rr bf];f| ] k':tf tyf lghxsf] cnucnu
xfFufaf6;d]t c+za08f nfUg] 7x/ u/]sf] z'? k;f{
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!^sf] km};nf ;b/
ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8F fsf] ldlt
@)^$.(.@( sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] pQm
b'j} km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . ;f] 7x/]sfn] c?df
tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"M{
254
tk;Ln
dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd z'?
lhNnf cbfnt tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
pN6L x'g] 7x/]sfn] k|:t't d'2fdf z'? cbfntn]
u/]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ /fv]sf] ;Dk"0f{
nut sf ug'{ egL z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf
n]vL k7fOlbg" == !
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx
kfj{tLb]jL y?gL, zzLsfGt rf}w/L, cgLn rf}w/L
/ ljho dxtf]n] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{
ldlt @)^&.#.#! df /=g+= ##&%@ sf] gubL
/l;baf6 ?=#(#^. o; cbfntdf / k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}8+ fdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ldlt @)^@.&.!
df /=g+= #(!!* sf] gubL /l;baf6 k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntdf ?=!&#(. k'g/fj]bg ubf{ nfUg] yk
!% k|ltzt sf]6k{ mLafkt bflvn u/]sf] b]lv+bf
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ ePsf]n] pQm /sd
lghxn] jfbLxaf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] x'bF f
plNnlvt /sd e/fO{kfpFm egL P]gsf Dofbleq
lgj] b g lbP sfg" g adf] l hd u/L lgh
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ e/fO{lbg' egL z'? k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntdf n]vL k7fO{ lbg" ======= !
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx
kfj{tLb]jL y?gL, zzLsfGt rf}w/L, cgLn rf}w/L
/ ljho dxtf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fdf
k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ldlt @)^@.&.! df /=g+= *@)sf]
w/f} 6 L /l;baf6 k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf
?=!!%(@.** sf]6k{ mL w/f}6L /fv]sf] b]lv+bf jfbL
bfjL k' U g g;Sg] 7x/] s f] n ] pQm /sd
k|ltjfbLxn] lkmtf{ kfpg] x'Fbf pQm /sd
lkmtf{kfpFm egL P]gsf Dofbleq lgj]bg lbP
sfg"gadf]lhd u/L lgh k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxnfO{
lkmtf{ lbg' egL z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL
k7fOlbg" =========== !
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/

dxtf]n] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ldlt
@)^^.!).@& df /=g+= !*&)% sf] gubL /l;baf6
?=#,(!#. o; cbfntdf / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8+ fdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ldlt @)^@.&.! df
/=g+= #(!!( sf] gubL /l;baf6 k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntdf ?=$#(.&# k'g/fj]bg ubf{ nfUg] !%
k|ltzt sf]6k{ mL bflvn u/]sf] b]lvFbf jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ ePsf]n] pQm /sd lghn]
jfbLxaf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] x'bF f plNnlvt
/sd e/fO{ kfpFm egL P]gsf Dofbleq lgj]bg
lbP sfg"gadf]lhd u/L lgh k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/
dxtf]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' egL z'? k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntdf n]vL k7fO{ lbg" ====!
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fh]Zj/
dxtf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fdf k'g/fj]bg
ubf{ ldlt @)^@.&.! df /=g+= *@! sf] w/f}6L
/l;baf6 ?=@*(*.@@ k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf
sf]6k{ mL w/f}6L /fv]sf] b]lv+bf jfbL bfjL k'Ug
g;Sg] 7x/]sf]n] pQm /sd lghn] lkmtf{ kfpg]
x'bF f pQm /sd lkmtf{kfpFm egL P]gsf Dofbleq
lgj]bg lbP sfg"gadf]lhd u/L lgh /fh]Zj/
dxtf]nfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' egL z'? k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntdf n]vL k7fOlbg" ================= !
k|:t't d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg
bfo/Lsf] nut sf6L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM pk]Gb|k;

| fb uf}td
255
&

&), h]7
@)&),
lg0f{o g+=*(^%
' m Ohnf;
)^(WO)##$
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.(.@(.!
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f .
lgj] b sM sfe] | k nf~rf] s lhNnf, sfgk' /
uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+
lhNnf, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+= $ w'Djf/fxL a:g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;lrj kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt Zofdk|;fb
d}gfnL
lj4
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
lghfdtL ;]jfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd

u/L ;]jfaf6 aflxl/Fbf cfgf] cg'ej /
sfo{z}nLsf af/]df ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLn]
sfg"gsf] pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s
cfkm}df cfklQhgs klg x'bF g} . ;/sf/
;du| /fHosf] cleefjs klg ePsf]n]
cfgf af/]df ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL ck|Lo
eP klg ;'Gg ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf]df
;/sf/ jbnfd'vL x'g jf x:tIf]ksf/L
x'g gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
clen]v /fVg'kg]{ jf /fVg ;Sg] sfg"g
axfn g/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] gfd
clen]vdf /fVg] egL ul/Psf] lg0f{o /
tt\ ; DaGwL kq ;d] t sfg" g ;+ u t
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
eljiodf lbg ;lsg] s'g} lhDd]jf/LnfO{
k|efljt ug]{ p2]Zon] sf/jfxL jf
;hfo:jk To:tf] clen]va ug{
vf]hs
] f] xf] eg] Tof] lgj]bssf] lj?4sf]
gsf/fTds sf/jfxLsf] :yfgdf /xG5 .
o:tf] ;hfo ;/xsf] kl/0ffd l;h{gf
ug{ ] xf] eg] k| f s[ l ts Gofosf]
l;4fGtadf] l hd ;kmfOsf] df} s fsf]
cfjZostf /xg] x' g fn] To:tf]
df}sfa]u/sf] clen]vdf hgfpg] sfo{
af~5gLo / sfg"g;+ut dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
cjsfz kfO;s]sf] sd{rf/Lsf xsdf

cfr/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfn] lgodg /
lgoGq0f ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
c;xdtLxsf aLr ;xdtL /
k|lt:kwf{Tds ;f]rxnfO{ ;xsfl/tfdf
kl/0ft ug{ /rgfTds ;f]r / ;+:sf/
ljsf; u/L ;j{:jLsfo{ jftfj/0f v8f
ug{ x/]sn] d2t ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . lgj]bssf]
c;Gt'li6 plrt jf cg'lrt h] nfu] lgj]bstkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx
klg slDtdf d' V o /f] h uf/bftfsf]
/fdhLk|;fb d}gfnL, ljZjsfGt d}gfnL,
x}l;otdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgj]bsk|lt
xl/x/ bfxfn, /fdgfy d}gfnL Pj+ ljfg
tLj| cfqmf]z / abnfsf] efj k|bz{g ug{
clwjQmf z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=
gldNg] .
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z
-k|s/0f g+=%_
zdf{ kf}8n
]
256
*(^% Zofdk|;fb d}gfnL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
cjnlDat ghL/M
k|rf/ k|;f/df NofPsf] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"js
{
;Da4 sfg"gM
lnO{ lghsf] gfd clen]vdf /fvL lghsf]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $% /fhLgfdf ldlt @)^(.$.!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L
:jLs[t ug]{ egL k|ToyL{ d'Vo ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqL
cfb]z
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nonfO{ n]vs
] f] af]wfy{
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d kq dnfO{ k|fKt x'g cfof] .
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
j:t'tM d lgj]bsn] kqsf/ ;Dd]ng
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 u/L kbLo dof{bf / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0fsf]
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M k|lts"n sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eg] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t
d lgj]bs ldlt @)^$.^.@$ b]lv g]kfn ug'e
{ Gbf k"j{ d lgj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf
;/sf/sf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf k|fKt u/L ljleGg 5Fb} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( cGtu{t sf/jfxL
dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] kdf ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ ug{ ;Sg' kb{Yof] . ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q ePkl5 e"tk"j{
k|fKt u/L cGtdf cjsfz lng] ;dodf nf]s e};s]sf] sd{rf/Lpk/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf cfof]usf] ;lrj kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] lyPF . cfr/0fsf] k|lts"n u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k nufO{
o;} qmddf d lgj]bs;d]t g]kfn ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ ldNb}g . ;f] sf/jfxL ubf{
;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj kbsf] pd]bjf/ /x]sf]df k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf g} glbO{ k|fs[lts Gofosf]
jl/i7tfnfO{ Wofg glbO{ ;/sf/n] nLnfdl0f l;4fGtljk/Lt dnfO{ bf]ifL 7xofO{ lg0f{o ul/Psf]
kf}8n
] nfO{ d'Vo ;lrjdf a9'jf u/]sf]n] ;f] a9'jf cj:yf 5 .
k|lqmofdf lgikIftf sfod x'g g;s]sf] dx;";
d lgj]bs ^% jif{ gk'uG' h]n;Dd ljleGg
u/L d lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^(.$.!& b]lv nfu" ;+jw} flgs lgsfoxdf lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] / /fHosf]
x'g] u/L cfgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ul/kfpFm ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ kfpg ;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgf;d]t
egL /fhLgfdf k|:t't u/]sf]df ljleGg ;~rf/ /x]sf] x'bF f ;f] cj;/ kfpg] xsaf6 ;d]t al~rt
dfWod;Fu ;Da4 kqsf/xn] /fhLgfdfsf] af/]df u/fpg] ablgotaf6 k|l] /t eO{ k|ToyL{xaf6 d
d lgj]bs;Fu lh1f;f /fv]sf]n] ;f]xL lbg lgj]bspk/ ul/Psf] lg0f{o / sfdsf/jfxLaf6
kqsf/x ;fd' /fhLgfdf lbg'kg]{ sf/0f / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@cf}lrTosf] af/]df ;fdfGo kdf ;fj{hlgsLs/0f #_-r_ f/f k|bQ d lgj]bssf] k]zf /f]huf/ ug{
u/]sf] lyPF . d}n] lbPsf] /fhLgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kfpg] tyf wf/f !# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsdf
ldlt @)^(.$.!& sf] lg0f{ o fg' ; f/ ldlt cf3ft k'Ug uO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
@)^(.$.!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :jLs[t ePsf] ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf]n] k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/
eGg] hfgsf/L dnfO{ ldlt @)^(.$.@* df k|fKt dlGqkl/ifb\n] d lgj]bsn] kbLo dof{bf /
ePkZrft\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz cfr/0fsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfd u/]sf] egL clen]v
k|fKt u/L a;]sf]df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ;lrj /fVg] u/]sf] ldlt @)^(.$.!& sf] lg0f{o /
Zofdk|;fb d}gfnLn] ldlt @)^(.$.!^ df cfgf] ;f]cg';f/ ldlt @)^(.$.!& sf] r=g+= @&^ sf]
kbaf6 lbg' ePsf] /fhLgfdf lgj]bg kbLo kq ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L cf3ftLt
dof{bf / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0fsf] k|lts"n xssf] ;+/If0f / k|rng ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
x'g] u/L kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ clt/l~ht 9+n] l/6 lgj]bg .
257

&), h]7
@)&),

dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f eP
af6fsf] Dofb afx] s !% lbgleq
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ug'{ egL lgj]bg / of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk
;d]t ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf ;"rgf
Dofb k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} lgj]bsn]
p7fPsf ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/tfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
of] l/6 lgj]bg rfF8f] lsgf/f x'g af~5gLo
b]lvPsf]n] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod ^#-#_-r%_ adf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf]
cfb]z .
lgj] b s nfdf] ;do;Dd lghfdtL
;]jfdf sfo{/t /xL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
ldlt @)^(.$.!& sf] lg0f{oaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;lrj h:tf] ul/dfdo Pj+ g]t[TjbfoL kbaf6
cjsfz kfPsf] JolQm x'g'x'G5 . l g j ] b s n ]
kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ cleJoQm u/]sf] s'/f
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jfsf
sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%
df plNnlvt Joj:yfxsf] k|lts"n 5 . ;f]
kqsf/ ;Dd]ng ug{ ljkIfL lgj]bsnfO{ s],
s'g sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f
lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . d'n'ssf] eljio
lgwf{/0f ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{
:jtGq, ;Ifd, k|ltj4, dof{lbt / cg'zfl;t
/fVg' ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . ljkIfLn] bfjL
lng'ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^(.$.!& sf] lg0f{o lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf;DaGwL P]g / lgoddf eP u/]sf
cfr/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfxsf] kfngf u/fO{
cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt u/fpgsf nflu ul/Psf]
lg0f{o xf] . ;f] lg0f{oaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@#_-r_ f/f k|bQ lgj]bssf] k]zf / /f]huf/ ug]{
xs / wf/f !# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsdf
s'g} lsl;dsf] k|ltaGw, ;Ldf / c'z gnfu]sf]
x'Fbf pQm lg0f{o ab/ x'g' kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ /
sf/0f ljBdfg gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf
sf=d'=;lrj /fh'dfg l;+x dNnsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bs nfdf] ;do;Dd lghfdtL
;]jfdf sfo{/t\ /xL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
ldlt @)^(.$.!& sf] lg0f{on] ;lrj kbaf6
cjsfz lng' ePsf] xf] . lgj]bsn] /fhLgfdf
lbPkZrft\ kbLo dof{bfsf] pNn+3g u/L kqsf/
;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf],
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dof{bf / ul/dfdf cfFr cfpg]
u/L sfo{ u/]sf] / pQm sfo{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( Pj+ lghfdtL ;] j fsf sd{ r f/Lsf]
cfr/0f;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^% df plNnlvt
Joj:yfxsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] :ki6 5 . ;f] kqsf/
;Dd]ng ug{ ljkIfL lgj]bsnfO{ s], s'g sfg"gn]
clwsf/ lbPsf] xf] < eGg] s'/fdf lgj]bgdf
pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . lgj]bsn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]
kfngf ug'k{ g]{ cfr/0f;DaGwL s'/fsf] kfngf
gu/L ;/sf/ / ;/sf/L sfdsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf]
s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k|dv
' k|zf;lgs c x'gs
' f ;fy} o;sf] ;kmntf
/ c;kmntf;Fu d'ns
' sf] eljio ;d]t hf]l8Psf]
5 . d'ns
' sf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ olt dxTjk"0f{
lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ :jtGq, ;Ifd, k|ltj4
dof{lbt / cg'zfl;t /fVg' ;/sf/sf] bfloTj
xf] . pko' { Q m kl/k| ] I odf g] k fn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^(.$.!& df lghfdtL
;] j f;DaGwL P] g / lgoddf eP, u/] s f
cfr/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfxsf] kfngf u/fO{
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt ;]jf
258
agfpg] p2]Zo lnO{ lgj]bssf] xsdf lg0f{o

ul/Psf] xf] . ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]taf6
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k|wfgdGqL /
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\, ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\ /
cfgf] xsdf ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj
nLnfdl0f kf}8n
] sf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'f5'} lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgod adf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
cWoog u/L l/6 lgj] b stkm{ a f6 jl/i7
clwjQmfx /fdhLk|;fb d}gfnL, ljZjsfGt
d}gfnL, xl/x/ bfxfn, /fdgfy d}gfnL Pj+
clwjQmf z]/axfb'/ s]=;L= n] ;/sf/af6
lgj]bseGbf slgi7 JolQmnfO{ d'Vo ;lrjsf]
lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] / slgi7 JolQmsf] dftxtdf
/xL sfd ug{ lgj]bsnfO{ c;xh ePsf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ ldlt @)^($!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L
lghn] /fhLgfdf lbPsf], /fhLgfdf lbPkZrft\
;f]sf] af/]df kqsf/xn] lh1f;f /fVbf lgj]bsn]
/fhLgfdf lbg' k/]sf] sf/0f / cf}lrTosf af/]df
kqsf/xnfO{ ;fdfGo kdf hfgsf/L;Dd
u/fPsf], lgj]bsn] lbPsf] /fhLgfdf ldlt
@)^($!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :jLs[t e}
;f]sf] kq ;d]t k|fKt u/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfz
k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bsn] lbPsf]
/fhLgfdf ldlt @)^($!& df :jLs[t e}
r=g+= @@% sf] kq k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 lghsf]
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;ot :jtM ;dfKt e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] kbLo dof{bf / cfr/0fljk/Lt x'g]
sfdsf/jfxL u/]sf]n] ;f]sf] clen]v /fVg] u/L
lgj]bssf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ul/Psf] egL
lgj]bsnfO{ k'gM r=g+= @&^ sf] kq k7fOPsf]n]
pQm kq Pj+ tt\;DaGwL lg0f{o k"jf{ux| L /xg'sf]
;fy} sfg"gljk/Ltsf] x'bF f lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf]
ldlt @)^($!& sf] r=g+= @&^ sf] kq

;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{ n o ;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
] n] l/6 lgj]bsn]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $% df
plNnlvt cfr/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf / ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf $$ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf
sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%
df plNnlvt cfr/0f;DaGwL lgodsf] k|lts"n
x'g] u/L kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ kbLo dof{bf /
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f;DaGwL lgodsf]
pNn+3g u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dof{bfdf cfFr
cfpg] sfd u/]sf], kbLo dof{bf pNn+3g u/L
lgj]bsn] ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf ;d]t u/]sf], ;f]
ug]{ clwsf/ lgj]bsnfO{ gePsf]n] lgj]bssf]
xsdf ePsf] sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt\ g} x'Fbf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ePsf]
ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
b'j} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
;'gL ldl;n ;d]t cWoog u/L k|:t't l/6df
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] /fhLgfdfnfO{
kqsf/ ;Dd] n gdfkm{ t clt/l~ht 9+ u n]
k|rf/k|;f/df NofPsf] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s
lnO{ lghsf] gfd clen]vdf /fVg] egL ul/Psf]
lg0f{o / tt\;DaGwL kq sfg"gadf]lhdsf 5g\
5}gg\ / lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og tt\;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] .
lgj]bsn] cfkm"eGbf slgi7 JolQmnfO{
d'Vo ;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf sf/0f lghfdtL
;]jfdf /xL sfd ug]{ OR5f gePsf] egL cfgf]
kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbPsf], tt\kZrft\ /fhLgfdfsf
;DaGwdf kqsf/n] /fv]sf] lh1f;f ;fdfGo kdf
259

&), h]7
@)&),
d]6fpg] sfd;Dd u/]sf], pQm /fhLgfdf ldlt

@)^($!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :jLs[t e}
;f]xL ldltdf r=g+= @@% sf] kqf/f /fhLgfdf
:jLs[ltsf] kq k|fKt u/L cjsfz lnO{ ;s]sf]df
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0fljk/Lt kqsf/
;Dd]ngdfkm{t /fhLgfdfsf] ljifonfO{ clt/l~ht
u/fPsf]n] ;f]sf] clen]v /fVg] u/L /fhLgfdf
:jLs[ t ug] { egL dlGqkl/ifb\ n ] ldlt
@)^($!& df u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f]xL ldltdf
dnfO{ k]l| ift ul/Psf] r=g+= @&^ sf] kq ;d]t
pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm egL dfu
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs g]kfn
;/sf/sf] /fhkqf+lt ljlzi7 >]0fLsf] ;lrj
kbdf sfo{/t /x]s} cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ldlt @)^($!$ df nLnfdl0f kf}8n
] nfO{
d'Vo ;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . cfk"meGbf slgi7 d'Vo ;lrj dftxt
sfdsfh ug{ c;xh x'g] eO{ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6
cjsfz lng] OR5f ePsf] egL lgj]bsn] cfgf]
kbaf6 lbPsf] /fhLgfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^($!& sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;f]xL ldltaf6
nfu" x'g] u/L :jLs[t ePsf] eGg] k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt
@)^($!& df lbPsf] r=g+= @@% sf] kqf/f
b]lvG5 . o;cl3 lgj]bsn] cfk"m ;]jfaf6 cjsfz
lng'kgf{sf] sf/0f / cf}lrTo af/] kqsf/
;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgsLs/0f u/]sf] eGg] :jo+
lgj]bssf] lgj]bg Joxf]/f / k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt
hjfkm ;d] t af6 b] l vg cfpF 5 . ldlt
@)^($!& df g} k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{non] oL lgj]bs Zofdk|;fb
d}gfnLnfO{ lbPsf] r=g+= @&^ sf] jf]wfy{ kq x]bf{
kbLo dof{bf / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0fsf]
k|lts"n x'g] u/L kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ lgj]bsn]
cfgf] /fhLgfdf clt/l~ht 9+un] k|rf/k|;f/df
NofPsf]n] ;f] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"js

{ lnO{ lghsf]
gfd clen]vdf /fVg] u/L lgj]bssf] /fhLgfdf
ldlt @)^($!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :jLs[t
ug]{ egL dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;f]xL ldltdf lg0f{o
ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf]
r=g+= @&^ sf] kl5Nnf] kqdf ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\sf]
;lrjfnonfO{ ;d]t jf]wfy{ tyf sfof{y{ egL
kq k7fPsf] b]lvG5 .
#= lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ lbPsf] r=g+= @&^
sf] kq / tt\;DaGwL kq ;d]t sfg"gljk/Ltsf]
ePsf] egL ;f] ab/sf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
kqsf ;DaGwdf k| T oyL{ k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{
lgj]bsn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
$% ljk/Lt ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf], lghfdtL
;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)^% ljk/Lt kbLo dof{bf pNn+3g u/L lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ul/dfdf cfFr k'Ug] sfd u/]sf]n] lgj]bssf]
xsdf ePsf] lg0f{o / sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt
/x]sf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvg
cfpF5 .
$= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
$% Pj+ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)^% df plNnlvt cfr/0f;DaGwL
Joj:yfx lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg,
kbLo dof{bfnfO{ sfod /fVg Pj+ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{
r':t, b'?:t / k|efjsf/L agfpg Jojl:yt
ul/Psf]df ljjfb x'g;Sb}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf
axfn /x]sf sd{rf/Ln] plNnlvt cfr/0f;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ kfngf ug'k{ b{5 . ;]jfaf6
cjsfz k|fKt ul/;s]sf sd{rf/Lsf] sfd
Jojxf/nfO{ pQm cfr/0f;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
lgodg, lgoGq0f / c'z nufpg ;Sg] b]lvFbg} .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^(.$.!^
df cfgf] kbaf6 lbPsf] /fhLgfdf ldlt
@)^(.$.!& df :jLs[t e} lghnfO{ ;f]xL ldltdf
260
r=g+= @@% sf] kq lbPsf] b]lvG5 . /fhLgfdf

:jLs[t gx'bF fsf] cj:yf;Dd lgj]bssf] x}l;ot
lghfdtL sd{rf/L s} /xFg] x'bF f /fhLgfdf :jLs[t
x'g'k"j{sf] cj:yfdf cfr/0f;DaGwL sfg"gdf
plNnlvt Joj:yfaf6 lgj]bs afFlwg'k5{, To;nfO{
kfng ug'k{ 5{ / cfr/0fljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL ug'{ x'bF g} . k|:t't l/6df oL lgj]bs
r=g+= @@% sf] kqaf6 cjsfz eO;s]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] cjsfz kfO{ ;s]sf] sd{rf/Lsf xsdf
cfr/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfn] lgodg / lgoGq0f
ug{ gldNg] x'G5 . lgj]bsn] cfr/0f;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yf eP
r=g+= @@% sf] kqdf g} clen]v ;d]t /fVg] u/L
lgj]bssf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ug{ ;lsg]df ;f]
u/]sf] b]lvPg . lgj]bsn] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t x'gk' j" {
kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf af]ns
] f] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;f]sf]
clen]v /fVg] egL lgj]bsnfO{ r=g+ @&^ sf]
kq lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf sfdsf/jfxL
k"jf{ux| /xLt, b'/fu|x/xLt / ab\lgot/xLt x'gk' b{5 .
;/sf/n] cfgf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
ubf{ cgfjZos xf]Rofpg] vfnsf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg
plrt x'bF g} . ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg vf]Hg]
;/sf/ cfg} sd{rf/Lsf] /fhLgfdf k|lt klg
clt ;"Id, ;+jb] L, c;lxi0f' / abnfsf] efjo'Qm
x'g] xf] eg] afFsL cj;/ lgdf{0f Pj+ ljt/0fdf
s:tf] unf{ egL lrlGtt x'g] cj:yf /xg ;Sb5 .
zfnLg, ljj]szLn, ;lxi0f' / ljk/LtxLt jf
;f]r /fVg]k|lt klg cg'ejL / ;d]6\g ;Sg]
Ifdtf g} pbf/ k|zf;gsf u'0fx x'g\ .
%= c;Gt'i6xnfO{ klg ts{, a'l4, Ifdf
/ wf/0f zlQmaf6 ;Gt'i6 kfg{' kg]{ ;/sf/n]
:jfy{ ;d"xxsf] 3Rrf, 3df;fgdf s;}sf] kIfdf
dfq lnKt h:tf] u/L kIf k|bz{g ug{ ;'xfpFbf]
s'/f xf]Og . c;xdtLxsf aLr ;xdtL /
k|lt:kwf{Tds ;f]rxnfO{ ;xsfl/tfdf kl/0ft
ug{ /rgfTds ;f]r / ;+:sf/ ljsf; u/L
;j{:jLsfo{ jftfj/0f v8f ug{ x/]sn] d2t

ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . lgj]bssf] c;Gt'li6 plrt jf
cg'lrt h] nfu] klg slDtdf d'Vo /f]huf/bftfsf]
x}l;otdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgj]bsk|lt tLj| cfqmf]z
/ abnfsf] efj k|bz{g ug{ ldNg] b]lv+bg} . To;
b[li6n] x]bf{ lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf] r=g+ @&^ sf]
kq sfg"g;+ut / ljj]s;+ut ;d]t b]lvg
cfpFbg} .
^= lgjb]sn] cfgf] /fhLgfdfsf ;DaGwdf
kqsf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf]df ljjfb 5}g .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd u/L
;]jfaf6 aflxl/Fbf cfgf] cg'ej / sfo{zn
} Lsf
af/]df ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLn] sfg"gsf] pNn+3g ePsf]
cj:yfdf afx]s cfkm}df cfklQhgs klg x'bF g} .
;/sf/ ;du| /fHosf] cleefjs klg ePsf]n]
cfgf af/]df ul/Psf] l6Kk0fL ck|Lo eP klg
;'Gg ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf]df ;/sf/ jbnfd'vL
x'g jf x:tIf]ksf/L x'g ldNb}g . t/ k|:t't
l/6df lgj]bssf] xsdf ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf
abnfsf] cfefif b]lvg cfof] .
&= kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf lgj]bsn] JoQm u/]sf]
cfgf] cg'ej / c;Gt'li6nfO{ ;/sf/n] c;xh /
c;fdfGo dfgL ;f] ljifonfO{ lgj]bssf] clen]vdf
/fVg] egL tt\sfn a];/f]sf/ b]lvPsf] ;+jw} flgs
kl/ifb\nfO{ af]wfy{ tyf sfof{y{ egL kq k7fPsf]
b]lvG5 . o;af6 eljiodf lgj]bssf] xsdf /fHon]
ug]{ Jojxf/ / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ p2]Zo jf
cGo s'g} p2]Zon] To:tf] clen]v /fVg] egL lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] To:tf] clen]v /flvg' sfg"g;+ut
dfGg ldNg] b]lvFbg} . o;sf ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfaf6
lgj[Q ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;~rosf]if, k]G;gkf,
gful/s nufgLsf]if cflbsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
tt\tt\ lgsfodf n]vL k7fO{ sd{rf/Lsf] clen]vLs/0f
ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ k|:t't l/6df clen]va4 ug]{ egL
;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\df k7fpg'sf] s'g} ts{k0" f{ cfwf/ /
cf}lrTo ;d]t k|ToyL{xaf6 cfgf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
261

&), h]7
@)&),
v'nfpg ;s]sf] gb]lvPaf6 ;f] sfo{nfO{ dgfl;a

dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
*= lgj]bsn] cfkm"eGbf slgi7 d'Vo
;lrj;Fu sfdsfh ug{ c;xh x'g] egL /fhLgfdf
lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgh d'Vo
;lrj ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
lgj]bs / d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;DaGw ljrf/0fLo ePsf]df
lgj]bsn] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf JoQm u/]sf] s'/fnfO{
lghsf] lj?4 clen]vdf /fVg] egL ;f]xL d'Vo
;lrjn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o k|dfl0ft u/L
clen]vdf /fVg k7fPsf] eGg] lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf]
r=g+ @&^ sf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf lj?4
clen]v /fVg'kg]{ jf /fVg ;Sg] sfg"g axfn
/x]sf] ;d]t b]lv+bg} . ;f] gb]lvPaf6 lgj]bssf]
gfd clen]vdf /fVg] egL ul/Psf] lg0f{o /
tt\;DaGwL kq ;d]t sfg"g;+ut b]lvg cfPg .
(= o;sf ;fy} ljjflbt lg0f{of+z n]Vbf
s'g k|of]hgsf nflu egL n]lvPsf] gb]lvP klg
;+j}wflgs kl/ifbnfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L lbPsf]
sf/0fn] To;sf] k|of]hg :ki6 geP klg eljiodf
/fHon] lgj]bsk|lt /fVg] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|efljt
ug]{ p2]Zon] lgj]bssf] gfd clen]vdf /fVg]
u/L lg0f{ o ePsf] cfefif ldNb5 . pQm
clen]vLs/0f lgj]bssf] xsdf ePsf] sf/jfxL
;/xsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 . eljiodf lbg ;lsg]
s'g} lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ p2]Zon] sf/jfxL
jf ;hfo:jk To:tf] clen]va ug{ vf]hs
] f] xf]
eg] Tof] lgj]bssf] lj?4sf] gsf/fTds sf/jfxLsf]
:yfgdf /xG5 . o:tf] ;hfo ;/xsf] kl/0ffd
l;h{gf ug{] xf] eg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtadf]lhd
;kmfOsf] df}sfsf] cfjZostf /xg] x'gfn] klg
To:tf] df}sfa]u/sf] clen]vdf hgfpg] sfo{
af~5gLo / sfg"g;+ut dfGg ldNg] b]lv+bg} .
!)= t;y{ dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ a'bF f /
sf/0faf6 lgj]bsn] cfgf] kbaf6 lbPsf] /fhLgfdf
ldlt @)^(.$.!& df :jLs[t e} r=g+= @@% sf]
kq lbPsf] b]lvPsf], /fhLgfdfkZrft\ lgj]bsn]

kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf af]n]sf] s'/fnfO{ cg'lrt
7xofO{ pQm s'/f lgj]bssf] clen]vdf /fVg]
egL lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^(.$.!& df g} r=g+=
@&^ sf] kq lbPsf] b]lvPsf], pQm kqdf ;/f]sf/
g} gePsf] ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\nfO{ ;d]t af]wfy{
tyf sfof{y kq n]vL /fHon] lgj]bssf] xsdf
eljiodf ug]{ Jojxf/nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ dg;fo
/fv]sf] b]lvPsf], ;]jf lgj[Q e};s]sf] JolQmnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( ;d]tdf plNnlvt
cfr/0f;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfn] lgoGq0f /
lgodg ug{ ldNg] gb]lvPsf], lgj]bssf] gfd
clen]vdf /fVg] egL lg0f{o ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{
;kmfOsf] df}sf lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] tyf ;]jf lgj[Q
sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/ clen]vdf /fVg] jf /fVg
;Sg] u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|rlnt
g] k fn sfg" g n] k| T oyL{ k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{ n o ;d] t nfO{ lbPsf]
gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf] r=g+ @&^ sf]
kqdf plNnlvt kbLo dof{bf / lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0fsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L kqsf/
;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ clt/l~ht 9n] k|rf/ k|;f/df
NofPsf] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"js
{ lnO{ lghsf]
gfd clen]vdf /fvL eGg] zAbf+z / tt\;DaGwL
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^(.$.!&
sf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
k|ToyL{xnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ld;Ln
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn k'; @( t] /f]h ! z'ed===
Ohnf; clws[tM jf;'bj] kf}8n
]
&
262
*(^^ uf]sn
' dfg t08'sf/ ;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
lg0f{o g+=*(^^
' m Ohnf;
)^*WO-)%%%
cfb]z ldltM @)&).!.%.%
ljifo M pTk]i| f0f k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
!$ a:g] uf]sn
' dfg t08'sf/ ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
@)#! ;fnb]lv sfof{lGjt ;fj{hlgs
;8s P]gf/f k|fKt xs ;'ljwfnfO{ @)$%
;fndf hf/L kl5Nnf] sfg"gn] hUuf
k|flKt P]g, @)#$ ;d]tsf k|fjwfgsf]
k|lts"n lgolGqt ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s'g} klg P]gn] :ki6 zAbdf ctLtk|efjL
k|fjwfg /fv]sf]df afx]s Tof] :jtM
kZrftk|efjL x'G5 eGg] sfg"gL l;4fGtdf
s'g} lljwf 5}g . o;sf cnfjf P]gf/f
ul/Psf] sfg"gL k|jGwnfO{ kl/jt{g
ug'k{ bf{ ;f] P]gsf] vf/]hL jf gofF P]gsf]
lgdf{0f jf sfodL k|fjwfgsf] ;+zf]wgs}
dfWodnfO{ sfg"g;Ddt\ dfGg'kg]{ .
P]gsf k|fjwfgnfO{ s'g} kq jf kl/kq
jf lg0f{on] kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g / o;f]
ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] klg To;nfO{ sfg"gL
dfGotf lbg ldNb} g . P] g cGtu{ t
lgsflnPsf] ;"rgff/f lgwf{l/t !)!)
dL6/sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ s]jn ;f]xL sfg"gL

;|ft] sf cfwf/df k|sflzt ;"rgfn] dfq
kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb5 . s'g} kq jf lg0f{on]
sfg"g;Ddt ;"rgfsf] k|fjwfgdf ug]{
kl/jt{gnfO{ sfg"gL kdf dfGotf k|fKt
x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
;fj{ h lgs ;8s If] q df s' g } klg
lsl;dsf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug{
gx'g] / klxn] tf]lsPsf] eGbf a9L
;8sIf]qsf] dfkb08 lj:tf/ ug'k{ g]{ ePdf
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd hUuf clwu|x0f
u/L hUufwgLnfO{ d'cfAhf lbO{ dfq ;8s
lj:tf/ ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf /d0fs'df/
>]i7
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf wd{/fh
kf}8n
] / ljfg clwjQmf ab|Lk|;fb
zdf{
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #,
#s / !(
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf #=!=#
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ n] o;}
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg;lxtsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/
5 M
xfdL lgj]bsx ;fljsdf xfgu'n'
sfnLdf6L uf=lj=;= / @)## ;fndf sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsfdf pQm uf=lj=;= uflePkl5 j8f
g+= !$ cGtu{tsf :yfoL afl;Gbf xf}F . xfdL
263

&), h]7
@)&),
lgj]bsdWo] s]xLn] ;fljsdf uf=lj=;= x'bF fb]lv

g} cfgf] gfddf ePsf] hUufdf 3/ agfO{ Jofkf/
Joj;fo u/L cfPsf 5f}F / clwsf+z lgj]bsxn]
pQm uf=lj=;= sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfdf
kl/0ft ePkl5 sfod ePsf] j8f g+= !$ l:yt
sfnLdf6Lb] l v aNv' x' F b } sLlt{ k ' / lqe' j g
ljZjljBfno;Ddsf] s'nZ] j/ v08sf] dfu{df
cfgf] gfddf ePsf] hUufdf 3/ agfO{ a;f]af;
u/L Jofkf/ Joj;fo;d]t u/L cfPsf 5f}F .
sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt /
sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dfkb08cg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f ;d]t u/]sf 5f}F .
xfdL lgj] b sx dWo] uf] s ' n dfg
t08'sf/sf] gfddf sf=lh= sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
(-s_ sfnLdf6Lsf] ls=g+= &^) sf] If]qkmn )
*!@ sf] hUufdf 3/;d]tsf] gS;f kf; u/L
3/;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5' . To;}u/L ljZjgfy
zdf{sf] gfddf ls=g+= !&@ sf] hUuf, c?0ff >]i7
nfsf}nsf] gfddf sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !$ sf]
ls=g+= !!*, !%# / !^) sf] hUuf, lbndfof
dxh{gsf] gfddf P]hgsf] ls=g++ !($ sf] hUuf,
gfgLafa' dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g+= &$# sf] hUuf,
glngL t'nfw/sf] gfddf ls=g+= &! sf] hUUff,
Zofds'df/L >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= @) sf] hUuf,
uf]kfns[i0f >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= @$% sf] hUUff,
hutaxfb'/ dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g+= ^$, ^& /
^# sf] hUuf, cfgGb/fd dNnsf] gfddf ls=g+=
!!# sf] hUuf, s[i0f >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= #(
sf] hUuf, ;'Gb/L b'jfnsf] gfddf ls=g+= #(( /
!)(^ sf] hUuf, 1fgL5f]/L dxh{gsf] gfddf
ls=g+= ** sf] hUuf, gGbdfof zfSosf] gfddf
ls=g+= *@ sf] hUuf, z'enIdL zfSosf] gfddf
ls=g+= @( sf] hUuf, cho zfSosf] gfddf
ls=g+= *( sf] hUuf, xl/dfof /l~htsf] gfddf
ls=g+= %)@ / %)! sf] hUuf, n]lngs'df/
t'nfw/sf] gfddf ls=g+= ^* sf] hUuf, nlntf
dfgGw/sf] gfddf ls=g+= !!! sf] hUUff, d+unb]jL

dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g+= !@&#, !@^^ / !@^&
sf] hUuf, lbndfof >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= !$)
/ @#! sf] hUuf, /fdeQm >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+=
!(( sf] hUuf, nIdLaxfb'/ zfxLsf] gfddf ls=g+=
*& sf] hUuf, gfgL5f]/L >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+=
#^ sf] hUuf, ;+hLa dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g+=
!(# sf] hUuf, naLGb| dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g++
!(@ sf] hUuf, /aLGb| >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g++ @)*
sf] hUuf, h'hs
' fhL :yflktsf] gfddf ls=g+=
%%* sf] hUuf, tLy{/Tg zfSosf] gfddf ls=g+=
!^ sf] hUuf, b]js[i0f dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g+=
%& sf] hUuf, z'eb|f 8+uf]nsf] gfddf ls=g+=
!#( sf] hUuf, OGb|dfg a'9fsf] gfddf %&* sf]
hUuf, c~hnL hf]zLsf] gfddf !))^, (&$,
(&^, !))$, !)!$, !)!^ sf] hUuf, sfG5L
dxh{ggLsf] gfddf ls=g+= * sf] hUuf, d+uneQm
>]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= !^& sf] hUuf, lji0f'eQm
>]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= !^* sf] hUuf, dlxnf
;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8sf] gfddf ls=g++ !!& sf]
hUuf, Pe/]i6 PS;k6{ k|f=ln=sf] gfddf ls=g+=
!&! sf] hUuf, nIdLgf/fo0f dxh{gsf] gfddf
ls=g+= !@ sf] hUuf, Zofdnfn >]i7sf] gfddf
ls=g+= @#) sf] hUuf, >Ldfg >]i7sf] gfddf
ls=g+= #%# sf] hUuf, O{Gb|zf]ef zfSosf] gfddf
ls=g+= !)@ sf] hUuf, u+uf zfxLsf] gfdsf]
ls=g+= !#!^, !##& sf] hUuf, bof/fd >]i7sf]
gfddf ls=g++ !!% sf] hUuf, k"0f{gf/fo0f dxh{gsf]
gfddf ls=g+= &@ sf] hUuf, zf/bfb]jL dfgGw/sf]
gfddf ls=g+= #!@ sf] hUuf, ;df >]i7sf] gfddf
ls=g++ !@$ sf] hUuf, /fddfof dxh{ggLsf] gfddf
ls=g+= $((, %)!, $(^, %$$ sf] hUuf,
s[i0fs'df/L ag]kfnLsf] gfddf ls=g=+ #*(, ;GbLk
t08'sf/sf] gfddf ls=g+= &^! sf] hUuf, xl/s[i0f
zfxLsf] gfddf ls=g+n:] = *^ sf] hUuf, ;/ntf
>]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= (( sf] hUuf, lji0f'bj] L
264
*(^^ uf]sn
>]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= #)) sf] hUuf, czf]s

dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g+= @(^, @(& sf] hUUff,
;fu/s[i0f hf]zL >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+= !* sf]
hUuf, lgzf /fhsl0f{sf/sf] gfddf ls=g+= !&
sf] hUuf, ;'/hs'df/ t08'sf/sf] gfddf ls=g+=
#$( sf] hUuf, ;'zLnf >]i7sf] gfddf ls=g+=
@!, !#@ sf] hUuf, dgf]h dxh{gsf] gfddf
ls=g+= @!, $$ sf] hUuf, zLnf t08'sf/sf]
gfddf ls=g+= !)$ sf] hUuf, /fdaxfb'/ dxh{gsf]
gfddf ls=g+= @%# sf] hUuf, d}of cfn]sf] gfddf
ls=g+= @%& sf] hUuf, dLgf zfxLsf] gfddf ls=g++
!@! sf] hUuf, z'n' k|wfgsf] gfddf ls=g+= @))
sf] hUuf, a'l4axfb'/ dxh{gsf] gfddf ls=g+=
^%, *^ sf] hUuf, /]UdLaxfb'/ yfkf du/sf]
gfddf ls=g+= $!), !$( sf] hUuf, /d]z yfkf
du/sf] gfddf ls=g+= @)$^, @)@ sf] hUuf,
;Ltfb]jL tfdfsf] gfddf ls=g+= !#* sf] hUufdf
sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt /
sf=d=g=kf=n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08cg';f/ 3/
lgdf{0f u/L a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5f}F .
;fljsdf uf=lj=;= /xFbf uf]/6] f] af6f]
/x]sf] / g]kfn ;/sf/ ;8s ljefun] sfnLdf6L,
s'nZ] j/, aNv' x'bF } rf]ef/;Ddsf] ;8s s] s:tf]
/xg] egL ldlt @)#@!$ df ;8ssf]
l8hfOg;d]t u/L st} !) kmL6, st} * kmL6,
st} ^ kmL6, st} @) kmL6, st} !* kmL6, st}
!^ kmL6 st} !$ kmL6sf] af6f] /xg] u/L gS;f;d]t
lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . @)#$#@) df tTsfnLg
;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L b]zel/sf
;8sxnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L -s_
/fhdfu{xdf kg]{ dx]Gb| /fhdfu{;d]tnfO{ ;8s
s]Gb|af6 bfofFafofF @%@% dL6/, -v_ ;xfos
dfu{xdf kg]{ sf7df8f}F lqz'nL dfu{ ;d]tnfO{
;8s s]Gb|af6 b'jl} t/ !%!% dL6/, -u_ lhNnf
dfu{xdf kg]{ sf7df8f}F blIf0fsfnL dfu{;d]tnfO{
s]Gb|/]vfb]lv bfofFafofF !)!) dL6/ / -3_

zx/L dfu{xdf kg]{ dfu{sf] Go"gtd\ ! dL6/b]lv
clwstd\ % dL6/;Ddsf] k'm6kfy ;d]tnfO{
;8s ;Ldf tf]sL ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;8ssf]
Joj:yfkg lbUbz{gdf ;fj{hlgs ;8s lgdf{0f
ubf{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f
!&-@_, !&-#_ ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf $, hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ sf] ljleGg
bkmfxdf pNn]v ePsf] Joj:yfxnfO{ p4/0f
u/L ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ /
hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ sf] ljleGg bkmfxdf
plNnlvt Joj:yfcg';f/ ;DalGwt hUufwgLnfO{
d'cfAhf glbO{ ;8ssf] nflu hUuf k|fKt ug{
g;lsg] / ;8ssf] lj:tf/ ;d]t ug{ g;lsg]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL
lbUbz{gdf tTsflng ;/sf/n] ldlt @)#$#@)
sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;8ssf] juL{s/0f / ;8s
;Ldf tf]lsPsf] af/] pNn]v ePsf] ;d]t kfOG5 .
@)#$#@) df sfnLdf6Lb]lv aNv'cGtu{tsf]
s'nZ] j/ dfu{nfO{ !) dL6/ tf]lsP klg tTsfnLg
;dodf sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt
/ sf=d=g=kf= n] slxn] && dL6/, slxn]
hDdf * dL6/ / slxn] & dL6/ sfod ug]{ u/L
ljleGg k6s gLlt lgb]l{ zsf hf/L u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;f] s'/f sf=p=g=lj=;= sf] ldlt @)#*%(
sf] kq, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !$ sf] ldlt
@)%@!@!^ sf] ;8s ;Ldf 36fpg] ;DaGwL
kq, sf=p=g=lj=;= n] ldlt @)%@!@!! df
;8s ;Ldf dfkb08 36fpg] af/] ;8s ljefunfO{
n]v]sf] kq tyf sf=p=g=lj= of]hgfleq kg]{
ljleGg If]qdf x'g] lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf
;d]taf6 klg ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 . xfnsf]
ldlt @)%(#! df gfkL u/L tof/ ul/Psf]
gS;fdf pQm af6f]sf] kLr hDdf % dL6/ sfod
x'g] u/L / ;8ssf] kLraf6 bfFofafFof @@
265

&), h]7
@)&),
dL6/ sfod x'g] u/L gS;f ;d]t lgdf{0f ul/Psf]

kfOG5 . xfdL lgj] b sdWo] s f sltkon]
sf=d=g=kf=af6 gS;f kf; ubf{ & dL6/ 5f]8L
gS;f kf; u/L 3/ ;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf 5f}F .
o;/L g]kfn ;/sf/ sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/
ljsf; ;ldlt / sf=d=g=kf= n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dfkb08adf]lhd lgld{t 3/ kvf{n ;+/rgf
eTsfpg p4t /xL s'g} ;"rgf ;d]t glbO{
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #, #-s_,
$, hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ / ;+ljwfgsf] !@,
!#, !( ;d]tsf] xsdf cf3ft k'Ug] u/L xfd|f]
3/ hUuf sDkfp08 eTsfpg] egL 3/3/df cfO{
ldlt @)^*(!) ut]bl] v k|ToyL{xn] df}lvs
;"rgf lbO{ eTsfpg] efudf lrGx;d]t nufO{
uPsf] / xfd|f] 3/hUuf sDkfp08 eTsfO{ ;f]df
;8s;d]t lgdf{0f ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] k|ToyL{xsf]
sfo{x /f]Sg ab/ u/L kfpg / ;f] sfo{ ug{
ul/Psf] lg0f{o, ;"rgf;d]t ab/ u/L kfpg]
cGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] gePsf] / k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo;d]t
ePsf] n ] ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qcGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_
cGtu{t of] l/6 lgj]bg k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F .
ctM @)#$#@) sf] /fhkqdf
tf]lsPsf] ;8s ;Ldf s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv bfofFafofF
!)!) dL6/eGbf a9L clxn] !!!! dL6/df
xfdL lgj]bsxsf] 3/ hUuf eTsfpg] egL
k|ToyL{n] lrgf] nufpFb} lxFl8/x]sf 5g\ .
t;y{ sfnLdf6Lb]lv aNv' x'bF } sLlt{k/'
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno;Ddsf] s'nZ] j/ dfu{df
k|ToyL{xn] ;8s s]Gb|bl] v bfofFafofF !!!!
dL6/ ;8s ;Ldfg ug],{ lrGx nufpg] sfo{
ub}{ Tolt;Dd eTsfpg] egL p4t e}/x]sf] sfd
sf/jfxL / ;f] ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{xn] s'g} lg0f{o
u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] ;f] lg0f{o;d]t lemsfO{ ;f]
;DaGwdf k|ToyL{xn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL lg0f{o
tyf cGo s'g} ;"rgf eP ;f] ;d]t pTk]i| f0fsf]

cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L ca pk|fGt ;+ljwfg /
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd xfdL lgj]bsxn]
sfg"gadf]lhd gS;f kf; u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf]
hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ kvf{nsf] ;+/rgf eTsfO{
;8s lj:tf/ ug'k{ /]df clwu|x0f gu/L d'cfAhf
Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t k|bfg gu/L ;8s lj:tf/sf]
sfd sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf $ / hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd
xfdL lgj]bsxsf] 3/hUUff clwu|x0f u/L d'cfAhf
k|bfg u/]/dfq ;8s lj:tf/sf] sfd, sfo{, lg0f{o
ug'{ egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z
jf k"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm .
olb k|ToyL{xn] xfdL lgj]bsxn]
sfg"gadf]lhd gS;f kf; u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf]
3/ kvf{nsf] ;+/rgf eTsfO{ xfn]df xfdL
lgj]bsnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'Ug] ePsf] / k|fOdf
km];L, ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg
k|ToyL{xsf] lg0f{o sfo{ t'?Gt /f]Sg' kg]{
cj:yf;d]t ePsf]n] of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
6'f] gnfu'Gh]n ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd sfnLdf6Lb]lv
aNv';Ddsf] s'n]Zj/ dfu{sf] bfofFafofF /x]sf]
hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ kvf{nsf] ;+/rgf ;d]t
eTsfpg], lrgf] nufpg], eTsfpg] sfo{ gug'{
gu/fpg', oyfl:yltdf /fVg', /fVg nufpg'
egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
l/6 lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf],
cfb]z hf/L gx'g' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP of] cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !%-kGw|_
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{ sf/0f b]vfp
cfb]z . cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
lgldQ ldlt @)^*(@) sf] tf/]v tf]sL
266
*(^^ uf]sn
ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{

eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df l/6 lgj]bs ;d]tsf] ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't
lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt sf7df8f}s
F f] sfnLdf6Lb]lv
aNv' x' F b } blIf0fsfnL;Ddsf] ;8ssf]
s]Gb|laGb'bl] v bfofFafofF !)!) dL6/ ;8s;Ldf
egL ;fh{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $
sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/, ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnof/f
tf]lsPsf]n] ;f]sf] ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkq efu #,
ldlt @)#$#@) df k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pQm ldltsf] /fhkqsf] ;" r gfn] tf] s ] s f]
;8s;Ldf pQm @)#$#@) kl5 kl/jt{g
u/L ;8s;Ldf sd ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
l/6 lgj]bg;fy k]z ul/Psf] @)#*%( /
@)%@!@!! sf kqx gu/ lgdf{0f sfo{;Fu
;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfoxaLr ePsf cfGtl/s
kqfrf/ dfq ePsf] b] l vG5 . pQm ldlt
@)#*%( jf @)%@!@!! sf] kqnfO{
cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g,
@)#! cg';f/ ;8s;Ldf tf]ss
] f] kdf lng
ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . o;sf] cltl/Qm pQm
tf]lsPsf] ;8s;Ldf pNn+3g ug]{ u/L :yfgLo
lgsfon] 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu gS;f kf; ug{
;d]t ldNg] b]lvPg . o:tf] cj:yfdf s;}n] &
dL6/ jf ;f]eGbf sd ;8s;Ldf 5f]8L 3/sf]
gS;f kf; u/fPsf] eP klg Tolts} a f6
;8s;Ldf sd x'g uPsf] eGg] dfGg ldNg]
b]lvPg . o:tf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)#$#@)
sf] /fhkqn] pQm ;8ssf] ;8s;Ldf lgwf{/0f
ul/;s]sf]n] ;f]cg';f/ ;8ssf] s]Gb|/]vf jf
s]Gb|laGb'af6 bfofFafofF !)!) dL6/;Dd s'g}
;+ / rgfsf] lgdf{ 0 f ug{ gx' g ] d f klg ;f]
;8s;Ldfleq gS;f kf; u/fOPsf] eGg]
cfwf/df ;f] ;+/rgf sfg"g;Ddt\ kn] lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] eGg] gb]lvFbf ;8s;Ldfsf] bfofFafofF

!)!) dL6/ ;8s lj:tf/ jf ;'wf/sf] sfo{
/f]Sg] u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldn]g . t/, pQm ldlt @)#$#@)
sf] g]kfn /fhkqddf k|sflzt ;8s;Ldf /
dfkb08nfO{ kl/jt{g u/L @)^$@! b]lv
nfu" x'g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n]
sf7df8f} F pkTosfleqsf gu/kflnsf /
gu/f]Gd"v uf=lj=;= xdf ul/g] lgdf{0f;DaGwL
dfkb08, @)^$ kfl/t u/]sf] / ;f]cg';f/
sfnLdf6Lb]lv aNv' x'Fb} blIf0fsfnL;Ddsf]
;8ssf] s]Gb|/v
] faf6 bfofFafofF !!!! dL6/;Dd
s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] elgP tfklg ;f]
dfkb08 nfu" ePsf] ldltkl5 lgdf{0f x'g]
;+/rgfxsf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'g] x'gfn]
;f]cg';f/ bfofFafofF !)!) dL6/sf] ;f
!!!! dL6/ ;8s;Ldf sfod ug' { k bf{
@)^$@! eGbf cufj} lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+/rgfsf]
xsdf ;Dd ;8ssf] s]Gb|/]vfaf6 bfofFafofF
b'j}lt/sf] !)!) dL6/eGbf a9L hUuf jf
;+/rgfsf] sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ glbO{ ;8s
lj:tf/sf] sfo{ gug'{, gu/fpg' egL ;f] xb;Dd
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ ug'{ egL o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
o; sfof{nonfO{ s;}sf] ef]urng /
cGo rn, crn ;DklQnfO{ eTsfpg], gf:g]
clwsf/ gePsf] / ljBdfg sfg" g L
Joj:yfadf]lhd ljleGg JolQm, ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs
tyf ljleGg lgsfosf] gfddf /x]sf] df]7 ;|:] tfsf]
;+/If0fdfq ug]{ t/ 3/ ljufg],{ eTsfpg] cfb]z
lbg] clwsf/ o; sfof{nonfO{ gePsf] x'Fbf
ljkIfLxn] o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ nufPsf]
e"mf cf/f]k lagfcfwf/sf x'g\ . t;y{, pQm
267

&), h]7
@)&),
cf/f]kaf6 5'6sf/f lbnfO{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

ul/kfpFm eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no, sn+sLsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf ax';V+ os
;j{;fwf/0f hgtf / /fi6sf] j[xQ/ lxtsf] nflu
;fj{hlgs ;8s rf}8f kfg{ cGo lgsfoaf6
sfo{ ePsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bgaf6 b]lvof] . o;
sfof{noaf6 lgj]bssf] xslxtdf c;/ kg]{ s'g}
lg0f{o gePsf] x'bF f o; sfof{nosf] xsdf pQm
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no, sf7df8f}s
F f] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgjbsxn] l/6 lgj]bgdf
lhsL/ lnPcg' ksf] sfd sf/jfxL o;
sfof{noaf6 gul/Psf] Pj+ gePsf] / sfd sf/jfxL
ug'k{ g]{ s'g} cfwf/;d]t ljBdfg g/x]sf] ;fy}
lghxpk/ o; sof{noaf6 s] s:tf] sfd
sf/jfxL ul/Psf] / ;f] sfd sf/jfxLaf6
lghxsf] s] s'g xs clwsf/df s] s;/L xgg\
k'Ug uPsf] xf] ;f] tYonfO{ l/6 lgj]bgdf k|i6
v'nfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] Pj+ o;
sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfO/xg' kg]{ cj:yf;d]t
g/x]sf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/, sf7df8f}s
F f] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxsf] ;+j}wflgs
Pj+ sfg"gk|bQ xsdf cf3ft k'Ug] u/L o;
sfof{noaf6 s'g} klg sfo{ eP u/]sf] 5}g .
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ljleGg :yfgdf clxn]
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 sfg"gadf]lhd ;8s lj:tf/
ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn rfn" cj:yfdf
/lx/x]sf ljleGg :yfgsf ;8sn] ;jf/L rfknfO{
wfGg g;s]sf]n] ;8s lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{ clgjfo{
ag]sf] 5 . olb ;8s lj:tf/ gug]{ xf] eg]
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf 6flkms hfd eO/xg],
sd{rf/L, ljBfyL{nufot cfdhg;d'bfo tf]ss
] f]
;dodf uGtJodf k'Ug g;Sg], lj/fdL c:ktfn
k'Ug g;sL af6fd} d[To'j/0f ug'k{ g]{ cflb uDeL/

;d:ofx pTkGg ePsf] 5 / gu/ ljsf;
P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf #=!=# df gu/ ljsf;sf]
nflu dfkb08 tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . oxL
cfwf/df g] k fn ;/sf/n] , sf7df8f} F
pkTosfleqsf gu/kflnsf / gu/f] G d" v
uf=lj=;= xdf ul/g] lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfkb08,
@)^$ :jLs[t u/L nfu" ePsf] 5 . oxL
dfkb08, @)^$ df cf6]{l/on ;8s -zfvf
;8s_ sf] nflu s]Gb|/]vfb]lv b'j}tkm{ !!
dL6/;Dd :yfoL vfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ gkfpg]
Joj:Yff 5 . ljkIfLxn] ;f]xL !! dL6/leq
kg]{ u/L :yfoL kdf 3/6x/fsDkfp08
lgdf{0f ug'{ePsf] 5 . pQm sfo{ ljns'n
u}/sfg"gL 5 . ljkIfLxnfO{ pQm :yfgdf ;8s
lj:tf/ sfo{ x'bF 5
} egL ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ljleGg
ldltsf uf]/vfkq, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, g]kfn ;dfrf/
kqdf k|sfzg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ljkIfLxn]
;"rgf glbO{sg af6f] lj:tf/ ug{ nfluof] eGg]
l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/f ;To ;fFrf] xf]Og . Ifltk"lt{
d'cfAhfsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/
x'g] g} 5 . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxn] sfg"gsf]
l/t k'ofO{ Ifltk"lt{, d'cfAhf dfu u/]df k|rlnt
sfg"gcg';f/ kfpg] gkfpg] hfFra'em u/L
cfjZos lg0f{o x'g] g} 5 . ljkIfLxn] l/6
lgj]bgkqdf pNn]v u/]sf] :yfgsf] ;8s lj:tf/
ug]{ s]xL sfo{ ;d]t eO;s]sf]n] ljkIfLxsf]
l/6 lgj]bgsf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
pkTosfdf cToflws ;jf/L ;fwg tyf
hg3gTjsf sf/0f c:tJo:t ;8s lj:tf/ ug]{
eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] of]hgfcg';f/ pQm ;8s
ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo
sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt tyf
sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf ;d]tsf] k|ToIf
268
*(^^ uf]sn
;xeflutfdf z'? ul/Psf] pQm ljsf; lgdf{0f

sfo{x cGtu{t pkTosfsf] o; sfof{no
Pl/ofcGtu{t sfnLdf6Lb]lv aNv';Dd kg]{
ljZjljBfno dfu{sf] lsgf/df ;8s ldr]/
u} / sfg" g L tj/n] lgdf{ 0 f ePsf] 3/,
kvf{nnufotsf ;+/rgfx eTsfO{ ;8s lj:tf/
ug]{ qmddf pQm Pl/ofsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbf ;d]tn]
k6sk6s af6f]df ;d]t cj/f]w v8f u/L pQm
sfo{df afwf cj/f]w k'ofpg] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf]n]
o; sfof{nosf] ;'/Iff lhDd]jf/L pQm If]qdf
o; sfof{noaf6 zflGt ;'/Iffy{ k|x/L sd{rf/L
v6fO{ af6f] v'nfO{ ;jf/L cfjfudg sfo{nfO{
;'rf? ul/Psf], ;f] afx]s o; sfof{nosf tkm{af6
u}/sfg"gL tj/n] lgh ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxsf]
3/ eTsfpg] h:tf sfo{df o; sfof{noaf6
;xof]u ug]{ h:tf s'g} klg sfo{ gul/Psf] x'bF f
lgh ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yf
ln=sf c=k|f=jf= ljho/fd k|wfg ;d]tn] o;
sfof{ n o ;d] t sf lj?4 pQm e" m 7f Pj+
skf]nslNkt Joxf]/fsf] s'/f /rL ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf pTk]i| f0fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lbg'ePsf]
x'bF f pQm Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lj[Q sfnLdf6Lsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
!( n], ;8s ljefusf] :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L
s;}n] ;fj{hlgs ;8s;Fu hf]l8g] u/L k|jz
]
dfu{ agfpg, ;fj{hlgs ;8s jf ;8s ;Ldfleq
vf8n jf s'nf] vGg jf eTsfpg, l8nf, nf,
tuf/f] cflb uf8\g jf xfNg jf 3/ 6x/f] jf 5fk|f]
agfpg jf ;8s ;Ldfleqsf] hUuf cfjfbL ug{
jf o:t} cGo s'g} sfo{ ug{ x'bF g} egL lgif]w
u/]sf] 5 . ;8ssf] :jfldTjdf cfPsf] /
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / #s n]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;8s ;LdfnfO{ /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf cfPkl5
pQm ;8s ;Ldfleqsf hUufx cltqmd0f u/L

3/ 6x/f lgdf{0f ug'{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cj1f
xf] . xfn sfg"gsf] of] Joj:yfsf] jlv{nfk ;8s
;Ldfleq agfPsf] ;+/rgf x6fO{ ;8s ;Ldfleq
Jojl:yt ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq ;8s
lj:tf/sf] sfo{x ePsf x'g\ . ;DalGwt
lgsfoxaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd ul/Psf sfdsf
;DaGwdf lagfsf/0f o; ljefunfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg] sfd sfg"g;Ddt\ 5}g . ctM pk/f]Qm
cfwf/df ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxsf] sfg"gL xs
clwsf/ ;d]tnfO{ afwf k'Ug] s'g} u}/sfg"gL
sf/jfxL o; ljefuaf6 eP u/]sf] gx'bF f cfwf/xLg
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;8s ljefusf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #
n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L tTsfnLg >L %
sf] ;/sf/n] ldlt @)#$#@) df g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L /fhdfu{ ;xfos
dfu{, lhNnf dfu{ / zx/L dfu{nufotsf
;8sxsf] ;8s ;Ldf qmdzM bzb]lv kRrL;
dL6/;Dd tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;/L ;8s ;Ldf
tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfleq s'g} k|sf/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{
ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;8s
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !( n] ;8s ljefusf]
:jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L s;}n] ;fj{hlgs ;8s;Fu
hf]l8g] u/L k|jz
] dfu{ agfpg, ;fj{hlgs ;8s
jf ;8s ;Ldfleq vf8n jf s'nf] vGg jf
eTsfpg, nf, tuf/f] cflb uf8\g jf xfNg jf
3/ 6x/f] jf 5fk|f] agfpg jf ;8s ;Ldfleqsf]
hUuf cfjfbL ug{ jf o:t} cGo s'g} sfo{ ug{
x'bF g} egL lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)#$#@) sf] ;"rgfaf6
;8ssf] :jfldTjdf cfPsf] / ;fj{hlgs ;8s
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / #s n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
;8s ;LdfnfO{ /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf cfPkl5 pQm ;8s
269

&), h]7
@)&),
;Ldfleqsf hUufx cltqmd0f u/L 3/ 6x/f

lgdf{0f ug'{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cj1f xf] . ljkIfLn]
sfg"gsf] of] Joj:yfsf] jlv{nfk u/L /fhdfu{
If]q jf ;8s ;Ldfleq agfPsf] ;+/rgf x6fO{
;8s ;Ldfleq Jojl:yt ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{
p2]Zon] dfq ;8s lj:tf/sf] sfo{x ePsf
x'g\ . t;y{, lgj]bsn] lgj]bg kqdf lnPsf
lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt\ gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsxsf] bfjLadf]lhd sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$ l:yt sfnLdf6L
s'nZ] j/ aNv' x'bF } rf]ef/;Ddsf] ;8s lj:tf/
sfo{df sf=d=g=kf= sf] s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+nUgtf
5}g . ;f] ;8s lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{df s'g} lsl;dsf]
;+nUgtf gePsf] sf=d=g=kf= pk/ k|:t't u/]sf]
ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg lg/fwf/, xr'jfk"0f{ / b"lift
ePsf]n] sf=d=g=kf= sf] xsdf k|ydb[li6df vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog u/L lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
/d0fs'df/ >]i7n] ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ldlt
@)#$#@)sf] /fhkqdf sfnLdf6Lb]lv aNv'
x'bF } sLlt{k/' lqe'jg ljZjljBfno;Ddsf] s'nZ] j/
dfu{ ;8s ;Ldf s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv bfofFafofF !)!)
dL6/ sfod ul/Psf]df ljkIfLxn] ;8s
s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv bfofFafofF !!!! dL6/ ;8s ;Ldfg
u/L lagfd'cfAhf Tolt;Dd eTsfpg] egL
sfdsf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] / To;af6
lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf
k|ToIf cf3ft kg]{ ePsf]n] ljkIfLxsf] To:tf]
u}/sfg"gL sfo{x pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
u/L cj pk|fGt ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s
lgj]bsxn] gS;f kf; u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf] 3/

kvf{nsf] ;+/rgf lagfclwu|x0f / d'cfAhf eTsfO{
;8s lj:tf/ gug' { gu/fpg' egL
k|ltif]wnufotsf cfb]zx hf/L ul/kfpFm egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]tsf tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
wd{/fh kf}8]n / ljkIfL pkTosf gu/ ljsf;
;ldltsf tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf ab|Lk|;fb
zdf{n] o; cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ePkl5 ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
# adf]lhd ldlt @)#$#@) df /fhkqdf
k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ g} ljjflbt ;8sdf
;8ssf] s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv bfofFafofF !)!) dL6/sf]
;Ldf;Dd dfq ;8s lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf]
5 . ;f] tf]lsPsf] ;LdfeGbf sd ;Ldf sfod
u/L aLrdf s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] kqfrf/
u/L lgj]bsxn] gS;f kf; u/L 3/ kvf{n
lgdf{0f u/]sf] eP klg To:tf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{n]
dfGotf gkfpg] x'Fbf tf]lsPsf] ;8s ;Ldfleq
lgdf{0f ePsf 3/ kvf{n eTsfO{ ;8s lj:tf/
ug{ s'g} sfg"gL jfwf c8\rg gx'Fbf cf}lrToxLg
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .
dfly plNnlvt ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxn] ug'{ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]
xf]Og ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@)#$#@) df /fhkqdf k|sflzt
;"rgfadf]lhd ;8s s]Gb|/]vfb]lv bfofFafofF
!)!) dL6/ ;8s sfod ePsf]df lagfclwu|x0f
/ d'cfAhf ;f] ;8s s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv bfofFafofF !!!!
dL6/ ;8s sfod u/L ;f] ;Ldfleq kg]{
lgjb]sxsf] 3/ kvf{n eTsfpg] egL p4t
eO/x]sf]n] ljkIfLxsf] ;f] sfd sf/jfxL / ;f]
;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5g\ eg] ;f] lg0f{o
ab/ u/fpg] ;d]t dfu /fvL bfo/ k|:t't l/6
270
*(^^ uf]sn
lgj] b gdf g] k fn ;/sf/n] sf7df8f} F

pkTosfleqsf gu/kflnsf / gu/f]Gd"v uf=lj=;=
xdf ul/g] lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$
:jLs[t u/L nfu" ePsf] / oxL dfkb08df
cf6{ ] l /on ;8s -zfvf ;8s_ sf] nflu
s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv b'jt} km{ !! dL6/;Dd :yfoL vfnsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] ;f]
If]qleq 3/6x/fsDkfp08 lgdf{0f ug{ gkfpg]
xf] eGg] pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] lnlvt
hjfkm b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf # / #s n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;8s ;LdfnfO{
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;fj{hlgs
hfgsf/Ldf cfPkl5 pQm ;8s ;Ldfleqsf
hUufx cltqmd0f u/L lgdf{0f ePsf 3/ 6x/f
eTsfO ;8s ;Ldf Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ ePsf]
x'bF f cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;8s ljefu ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsx
sf7df8f}F blIf0fsfnL ;8ssf] cf;kf;df hUuf
3/ ePsf JolQmx x'g eGg] tYo lgj]bg n]vaf6
b]lvG5 . pQm ;8ssf] ;Ldf ;fj{hlgs ;8s
P] g , @)#! sf] bkmf # adf] l hd ldlt
@)#$#@) df /fhkqdf k| s flzt
;"rgfcg';f/ ;8ssf] s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv bfofFafofF
!)!) dL6/ ;8s ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # n]
;fj{hlgs ;8snfO{ /fhdfu{, ;xfos dfu{,
lhNnf dfu{ / zx/L dfu{ egL juL{s/0f ub}{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/L ;fj{hlgs ;8snfO{ ;8s s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv
bfofFafofF b'jl} t/ PQmL; dL6/df ga9fO{ ;8s
;Ldf tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f]xLadf]lhd
ljjflbt sf7df8f}F blIf0fsfnL dfu{nfO{ lhNnf
dfu{leq /fvL ;f]sf] s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv bfofFafof b'jl} t/
!)!) dL6/ ;8s ;Ldf tf] s L ldlt
@)#$#@) df /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePsf]n] pQm ;8ssf] ;Ldf ;8s s]Gb|/v

] fb]lv
bfofFafofF b'jl} t/ !)!) dL6/ /x] ePsf] dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 . sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s ;f] ldltkZrft\ pQm
;s8 ;Ldf 36L jf a9L x'g] u/L dfkb08 sfod
u/L s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] n]vfk9L jf
kqfrf/ ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] klg
To;n] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg ;Sg] b]lvFbg} .
o;af6 ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ePsf] kqfrf/sf
cfwf/df ;8s ;Ldfleq kg]{ hUufdf gS;f
kf; u/L 3/, 6x/f, sDkfp08 jfn lgdf{0f u/L
oL lgj]bsx a;f]af; u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] klg
To;n] sfg"gL xssf] l;h{gf ug]{ x'Fb}g .
sfg"g;Ddt sfo{af6 dfq sfg"gL xssf] l;h{gf
x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #,
#s / !( / oxL sfg"gsf] clVtof/L k|of]u u/L
@)#$##) sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt
;"rgff/f lgwf{l/t e"efu ;8s ;Ldf x'g\ .
;8s ;Ldfleq h'g;'s} k|sf/af6 h; s;}n]
lgdf{0f u/]sf] jf ef]u u/]sf] cfwf/df s;}sf]
sfg"gL xssf] l;h{gf x'Fb}g . t;y{, ldlt
@)#$#@) df /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf
k|lts"n x'g] u/L 3/ kvf{n lgdf{0f ug{ ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 gS;f kf; g} ePsf] eP klg To:tf]
u}/sfg"gL sfo{n] sfg"gL xs :jtM :yflkt ePsf]
dfGg gldNg] x'bF f ;f] eTsfOFbf sfg"gadf]lhd
d'cfAhf kfpg' kg]{ eGg] lgj]bsxsf] dfu bfjL
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #, #s /
!( ;d]tsf cfwf/df sfg"g;+ut b]lvFbg} .
#= o;} ;Gbe{df gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$%
/ ;f]sf cfwf/df hf/L dfkb08sf] sfg"gL l:yltsf]
klg ljj]rgf x'g cfjZos 5 . ljjfbsf]
sf7df8f}F blIf0fsfnL ;8s gu/ ljsf;;DaGwL
of]hgf nfu" ePsf] If]qsf] ePsf] / gu/ ljsf;
P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf #=!=# df gu/ ljsf;sf]
nflu dfkb08 tf]Sg] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/n], sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf gu/kflnsf
271

&), h]7
@)&),
/ gu/f]Gd"v uf=lj=;=xdf ul/g] lgdf{0f;DaGwL

dfkb08, @)^$ :jLs[t u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 .
oxL dfkb08cg';f/ cf6]l{ /on ;8s -zfvf ;8s_
df kg]{ sf7df8f}FblIf0fsfnL ;8ssf] nflu
s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv b'jt} km{ !!!! dL6/;Dd :yfoL
vfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
#s df, bkmf # adf]lhd ;8s ;Ldf tf]lsPsf]df
;8s;Ldfsf] / ;8s;Ldf gtf] l sPsf] d f
;fj{hlgs ;8ssf] lsgf/af6 ^^ dL6/df
ga9\g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf
;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]ss
] f] kmf;nfleq kvf{n
afx]s cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] :yfoL agf}6 -:6Sr/_
jf ejg s;}n] lgdf{0f ug{ gkfpg] u/L lgif]w
ug{ ;Sg]5 elgPsf] / ;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+zdf, t/ gu/ ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf nfu"
ePsf] If]qdf tT;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd x'g5
] eGg] pNn]v 5 . ;fj{hlgs
;8s P]g, @)#! / gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf]
cGt/;DaGw klg k|:t't ljjfbdf ljj]rgf x'gk' g]{
ljifo 6:xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g d'ns
' e/sf
;8snfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfg"gsf kdf nfu" 5
eg] ;/sf/n] gu/If]q 3f]if0ff u/]sf] If]qleqsf
;8ssf nflu ljlzi6Ls[t sfg"gsf kdf gu/
ljsf; P]g nfu" 5 . @)#! ;fnb]lv sfof{lGjt
;fj{hlgs ;8s P]gf/f k|fKt xs ;'ljwfnfO{
@)$% ;fndf hf/L kl5Nnf] sfg"gn] hUuf
k|flKt P]g, @)#$ ;d]tsf k|fjwfgsf] k|lts"n
lgolGqt ug{ ;Sb}g .
$= s' g } klg P] g n] :ki6 zAbdf
ctLtk|efjL k|fjwfg /fv]sf]df afx]s Tof] :jtM
kZrftk|efjL x'G5 eGg] sfg"gL l;4fGtdf s'g}
lljwf 5}g . o;sf cnfjf P]gf/f ul/Psf]
sfg"gL k|jGwnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'k{ bf{ ;f] P]gsf]
vf/]hL jf gofF P]gsf] lgdf{0f jf sfodL k|fjwfgsf]
;+zf]wgs} dfWodnfO{ sfg"g;Ddt\ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
P]gsf k|fjwfgnfO{ s'g} kq jf kl/kq jf lg0f{on]

kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g / o;f] ul/Psf] /x]5 eg]
klg To;nfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbg ldNb}g .
P]gcGtu{t lgsflnPsf] ;"rgff/f lgwf{l/t
!)!) dL6/sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ s]jn ;f]xL sfg"gL
;|ft] sf cfwf/df k|sflzt ;"rgfn] dfq kl/jt{g
ug{ ;Sb5 . s'g} kq jf lg0f{on] sfg"g;Ddt
;"rgfsf] k|fjwfgdf ug]{ kl/jt{gnfO{ sfg"gL
kdf dfGotf k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . o;} sf/0faf6
@)#*%( / @)%@!@!! sf kqxsf]
s'g} sfg"gL cf}lrTo 5}g .
%= pk/f] Q m ;DaGwdf sf7df8f} F
pkTosfleqsf gu/kflnsf / gu/f]Gd"v uf=lj=;=
xdf ul/g] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf #=!=# adf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/L nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljjfbsf] sf7df8f} F sfnLdf6L ;8s gu/
ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf nfu" ePsf] If]qleq ePsf]
eP klg ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #
adf]lhd ldlt @)#$#@) df /fhkqdf k|sflzt
;"rgfcg';f/ pQm ;8s s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv b'jt} km{
!)!) dL6/ ;8s ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 .
xfn cfP/ gu/ ljsf; of]hgf nfu" ePsf] If]q
egL plNnlvt dfkb08, @)^$ cg';f/ ;8s
;Ldfsf] dfkb08 klxn]sf] -ldlt @)#$#@)
df /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf_ eGbf a9L !!!!
dL6/ tf]Sg] xf] eg] cyf{t ;8s s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv
b'jt} km{ bfofFafofF !)!) dL6/eGbf a9Ldf ;8s
lj:tf/ ug'{ k/]df a9L tf]lsPsf] If]qsf xsdf
cyf{t\ !! dL6/sf xsdf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
clwu|x0f u/L ;DalGwt hUufwgLnfO{ d'cfAhf
;d]t lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] k|lqmof / sf/jfxL k"/f
gu/L s;}n] klg k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lgdf{0f
eO;s]sf ef}lts ;+/rgf eTsfO{ !!!! dL6/nfO{
;8s;Ldf dfgL af6f] lj:tf/ ug{] lg0f{o tyf
sfd sf/jfxL sfg"gk|lts"n x'G5 .
272
*(^& lgzf k'/Lsf] ;+/Ifs dlgif k'/L ;d]t lj=k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t
^= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ Pj+

lg0f{o g+=*(^&
sf/0faf6 ;fj{hlgs ;8s If]qdf s'g} klg
lsl;dsf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ gx'g] /
klxn] tf]lsPsf] eGbf a9L ;8sIf]qsf] dfkb08
lj:tf/ ug'k{ g]{ ePdf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
' m Ohnf;
hUuf clwu|x0f u/L hUufwgLnfO{ d'cfAhf lbO{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
dfq ;8s lj:tf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . t/, ljjflbt
sf7df8f}F sfnLdf6L ;8s ldlt @)#$#@) ;+jt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#WO!)&(
df /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf s]Gb|/v
] fb]lv b'jt} km{
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.@#.#
!)!) dL6/df ga9fO{ xfn ;8s lj:tf/
eO/x]sf] egL lgj]bstkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foL, laifoM k|ltif]w, pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z;d]t .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;xGofoflwjQmf Pj+
sf7df8f}F pkTksf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlttkm{sf l/6 lgj]bsM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, dxfgu/kflnsf
sfg"g Joj;foLn] ax;sf] qmddf JoQm ug'e{ Psf]n]
j8f g+=# a:g] lgzf k'/Lsf] ;+/Ifs e}
kl5af6 ylkPsf] !! dL6/sf] ;8s;LdfnfO{
cfk\mgf] xsdf ;d]t P]=P]= a:g] dlgif
:jod\ ;/sf/L lgsfon] dfGotf glbPsf] l:yltdf
k'/L ;d]t
;f] xbsf xsdf klg l/6 hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf
lj?4
ljBdfg g/x]sf]n] k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ tf]lsPs} ljkIfLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g nlntk'/ ;d]t
;8s ;Ldfleq /xL ;8s lj:tf/sf] sfo{ eO/x]sf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L sfg"gsf] clVtof/Lleq
;Ifd lgsfoaf6 clGtd ePsf]
/x]/ ePsf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg
km};nfnfO ljlwjt\ r'gf}tL glbPsf]
Pj+ sfg"gk|bQ xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] dfGg gldNg]
cj:yfdf ;f] km};nf clGtd /x];Dd
x'bF f lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg
;f]df plNnlvt 7x/nfO{ cGoyf ug{
k/]g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . o;
g;lsg] .
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*(@) df hf/L ePsf]
-k|s/0f g+=$_
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t :jtM lgliqmo x'G5 . bfo/Lsf]
ljleGg a}+sdf /x]sf] gub ljleGg
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
JolQmxsf] r]ssf] x:tfIf/ sLt]{ u/L
lgsfnL 7uL u/] s f] ;d] t 7x/] s f]
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
cj:yfdf To:tf] ;DklQdf c+z xs 5
egL cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
b;Lsf] kdf cbfntdf k]z ePsf] /
b;L 7x/L clGtd eP/ a;]sf] eO{
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn a}zfv % ut] /f]h % z'ed\
cbfntsf txtxsf km};nfaf6 hkmt
Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof
x'g] 7xofPsf] ;DklQaf6 c+zxs
5'6o\ fO{ kfpFm eGg] dfubfjL :jfefljs
/ sfg"g;Ddt\ gb]lvg] .
&
273

&), h]7
@)&),
c+zxs k}ts
[ ;DklQdf dfq cGt/e"t
/xg] s'/f xf] . ck/fwsf] k|ltkmn:jk
k|fKt ePsf] ;DklQdf d"n c+lzof/s}
xs gx'g] cj:yfdf lghsf c+lzof/sf]
xs x'G5 egL dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
7uL u/]sf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] 3/
hUufdf c+zxs dfu ug'{ :jod\df g}
cj}wflgs x'G5 . cj}w s'/faf6 j}w xs
l;h{gf x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
ljZjsfGt d}gfnL, ljfg clwjQmfx
aRr'l;Fx v8\sf, t'N;L l;Fv8f, ;f]dsfGt
d}gfnL tyf ljfg j}tlgs clwjQmf
/fdxl/ lqkf7L
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ;/f]h
uf}td Pj+ ljfg clwjQmf bLks >]i7
/ ;'wL/dfg >]i7
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g, b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+=
7uLsf] $ / % g+=
cfb]z
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
lgj]bssf cfdf tyf a'xf/L ladnf k'/Lsf
gfddf @)%^.(.& df v/Lb ul/Psf] xfd|f] ;d]t
c+z xs nfUg] sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf7df8fF}
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=## -j_ ls=g+=%(# sf]
If]qkmn )%!), P]=P]=sf] ls=g+=%($ sf] If]qkmn
))@@, P]=P]= ls=g+=%^& sf] If]qkmn )$)
hUuf / ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] xfd|f] a;f]af;sf] 3/

hUuf O08f]:j]h a}s
F sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
/ k|ltjfbL dw';w' g k'/L;d]t ePsf] 7uL d'2fdf
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLxaf6
a/fdb x'g cfPsf gub, lhG;L, k|f8f] hLk,
k}ofF 7uL u/]sf] k}ofFaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] 3/hUuf
g]kfn O08f]:j]h a}s
F nfO{ lbnfO{ gk'u x'g cfpg]
#@,#%,))). k|ltjfbLxaf6 a}s
F n] lbnfO{ e/fO{
kfpg] 7x5{ egL ePsf] @)^!.@.& sf] z'? km};nf
/ ;f] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^#.%.! df ePsf]
km};nfd'tfljs ljuf] lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL
a}s
F sf] @)^#.(.!& sf] lgj]bgcg';f/ pQm 3/
hUuf ljkIfL OGe]i6d]06 a}s
F sf] gfddf gfd;f/L
bflvn vf/]h u/L lbg] u/L sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfnt tx;Ln zfvfaf6 ePsf] @)^#.!).# sf]
lg0f{o krf{sf] cfwf/df ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no,
sf7df8f}aF f6 ldlt @)^$.!.!& sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
ljkIfL a}s
F sf] gfddf bf=vf=btf{ ePsf] / pQm
3/ vfnL u/L lbg egL ljkIfL a}s
F n] @)^$.!.@!
df hfgsf/L u/fPaf6 lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f, !#-!_, !(-!_, gful/s
clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #, ^-5_, (, !),
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] @^, #), #!, #&, $@
;d]tsf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 .
k|ToyL{ lgsfo Pj+ cbfntxsf] km};nf
tyf ;f] km};nfsf] cfwf/df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{
sfdsf/jfxL d' n ' s L P] g , b08 ;hfosf]
@^,#),#!,#&,$@ g+=sf] sfg"gL JofVofsf] uDeL/
k|Zg ;d]t p7]sf] eGg] k|i6} b]lvG5 . o;/L
sfg"gsf] JofVof h:tf] uDeL/ k|Zgdf c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q u'xfg'{ jfwf 5 eGg ldNb}g . -g]sfk
@)$!, lg=g+=@)&*_ To;} u/L gful/s xs
clwsf/df cf3ft kfg]{ kl/0ffdsf] s'g} lg0f{o
km};nf ubf{ sfg"gsf] cIf/zM kfngf ePsf] x'g'
clgjfo{ x'g] -g]sfk @)$*, c !@, k[i7 *(&_
274
eGg] ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ghL/

l;4fGtx k|ltkflbt ePsf 5g\ . o;/L ljkIfL
dw';b' g k'/L tyf ladnf k'/Ln] u/]sf] kmf}hbf/L
s;"/ jf ck/fwsf] ;hfo o;/L xfd|f;
] d]t c+zxs
nfUg] ;uf]nsf 3/ hUufnfO{ ljkIfL a}s
F sf] tkm{df
ljkIfL dw';b' g k'/L tyf ljdnf k'/L -kfv]tL_
n] ltg'{ eg'{ kg]{ ljuf] Pj+ h/Ljfgfafkt crn
3/hUuf;d]t ;Lw} g} ljkIfL a}s
F sf] gfddf bflvn
btf{ u/L ljkIfL a}s
F n] clwsf/ sAhf hdfpg
3/ 5f]8g\ ' egL Dofb k"hL{;d]t hf/L u/L ;s]sf]
x'bF f o;af6 xfdL lgj]bsx a;f]af; u/]sf]
3/af6 aflx/ a:g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g
uPsf] 5 . o;/L gful/ssf] sfg"gL xsnfO{
ckx/0f ubf{ sfg"gL k|lqmof canDag u/]/
sfg"gsf] cIf/zM kfngf u/]/ dfq ug{ ;lsg]
plNnlvt lg=g+ = @)&* df k| l tkflbt
l;4fGt;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g uPsf] 5 .
ljkIfL ladnf k'/L -kfv]tL_ sf] gfddf
btf{ /x]sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf dxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+=@#-j_ sf] ls=g+=%(# sf] If]qkmn )%!),
P]=sf] ls=g+=%($ sf] If]qkmn ))@@, P]=sf]
ls=g+=%^& sf] If]qkmn )$)) 3/ hUuf
a/fdb ePsf ;'gnufotsf cGo lhG;L ;fdfgx
ljkIfL tTsfn g]kfn O08f]:j]h a}s
F sf] xfnsf]
g]kfn OGe]i6d]06 a}s
F nfO{ lbg] eGg] sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.@.& sf] km};nf /
;f] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6g nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^#.%.! sf] km};nfdf
pNn]v ePsf] ;f] xb;Ddsf] Joxf]/fdfq sfof{Gjog
gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg] k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z tyf lhNnf
cbfnt tx;Ln zfvfsf] ldlt @)^#.!).# sf]
krf{sf] cfwf/df ljkIfL g]kfn OGe]i6d]06 a}s
F sf
gfddf btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L xfdL lgj]bsxsf]
3/af6 a/fdb ePsf ;'gnufotsf lhG;L
;fdfgx Pj+ plNnlvt lsQf g+=sf 3/ hUufx
b08 ;hfosf @^,#),#!,#&,$@ g+ = sf

sfg"gadf]lhdsf k|lqmof cjnDag u/]/ dfq
ljkIfL g]kfn OGe]i6d]06 a}s
F n] kfpg] lauf] Pj+
h/Ljfgf c;"n ug'{ eGg] k|ToyL{xsf] gfddf
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_
d'tfljs k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm
cf1f cfb]z Pj+ k"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy}
ljkIfL g]kfn OGe]i6d]06 a}s
F n] ldlt @)^$.!.@!
ut]sf] kqn] #) lbgleq g} 3/ vfnL ul/lbg
;"rgf;d]t lbO;s]sf] x'bF f of] l/6 lgj]bg clGtd
lsgf/f geP;Dd plNnlvt lsQfsf] 3/hUuf
xfn ;fljs u/L sfod x'g cfPsf] sf7df8f}F
lhNnf dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ l;6 g+=(*^
!% ls=g+=#)) sf] If]qkmn ),@%$=^@ ju{dL6/
hUuf / ;f] hUufdf /x]sf] 3/;d]tsf] 3/hUufaf6
lgj]bsxnfO{ gx6fpg' tyf x6\g gnufpg'
Pj+ ljkIfL a}s
F sf] gfdaf6 cGo JolQmsf] gfddf
plNnlvt 3/hUufsf] x:tfGt/0f gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $! d'tfljs cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhsL/ .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] , lgj] b ssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf], of]
cfb]zk|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !%
lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug"{ . cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu
;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] lgldQ ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf
lbO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{' eGg] ;d]t o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.@.@@ sf] cfb]z .
k|:t't lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f geP;Dd
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt lsQfsf] 3/ hUuf xfn
;fljs u/L sfod x'g cfPsf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ l;6 g+=!*^!% lsQf
g+=#)) sf] If]qkmn ),@%=$^@ ju{ dL= hUuf /
;f] hUufdf /x]sf] 3/;d]tsf] 3/ JolQmsf] gfpFdf
275

&), h]7
@)&),
plNnlvt 3/hUufsf] x:tfGt/0f gug'{ gu/fpg'

Pj+ ljkIfL a}s
F sf] gfdaf6 cGo JolQmsf] gfpFdf
plNnlvt 3/hUufsf] x:tfGt/0f gug',{ gu/fpg'
egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $! d'tfljs cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bssf] dfu ePsf]df O08f]:j]h a}s
F sf]
hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ / k|ltjfbL dw';b' g
k'/L ;d]t ePsf] kmf}=k'=g+=&@.*$& ;d]tsf] 7uL
d' 2 fdf ePsf] km} ; nfadf] l hdsf hUufx
OGe]i6d]06 a}s
F sf] gfpFdf bflvn vf/]h ePsf]
b]lvof] . ;f] 7uL d'2f clGtd kdf /x]sf]
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
gePdf lgj]bsnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'Ug] cj:yf;d]t
ljBdfg gx'bF f lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g . lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.^.@ sf] cfb]z .
z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 s}b
h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/]sf] km};nfpk/ o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn] k'g/fj]bg ubf{ k"0f{ kdf
;kmfO kfpFm eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf] /
g]kfn ;/sf/tkm{af6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf cleof]u
bfjLadf] l hd ;hfo ul/kfpF m egL k/] s f]
k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] xf]Og egL
aofg u/] tfklg clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf
aofg ubf{ a}s
F sf] r]sa's kfpFm egL sLt]{ lgj]bg
lbO{ r]sa's lnO{ vftfjfnfsf] ;xL r]sdf sLt]{
u/L a}s
F af6 /sd lgsfn]sf]df lajfb b}lvFbg} .
k|ltjfbLxaf6 a/fdb ePsf 3/hUufsf] lnvt
df]6/;fOsn k|f8f] uf8L, gub k}ofF;d]tsf
;fdu|Lxaf6 klg a}s
F 7uL u/]sf] tYo lglj{jfb
kdf k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.@.& df ePsf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L o; cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^#.%.! df km};nf ePsf] b]lvof] . o;/L
cbfntaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] km};nfdf pNn]v

ePsf] xb;Dd k|ltif]wsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/fpg
l/6 hf/L x'g;Sg] cj:yf;d]t gx'bF f k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfpk/
;jf]R{ r cbfntdf bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL k|jz
] ug{
kfpg] xs cem} ;'/lIft g} /x]sfn] tx;Lnbf/sf]
cfb]z Pj+ sfdsf/jfxLsf] Goflos 5fgaLg u/L
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod !##_ adf]lhd ;hfo sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntdf x'nfsdfkm{t\ k|fKt
k|ltjfbL dw';b' g k'/Lsf] lgj]bgdf o;df sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.@.& sf] km};nf g}
;b/ x'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6
ldlt @)^#.%.! df km} ; nf ePsf] ;f]
km};nfadf]lhd g} pQm h]yf tyf crn ;DklQ
hfx]/jfnfsf] gfpFdf bf=vf=btf{ u/L lbg' egL
;DalGwt lgsfoxdf n]vL k7fPsf] b]lvFbf /
Dofbleq ;d]t k|:t't lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] gb]lvFbf
lgj]bg btf{ ug{ ldn]g sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg]
tx;Lnbf/sf] ldlt @)^$.!.$ sf] cfb]z
km};nfcg'k g} eP u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL x'bF f
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gg' kg]{
x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntsf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljjflbt lsQf hUuf xfn;fljs ug'k{ g]{
x'bF f xf=;f=sf] nflu gfkL zfvf l8NnLahf/df
n] v L k7fpF b f gfkL zfvf l8NnLahf/sf]
r=g+=#!@( ldlt @)^#.!@.@! sf] kqaf6 ;fljs
@#j= ls=g+= %(#, %($ / %^& xfn gu/ $
l;6 g+=(*^!% ls=g+=!@% dWo] le8\g] Ans
gfkL ePsf] x'bF f lkmN8 r]s u/L ls=sf=ug'k{ g]{
egL n]lvcfPadf]lhd lsQfsf6sf] nflu n]vL
276
k7fpFbf gfkL zfvf l8NnLahf/sf] r=g+=##@@

ldlt @)^$.!.@ sf] kqaf6 pQm ls=g+= !@%
lsQfsf6 u/L ls=g+=#)! df @%$=^@ ju{dL6/
3/hUuf ;fljs ls=g+=%(#, %($ / %^& sf]
tkm{ ls=sf= e} cfPsf] / ;fljs eGbf xfn
If]qkmn 36L ePsf]df 36L g} hUuf bf=vf=u/L
lng d~h"/ 5 egL a}s
F n] d~h"/L kq ldlt
@)^$.!.^ df n]vL k7fPadf]ldh o; sfof{noaf6
ls=g+=#)! sf] 3/hUuf pQm j}+ssf gfddf
xf=;f=bf=vf=u/L lbg] u/L ldlt @)^$.!.!^ df
lg0f{o ePsf] . cbfntsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug'{
o; sfof{nosf] bfloTjleq kg]{ x'bF f sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntsf] r=g+=!)&% ldlt @)^#.!).)$
hgfp kq;fy k|fKt ldlt @)^#.!).# sf] cfb]z
kq r=g++ !^*$ ldlt @)^#.!@.#) sf] j8f
g+=@# sf] ;f j8f g+=@# j x'g] u/L ldlt
@)^#.!@.#) df ePsf] cfb]z;lxtsf] kq;d]tsf]
cfwf/df plNnlvt a} F s sf gfpF d f o;
sfof{noaf6 xf=;f=bf=vf= ePsf] x'bF f ljkIfL
lgj]bssf] dfubfjL vf/]hefuL ePsf]n] lghsf]
l/6 lgj]bgadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og
eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf] dfnkf] t sfof{ n o
l8NnLahf/sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
txtxsf cbfntaf6 km} ; nf eO{
clGtd sfod ePsf] km};nfadf]lhd ePsf]
sfdsf/jfxL tyf km};nfnfO{ l/6 If]qaf6 x]/L
x:tIf]k jf ab/ ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . k|:t't ljjfbdf
ljkIfLxsf cfdf afa'n] sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
u/L k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ;d]t xf/]kl5 ;DdfgLt
cbfntxsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|Zg p7fO{
a}s
F 7uLaf6 v/Lb u/L lnPsf] rncrn ;DklQ
arfpg ;lsG5 ls eGg] clek|fon] dfq k|:t't
lgj]bg lbPsf] k|i6 5 . ljkIfLn] ljjfb p7fpg'
ePsf] d'2f tyf rncrn ;DklQ ;f] d'2f -a}s
F
7uL_ sf] sf/jfxLsf] qmddf a/fdb ePsf] rn
crn ;DklQ ePsf] / plNnlvt ;DklQ o;

a}s
F af6 7uL u/L lnPsf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] sfod d"Nofgcg';f/ ;f]
;DklQx o; a}sn] kfpg] 7x/L txtx
cbfntxaf6 ePsf km};nfadf]lhd o; a}s
+ sf]
gfddf 3/hUuf;d]t gfd;f/L ePsf] x'gfn]
ljkIfLn] ljjfb ug{' ePsf] b08 ;hfosf] k|fjwfg
To;/L a/fdb ePsf] ;fdfgx e/fpg] qmddf
cfslif{t gx'g] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn OGe]i6d]06 a}s
+
ln=sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLxn] dnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g}
cfjZostf 5}g . lsgls ljkIfLxn] bfjL u/]sf]
3/hUuf ljkIfLx;d]tsf] c+zxs nfUg] k}ts
[
;DklQ ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] k}t[s ;DklQsf d"n
xsbf/ d lnlvthjfkm k|:t'tstf{ / d]/f] ;f}tg] L
cfdf lgj]bs wgs'df/L k'/L ePsf] / d]/f] efuaf6
;d] t ljkIfL gfafns 5f] / L tyf 5f] / f
>LdtL;d]tsf] c+zxs nfUg] cj:yf k|i6 5 .
d}n] s'g} ck/fw u/]afkt ;hfo kfpFm eg] klg
;f]sf] efuLbf/ d]/f lgbf]i{ f c+lzof/x x'gk' g]{
x'bF g} . To;} sf/0fn] plNnlvt ;uf]nsf] k}ts
[
;DklQaf6 ljkIfLxn] cfkm\gf] c+zxs k|fKt
ug]{ g};lu{s sfg"gL xs lghx;Fu k|i6 kdf
/xg] ePsf] / ;f] xspk/ d}n] s'g} x:tIf]k
ug{;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]n] ubf{ ljkIfLxn]
cfkm\gf] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]adf]lhd d}n]
lghxsf] s'g} klg xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ gu/]sf]
x'bF f dnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ /xg'kg]{ sf/0f gePsf]n]
ubf{ dnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ u/]sf] lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dw';b' g
k'/Lsf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] z'?
/ k'g/fj]bg ldl;n;d]t cWoog u/L l/6
lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
277

&), h]7
@)&),
clwjQmf ljZjsfGt d}gfnL, ljfg clwjQmfx

aRr'l;Fx v8\sf, t'N;L l;Fv8f, ;f]dsfGt d}gfnL
tyf ljfg j}tlgs clwjQmf /fdxl/ zdf{n]
xfd|f] kIfsf] k}ts
[ rncrn ;DklQaf6 km};nf
sfof{Gjog x'g' x'bF g} . kmf}hbf/L s;"/df afa'n]
u/]sf] s;"/ ck/fwdf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] xssf]
;DklQaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ ldNb}g . afnaflnsfn]
c+zkfpg] sfg"gL xs ;+/If0f x'gk' b{5 . sfg"gsf]
plrt k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ dfq 3/hUuf hkmt
x'g'kb{5 . km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog sfg"g;Ddt
x'g' k' b{5 . l/6 lgj]bs wgs'df/L k'/L / dlgif
k'/Ln] hkmt ePsf] 3/hUuf, ;'g tyf cGo
;/;fdfgaf6 c+zkfpg] xs ;+/lIft x'gk' b{5 .
g]kfn O08f]:j]h a}s
F g]kfn OGe]i6d]06 a}s
F df
ufleO{ ;s]sf] 5 . aLdfsf] /sd klg a}s
F n]
lnPsf] 5 . k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ lnnfd ug'{ eGg]
k/dfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5 / afnaflnsfsf] xs;Dd
3/hUuf k'ms'jf x'gk' b{5 egL ug'e
{ Psf] ax;
lhsL/;d]t ;'lgof] .
To:t} a}s
F xsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf bLks >]i7 / ;'wL/dfg >]i7n] a}gf
3/fo;L lnvt xf] . hlxn] ;'s} agfpg ;lsg]
cj:yf /xG5 . 7uLsf] 36gf @)%^ d+l;/b]lv
@)%^ k';;Dddf ePsf] 5 . ladnf kfv]tLsf
gfddf @)%^.(.& df ;f] ;DklQ v/Lb ul/Psf]
5 . 3/hUuf a}s
F sf] gfddf cfPkl5 hf]ufpg
;lsG5 ls eg]/ l/6df cfpg'ePsf] xf] . o;df
b08 ;hfosf] $@ g+= sf] cj:yf cfslif{t x'g]
xf]Og . cbfntsf] km};nfd} tL ;DklQx 7uLsf]
/sdaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]n] ;f] ;DklQx a}s
F nfO{
lbg] egL cbfntn] g} eg]sf] 5 . ;f]xLcg';f/
cbfntaf6 clGtd km};nf e} sfof{Gjog e};s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . cbfntsf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df
g} :ki6 n]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]xLadf]lhd a}s
F n] km};nf
sfof{Gjog u/L lnPsf] xf] . ladnf kfv]tLsf]
gfddf ;DklQ 5 . pxfFn] g} 7uLsf] /sdaf6
v/Lb u/]sf] egL :jLsf/ u/L k'g/fj]bg;d]t

gu/L a:g' ePsf] 5 . aLdfaf6 bf]xf]/f] /sd
lnPsf] eGg] s'/fdf bf]xf]/f] /sd lnPsf] klg
5} g . 3/hUuf lhG;L ;fdfgx, uf8L,
df]6/;fOsn, ;'g ;a}nfO{ cbfntn] b;Lsf]
kdf dfg]sf] 5 . 3/leq k:g glbPsf] egL
lgif]wf1f u/]sf]df ;f] klg vf/]h e};s]sf] 5 .
t;y{ l/6 vf/]h x'gk' b{5 egL ug'e
{ Psf] ax; /
To:t} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf ;/f]h uf}tdn] l/6 vf/]h x'gk' b{5
egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/;d]t ;'lgof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
lhsL/;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og ;f]xL ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ xfd|f] a;f]af;sf]
3/hUuf O08f]:j]h a}s
F sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/ k|ltjfbL dw';b' g k'/L;d]t ePsf] a}s
F
7uL d' 2 fdf sf7df8f} F lhNnf cbfntaf6
k|ltjfbLxaf6 a/fdb x'g cfPsf gub, lhG;L,
k|f8f] hLk, 7uL u/]sf] k}ofFaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
3/hUuf, ;'g g]kfn O08f]:j]h a}s
F nfO{ lbnfO{
gk'u x'g cfpg] ?=#@,#%,))). k|ltjfbLxaf6
a}s
F n] lbnfO{ e/fO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] km};nf eO{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ;b/ ePcg'k
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt tx;Ln zfvfsf] ldlt
@)^#.!).# sf] lg0f{o krf{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/df
ePsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt
@)^$.!.!& sf] lg0f{o krf{adf]lhd ljkIfL a}s
F sf]
gfddf bf=vf=btf{ ePsf] / pQm 3/ vfnL ul/lbg
egL a}Fsn] xfdLnfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf]n] pQm
xfd|f];d]t xs nfUg] 3/hUuf ;'gnufotsf
;fdfgx xfdLnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L gu/fO{, s'g}
klg sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'ofO{ ljkIfL a}s
F sf] gfddf
ul/lbPsfn] ljkIfL lhNnf cbfntaf6 / ljkIfL
dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o krf{af6
278
xfdLxsf] sfg"gL tyf ;+jw} flgs xsdf cf3ft

k'u]sf] x'Fbf plNnlvt ljkIfLsf] lg0f{o krf{
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6
lgj]bg lhsL/ b]lvG5 eg] cbfntsf km};nfaf6
k|fKt eO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ul/Psf] lg0f{oaf6 l/6
lgj]bssf] s'g} sfg"gL tyf ;+jw} flgs xs xgg\
ePsf] 5}g, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cGo ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
hjfkm k/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ljkIfLdWo]sf
dw';'bg k'/Laf6 d]/f] gfddf /x]sf] k}t[s
;DklQdf l/6 lgj]bsxsf] klg c+z xs nfUb5
dnfO{ ljkIfL agfO/xg' kg]{ xf]Og t;y{ l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ljkIfLdWo]sf
ladnf k'/Laf6 lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf] b]lvPg .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ log}
ljkIfLdWo]sf dw';b' g k'/L / ladnf k'/L ;d]tnfO{
k|ltjfbL agfO{ g]kfn O08f]:j]h a}s
F nufotsf
cGo a}s
F x;d]tdf 7uL u/]sf] egL cleof]u
dfubfjL ePsf]df g]kfn O08f]:j]h a}s
F sf] kqn]
g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL / oL ljkIfL dw';b' g k'/L;d]t
k|ltjfbL ePsf] a}s
F 7uL d'2fdf z'? sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf x'bF f k|ltjfbL ladnf
kfv]tL k'/Lsf] xsdf ljrf/ ubf{ lghn] z'?
Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvFbf cleof]u bfjLnfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ / lghsf] 7uL sfo{df
k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ geP klg 7uL u/]sf] /sdaf6
lghn] ;'gsf u/uxgf / 3/hUufx v/Lb
u/]sf] b]lvFbf 7uLsf] % g+= adf]lhd dltof/
b]lvPsf] x'bF f s;"/sf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ lghnfO{
7uLsf] %,$ g+= adf]lhd thjLhL s}b ! jif{ /
?=%,))). h/Ljfgf x'g] ;d]t eGb} O08f]:j]h
a}s
F sf] ;]jfu|fxL ofs sfk]6{ sf] vftfdf /x]sf]
?=@ s/f]8 % nfv %) xhf/ vftfjfnfsf] sLt]{
b:tvt u/L r]sa's lnO{ r]sdf sLt]{ ;xL5fk
b:tvt u/L 7uL u/]sf] s;"/df k|ltjfbLxaf6
a/fdb x'g cfPsf gub, lhG;L, k|f8f] hLk /

7uLsf] k}o+ faf6 v/Lb u/]sf] 3/hUuf g]kfn
O08f]:j]h a}s
+ nfO{ lbnfO{ gk'u x'g cfpg] ljuf]
?=#@,#%,#)). k|ltjfbLaf6 a}s
+ n] lbnfO{ e/fO{
kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;d]taf6
km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL km};nfsf] tk;Ln
v08sf] k|s/0f $ df hfx]/jfnf O08f]:j]h a}s
F sf]
k| l tjfbLxn] 7uL u/] s f] /sd
?=@,)%,%),))). dWo] k|ltjfbLxaf6 a/fdb
e} cleof]u kq;fy k]z ePsf gub, ;'g,
lhG;L, af=#=r=!*#! g++ sf] k|f8f] hLk / 7uLsf]
k}ofFaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] 3/hUuf;d]tsf] hDdf
d"No ?=!,&#,!$,&)). a/fa/sf] gub, lhG;L,
wgdfn lkmtf{ kfpFm egL hfx]/jfnf O08f]:j]h
a}s
F sf] b/vf:t k/] sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ nfUg]
b:t"/ lnO{ lkmtf{ lbg' eGg];d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= o;/L sfg"gadf]lhd clVtof/ k|fKt
lgsfoaf6 km};nf e} d'2f clGtd e} a;]sf]
cj:yf b]lvPsf] / ;f]xL km};nfsf] 7x/ v08 /
tk;Ln v08df ;d]t pNn]v u/L 7uL u/]sf]
7x/ ePsf] / ;f] plNnlvt gub, lhG;L, ;'g,
3/hUuf / cGo ;fdfgx;d]t tyf ;f]sf]
sfuhftx ;d]t a/fdb e} b;Lsf] kdf k]z
ePsf] / 7uL u/]sf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/]s
] f] b]lvO{
cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 km};nfd} :ki6 kdf
pNn]v e};s]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= o;/L ;Ifd lgsfoaf6 clGtd
km};nf e} ;f]xL km};nfn] g} 7uL d'2fdf a/fdb
ePsf gub, lhG;L, ;'g, 3/ hUuf / uf8L
g+=+ ;d]t pNn]v u/L O08f]:j]h a}s
F nfO{ lbg' egL
pNn]v u/]sf] / ;f]sf] cnfjf gk'u /sd
=#@,#%,#)).oL k|ltjfbL dw';b' g k'/L;d]tsf
cGo k|ltjfbLxn] hgxL ?=%,#(,@!^.^^ sf
b/n] gk'u /sd;d]t g]kfn O08f]:j]h a}s
F af6
e/fO{ lbg' egL :ki6 kdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
279

&), h]7
@)&),
of] km};nfnfO{ lgj]bsxn] ljlwjt\ r'gf}tL lbPsf]

;d]t kfOFbg} . ;f] km};nf clGtd /x];Dd ;f]df
plNnlvt 7x/nfO{ cGoyf ug{ ;lsGg .
%= 7uL d'2fdf a/fdb ePsf gub,
lhG;L, ;'g, uf8L, 3/hUufnufotsf ;fdfgx
Pp6f ;Ifd cbfntn] 7uLsf] /sdaf6 g} v/Lb
u/]sf] 7x/fO{ ;DalGwt a}s
F nfO{ lkmtf{ lbnfO{
lbg' egL pNn]v ul/;s]sf] / ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg
k/L ;f]xL ;b/ ePsf] / ;f]pk/ h;sf] gfddf
3/hUuf 5 tL k|ltjfbL ladnf k'/Ln] lrQ
a'emfO{ k'g/fj]bg;d]t gu/L a;]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
3/hUuf, ;'g tyf gub lhG;Lnufotsf
7uLh:tf] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf a/fdb e} b;Lsf]
kdf cbfnt ;fd' k]z ePsf cj}wflgs
;DklQdf oL l/6 lgj]bsxsf] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
xs /xg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . oL ;DklQ k}ts
[
dfGg ;lsg] s'g} cfwf/ lgj]bsxn] k]z ug{
;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
^= ljkIfL dw';b' g k'/L / ladnf k'/Ln]
u/]sf] kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] ;hfo xfdL gfafns
lgj]bsx ;d]tn] ef]Ug'kg]{ xf]Og / xfd|f;
] d]t
c+zxs nfUg] ;uf]nsf] 3/hUufaf6 ltg'k{ g]{ xf]Og
eGg] lhsL/ ;DaGwdf x]bf{ tL ;DklQ a}s
F 7uLsf]
kmf}hbf/L d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] 7x/ eP/
a;]sf] kfOG5 . dw';b' g k'/Ln] ljleGg a}s
+ df
/x]sf] gub ljleGg JolQmxsf] r]ssf] x:tfIf/
sLt]{ u/L lgsfnL 7uL u/]sf] ;d]t 7x/]sf]
cj:yfdf oL lgj]bsxsf] egfOcg';f/ Tof]
;DklQdf lgj]bsxsf] c+z xs 5 egL cbfntn]
lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . b;Lsf] kdf cbfntdf
k]z ePsf] / b;L 7x/L clGtd eP/ a;]sf] eO{
cbfntsf] txtxsf km};nfaf6 hkmt x'g]
7x/fPsf] ;DklQaf6 c+zxs 5'6o\ fO{ kfpFm eGg]
dfubfjL :jfefljs / sfg"g;Ddt\ b]lvg cfPg .
c+zxs k}ts
[ ;DklQdf dfq cGt/e"t /xg]
s'/f xf] . ck/fwsf] k|ltkmn :jk k|fKt ePsf]
;DklQdf d"n c+lzof/ s} xs gx'g] cj:yfdf

lghsf c+lzof/sf] xs x'G5 eGg] dfGg ;lsGg .
&= cbfntdf b;Lsf] kdf k]z ePsf
gubL lhG;L rncrn ;fdfgx 7uL u/]sf]
/sdaf6 g} v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] 7x/ e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf To;nfO{ k}ts
[ ;DklQ dfGg ;lsGg .
o:tf] ;DklQdf b;Lsf] kdf k|fKt ePsf
rLhj:t'xdf klg l/6 lgj]bsxsf] c+zxs
nfUg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . o;/L 7uL u/]sf]
/sdaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] 3/ hUufdf klg c+zxs
dfu ug'{ :joddf g} cj}wflgs x'G5 . cj}w
s'/faf6 j}w xs l;h{gf x'bF g} .
*= t;y{ , ;Ifd cbfntaf6
sfg"gadf]lhd clGtd km};nf e} ;s]kl5 ;f]
km};nf cGoyf geO{ sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf
csf]{ ;Ifd km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoaf6
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf]
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] tx;Ln zfvfsf]
ldlt @)^#.!).# sf] lg0f{o krf{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/df
ePsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no, sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt
@)^$.!.!& sf] lg0f{o krf{adf]lhd ljkIfL a}s
F sf]
gfddf bf=vf=btf{ ePsf] / pQm 3/ vfnL ul/lbg
egL a}s
F n] u/]sf] kqfrf/af6 oL l/6 lgj]bsxsf]
sfg"gL tyf ;+jw} flgs clwsf/df cf3ft k'us
] f]
dfGg ldn]g k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]g
280
&
f
*(^* >Ls[i0f cfon l/kmfOg/L P08 e]lh6]jn Oi8li6h k|f=ln=lj=Psf
f/ ;ldlt pBf]u ljefu ;d]t
pBf]usf] jflif{s pTkfbg dtfj[l4

ug{ ;lsg] ;'ljwfsf] s'/fn] pBf]u
btf{ k|df0F kqdf plNnlvt jflif{s
dtfeGbf a9L pTkflbt ;fdfg
lgsf;L ubf{ ;f] ;fdfgdf k| o f] u
ePsf] ;fdfgdf nfu]sf] eG;f/ /sd
lkmtf{ dfu ug]{ xs x'g g;Sg] .
s'g pBf]un] slt kl/df0Fsf] ;fdfg
pTkfbg ug] { :jLs[ l t lnPsf] 5,
pQm pBf] u n] slt;Dd ;fdfg
lgof{t ug{ ;Sg] xf] / ;f] ;fdfgsf]
sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ubf{ s] slt
s/ lt/]sf] 5 / s] slt /sd lkmtf{
lbg'kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/f cd's pBf]un]
lnPsf] k| d f0F kqdf plNnlvt
dtfsf] /] s 8{ ; d] t sf] cfwf/df
pBf]u ljefuaf6 cfwf/ k|df0Faf6
osLg ul/g] ljo ePsfn] ;a" b
k| d f0Fsf] d" N ofgf/f dfq osLg
ug' { k g] { cj:yfdf c;fwf/0F
clwsf/]q cfsl{t x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lg0f{o g+=*(^*
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
)^%WO)@!*
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.*.%.#
ljo pTk|i] f0fldl>t k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}" tfxfrndf d"n sfof{no /x]sf]
>Ls[i0F cfon l/kmfOg/L P08 e]lh6]jn
O08li6h k|f=ln= sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf]
clwsf/k|fKt ;~rfns dlgs'df/
cu|jfn
lj?4
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, Psf/ ;ldlt, pBf]u
ljefu ;d]t
jftfj/0F P] g cg' ; f/ jftfj/0F
k|efjsf] b[li6n] s'g} pBf]un] pTkfbg
dtfsf] :jLs[lt lng' Ps s'/f xf] .
t/ ;f] x L :jLs[ l tsf] cfwf/df
pBf] u n] lgsf;L u/] s f] ;fdfg
pTkfbg ubf{ k| o f] u ePsf] sRrf
kbfy{ d f nfu] s f] eG;f/ dx;" n
lkmtf{sf] bfjL ug'{ cs}{ s'/f ePsfn]
jftfj/0F P] g cg' ; f/ jftfj/0F
k| e fj d" N ofgsf] b[ l i6n] lnOg]
:jLs[lt / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,
@)$( adf]lhd s/ ;'ljwfsf] nflu
lnOg] :jLs[ltnfO{ Ps} cy{df lng
gldNg] .
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf

ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ / ljfg\ clwjQmfx
/fdgf/fo0F lj8f/L Pj+ k|;Ggs'df/ bf;
ljkL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z
yfkf
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
281
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !#
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf

(-!_, !%-k_
jftfj/0F P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #

&), h]7
@)&),
cfb]z
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @# Pj+ wf/f !)&-@_
cg';f/ bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lKt
tYo / lg0F{o o; k|sf/ 5M
lgj] b s pBf] u sDkgL /lhi6 f /sf]
sfof{ n odf ldlt @)%@.%.!(.@ df
k|f=ln=g+=#(!( / )%@ / )%# df btf{ eO{
ldlt @)%@.^.!@ df pBf]u ljefudf pBf]usf]
kdf btf{ eO{ k|df0F kq b=g+=)@$.)%@ k|fKt
u/L o" t]n pTkfbg ub}{cfPsf] 5' . cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)#* df pBf]usf] :yfkgfkl5
k'g/f]Tyfg, cfw'lgsLs/0F, ljljlws/0F jf lj:tf/
ug'{ k/]df g]kfn ;/sf/;"u :jLs[lt lng'kg]{
k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] P]gnfO{ cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] vf/]h ul/;s]sf] 5 .
;f] P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ df ;'/f,
hg:jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0Fdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n
c;/ kfg]{ lsl;dsf] P]= P]gsf] cg';"rL @ df
pNn]v ePsf pBf]uxafx]s cGo pBf]usf]
:yfkgf lj:tf/ Pj+ ljljwLs/0Fsf] nflu cg'dtL
lng gkg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o", t]n
pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u P]= cg';"rL @ sf] kl/lwleq
gkg] { ePsf] n ] o; pBf] u sf] lj:tf/ Pj+
ljljwLs/0Fsf] nflu sfg"gn] g} cg'dtL lng
gkg]{ Joj:yf gof+ P]gdf ul/;s]sf] s'/fdf s'g}
ljjfb 5}g .
jftfj/0F P]g, @)%# nfu" ePkl5
P]=P]gsf] bkmf # n] pBf]usf] :yfkgf, lj:tf/ /
ljljlws/0F ubf{ jftfj/0F k|efj d"Nofg u/fpg'
kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd z'?df pb\ofusf]
pTkfbg dtf o" / t]n u/L !@))) d]=6g
/x]sf]df ;f]sf] pTkfbg dtfj[l4 ug'k{ g]{ eO{ ;f]
k|of]hgsf] nflu jftfj/0F k|efjsf] cWoog u/L
k|ltj]bg;lxt :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z u/]sf]df

pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)%&.$.@ sf] lg0F{oaf6
;fljs pTkfbg dtfj[l4 u/L o" @))))
d]=6g / k|zf]lwt t]n %))) d]=6gsf] pTkfbg
dtf sfod ePsf] lyof] .
pNn]v u/]cg';f/ pTkfbg dtfcGtu{t
@)%* ;fn kmfu'g d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwe/
cf=a+=@)%& / )%* df !^!@#.))* d]=6g
pTkfbg u/L ;f]dWo] !*%$&.&( d]=6g ef/t
lgsf;L u/]sf] / $^=$%( d]=6g :yfgLo kdf
laqmL u/]sf] s'/f cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf]
kqaf6 k|dfl0Ft eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ef/t
lgsf;L u/]sf] kl/df0Fdf lgsf;Ldf ;f] P]gadf]lhd
kfpg] ;Dk"0F{ ;'ljwfx pkef]u ub}{cfPsf]
clen]vaf6 k|dfl0Ft x'G5 .
g]kfnef/taLr O{=;+=@))@.#.% df
;DkGg ePsf] jfl0FHo ;Df}tfsf] k|f]6f]snsf]
wf/f % n] g]kfnaf6 ef/tdf lgof{t x'g]
jg:klt o" sf] lgof{tdf kl/df0FfTds aGb]h
nufPkl5 k|To]s o" pBf]unfO{ sf]6f osLg
ug] { l;nl;nfdf pBf] u sf] :jLs[ t
pTkfbg;DaGwL dtfsf] k| Z g cfPkl5
pBf]usf] cf}Bf]lus Ohfht kqdf tf]s]sf]
kl/df0FnfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfpg] ls ef/t
lgof{t u/]sf] kl/df0FnfO{ pTkfbg dtfsf]
cfwf/ agfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljjfb ePkl5
lgj]bs pBf]un] pBf]u ljefu;d]tsf] lj?4df
;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;+jt\ @)%(
;fnsf] l/6 g+ = #%)) sf] pTk| ] i f0fldl>t
k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%(.&.@@ df km};nf x'+bf
sfg"gn] g} dtfj[l4sf] nflu :jLs[lt lng
gkg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] x'+bf pBf]usf] jf:tljs
pTkfbg dtf / lgof{tnfO{ g} pBf]usf] :jLs[t
dtf dfGg'kg]{ egL JofVof ub}{ :jLs[t
282
f
jftfj/0F k|efj d"Nofgcg';f/ pBf]usf]

lj:tfl/t dtf / pBf]usf] lgof{tsf] cfwf/df
g} sf]6f lgwf{/0F ug'{kg]{ 7x/ ul/Psf] lyof],
;f] km};nf clGtd eP/ /x]sf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!%-k_ df pBf]un] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg jf pTkfbgdf
k|of]u u/]sf] sRrf kbfy{ ;xfos sRrf kbfy{
cflbdf lt/]sf] eG;f/, laqmLs/, cGtz'Ns tyf
lk|ldod lgsf;L u/]sf] kl/df0Fsf cfwf/df
lkmtf{ lbOg] / To;/L lkmtf{ x'g] /fhZj lkmtf{
kfpg /Ltk"j{s b/vf:t lbPsf] ;f7L lbgleq
lgsf;Lstf{nfO{ lkmtf{ lbOg] egL sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf]
jg:klt o" ef/t lgsf;L ubf{ jg:klt o"
pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ /
;xfos sRrf kbfy{ tyf pBf]us} Pp6f ;+efusf]
kdf /x]sf] sG6]g/ O{sfOaf6 pTkfbg eO{
o"sf] Kofls ug{ k|oQ' m ePsf] sG6]g/ pTkfbgdf
k|of]u ePsf] sRrf / ;xfos sRrf kbfy{df
lt/]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n;d]t lgof{t u/]sf] o"
sf] kl/df0Fsf] cfwf/df lgof{t ePsf] Ps
j{leq} bfjL u/L lkmtf{ kfp"b} cfPsf] lyof],
;f]df pBf]usf] :jLs[t dtf;DaGwL k|Zg p7]sf]
lyPg .
lgj]bs pBf]un] cf=a+=)%*/)%( sf]
lgof{tsf] ;Gbe{df cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] l6g
sG6]g/df k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf]
eG;f/ dx;"n ;DaGwdf bfjL ul/Psf] /sd
lkmtf{ dfu ubf{ &*%#.))& d]=6gsf] ;'ljwf
lkmtf{ lbO{ ;lsPsf] / af"sL !$^.((# d]=6gsf]
sRrf kbfy{df nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n lbg] egL
ldlt @)^%.@.#! df a;]sf] @&* cf}" a}7saf6
lg0F{o ePsf]n] pBf]un] dfu u/]sf] eG;f/
dx;"n ;DaGwdf Psf/ ;ldltaf6 ldlt
@)^!.!.#! sf] @@@ cf} " a} 7 saf6 ePsf]
lg0F{ocg';f/ sRrf kbfy{ dfWolds j:t'df

nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf]
;+zf]lwt Joj:yfcg';f/ lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] egL
pBf]u ljefusf] r=g+=$%(& ldlt @)^%.#.!&
sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] x'b+ f pBf]u ljefu
Psf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.@.#! sf] a}7s
g+=@&* / ldlt @)^!.!.#! sf] a}7s g+=@@@
sf] pQm lg0F{ox u}/sfg"gL x'+bf ab/efuL
5g\ . lsgls cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf (-!_ n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] cg';"rL @
cGt{utsf] ;'/f hg:jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0Fdf
pNn]vgLo k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ pBf]uxafx]s
cGo pBf] u xsf] :yfkgf lj:tf/ Pj+
ljljwLs/0Fsf] lgldTt :jLs[lt lng' gkg]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf pQm P]g ePsf]n] dtf lj:tf/sf]
nflu :jLs[lt lng' gkg]{ ju{leqsf] lgj]bs
pBf]unfO{ vf/]h eO;s]sf] sfg"gsf] cfwf/df
pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-k_ n] lbPsf] ;'ljwfaf6
al~rt ug]{ u/L ePsf] ljkLsf] pk/f]Qm
lg0F{ox sfg"gsf] k|TotM q'l6k"0F{ 5 .
;fy} ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 o; ;DaGwdf
ePsf] km};nfn] :jLs[t dtf;DaGwL k|Zgdf
ljjfb kbf{ pBf]usf] jfl{s pTkfbg / lgof{t
kl/df0FnfO{ g} :jLs[t dtf dfGg'kg]{ eGg]
ePsf] 5 . ;f] k| o f] h gsf] nflu pBf] u n]
ljb]zaf6 jg:klt o" pTkfbg ug{ sRrf /
cw{sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ubf{ ljkLaf6 s'g}
k|lt/f]w ul/Pg . To;}u/L laqmL ubf{ lt/]sf]
/fhZjx ln+bf s'g} dtfsf] s'/f p7]g . t/,
sfg"gadf]lhd pBf]un] lkmtf{ kfpg] /sd dfu
ubf{ sfg"gljk/Ltsf k|Zg p7fO{ ljkLxaf6
ldlt @)^!.!.#! / ldlt @)^%.@.#! df
pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] u}/sfg"gL lg0F{o ePsf] / ;f]
lg0F{ o sf] cfwf/df ePsf ;f] ; DaGwL
kqfrf/x;d]t ab/ u/L lgj]bssf] dfu
283

&), h]7
@)&),
bfjLadf]lhd /sd lkmtf{ lbg' egL k/dfb]z

hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bs lhsL/ .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf], of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq ljkLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{
lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^%.&.* sf] cfb]z .
ljkL lgj]bs >L s[i0F cfon l/kmfOg/L
P08 e]lh6]jn o" O08i6lh k|f=ln= cf}Bf]lus
Joj:yf P]g, @)$( cGtu{t pTkfbgd"ns 7"nf]
pBf]usf] :t/df jflif{s *))) d]=6g o" t]n
pTkfbg ug]{ u/L o; ljefudf ldlt @)%@.^.!@
df btf{ ePsf] pBf]u xf] . ljkL pBf]un]
cf=a+=@)%& / %* b]lv @)%( / ^) ;Dd
pTkfbg u/]sf] jg:klt o"df k|of]u ePsf] sRrf
kbfy{ cfoft ubf{ lt/]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n lkmtf{
kfpg ljleGg ldltdf o; ljefudf lgj]bg
u/]sf] lyof] .
ljleGg jg:klt o" pBf] u xn]
jg:klt o" pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf
kbfy{ -qm'8 cfon_ df lt/]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n
lkmtf{ dfu u/]sf] ;DaGwdf Psf/ ;ldltdf
gLltut lg0F{ o sf] nflu k] z x' + b f Psf/
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^!.!.#! df a;]sf] @@@
cf}" a}7ssf] lg0F{odf jg:klt o" pBf]uxsf]
btf{ k|df0F kqdf pNn]v ePsf] dtfeGbf
cToflws dtfdf lgof{t u/]sf] cj:yfdf
klg To:tf] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ePsf]
sRrf kbfy{df nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n lkmtf{
lb" b f d' n ' s sf] cf} B f] l us l:ylt, pTkfbg
ljj/0F, /fh:j k|]k0F cflbdf ;d]t sl7gfO
x'g] b]lvPsf] pBf]u btf{ k|df0F kq jf ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 lnPsf] :jLs[lt kqdf plNnlvt
dtf;Ddsf] lgof{t ePsf] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{
k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf

kbfy{ / dfWolds j:t'df nfu]sf] eG;f/
dx;"ndfq cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( ;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lkmtf{ lbg
u/L lx;fj tof/ ug{ Psf/ pk;ldltnfO{
lgb]{zg lbg] egL lg0F{o ePsf] lyof] .
lgj]bs pBf]un] dfu u/]sf] eG;f/
dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf
Psf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.@.#! df a;]sf]
@&* cf} " a} 7 sdf k] z x' + b f ;f] a} 7 saf6
af/fl:yt >L s[i0F cfon l/kmfOg/L P08
e]lh6]jn o" O08i6lh k|f=ln=n] pTkfbg u/]sf]
jg:klt o" df k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{
cfoft ubf{ lt/]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n lkmtf{ kfpg
lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;f] pBf]un] jflif{s :jLs[t
dtf *))) d]=6gdWo] &*%#=))& d]=6g
jg:klt o" sf] sRrf kbfy{df nfu]sf] eG;f/
dx;"n lkmtf{ kfO;s]sf] / af"sL !$^=((#
d]=6g o"sf] sRrf kbfy{df nfu]sf]df eG;f/
dx;"n lkmtf{ lbg] ;DaGwdf o;} a}7saf6
lg0F{o ePsf] x'+bf :jLs[t dtfeGbf a9L
lgsf;L ePsf] ;dfgsf] eG;f/ dx;" n
;DaGwdf Psf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^!.!.#!
df a;]sf] @@@ cf}" a}7saf6 jg:klt o",
pBf]uxn] pBf]u btf{ k|df0F kq jf ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 lnPsf] :jLs[lt kqdf plNnlvt
k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf
kbfy{ / dfWolds j:t'df nfu]sf] eG;f/
dx;"ndfq cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( ;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lkmtf{ lbg]
egL ePsf] lg0F{osf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbg ldNg]
gb]lvPsf] Joxf]/f Psf/ ;ldltnfO{ l;kmfl/z
ug]{ egL Psf/ pk;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/z
eOcfPsf] ljodf 5nkmn x'+bf o; ;ldltsf]
284
f
k"j{ lg0F{o ldlt @)^!.!.#! sf] @@@ cf}" a}7sdf

ePsf]n] ;f]sf] cfwf/df lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf]
eG;f/ dx;"n lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] Joxf]/f ;f]
pBf] u nfO{ hfgs/L u/fpg] egL ljleGg
kmfonxaf6 dfu ePsf] /sdnfO{ :jLs[t
dtfeGbf a9L lgsf;L u/]sf] cfwf/df lkmtf{
ug{ gldNg] egL lg0F{o ePsf] lyof] . o;
k|sf/ pBf]u ljefu Psf/ ;ldltsf] plNnlvt
lg0F{ox sfg"g;Ddt x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpm" eGg] ljkL pBf]u ljefu Pj+ Psf/
;ldlt pBf]u ljefusf] tkm{af6 ;+o'Qm kdf
k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
@= lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L cfh o; Ohnf;;d k]z ePsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ /
ljfg\ clwjQmfx /fdgf/fo0F lj8f/L Pj+
k|;Ggs'df/ bf;n] pBf]usf] o" pTkfbg ug]{
jflif{s dtf *))) d]=6g eP klg cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf (-!_ n] lglb{i6
u/]sf] cg';"rL @ cGtu{tsf] ;'/f, hg:jf:Yo
tyf jftfj/0Fdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n c;/
kg]{ pBf]ux afx]s cGo pBf]uxsf] dtf
lj:tf/ Pj+ ljljlws/0Fsf] nflu :jLs[lt lng
cfjZos gkg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm\gf]
pTkfbg dtf lj:tf/ ubf{ :jLs[lt lng
cfjZos gkg]{ ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg lj:tf/
u/]sf] xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs pBf]un]
cfoft u/]sf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf] eG;f/
dx;" n lkmtf{ s f] nflu Dofb} l eq pBf] u
ljefudf lgj]bg dfu u/]sf]df Psf/ ;ldlt,
pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)^!.!.#! sf] lg0F{osf]
cfwf/df /sd lkmtf{ lbg OGsf/ ug]{ u/L
ePsf] ldlt @)^%.@.#! sf] lg0F{o / ;f] lg0F{osf]
cfwf/df pBf] u ljefun] n] v ] s f] ldlt

@)^%.@.!& sf] kq ab/ u/L lgj]bs pBf]un]
dfu u/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z
hf/L x'g'k5{ eGg] ax; ug'{eof] . To:t} ljkL
pBf]u ljefu;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg\
;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z yfkfn] pBf]usf] jflif{s
dtfeGbf a9L o" pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ePsf]
sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ubf{ lt/]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n
lkmtf{ lbO;s]sf] 5 . jflif{s dtfeGbf a9L
pTkfbg ug{ NofPsf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf]
eG;f/ dx;"n lgj]bssf] dfucg';f/ lkmtf{
lbg] xf] eg] d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus l:ylt, pTkfbg
ljj/0F, /fh:j k|]k0F cflb ;d]tdf k|lts"n
c;/ kg]{ sf/0F sl7gfO{ x'g] b]lvG5 . t;y{
pBf] u sf] btf{ k| d f0F kqdf plNnlvt
k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos kbfy{ /
dfWolds j:t'df nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n dfq
cf} B f] l us Joj;fo P] g , @)$( sf]
k|fjwfgcg';f/ lkmtf{ lbg] egL lg0F{o eO{
;f] x Ladf] l hd kqfrf/ ePsf] xf] . ;f]
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} xsflwsf/df
cf3ft gk'u]sf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] .
#= ca pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ax; ;'gL l/6
lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0F{otkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd l/6
hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0F{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
o;df lgj]bs pBf]u sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nodf btf{ eO{ o" t]n pTkfbg ub}c
{ fPsf]
pBf]u xf] . ;fljssf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,
@)#* sf] bkmf !# df pBf]usf] :yfkgfkl5
dtf j[l4 ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng'
kg]{ k|fjwfg /x] klg ;f] P]gsf] vf/]hLkl5 ag]sf]
285

&), h]7
@)&),
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf (-!_ df

;'/f, hg:jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0Fdf pNn]vgLo
k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ lsl;dsf] cg';r
" L @ df
pNn]v ePsf pBf]uxafx]s cGo pBf]usf]
:yfkgf, lj:tf/sf] nflu cg'dtL lng' gkg]{
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] o", t]n pTkfbg ug]{
pBf]u P]gsf] cg';r
" L @ leq gkg]{ ePsf]n] o;
pBf]usf] lj:tf/sf] nflu cg'dtL lng' gkg]{
Joj:yf pQm sfg"gn] g} u/]sf] 5 .
$= jftfj/0F P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf # n]
pBf]usf] :yfkgf, lj:tf/ / ljljwLs/0F ubf{
jftfj/0F k| e fj d" N ofg ug' { k g] { sfg" g L
Joj:yfcg';f/ z'?df pBf]usf] pTkfbg dtf
o" / t]nsf] u/L !@))) d]=6g /x]sf]df pTkfbg
dtf yk ug'k{ g]{ eO{ ;f]sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ jg:klt
o" @)))) d]=6g / k|zf]lwt t]n %)))
d]=6gsf] pTkfbg dtf sfod ePsf] 5 .
plNnlvt dtfcg';f/ @)%* ;fn;Ddsf]
pTkfbg lgsf;L ubf{ P]gcg';f/ cfpg] ;'ljwfx
pkef]u ub}c
{ fPsf]df s'g} ljjfb lyPg .
g]kfnaf6 ef/t lgsf;L x'g] jg:klt
o"sf] lgof{tdf ef/tn] kl/df0FfTds aGb]h
nufPkl5 pBf] u n] ;f] k| o f] h gsf] nflu
pBf]usf] :jLs[t dtfnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf]n]
ef/tdf lgof{t dtfnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfpg
kg]{ egL ;+jt\ @)$( ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#%))
sf] pTk|]if0fldl>t k/dfb]zsf] nflu lgj]bg
lbPsf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%(.&.@@
df km};nf x'+bf sfg"gdf g} dtf j[l4sf]
nflu :jLs[lt lng gkg]{ Joj:yf ePaf6
pBf]usf] jf:tljs dtf / lgof{tnfO{ g}
pBf]usf] :jLs[lt dtf dfGg' kg]{ egL JofVof
ub}{ pBf]usf] lj:tfl/t dtf / pBf]un]
u/]sf] lgof{tsf] cfwf/df g} sf]6f lgwf{/0F
ug'{kg]{ 7x/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .
%= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf]

bkmf !%-k_ df pBf]un] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgdf
k|of]u u/]sf] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf
kbfy{ cflbdf lt/] s f] eG;f/ laqmLs/,
cGtMz' N s tyf lk| l dod lgsf;L u/] s f]
kl/df0Fsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbOg] eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yfadf]lhd nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n dfu
ubf{ Psf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^!.!.#! sf]
lg0F{ocg';f/ pBf]un] kfPsf] k|df0F kqdf
:jLs[ t dtf;Ddsf] lgof{ t ePsf] j:t'
pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos
sRrf kbfy{ / dfWolds j:t'df nfu]sf] eG;f/
dx;"n dfq lkmtf{ lbg] eGg] lg0F{o ePsf]n]
;f] lg0F{osf] cfwf/df :jLs[t dtfeGbf a9Lsf]
dfuadf] l hd /sd lbg gldNg] egL o;
pBf]uaf6 ldlt @)^%.@.#! df lg0F{o ePsf]
egL pBf] u ljefusf] r=g+ = $%(& ldlt
@)^%.#.!& df kq k7fPsf]n] plNnlvt lg0F{o
tyf kqaf6 P]gadf]lhd /sd lkmtf{ kfpg]
clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf]n] pQm lg0F{ox tyf
kq ab/ u/L bfjL u/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg'
eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg
bfjL ePsf] k|:t't lgj]gbdf ljkLsf] lnvt
hjfkm x]bf{ jg:klt pBf]uxn] pBf]u btf{
k|df0F kq jf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 lnPsf]
:jLs[lt kqdf plNnlvt dtf;Ddsf] lgof{t
ePsf] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf
kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbfy{ / dfWolds j:t'df
nfu]sf] eG;f/ dfu cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,
@)$( sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lkmtf{ lbg] egL
ePsf] lg0F{osf] cfwf/df btf{ k|df0F kqdf
plNnlvt dtfeGbf a9L lgof{t ePsf] j:t'df
nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n /sd klg dfu ePsf]n]
;f] a9L /sd lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] eGg] ljkLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f /x]sf] kfOof] .
286

f
^= z'?df lgj]bs pBf]usf] pTkfbg

dtf !@))) d]=6g /x]sf]df xfn pTkfbg
dtf yk eO{ @%))) d]=6gsf] pTkfbg
dtfsf] :jLs[lt lnOPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
/x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL dtfcg';f/sf] j:t' pTkfbg
ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ubf{
lt/]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n lkmtf{ dfu ubf{ lkmtf{
gePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|:t't lgj]bg k/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . ldl;n ;+nUg lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf]
pBf]u ljefusf] pBf]u btf{ k|df0F kq x]bf{
;fljs :jLs[lt k|zf]lwt t]n #))) d]=6g /
o" sf] %))) d]=6g u/L *))) d]=6g /x]sf]df
xfn dtf lj:tf/ x'+bf t]n $))) d]=6g /
o" sf] pTkfbg dtf *))) d]=6g u/L
!@))) d]=6g /x]sf] eGg] b]lvof] . cyf{t lgj]bg
pBf]usf] o" / t]n b'j} u/L !@))) d]=6g
pTkfbg dtf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfp"5 . lgj]bs
pBf]un] lnPsf] k|df0F kqaf6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v
u/]cg';f/ ;fljs pTkfbg dtf !@))) d]=6g
af6 a9fO{ @%))) d]=6g yk u/L :jLs[lt
lnPsf] jf tbg';f/sf] pTkfbgsf] hfgsf/L
lbPsf] jf ;f] cg';f/ pTkfbg u/] ePsf] eGg]
b]lvg cfPg .
&= lgj]bssf] bfjL x]bf{ !@))) d]=6g
dtfeGbf a9L kl/df0Fsf] ;fdfg coft ubf{
lt/]sf] eG;f/ /sd lkmtf{ kfpg' kg]{ eGg] /x]sf]
5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] :jLs[t dtfeGbf a9L
;fdfg lgsf;L ubf{ o:tf] ;fdfgdf k|of]u ePsf]
sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ubf{ lt/]sf] s/ dfu ubf{ /
;f] adf]lhdsf] /sd lkmtf{ ubf{ d'ns
' sf] cf}Bf]lus
l:ylt, pTkfbg ljj/0F tyf /fhZj k|]k0F
cflbdf ;d]t sl7gfO{ kg]{ ePsf]n] pBf]u btf{
k|df0F kq jf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 lnPsf] :jLs[lt
kqdf plNnlvt dtf;Ddsf] lgof{t ePsf]
j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df
nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;"ndfq lkmtf{ lbg] lg0F{o

ePsf] eGg] ljkLsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]cg';f/sf] @)%(
;fnsf] l/6 g+=#%)) sf] pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)%(.&.@^.^ sf] km};nf
x]bf{ pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf g]kfnef/taLr ;DkGg
kf/jxg ;lGwcg';f/ ljb]zdf ;fdfg lgof{t
ubf{ pTkGg ePsf] ljjfbdf sf]6f lgwf{/0F ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu pBf]usf] jf:tljs pTkfbg
dtf / lgof{t ePsf] kl/df0F;d]tnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL sf]6f lgwf{/0F ug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L
ePsf] ;Dd b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf] k|Zg ljb]z
lgof{t u/]sf] ;fdfgdf k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df
lt/]sf] eG;f/ dx;"n lkmtf{ ug];
{ DaGwL x'b+ f
k|:t't ljjfb / pQm d'2fsf] ljjfbsf] ljoj:t'
km/skm/s ePsf]n] pQm km};nfdf plNnlvt
cfwf/ k|:t't ljjfbdf cfslt{ x'g] cj:yf
b]lvg cfPg .
(= jftfj/0F P]gcg';f/ jftfj/0F
k|efjsf] b[li6n] s'g} pBf]un] pTkfbg dtfsf]
:jLs[lt lng' Ps s'/f xf] . t/ ;f]xL :jLs[ltsf]
cfwf/df pBf]un] lgsf;L u/]sf] ;fdfg pTkfbg
ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df nfu]sf] eG;f/
dx;"n lkmtf{sf] bfjL ug'{ cs}{ s'/f xf] . o;/L
jftfj/0F P]gcg';f/ jftfj/0F k|efj d"Nofgsf]
b[li6n] lnOg] :jLs[lt / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( adf]lhd s/ ;'ljwfsf] nflu lnOg]
:jLs[ltnfO{ Ps} cy{df lng ldNb}g . pBf]usf]
jflif{s pTkfbg dtfj[l4 ug{ ;lsg] ;'ljwfsf]
s'/fn] lgj]bsn] pBf]u btf{ k|df0F kqdf
plNnlvt jflif{s dtfeGbf a9L pTkflbt
;fdfg lgsf;L ubf{ ;f] ;fdfgdf k|of]u ePsf]
;fdfgdf nfu]sf] eG;f/ /sd lkmtf{ dfu ug]{
xs x'g ;Sb}g . s'g pBf]un] slt kl/df0Fsf]
;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ :jLs[lt lnPsf] 5, pQm
287

&), h]7
@)&),
pBf]un] slt;Dd ;fdfg lgof{t ug{ ;Sg] xf]

/ ;f] ;fdfgsf] sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ubf{ s]
slt s/ lt/]sf] 5 / s] slt /sd lkmtf{
lbg'kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/f cd's pBf]un] lnPsf]
k|df0F kqdf plNnlvt dtfsf] /]s8{;d]tsf]
cfwf/df pBf]u ljefuaf6 cfwf/ k|df0Faf6
osLg ul/g] ljo xf] . ;a" b k| d f0Fsf]
d"Nofgf/f dfq osLg ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf
c;fwf/0F clwsf/]q cfsl{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
!)= o;k|sf/ lgj]bs pBf]un] lkmtf{
e'QmfgL kfpm" egL bfjL u/]sf] /sd pBf]usf]
:jLs[t dtfeGbf a9Lsf] eGg] b]lv"bf To:tf]
:jLs[t fdtfeGbf a9L bfjL ul/Psf] /sd
e'QmfgL lbg gldNg] egL Psf/ ;ldltaf6
ePsf] ldlt @)^!.^.#! sf] lg0F{o Pj ;f] lg0F{osf]
cfwf/df ePsf] pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)^%.@.#!
sf] lg0F{o / ;f] lg0F{oadf]lhd pBf]unfO{ n]vs
] f]
ldlt @)^%.#.!& sf] kqaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} xs
clwsf/df cf3ft kf/]sf] gb]lv"bf lgj]bs
dfuadf]lhd pQm lg0F{o / kqnfO{ ab/ ug{
ldNg] b]lvPg .
!!= ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0Faf6
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf gb]lv"bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg v/]h x'g]
7x5{ . bfo/Ldf nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'fO{ lbg" .
lg0f{o g+=*(^(
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^* ;fnsf] )^*CI)#$$
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.@%.@
d'2f M s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngf u/fO{
kfpm+ .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM nlntk'/ lhNnf, nlntk'/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ = !
s'k08f]nl:yt ;ld6 xf]6n k|f=ln= sf]
tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt P]= sDkgLsf
k|aGw ;~rfns /f]h/ x]Gs]
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM nlntk'/ lhNnf, nlntk'/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf D;Lv]n 3/ eO{
xfn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf= j8f
g+= !! yfkfynL a:g] zf/bf k|;fO{ ;d]t
z'? txdf km};nf ug]{ M
df=lh=Gof=>L o1k|;fb a:ofn
k'g/fj]bg tx km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L b]jG] b| uf]kfn >]i7
df=Gof=>L dL/f v8\sf
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ % ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t sdn/fh lji6
&
288
k'/fgf] P]gcg';f/ l;h{gf ePsf] /

gof+ sfg"gn] k|ltjGw gnufPsf] s'g}
ljoj:t' ePsf] s/f/sf] kl/kfngf
;DaGwdf gof+ sfg"g nfu" ePkl5
pTkGg ljjfbsf] lg?k0fsf] k|lqmof,
pknJw pkrf/ tyf xbDofbsf
*(^( ;ld6 xf]6n k|f=ln=lj=zf/bf k|;fO{ ;d]t
;DaGwdf gof+ P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu"

x'g] x'b+ f o:tf] ljjfbdf k'/fgf] sfg"g
nfu" x'g] cj:yf gx'g] .
s/f/sf] j} w tfsf] k| Z gnfO{ k' / fgf]
sfg"gsf] cfwf/df k/L0F ug'{ kb{5
/ gof+ sfg" g lje] b sf/L gePsf]
cj:yfdf s/f/ c' 0 Ftf jf pQm
s/f/ pNn3+ g x' + b f s:tf] pkrf/
k|fKt ug]{ eGg] k|ZgnfO{ gof+ sfg"gsf]
cfwf/df lg?k0f ug{k' g]{ x'b+ f s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf, bfloTjaf6 pGd' l Qm,
xbDofb tyf kxnfO{ k|fKt x'g]
pkrf/ ;DaGwdf klg gof+ sfg"g
g} nfu" x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 3/ hUufsf]
d" N o a' L lnPsf] t/ 3/ hUuf
/lhi6]zg kfl/t u/L glbPsf]n] 3/
hUufsf] /lhi6 ] z g kfl/t u/fO{
s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f u/fO{ kfp+m eGg]
kn] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt ;Dk"0F{
d"No r'Qmf u/]sf] / k|ltjfbLn] pQm
d"No a'L lnPsf] e/kfO{ jf /l;b
hDdf ug' { kof{ K t x' G 5 . t/ 3/
hUufsf] laqmL d"Nodf ljjfb ePsf]
cj:yfdf o:tf] /l;b dfq s/f/Lo
bfloTj kfngf u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]
csf6\o k|df0F gx'g g;Sg] .
s/f/df g} lgljjf{b ?kdf :ki6;+u
osLg ePsf] d"No a'llng OGsf/
u/L 3/ hUuf /lhi6 ] z g kfl/t
u/fO{ lbg'kg]{ bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f u/fO{
kfpm+ egL bfjL lng]n] s/f/df g}
osLg ePsf] 3/ hUufsf] d" N o
lkm/fb ;fy cbfntdf w/f}6 /fVg'
jfx]s bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] ljosf]

csf]{ k|df0F x'g ;St}g . 3/ hUufsf]
d"No e'QmfgL ug]{ jfbLsf] cfly{s
dtf ePsf] jf d"No e'QmfgL ug{
cfjZos kg] { /sd a} + s vftfdf
df}Hbft 5 eGg] s'/fn] dfq bfloTj
kl/kfngfsf] k|df0F x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx
clgns'df/ l;Gxf, k"0F{dfg zfSo, k|efs/
clwsf/L / cflz clwsf/L
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/Mg]sfk @)$(, k[i7 !
;Da4 sfg"gM
s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !)-!_
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf **
d'ns
' L P]g, /lhi6z
] gsf] dxnsf] ! g+=
km};nf
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] LM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.*.& sf] km};nfpk/ lrQ
ga'L jfbL tyf k|ltjfbL b'j} tkm{af6 Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] ]qflwsf/leq k/L bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lKt tYo Pj+ 7x/sf]
Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=
!-_ sf] sl/a !% /f]kgL ]qkmndf xf]6n
;~rfng u/L cfPsf] / pQm xf]6nsf] nflu
hUuf kof{Kt gePsf] sf/0Fn] k|hfktL k|;fO{
;d]t z]o/wgL /x]sf] / xf]6n;"u hf]l8Psf]
k|hfktL k|;fO{sf gfddf btf{ ePsf] nlntk'/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !-_ sf] ls=g+=
!$( / !%) sf] ]qkmn !(@) 3/hUuf @)
j{sf nflu axfndf lng] lbg] u/L gf]eD] a/
289

&), h]7
@)&),
!,o: !((* cyf{t\ ldlt @)%%.&.!% df ;Df}tf

eO{ ljkLx ;d]t ;fL a;L x:tf/ u/L
;Df}tf zt{cg';f/ ef8fsf] /sd a'fpb}
cfPsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
;Df}tf gf]e]Dj/ )!, !((* cyf{t
ldlt @)%%.&.!% df nfu" e} @) j{sf] cjlw
cyf{t #) ;]K6]Dj/, @)!* ;Dd axfndf /xg]
s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . lkm/fbLn] ;Df}tfadf]lhd
;]K6]Da/ @))* ;Ddsf] axfn ljkLnfO{ cu|Ld
e'QmfgL ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;Df}tfsf] zt{ $ g+=
df axfndf lnPsf] 3/ hUuf lkm/fbLn] ;Df}tf
ePsf] !) jif{leq v/Lb ug{ rfx]df df]6fdf]6L
o" = P;=8n/ !,%),))). a/fa/sf] g] k fnL
kl/jTo{ d'b|fdf lt/L pQm 3/ hUuf ljkL;+u
v/Lb ug{ ! gf]e]Da/ !((* cyf{t\ ldlt
@)%%.&.!% df ePsf] ;Df}tf tyf s/f/
P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf &$, &%, &^, *), *! /
*^ g+= adf]lhd s/f/sf zt{ kfngf u/fO{
kfp"m eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL ;ld6 xf]6nsf]
tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt l;=lj= :k]G;/sf] ldlt
@)^%.^.!) ut]sf] lkm/fb bfjL /x]5 .
s/f/ ;Df}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ df ljkLn]
!) j{;Dd 3/hUuf v/Lb ug]{ ;DaGwdf s]xL
kxn gu/]sf] / ljkLn] ;]K6]Da/ !^, @))*
sf] kqdf zt{ g+= $ cg';f/ Ps s/f]8 c7\7fO;
nfv 3/ hUufsf] d" N o pNn] v u/] s f] /
;Df}tfadf]lhd o"=P;= 8n/ !,%),)))
a/fa/sf] g]kfnL kl/jTo d'b|fdf ;]K6]Da/ !^,
@))* b]lv #) ;]K6]Da/ ;Ddsf] g]kfn /fi6
a}s
+ f/f lglZrt ul/Psf] Exchange Rate cg';f/
klg d]n vf+b}g . ;]K6]Da/ !^, @))* df Us
Dollar ! a/fa/ g]kfnL ?k}+of v/Lb ?= &# /
laqmL b/ &#=^) ePsf] x'b+ f 8n/sf] b/ tndfly
x'g] qmddf ;]K6]Da/ @^,@))* df v/Lb b/
&#=^% / laqmL b/ &$=@% ePsf] x'b+ f ;]K6]Da/
!&,@))* df ?= &#=^) n] o"=P;= 8n/
!,%),))) sf] (%,$),))). x'g cfpg] /

;]K6]Da/ @^,@))* df cyf{t\ ldlt @)^%.^.!)
sf] b/ cg' ; f/ &%=@% n] o" = P;= 8n/
!,%),))). sf] !,!!,#&,%)). x'g cfp+5 .
ljkLn] ;Df}tfcg';f/sf] /sd pNn]v ug{
;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ljkLn] ! s/f]8 @*
nfv ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ adf]lhd 3/ hUufsf]
d"No lbg] lg0F{o ul/Psf] elgP klg lkm/fb
bfjLsf] k|s/0F * df US $ 1, 50000=00 a/fa/sf]
g]kfnL kl/jTo{ d'b|f lt/L v/Lb ug{ kfpm+ eGg]
;d]tsf] lljwfo'Qm bfjL lnPtkm{ x]bf{ ;j{k|yd
ljkLs} sygcg';f/ hUuf v/Lb ug{ egL
d"No ;d]t bof dfofn] to u/]sf] egL plNnlvt
d"No g t xfdLnfO{ lbPsf 5g, g t ;DdfgLt
cbfntdf g} lkm/fb ubf{sf cj:yfdf y}nL
/fVg ;s]sf 5g\ . s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ul/
kfpm+ eGg] ljkLn] ;j{k|yd 3/ hUufsf]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] d"No r'Qmf u/]sf] 5' egL
bfjL lng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljkLn] s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf u/]sf] /x]5g\ egL lkm/fb n]v jfx]s
;a"b k|df0Fsf] cefjdf dfGg klg ldNb}g .
s/f/sf] ;Demf}tf cjlw;Dd d'2f dfldnfdf
cNfO{ 3/ hUuf jxfn;d]t gltg]{ / pQm
?k}of+sf] kl5;Dd kmfObf lng] p2]Zon] ljkLn]
k|:t't d'2f bfo/ u/]sf x'g\ . ljkLn] 3/
hUuf v/Lb ug]{ clwsf/ cfkm"df /x]sf] egL
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ sf] kl/kfngf u/]sf] eP
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] !) j{sf] cjlwleq US 4
!,%),)))=)). sf] kl/jTo{ d'b|f xfdLnfO{ lbg
;Sg'kg]{ x'GYof] . xfdLxn] OGsf/ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf cbfnt;d pQm !,%),))) US $
a/fj/sf] g]kfnL d'b|f y}nL /fvL To; a/fa/sf]
sf]6{kmL P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhdsf]
sf]6{kmL /fvL lkm/fb ug{ ;Sg' kb{Yof] . pk/f]Qm
s'g} s'/f gu/L hUufsf] ?k}of+ klg glbg] /
axfn klg gltg]{ p2]Zo /fvL k|:t't d'2f bfo/
290
ePaf6 ljkLsf] bfjL b"lt / sfNklgs ePsf]

k|i6 5 .
d'2f bfo/ ul/;s]kZrft\ ljkLn] 3/
hUufsf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= !, @ adf]lhd
axfn a'fPsf 5}gg\ . d'2f bfo/ ePkl5 3/
hUuf jxfn lbg' gkg]{ egL ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg
zt{df pNn]v 5}g . ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= $
cg';f/ ljkLn] g} bfloTj / st{Jo kfngf
gu/]klg ;Demf}tfadf]lhd xfdLn] kfpg] jxfn
/sd ljkLn] glbPsf] x'+bf To; ;DaGwdf
ljkLnfO{ ldlt @)^%.!).% df #% lbg] ;"rgf
lb+bf klg ef8f gltg]{ dg;fon] hjfkm k7fPsf
/ 3/ hUuf sJhf u/L a;]sf] x'b+ f 5'6}[ jxfn
lbnfO{ 3/ hUuf vfnL u/fO{ kfpm+ egL d'2f
bfo/;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
ljkLn] lkm/fbsf] k|s/0F ^ df ldlt
@)%%.&.!% df ePsf] ;Df}tf tyf s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ sf] bkmf &$, &%, &^, *), *! / *^ sf]
cfwf/df lkm/fb bfjL u/]tkm{ s/f/adf]lhdsf]
bfloTj s/f/ cjlwsf] !) j{sf] bf}/fgdf
;Df}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ k"/f ug{ vf]hs
] f] 5}g .
s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf &% adf]lhd b'j} kn] bfloTj
kfngf ug'k{ g]{ u/L s/f/ ePsf]df ljkLn] cfkm\gf]
bfloTj k"/f gug]{ lsl;dsf] dg;fo / Jojxf/n]
b]vfPsf] cj:yf 5 . s/f/sf] d"ne"t dfGotf /
l;4fGtcg';f/ cfkm"n] ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj k"/f gu/L
kl~5g vf]hs
] f] / 3/ hUuf axfn;d]t ga'fpg]
lgotn] d'2f klg u/]sf]n] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf]
bkmf *! adf]lhd s/f/sf] lgnDag jf x]/km]/
ug{ bfjL u/]sf] x'b+ f ljkLpk/ ltk"lt{df bfjL
ug]{ xfd|f] xs ;'/Lt x'g] g} x'b+ f em"7f lkm/fb
bfjLaf6 pGd'lQm lbnfO{ kfp"m eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL lzv/ k|;fO{ tyf zf/bf k|;fO{ ;d]tsf]
;+oQ
' m k|ltpQ/ /x]5 .
@) j{sf] s/f/ ePklg hUuf rf+lx !)
jif{leq jfbLn] lsGg rfx]sf] v08df cd]l/sL
8n/ ! nfv krf; xhf/df lsGg] u/L s/f/

ePsf] xf] . jfbLn] clxn] ef8f lbPsf] 5}g, 3/
hUuf sAhf u/L a;]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf ;fL clgn tfdfn] ldlt @)^^.#.@$
df z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .
jfbLn] kqf/f zf/bf k| ; fO{ n fO{
s/f/adf]lhdsf] /sd lbg cfJxfg u/]sf]df zf/bf
k|;fO{n] lng c:jLsf/ u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf ;fL 1fgLeQm jfb]n] ldlt
@)^^.#.@$ df u/]sf] askq .
k|ltjfbLxn] ldlt @)%%.&.!% cyf{t
;g\ !((* gf]eD] a/ ! sf] s/f/df ;fL a;L
s/f/nfO{ o;} nufpsf] b]=ld=g+= %&@.!@#( sf]
axfn lbnfO{ kfpm+ eGg] d'2fdf oL k|ltjfbLn]
s/f/ :jLsf/ u/]af6 pQm s/f/df s/f/ P]g,
@)@# eGg] jfSof+z tyf s'g} sfg"g pNn]v
gePtfklg s/f/ P]g @)%^ ldlt @)%&.#.!$
af6 nfu" ePsf] x'gfn] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf]
bkmf %^ / ** o; d'2fdf cfsl{t x'g;Sg]
l:ylt gb]lv+bf s/f/ P]g, @)@# axfn /x]sf]
cj:yfdf g} b'O{ kaLr s/f/ ePsf] b]lvg
cfof] . of] cfwf/af6 k|ltjfbLx s/f/sf] zt{
kfngf ug{ u/fpg ljjlGwt /x]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
jfbLaf6 3/ hUuf v/Lb ug{sf] lglDt ldlt $
d], @))* df k|ltjfbLnfO{ lsga]rsf] 5nkmn
ug{ e]6 ug]{ Joxf]/fsf] kq k7fPsf] b]lvPsf]
sf/0Faf6 s] slt /sddf lsga]r ug]{ eGg]
ljodf 5nkmn c} af"sL /x]sf] b]lvgfn]
k|ltjfbLdWo]sL zf/bf k|;fO{n] /sd lng c:jLsf/
u/]sf] eGg] jfbLsf ;fL 1fgLeQmsf] askq
ePsf] / 3/ hUufsf] lsga]rsf] s'/f kf/:kl/s
;xdltdf cfwfl/t /xg] / lgrf]8df k'Ug] ljo
x'b+ f k|ltjfbLn] s/f/sf] oyfjt\ kfngf ug'k{ g]{
u/L lkm/fb bfjL k'Ug] 7x5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^^.%.( sf] z'? nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf .
291

&), h]7
@)&),
jfbLn] s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] pkrf/

dfu]sf] cj:yf 5}g eg] z'? cbfntn] vf/]h
ePs} P]gcg';f/ jfbL bfjL k'Ug] egL km};nf
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfdLn] p7fPsf] sfg"gL k|Zg
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] kl/R5]b & adf]lhd j:t'
laqmL;DaGwL s/f/ xf] . xfd|f] gfddf btf{ sfod
/x]sf] 3/ hUufsf] :jfldTj ;dfKt x'g] u/L
s/f/sf] dfWodaf6 v/Lb laqmL x'g] j:t' xf]Og
eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf] / ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 crn hUuf hldg j:t'cGtu{t
gkg]{ eGg] JofVof eO;s]sf] cj:yf x'b+ fx'b} To;tkm{
jf:tf gu/L ePsf] z'? km};nf s/f/ P]g, @)%^
sf] bkm $) / g]sfk @)^#, lg=g+= &^&#,
k[=#(% df k|ltkflbt l;4fGtljk/Lt x'b+ f ;f]
q'l6k"0F{ z'? km};nf ab/ u/L k|ltpQ/ lhsL/
adf]lhd ul/kfp+m eGg] k|ltjfbL zf/bf k|;fO{
;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
s/f/gfdfnfO{ ljkL k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/
u/]sf] cj:yf / s/f/sf] zt{ g+= $ / * sf]
kl/lwleq /xL ;f] 3/ hUufsf] d"No o"=P;=
8n/ !,%),))) -Ps nfv krf; xhf/ 8n/_
sfod e};s]sf]n] ;f] /sd a'L lnO{ 3/ hUuf
xfdL jfbLnfO{ kf; ul/lbg'kg]{ bfloTj ljkLsf]
ePsf]df ;f] s'/f k|i6 af]nL km};nf ug'k{ g]d
{ f
5nkmnf/f pQm 3/ hUufsf] d"No af/]df
lgrf]8df k'Ug] eGg]n xb;Ddsf] z'?sf] q'l6k"0F{
km};nf ab/ ul/kfpm+ eGg] jfbL ;ld6 xf]6nsf
tkm{af6 l;=lj= :k]G;/sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df z'? km};nfpk/ bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf] b]lv"bf Pssf] k'g/fj]bg csf{nfO{ ;'gfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.#.@( sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbLn] s/f/sf] oyfjt kfngf ug'k{ g]{
u/L lkm/fb bfjL k'Ug] 7xofO{ z'? nlntk'/
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^^.%.( sf]

km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv"bf pN6L e} s/f/sf] oyfjt
kl/kfngf u/fO{ kfpm+ eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Sb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^&.*.& sf] km};nf .
o; k'g/fj]bs sDkgLnfO{ x/fO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^&.*.& df ePsf]
km};nf c=j+= !*$-s_ k|df0F P]g, @)#!, s/f/sf]
;fdfGo l;4fGt, s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf @, $, %,
$), *^ / ** tyf s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngf
;DaGwdf cGo b]zsf] sfg"gL tyf :yflkt l;4fGt
;d]tsf ljk/Lt ePsfn] pQm km};nf ab/ u/L
o; sDkgL / ljkLxsf klt lktfaLr !
gf]eD] a/ !((* cyf{t ldlt @)%%.&.!% b]lv
nfu" x' g ] u/L @) j{ s f nflu nlntk' /
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !-_ ls=g+= !$( /
!%) sf] 3/ hUuf ef8fdf lng] lbg];DaGwL
;Df}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ adf]lhd 3/ hUufsf]
d"No cd]l/sL 8n/ !, %),))) jf ;f] ;/xsf]
/sd s/f/sf] k k|hfklt k|;fO{sf] c+z ck'tfnL
xs vfg] xsjfnf ljkLxnfO{ a'g nufO{
pQm hUuf o; sDkgLsf gfp"df /fhLgfdf kf;
x'g] u/L ljkLxaf6 s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngf
u/fO{ kfp"m eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs jfbL
;ld6 xf]6n k|f=ln= sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg clwjQmfx >L
clgns'df/ l;Gxf, >L k"0F{dfg zfSo, >L k|efs/
clwsf/L / >L cflz clwsf/Ln] k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ lghxsf klt tyf lktf;"u lghsf
gfp+df /x]sf] s/f/df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] 3/
hUufsf] d"No lnO{ /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/L lbg
k6sk6s kqfrf/ ubf{ klg lghxaf6 To;tkm{
292
Wofg glbO{ s/f/sf] pNn3g u/L s/f/df plNnlvt

zt{xsf] kl/kfngf gu/]sf] sf/0Faf6 ljjfb l;h{gf
x'g uPsf] xf] . k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxsf klt lktf
k|hfklt k|;fO{ / k'g/fj]bs jfbLaLr ! gf]eD] a/
!((* -@)%%.&.!%_ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L @) j{sf
nflu ;Df}tfdf pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] 3/ hUuf
ef8fdf lng] lbg] ;DaGwL ;Df}tfsf] zt{ g+= $
adf]lhdsf] d"No lt/L o; k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn]
ljkLxaf6 /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/fO{ pQm 3/ hUuf
lng ;Sg] s'/f :ki6 5 . k'g/fj]bs sDkgLsf] d'Vo
dfu bfjL k|ToyL{sf klt tyf lktf;+u ePsf]
;Df}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ adf]lhd 3/ hUufsf] d"No
lnO{ pQm 3/ hUuf sDkgLsf gfp+df /fhLgfdf
kfl/t u/L lbg'k5{ eGg] xf] . ;Df}tf cfkm}df
/fhLgfdf lnvt xf] eGg] xf]Og . ;Df}tfdf plNnlvt
3/ hUuf k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] v/Lb ug{ rfx]df !)
jif{leq v/Lb ug{ kfpg] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t j]jf:tf u/L
cbfnt cfkm}n] c;fGble{s k|Zg p7fO{ lkm/fb bfjL
k'Ug] 7xofO{ z'? cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.%.( df
ePsf] km};nf pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
ldlt @)^&.*.& df jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xof{cO{
u/]sf] km};nf s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf @, $, %,
$), ** / *^ ;d]tsf ljk/Lt ePsf]n] pQm
km};nf pN6L u/L ;Df}tf adf]lhdsf] plNnlvt
3/ hUuf ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ adf]lhdsf] d"No
lnO{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf gfp+df pQm 3/ hUuf
/fhLgfdf kfl/t ul/lbg] u/L k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxaf6
s/f/sf] kl/kfngf u/fO{ kfpm+ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;d]t ;'lgof] .
k|:t't d'2fsf] tYonfO{ x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fsf]
kx aLr tTsfnLg s/f/ P]g, @)@# jxfn
/x"bfsf] ;do cyf{t @)$%.&.!% -gf]eD] j/ !,
!((*_ df 3/ axfn;DaGwL ;Demf}tf l;h{gf
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm s/f/ P]g, @)@# nfO{ s/f/
P]g, @)%^ n] vf/]h u/]kl5 s/f/ P]g, @)%^
sf] bkmf *^ cg';f/ pQm ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $ df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] oyfjt\ kl/kfngf u/L kfpg

ldlt @)^%.^.!) df k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] nlntk'/
lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]df pQm
lhNnf cbfntn] k|:t't ljjfbdf s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ nfu" gx'g] egL vf/]h ePsf] sfg"g cyf{t\
s/f/ P]g, @)@# nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL pQm ;Demf}tfsf]
bkmf $ cg';f/ jfbLn] k|ltjfbLxaf6 ls=g
!$( / !%) sf hUuf / ;f] df ag]sf] 3/
/fhLgfdf u/fO{ lng kfpg] km};nf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf
$) tyf pQm bkmf $) sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ pNn]v
u/L o; cbfntaf6 jL/z+s/ s;fO{ lj?4 clgtf
nfdf ePsf] s/f/adf]lhdsf] ltk"lt{ /sd e/fO{
kfpm+ -@)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (&$%_ eGg] d'2fdf
ePsf] lg0F{onfO{ cfwf/ dfgL z'? lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nfnfO{ plN6 u/L lkm/fb bfjLcg';f/ oyfjt\
kl/kfngfsf] cfb]z hf/L gx'g] u/L ePsf] pQm
km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] tkm{af6 o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df pQm d'2fsf]
ldl;nsf] cWoog / k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL lg0F{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5,
5}g / k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og egL lg0F{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] . o; ;DaGwdf lg0F{o ug{ k"j{ lgDg
k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]M
-s_
293
s'g} lnvt, ;Demf}tf jf s/f/ x'b+ fsf]

cj:yfdf k|rngdf /x]sf] s'g} sfg"g jf
P]gnfO{ vf/]h ug]{ u/L gof+ P]g jf
sfg"g ag]kl5 pQm ;Demf}tf jf s/f/sf]
j}wtfsf] k/L0F ubf{ jf pQm lnvt
;Demf}tf jf s/f/cg';f/sf] bfloTj kfngf
ug{ jf ul/kfpg] pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf

&), h]7
@)&),
-v_
-u_
-3_
-_
k'/fgf] jf gof+ s'g P]g sfg"g nfu" x'g]

xf] <
s'g} 3/ hUuf ljqmL;DaGwL zt{ /x]sf]
s'g} s/f/ jf ;Demf}tf -Contract or
agreement to sell_ nfO{ d'n'sL P]g
/lhi6]zgsf] dxnsf] ! g+= cg';f/
/lhi6]zg ug'{kg]{ jfWofTds sfg"gL
Joj:yf 5 5}g, s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf]
bkmf ** sf] bfo/f s] xf] <
/lhi6z
] g kfl/t gePsf] 3/ hUuf v/Lb
ljqmL;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -agreement to
sell land/ building _ nfO{ cbfntn]
sfof{Gjog jf k|rng u/fpg ;lsg]
s/f/ dflgG5 jf dflgb}g <
;Demf}tf jf s/f/sf kx dWo] s'g}
Ps kn] csf]{ kk|lt k"/f ug'{kg]{
bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f
osLg ug]{ cfwf/ s] x'g / k|:t't d'2fsf
jfbLn] ldlt @)%%.&.!% -gf]eD] j/ )!,
!((*_ df ePsf] 3/ axfn ;Demf}tfsf]
zt{ g+= $ df lgwf{l/t bfloTj k"/f
u/]sf] cj:yf 5, 5}g <
s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngfsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g] cfwf/ / cj:yf s] x'g / k|:t't
d'2fdf jfbL bfjLadf]lhd s/f/sf] oyfjt
kl/kfngfsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ egL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g <
@= klxnf] k|Zg cyf{t\ vf/]h ePsf s'g}

sfg"g k|rngdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf l;h{gf ePsf]
s'g} lnvt jf s/f/sf] j}wtf, o;sf] zt{xsf]
kfngf tyf bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf ;DaGwdf pTkGg
ljjfb lg?k0f ubf{ pQm vf/]h ePsf] P]g sfg"g
jf ;f]nfO{ vf/]h u/L ;f]sf] ;6[fdf cfPsf] gof+
P]g sfg"gsf] Joj:yfdWo] s'g P]g sfg"g nfu"
x'g] klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ s/f/

sfg"gsf] k|sl[ t, p2]Zo / ljjfb;+u ;DalGwt
s/f/sf] k|sl[ t, o;sf] ljoj:t', s/f/ nfu" jf
sfod /xg] cjlw ;d]tsf] ljodf ljj]rgf
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
#= s/f/ sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx nufot cGo
w]/} k|sf/sf P]g, lgodx klg kb{5g\ . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df g} x]g{] xf] eg] s/f/sf] ljoj:t', s/f/sf]
cjlw tyf s/f/sf kxsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot
-h:tf] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cGo ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf
jf lgoGq0Fdf ;~rflnt sDkgL, ;+:yfg jf
cGo lgsfox s/f/sf] Ps k /x]sf] s/f/ xf]
jf s/f/sf b'j} k lghL ]qsf u}/;/sf/L
lgsfox aLr ePsf] s/f/ lyof] eGg] s'/f_ n]
klg ljz] dxTj /fVb5 . s/f/sf kx
;/sf/L jf lghL ]qsf] s'g} JolQm jf lgsfox
sf] lyP eGg] cfwf/df klg o:tf] ;Demf}tfsf]
l;h{gf sfof{Gjog tyf ;Dkfbg ;DaGwdf
km/skm/s P]gx nfu" x'g] ub{5g\ . h:tf] s/f/
P]g, @)%^, /sd / ;/sf/L 7]Ssf aGbf]j:t
P]g, @)@) ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# tyf
k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0F tyf ;~rfngdf lghL
nufgL P]g, @)^# h:tf P]gxnfO{ s/f/;DaGwL
;fdfGo sfg"g tyf ljz] k|s[ltsf] s/f/
;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] ljz] sfg"gsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 . s/f/sf] l;h{gf;DaGwL ;fdfGo k|lqmof,
s/f/ j}w dflgg] jf gdflgg] cj:yf, s/f/Lo
bfloTj kfngf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmof, bfloTj
kfngf ug{ gkg]{ jf bfloTj kfngfaf6 s/f/sf]
s'g} kn] pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yfnufot s/f/
pNn3+g x'b+ f k|fKt x'g] pkrf/ tyf pkrf/sf]
dfu ug{ cbfnt k|jz
] ug]{ xbDofb h:tf ;fdfGo
ljoxsf af/]df s/f/ P]g, @)%^ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . ljz] k|sl[ tsf] s/f/ jf ljz] k|sf/sf]
ljoj:t' ePsf] s/f/ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{
294
agfOPsf] s/f/;DaGwL ljz] P]g -h:tf] k"jw{ f/

;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0F tyf ;~rfngdf lghL nufgL
P]g, @)^#_ n] s/f/sf] l;h{gf jf ljjfbsf]
;dfwfgsf] k|lqmof cflbsf] jf/]df 5'6}[ Joj:yf
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;j} k|sf/sf s/f/x -cyf{t\
u}/;/sf/L JolQmaLr dfq ePsf] s/f/ nufot
s/f/ Ps k ;/sf/L lgsfo /x]sf] s/f/x_
sf] ;DaGwdf klg s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf Joj:yfx
nfu" x'G5g . csf]{ dxTjk"0F{ s'/f s] 5 eg]
plNnlvt ljleGg P]gcGtu{t s/f/ l;h{gf x'g]
k|lqmof, s/f/sf kxsf] of]Uotf, s/f/sf] cjlw,
ljoj:t' / s/f/sf] kxsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot
-;/sf/L lgsfo jf lghL JolQm tyf lgsfo_
km/s x'g ;Sb5 . o;dWo] s/f/sf] j}wtf /
s/f/Lo bfloTj, sfod /xg] cjlwsf] s'/f ljz]
dxTjsf] x'G5 . s'g} s/f/sf] cjlw clt cNk
cjlwsf] x'G5 / s/f/sf] l;h{gf tyf s/f/Lo
bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf Ps} ;fy ;DkGg x'g ;St5 .
h:tf]M /]li6/]G6 jf xf]6]ndf vfgf vfO{ ljn
lt/]kl5 jf s'g} k;nsf] sfpG6/af6 s'g} ;fdfg
v/Lb u/L o;sf] ljncg';f/ d"No lt/] kl5
s/f/sf] l;h{gf tyf kl/kfngf eO{ s/f/Lo
;DaGw klg ;dfKt x'G5 . t/ ;a} s/f/x
o:tf] cNk cjlwsf x'bg} g / s/f/sf] kl/kfngf
/ ;dflKt / ljjfb/lxt x'bg} . jf:tljs Jojxf/
/ k|rngdf Ps j{b]lv %) / ^) j{sf]
cjlw;Dd jxfn /xg] s/f/x klg l;h{gf
ePsf x'G5g . h:tf] k|:t't ljjfb;+u ;DalGwt
s/f/sf] cjlw @) j{sf] 5 . t/ o:tf] nfdf]
cjlwsf] s/f/ l;h{gf x'b+ fsf] ;dodf sfod
/x]sf] s/f/ sfg"gnfO{ ;f]sf] ;6[fdf cfPsf] gof+
sfg"g jf P]gn] vf/]h u/L gof+ P]g nfu" ePsf]
x'g ;Qm5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf s/f/Lo ;DaGw
l;h{gf x'b+ fsf] ;dodf jxfn /x]sf] s/f/ P]g,
@)@# nfO{ s/f/ P]g, @)%^ n] vf/]h u/]sf] 5
/ s/f/sf] kl/kfngfsf] ljodf kx aLr
ljjfb pTkGg x'b+ f sfod /x]sf] gof+ P]gn] s/f/

ug]{ kxsf] of]Uotf jf s/f/sf] j}wtf hf+r
ug]{ cfwf/ jf zt{x nufot s/f/ pNn3+g
x'b+ f k|fKt x'g] pkrf/, kn] bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm
jf 5'6sf/f kfpg] cj:yf / cfwf/ nufot
xbDofb ;DaGwdf gof+ jf yk Joj:yf klg
u/] s f] 5 . o;} n ] s/f/sf] kfngf;DaGwL
ljjfbxdf lg0F{o ubf{ lg?k0f ug{k' g]{ w]/} tYout
tyf sfg"gL k|Zgx dWo] ljjfb;+u ;DalGwt
s/f/sf] j}wtf, o; cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] pkrf/
tyf o;sf] bfo/fsf] k|sl[ t, ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{
;+oGq, -cbfnt jf dWo:ytf s] xf]_ tyf pkrf/
dfu ug]{ xbDofb h:tf k|Zgx klg lg?k0f
ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] ljjfb
lg?k0fstf{ cbfntdf jf dWo:ystf{n] lg?k0f
ug{k' g]{ k|ZgxnfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . h:tf]M
s_
v_
s/f/sf] j}wtf cyf{t\ ljjfbsf kx

aLr sfg"gadf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg]
;Demf}tf jf s/f/Lo ;DaGw l;h{gf ePsf]
cj:yf 5 jf 5}g eGg] k|f/lDes k|Zg /
k|df0Fsf] d"Nofgaf6 osLg ug{'kg]{
s/f/Lo bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf, dfu
ul/Psf] pkrf/sf] cf} l rTotf,
lg0F{ostf{sf] ]qflwsf/ tyf xbDofb
h:tf ljo;+u ;DalGwt tYout tyf
sfg"gL k|Zgx .
$= pk/f] Q m k| s /0Fxdf ljj] r gf

ul/Pcg';f/ s/f/ l;h{gf x'b+ fsf] ;dodf sfod
/x]sf] sfg"gnfO{ s/f/Lo bfloTjsf] kl/kfngfsf]
;dodf cfPsf] gof+ P]gn] vf/]h ug{;Sg] x'b+ f nfdf]
cjlwsf] nflu sfod /xg] ;Demf}tf -h:tf] 3/
jxfn, lgdf{0F sfo{ jf ;8s, gx/, ljB't of]hgf
h:tf kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0F tyf ;~rfng;DaGwL
295

&), h]7
@)&),
s/f/x_ ;fdfGotofM @ j{bl] v () j{;Ddsf]

cjlwsf klg x'g ;St5g\ . ;Demf}tfsf] kl/kfngf;+u
;DalGwt ljjfbdf lg0F{o ubf{ lg?k0f ug{k' g]{ w]/}
sfg"gL tyf tYout k|ZgxdWo] plNnlvt b'O{
k|Zgx -h:tf]M s/f/ l;h{gf x'+bf sfod /x]sf]
s/f/ P] g , @)@# jf s/f/Lo bfloTjsf]
kl/kfngf;DaGwL ljjfb pTkGg x'b+ f sfod /x]sf]
s/f/ P]g, @)%^_ dWo] s'g sfg"g nfu" x'g] k|Zgn]
cToflws 7"nf] dxTj /fVg] ub{5 . of] k|Zgsf]
lg?k0f ubf{ s/f/ sfg"g / cGo b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gxsf] k|sl[ t tyf bfo/fsf] km/ssf ;DaGwdf
ljj]rgf ug{k' g]{ x'G5 .
%= s/f/ sfg"gsf] p2]Zo, ljoj:t'
tyf k|sl[ t cGo b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf]
p2]Zo, k|sl[ t / bfo/fsf aLr w]/} 7"nf] leGgbtf
/x]sf] x'G5 . s/f/ sfg"g cfkm}n] s'g} klg JolQmsf]
xs jf bfloTj l;h{gf ub}g{ . o;} u/L kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gn] h:tf] s'g} vf; sfo{ jf ultljlwdf
/f]s nufpg] jf o;sf] pNn+3g ug]n
{ fO{ b08 jf
h/Ljfgf ug]{ p2]Zo klg s/f/ sfg"gsf] x'bg} .
s/f/ sfg"gn] s]jn sfg"gadf]lhd sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;lsg] ;Demf}tf jf s/f/Lo ;DaGwsf] l;h{gf
ug]{ k|lqmof, s/f/ ug{ ;Sg] JolQmsf] of]Uotf,
s/f/sf] kl/kfngf jf k|lqmof, s/f/Lo bfloTjaf6
pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf, s/f/ pNn3+g x'b+ f k|fKt
x'g ;Sg] pkrf/ h:tf sfo{ljlwut tyf ;}4flGts
ljox dfq ;d]6s
] f] x'G5 . o;}n] s/f/;DaGwL
ljjfbdf lg0F{o ubf{ s'g} JolQmsf] xs bfloTj
l;h{gf ug]{ cGo b]jfgL sfg"g tyf kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gxsf] kZrftbzL{ jf cg'bzL{ k|of]u s] x'g]
kmf}hbf/L Gofo jf b]jfgL Gofosf l;4fGtxnfO{
oyfl:yltdf nfu" ug]{ cj:yf x'bg} . vf;df
eGg] xf] eg] s/f/ sfg"gx vf/]h x'b+ f jf gof+
P]g cfp+bf o:tf] P]gsf] kZrftbzL{ jf cg'bzL{
k|of]usf] cj:yf jf ;Defjgf g} x'bg} / s'g}
s/f/;DaGwL ljjfbdf lg0F{o ubf{ s'g} s/f/
sfg"gsf] kZrftbzL{ jf cg'bzL{ k|of]unfO{ cfwf/

dfGg'kg]{ cj:yf klg x'bg} . s/f/ l;h{gf ePsf]
!) jf @) j{ kl5 o:tf] s/f/Lo bfloTjsf]
kfngf ;DaGwdf p7]sf] s'g} ljjfbdf pQm s/f/sf]
j}wtf;DaGwL k|Zg klg p7]sf] eP s/f/Lo bfloTj
l;h{gf x'b+ fsf cj:yfdf nfu" x'b+ f h'g s/f/
sfg"g sfod lyof] ;f]xL sfg"gsf] cfwf/df o:tf]
s/f/sf] j}wtf k/L0F x'g] s'/f xf] . tTsfn
k|rngdf /x]sf] s/f/ sfg"gnfO{ To;kl5 ag]sf]
sfg"gn] vf/]h u/L s/f/ l;h{gf x'b+ fsf] cj:yfsf]
sfg"gcg';f/ j}w dflgg] s'g} lnvt jf s/f/sf]
ljoj:t'nfO{ kl5 cfpg] gof+ sfg"gn] k|ltjGw
nufPdf o:tf] sfg"g nfu" ePkl5 pQm s/f/
:jtM ab/ x'g] x'b+ f gof+ P]g nfu" ePkl5sf]
cjlwdf pQm s/f/cg';f/ l;h{gf eO{ kl/kfngf
x'g af+sL sfo{ k"/f ug{af6 s/f/sf kxn]
:jtM pGd'lQm kfpg] x'b+ f o:tf] cj:yfdf s/f/sf
kx aLr pTkGg s/f/Lo bfloTj
kl/kfngf;DaGwL ljjfb sfg"g ;+zf]wg x'g' k"js
{ f]
af+sL bfloTj;+u dfq ;DalGwt x'G5 / o:tf]
cj:yfdf k'/fg} P]g nfu" x'g] x'b+ f o:tf] cj:yfdf
gof+ jf k'/fgf] s'g P]gcg';f/ s/f/Lo bfloTjsf]
lgwf{/0F jf kl/eff ug]{ eGg] cj:yf g} /xb}g .
o;} u/L k'/fgf] P]gcg';f/ l;h{gf ePsf] / gof+
sfg"gn] k|ltjGw gnufPsf] s'g} ljoj:t' ePsf]
s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ;DaGwdf gof+ sfg"g nfu"
ePkl5 pTkGg ljjfbsf] lg?k0fsf] k|lqmof, pknJw
pkrf/ tyf xbDofbsf ;DaGwdf gof+ P]gsf]
Joj:yf nfu" x'g] x'b+ f o:tf] ljjfbdf k'/fgf]
sfg"g nfu" x'g] cj:yf x'bg} . nfdf] ;dosf]
nflu ePsf] s/f/sf] k"0F{ cjlwleq Pskl5
csf]{ gof+ s/f/ P]g nfu" eO{ k'/fgf] P]g vf/]h
x'g ;Sg] / o;/L cfpg] gof+ P]gn] s/f/sf] s'g}
knfO{ s/f/ x'b+ fsf] cj:yfsf] sfg"gcGtu{t
s/f/sf] o:tf] kn] axg ug{'kg]{ eGbf yk
bfloTj jf yk cfly{s ef/ af]sfpg] jf tf]Sg]
296
sfd ePsf] jf s/f/sf kxdWo] s'g} Ps

kn] kfpg] pkrf/ csf]{ kn] kfpg g;Sg]
u/L e]befj u/]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s s/f/ pNn3+g
x'b+ f s/f/sf kxn] k|fKt ug{;Sg] pkrf/sf
;DaGwdf gof+ P]gcg';f/sf] g} pkrf/ g} b'j}
knfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . t/ s/f/Lo bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0F
ug]{ qmddf jf s/f/sf] j}wtf tyf c'0Ftf
-continuity_ ;DaGwL ljjfb klg pTkGg ePdf
sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ o:tf]
cj:yfdf s/f/sf] j}wtfsf] ljodf k'/fgf] sfg"g
/ s/f/sf] c'0Ftf -continuity_ sf] k|ZgnfO{
gof+ sfg"gsf] cfwf/df lg?k0f ug'k{ g]{ s'/f lgljjf{b
5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] s/f/sf] j}wtfsf]
k|ZgnfO{ k'/fgf] sfg"gsf] cfwf/df k/L0F ug'{
kb{5 / gof+ sfg"g lje]bsf/L gePsf] cj:yfdf
s/f/ c'0Ftf jf pQm s/f/ pNn3+g x'b+ f s:tf]
pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ eGg] k|ZgnfO{ gof+ sfg"gsf]
cfwf/df lg?k0f ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . o;}n] s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf, bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm, xbDofb, tyf
kxnfO{ k|fKt x'g] pkrf/ ;DaGwdf klg gof+
sfg"g g} nfu" x'g] b]lvof] .
^= k|:t't ljjfbdf kx aLr ldlt
@)%%.&.!% -gf]eD] j/ )!,!((*_ df ePsf] 3/
hUuf axfn;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] j}wtfsf] k|Zg
geO{ s]jn s'g P]gsf] pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ eGg]
ljo ePsf]n] pk/f]Qm k|s/0Fxdf ljj]rgf
ul/Pcg';f/ k|:t't ljjfbdf s/f/ P]g @)@#
sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] geO{ s/f/ P]g, @)%^ s}
Joj:yf nfu" x'g] b]lvof] .
&= k"j{ lgwf{l/t zt{x k"/f u/]sf]
cj:yfdf k"j{ lgwf{l/t d"Nodf s'g} 3/ hUuf
s/f/ jf ;Demf}tfsf] -agreement to sell_ jf
lnvtsf] sfg"gL dfGotfsf] nflu d'ns
' L P]g
/lhi6z
] gsf] dxn sf] ! g+= cg';f/ clgjfo{
?kdf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
5 jf 5}g / s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf ** sf]
bfo/f s] xf] eGg] bf];f| ] k|Zgsf] lg?k0f ug{sf]

nflu o;} cbfntsf] k"0F{ Ohnf;af6 tLy{sd
' f/L
/f0Ff lj= /fdz+s/ >]i7 -g]sfk @)$(, k[i7 !_
df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt, pQm d'2fsf] tYo, k|:t't
d'2fsf] tYo, / s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf ** df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . pQm
tLy{sd
' f/L /f0Ffsf] d'2fdf / k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo
;du|df ;dfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm d'2fdf
tLy{sd
' f/L /f0Ffn] cfkm\gf] xs ef]usf] hUuf pQm
d'2fsf jfbL /fdz+s/ >]i7nfO{ ?=#* nfvdf
laqmL ug]{ s'/f to eO{ @)#$.$.!# df s/f/
ePsf] / pQm ?=#* nfvdWo] ?=!^ nfv s/f/
x'b+ fs} lbgdf a'fO{ af+sL /sd a'fPkl5 ^
dlxgfleq hUuf laqmL ul/g] zt{ klg pQm
s/f/df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s/f/sf] lnvtcg';f/
tLy{sd
' f/L /f0Ffn] hUuf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t gu/L
lbPsf]n] s/f/cg';f/sf] hUuf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t
ul/kfp"m egL s/f/df tf]lsPsf] hUufsf] d"NodWo]
a'fpg af+sL /sd cbfntdf g} w/f}6 /fvL
lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf] pQm d'2fdf cGo k|Zgxsf]
cltl/Qm pQm 3/ hUuf laqmL u/L lng]lbg] zt{
/x]sf] lnvt /lhi6z
] g kfl/t ug'k{ g]{ lnvt xf]
jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg ;d]t ;dfj]z pQm d'2fdf
lglZrt ;do kl5 lnvtdf n]lvPsf] 3/
hUuf laqmL u/L lng]lbg] eGg] zt{df s/f/Lo
;Demf}tf;Dd ePsf] x'+bf pQm lnvt hUuf
laqmLsf] lnvt geO{ ljqmL u/L lng]lbg] s'/fsf]
d~h"/L -agreement to sell_ sf] lnvt ePsf]
k|i6 5 . o:tf] lnvtnfO{ /lhi6]zg ug'{kg]{
jfWofTds Joj:yf /x] ePsf] gkfOg] eGg] l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg eO{ tLy{sd' f/L /f0Ffn] /fdz+s/ >]i7nfO{
s/f/sf] lnvtcg';f/ hUuf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t
ul/lbg' kg]{ clGtd 7x/ o; cbfntsf] k"0F{
Ohnf;af6 ;b/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
*= hUuf laqmL;DaGwL s/f/sf] lnvt
-agreement to sell_ s/f/ P]g, @)@# cGtu{tsf]
297

&), h]7
@)&),
s/f/ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg klg pQm d'2fdf

p7L o:tf] lnvt s/f/ xf] / pQm s/f/ P]g,
@)@# sf] bkmf !)-!_ cg';f/ s/f/sf kn]
s/f/sf] bfloTj k"/f ug{k' g]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf
ePsf] x'b+ f jfbLn] hUufsf] d"Noafkt a'fpg
af+sL /sd pQm s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !)
-!_ cg';f/ cbfntdf g} w/f}6L /flv lkm/fb
bfo/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf s/f/sf] Ps k -jfbL
k_ n] cfkm\gf] bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] cj:yfdf
csf]{ kn] klg cfkm\gf] bfloTj k"/f ug'{ kb{5
eGg] cfzosf] l;4fGt klg pQm d'2fdf k|ltkfbg
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
(= k|:t't ljjfb;"u ;DalGwt lnvt
3/ jxfn;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] gfdfs/0F ul/Psf]
ePtfklg ldlt @)%%.&.!% -gf]eD] j/ )!, !((*_
df ePsf] pQm ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= $ df
;Demf}tfsf] cjlwleq hUufsf] d"No o'=P;=8n/
!,%),))). k|:t't d'2fsf] jfbL kn] k|ltjfbLnfO{
a'fPsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 3/
hUuf k|ltjfbL kn] jfbL ksf] gfddf
/lhi6z
] g kfl/t ul/lbg] zt{ /x]sf]df jfbLn]
pQm /sd a'fPsf] k|df0F k]z ug{ g;s]sf] /
pQm /sd cbfntdf w/f}6L g/fvL s]jn
k|ltjfbLn] pQm d"No a'llng OGsf/L hUuf
/lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/L glbPsf]n] s/f/ P]g, @)%^
sf] bkmf *^ cg';f/ hUuf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/L
lbg'kg]{ 7x/ u/L s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngf
ul/kfpm+ eGg] lkm/fb bfjL eP /x]sf] cj:yfdf
jfbLn] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ k"/f ug{k' g]{ bfloTTj k"/f
u/]sf] tYo k|dfl0Ft ug{sf] nflu hUufsf] d"Noafkt
cfkm"n] a'fpg' kg]{ /sd a'fPsf] k|df0F k]z
gu/L / 3/ hUufsf] d"Noafkt a'fpg kg]{
/sd cbfntdf w/f}6 g/fvL lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf]df
z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 ;Demf}tfcg';f/ hUuf
kfl/t ul/lbg' kg]{ u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
t/ pQm lg0F{osf] lj?4df k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf]df d'ns
' L P]g /lhi6z
] gsf] dxnsf] ! g+=
df ul/Psf] Joj:yf / s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf
** df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg'k crn ;DklQsf]
xssf] lnvt /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/fpg kg]d
{ f ;f]
gu/]sf]n] pQm lnvtn] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt ug{
g;Sg] eGg] cfwf/ b]vfO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr
ePsf] crn 3/ hUufsf] v/Lb laqmL;DaGwL
s/f/Lo zt{ cbfntaf6 kfngf u/fpg ldNg]
egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 oyfjt kl/kfngsf]
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/L lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
pN6L u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!)= k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
7x/ ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g ;DaGwdf lg0F{o ubf{
lgDg b'O{ k|Zgx lg?k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5M
-!_
-@_
3/ hUuf laqmL ug]{ lnvt jf s/f/

-agreement to sell land_ nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g
/lhi6]zgsf] dxnsf] Joj:yfcg';f/
clgjfo{ ?kdf /lhi6z
] g ug{k' g]{ lnvt
xf] jf xf]Og, /
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf ** sf] p2]Zo
/ bfo/f s] xf] eGg] s'/f g} d"n ?kdf
ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
!!= klxnf] k|Zg cyf{t\ 3/ hUuf laqmLsf]

zt{ /x]sf] lnvt -agreement to sell land_ s/f/sf]
lnvt xf], o;af6 xs x:tfGt/0F x'g] geO{ csf]{
5'6}[ laqmLsf] lnvt -Sale deed_ af6 dfq xs
x:tfGt/0F x'g] ePsf]n] 3/ hUuf laqmLsf] zt{
/x]sf] s/f/ jf lnvt /lhi6]zgsf] dxnsf]
bfo/fdf gkg]{ k|Zg tLy{sd
' f/L /f0Ffsf] pk/f]Qm
d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtaf6 lg?k0f ePsf] ljo
b]lvG5 . ca pQm l;4fGt k|ltkfbg eP kZrft\
cfPsf] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf ** sf] Joj:yfn]
pQm d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtnfO{ lgliqmo jf
vf/]h u/]sf] xf] ls eGg] k|Zg klg p7\g ;Qm5 .
298
o;sf] nflu pQm P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] Joj:yfsf] ;/sf/L lgsfodf btf{ u/fpg kg]{ af/]df /lhi6z
] g
bfo/f tyf p2]Zo s] xf] egL x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . pQm ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h:tf] ljb]zL
bkmf ** sf] Joj:yf lgDgcg';f/ 5M
nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0F P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf # cg';f/ ljb]zL nufgLstf{ / :jb]zL
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'k{ g]{
nufgLstf{ aLr ePsf] ;+oQ
' m nufgL ;Demf}tf
k|rlnt sfg"gn] s'g} vf; k|sf/sf] s/f/
pBf]u ljefudf btf{ ug{k' g]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 .
ug{ s'g} vf; sfo{ljlw k"/f ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf
t/ 3/ hUuf laqmL ug]{ zt{ /x]sf] -agreement
u/]sf] jf s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf /lhi6z
] g
to sell_ s/f/ jf lnvtnfO{ 3/ hUuf ljqmLsf]
ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] /Lt
lnvt -sale deed_ xf] egL dfGg gldNg] x'gfn]
k"/f gu/L ePsf] s/f/ dfGo x'g] 5}g .
o:tf] lnvt cyf{t\ 3/ hUuf laqmLsf] lnvt
-agreement to sell_ nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g /lhi6z
] gsf]
pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ s'g} s/f/ dxncg';f/ btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ lnvt jf s/f/
cdfGo x'gsf] nflu lgDg zt{x k"/f u/]sf] x'g' dflgb}g egL plNnlvt tLy{sd' f/L /f0Ffsf] d'2fdf
kg]{ b]lvG5M
o; cbfntsf] j[xt k"0F{ Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg eO{ pQm l;4fGt clxn];Dd oyfjt\
-i _
s'g} k|rlnt sfg"gn] s'g} vf; k|sf/sf] /x]sf] cj:yfdf s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf **
s/f/ ug{ vf; k|sf/sf] sfo{ljlw k"/f sf] Joj:yf 3/ hUuf v/Lb u/L lng] lbg] zt{
ug{k' g]{ eGg] tf]lsPsf] / o:tf] k|lqmof /x]sf] s/f/ jf lnvtsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] b]lvPg .
k"/f gu/L ePsf] s/f/,
pQm P]gsf] bkmf ** df ul/Psf] Joj:yf cfkm}df
-ii_
s'g} k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] s'g} vf; k|of]udf cfpg] aGwgsf/L Joj:yf geO{ s'g}
s/f/ ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ x'g kg]{ vf; k|sf/sf] s/f/ ubf{ s'g} k|lqmof ckgfpg
egL tf]lsPsf]df o;/L btf{ gePsf] kg]{ jf s'g} s/f/ ;/sf/L sfof{nodf /lhi6z
] g
s/f/ .
u/fpg' kg]{ jf/]df cGo k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf
:ki6 Joj:yf ePdf dfq o:tf] sfo{ljlw k"/f
!@= ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] gePsf] jf /lhi6g] zg gePsf] s/f/ cdfGo
Joj:yf nfu" x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/, cGo ;/sf/L x'g] lgb]z
{ gfTds Joj:yf;Dd pQm bkmf ** df
tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfoxn] s'g} j:t' jf ;]jf ul/Psf] b]lv+bf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf zt{x
v/Lb ubf{ jf s'g} lgdf{0F sfo{ u/fp+gsf nflu k"/f ePsf] cj:yfdf s'g} 3/ hUuf v/Lb jf
s'g} s/f/ ubf{ u/fp+bf ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlwsf] laqmL ul/lbg] zt{ /x]sf] s/f/ jf ;Demf}tfsf]
jf/]df ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# n] Joj:yf lnvtsf] dfGotfsf] nflu s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf
u/]sf] 5 . o:t} Joj:yf /sd / ;/sf/L 7]Ssf btf{ x'gk} g]{ 5'6}[ :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefjdf
Joj:yf P]g, @)@) df klg 5 . t/ s'g} u}/ ;Demf}tfdf lgwf{l/t zt{ k"/f ePsf] cj:yfdf
;/sf/L lgsfo jf JolQmx aLr x'g] 3/ hUuf s'g} 3/ hUuf v/Lb ul/lbg] / lng] zt{ /x]sf]
laqmLsf] zt{ /x]sf] s/f/ ubf{ u/fp+bf k'of{p
} g' k|:t't ljjfb;+u ;DalGwt pQm ldlt @)%%.&.!%
kg]{ sfo{ljlw s'g} P]gn] tf]ss
] f] b]lvb}g . t/ sf] 3/ jxfn ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $ sf] Joj:yfsf]
s]xL vf; p2]Zo ePsf ;Demf}tf jf s/f/x j}wtfsf] nflu pQm ;Demf}tf d'n'sL P]g
299

&), h]7
@)&),
/lhi6z
] gsf] dxnsf] ! g+= cg';f/ btf{ x'g} kg]{
s/f/ jf lnvt xf] eGg ;lsPg . plNnlvt
cfwf/ tyf sf/0Faf6 d'ns
' L P]g /lhi6z
] gsf]
dxnsf] ! g+ sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ /lhi6]zg
gu/fPsf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/ b]vfO{ pQm ldlt
@)%%.&.!% sf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf
glbg] eGg] cfzosf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
lg0F{o;+u of] cbfnt ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
!#= s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf /lhi6z
] g
kfl/t gePsf] s'g} 3/, hUuf jf ;fd"lxs cfjf;
cfof]hgfcGtu{t lgdf{0F ePsf] kmNof6 v/Lb
laqmLsf] zt{ /x]sf] lnvt -agreement to sell_
nfO{ cbfntn] dfGotf lbg, sfof{Gjog ug{ jf
k|rng ug{ u/fpg ;St5 jf ;St}g eGg] t];f| ]
k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ s/f/ P]g, @)%^
sf] bkmf ** sf] p2]Zo, k|of]hg / bfo/fsf]
;DaGwdf pk/f] Q m k| s /0Fxdf ul/Psf]
ljj]rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
!$= pk/f]Qm k|s/0Fxdf ul/Psf]
ljj]rgfcg';f/ s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf **
sf] Joj:yf cfkm}df k"0F{ jf :jod+ k|rngdf
cfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf -Self Contained legislation_
geO{ cGo sfg"gn] lgwf{/0F ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw
k"/f gu/L ePsf] s/f/ -h:tf]M ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
P]gsf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L ePsf s/f/x_ tyf
;/sf/L sfof{nodf clgjfo{ ?kdf btf{ x'gk' g]{
egL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf]
s/f/x -h:tf]M ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0F;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # cg';f/
pBf]u ljefudf btf{ x'gk' g]d{ f o;/L btf{ gePsf
s/f/x_ cdfGo x' g ] eGg] lgb] { z gfTds
Joj:yf;Dd ePsf] eGg] s'/f pQm P]gsf] bkmf
** sf] zLif{saf6 g} :ki6 x'G5 . 3/ hUuf
v/Lb jf ljqmLsf] zt{ /x]sf] s/f/nfO{ sfg"gL
dfGotf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu o;nfO{ o:tf] s/f/,
;Demf}tf jf lnvtnfO{ d'ns

' L P]g /lhi6z
] gsf]
dxnsf] ! g+= cg';f/ /lhi6z
] g x'g jf ug{
u/fpg gkg]{ ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
tLy{sd
' f/L /f0Ff lj= /fdz+s/ >]i7sf] d'2fdf
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg eO{ pQm l;4fGt xfn;Dd
sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} 3/, hUuf, ;+oQ
' m
cfjf; of]hgfcGtu{t lgdf{0F ePsf] 3/ / 3/sf
km\Nof6x ;Demf}tfdf lgwf{l/t zt{ k"/f ePsf]
cj:yfdf v/Lb laqmL u/L lng]lbg] ;DaGwdf
ePsf ;Dk"0F{ s/f/ jf ;Demf}tfx nufot
crn ;DklQ k|of]u ug]{ jf ;Demf}tfdf lgwf{l/t
zt{ k"/f ePkl5 o:tf] crn ;DklQdf :jfldTjsf]
xs k|fKt x'g] zt{ /x]sf cGo ;Demf}tf jf
s/f/n] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt ug{ o:tf ;Demf}tf
jf s/f/x d'n'sL P]g /lhi6]zgsf] ! g+= sf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ btf{ x'g'kg]{ sfg"gL jfWotf eP
/x]sf] b]lvPg . o;}n] crn ;DklQsf] k|of]u
ef]u rng tyf lgwf{l/t zt{ k"/f ePsf]
cj:yfdf xs x:tfGt/0F ug{'kg]{ zt{ /x]sf
s/f/ jf ;Demf}tfxn] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt
ug{ ;/sf/L lgsfodf btf{ u/]sf] x'g} kg]{ cGo
s'g} P]g sfg"g eP /x]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
k|:t't d'2f;"u ;DaGw /x]sf] ldlt @)%%.&.!%
-gf]e]Dj/ !,!((*_ sf] plNnlvt 3/ jxfn
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $ df /x]sf] k|fjwfg tyf
Joj:yfn] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf @-s_ df
ePsf] kl/effcg';f/ sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt
ug]{ ePsf]n] pQm ;Demf}tfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] ;Demf}tf g} xf] egL
dfGotf lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
!%= s'g} ;Demf}tfsf] kxdWo] s'g}
Ps kn] k"/f ug{k' g]{ bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] 5 jf
5}g eGg] cfwf/ s] x'g / k|:t't d'2fsf jfbL /
k|ltjfbLaLr @)%%.&.!% -cyf{t\ ! gf]e]Da/
!((*_ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 3/ hUuf
300
k|ltjfbLaf6 v/Lb u/L lng kfpg] xs l;h{gf

x'gsf] nflu k|:t't d'2fsf jfbLn] k"/f ug{k' g]{
cfjZos zt{ k"/f u/]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg]
rf}yf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2f;"u
;DalGwt ;Demf}tf l;h{gf x'b+ fsf] jvt sfod
/x]sf] s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !)-v_ df /
xfnsf] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf &$ df s/f/Lo
bfloTj k"/f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfdf
s]xL km/s 5 jf 5}g / ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt
3/ hUufsf] d"No e'QmfgL u/]kl5 pQm hUufsf]
:jfldTj k|fKt ug{ ;f] hUuf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t
u/fO{ lng kfpg] s/f/Lo xs k|fKt ug]{ kn]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ hUufsf] d"No k|ltjfbL knfO{
e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0Ft ug{ s:tf] k|df0F cfjZos x'G5 eGg]
k|ZgnfO{ g} d"n?kdf ljj]rgf ug{k' g]{ x'G5 .
klxnf] k|Zg cyf{t\ s/f/sf k|To]s kn] cfkm"n]
sj'n u/]sf] s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f ug{k' g]{ ;DaGwdf
s/f/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !)-!_ / xfn ljBdfg
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf &$ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yf ;dfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cj pQm bkmf
&$ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df 3/ hUufsf]
d"No e'QmfgL u/]kl5 ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 3/ hUuf
h:tf] crn ;DklQ /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/fO{ lng]
xs k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] bfjL lng] kn] 3/ hUufsf]
d"No e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0Ft ug{ / 3/ hUufsf] d"No a'fPsf] /l;b
ekf{O k]z ug{k' g]{ xf] jf 3/ hUufsf] d"No e'QmfgL
ug]{ cfly{s x}l;ot jf j}s
+ Jofn]G; b]vfP dfq
klg bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] dflgg] xf] eGg] k|Zg klg
k|:t't ljjfbdf ;fGbles{ b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 3/ hUufsf] d"No a'llng
OGsf/ u/L ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 3/ hUuf /lhi6z
] g
kfl/t ul/lbg kg]{ s/f/Lo bfloTj pNn+3g
u/]sf]n] pQm bfloTj kl/kfngf u/fO{ kfp"m eGg]
bfjL lng] kn] cfkm\gf] bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] lyof]
eGg] s'/f k|dfl0Ft ug]{ cfwf/ s] x'G5 eGg]

tYout k|Zg klg k|:t't ljjfbdf ;fGbles{
b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 3/ hUufsf] d"No
a'L lnPsf] t/ 3/ hUuf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/L
glbPsf]n] 3/ hUufsf] /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/fO{
s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f u/fO{ kfp"m eGg] kn]
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt ;Dk"0F{ d"No r'Qmf u/]sf] /
k|ltjfbLn] pQm d"No a'L lnPsf] e/kfO{ jf
/l;b hDdf ug'{ kof{Kt x'G5 . t/ 3/ hUufsf]
laqmL d"Nodf ljjfb ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] /l;b
dfq jfbLn] s/f/Lo bfloTj kfngf u/]sf] 5
eGg] s'/fsf] csf6\o k|df0F gx'g ;Qm5 . s/f/df
g} lgljjf{b ?kdf :ki6;"u osLg ePsf] d"No
a'llng OGsf/ u/L 3/ hUuf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t
u/fO{ lbg'kg]{ bfloTj k|ltjfbLn] k"/f gu/]sf]n]
pQm s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f u/fO{ kfp"m egL bfjL
lng] jfbL kn] s/f/df g} osLg ePsf] 3/
hUufsf] d"No lkm/fb ;fy cbfntdf w/f}6 /fVg'
jfx]s bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] ljosf] csf]{ k|df0F
x'g ;St}g . 3/ hUufsf] d"No e'QmfgL ug]{ jfbLsf]
cfly{s dtf ePsf] jf d"No e'QmfgL ug{ cfjZos
kg]{ /sd a}s
" vftfdf df}Hbft 5 eGg] s'/fn]
dfq bfloTj kl/kfngfsf] k|df0F x'g ;Qm}g .
;Demf}tfdf lgwf{l/t 3/ hUufsf] d"No k|ltjfbLn]
a'llng OGsf/ u/L ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 3/
hUufsf] /lhi6]uzg kfl/t u/L glbPsf]n]
lghnfO{ 3/ hUufsf] d"No a'fO{ ;Demf}tfdf
plNnlvt 3/ hUufsf] /lhi6z
] g u/fO{ kfpm+
eGg] jfbL bfjL /x]sf] tLy{sd' f/L /f0Ff lj=/fdz+s/
>]i7 ePsf] plNnlvt d'2fdf lkm/fbL kn]
hUufsf] d"No lkm/fb ;fy cbfntdf w/f}6
/fv]sf]n] jfbLn] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt /sd a'fO{
;Demf}tfcg';f/ lghn] kfngf ug{k' g]{ zt{ k"0F{
?kdf kfngf u/] s f] 7x/ u/L k| l tjfbLn]
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt hUuf jfbLaf6 /lhi6z
] g
kfl/t u/fO{ lng kfpg] egL o; cbfntsf]
301

&), h]7
@)&),
j[xt k"0F{ Ohnf;af6 7x/ eO{ -g]sfk @)$(,

k[i7 !_ pQm lg0F{o / ;f]df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
xfn;Dd sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= k|:t't d'2fsf k'g/fj]bs jfbLn]
;Demf}tfdf lgZlrt ?kdf lgwf{l/t d"No k|ltjfbL
knfO{ a'fPsf] e/kfO{ k]z ug{ jf ;f] s'/f
k|dfl0Ft ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf Psftkm{ b]lvG5
eg] ;Demf}tfdf lglZrt ?kdf lgwf{l/t 3/
hUufsf] d"No k|ltjfbLn] a'l lng OGsf/L u/]sf]n]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ a'fpg kg]{ d"No lkm/fb;fy
cbfntdf w/f}6 /fvL cfPsf] b]lvPg . o:tf]
cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] ldlt @)%%.&.!% gf]eD] j/ !, !((*_ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf
$ df 3/ hUufsf] d"No egL lgljjf{b ?kdf
ls6fg ePsf] d"No k|ltjfbLnfO{ a'fpg kg]{
s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] b]lvPg . o;/L s/f/Lo
bfloTj k"/f gug]{ jf s/f/ pNn+3g ug]{ kn]
bkmf *^ cg';f/sf] s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngfsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfp"+ egL dfu ug{ kfpg] jf
gkfpg] s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf pQm P]gsf] bkmf
*^-@_-_ df s/f/ pNn+3g ug]{ kn] s/f/sf]
oyfjt kl/kfngfsf] bfjL lng gkfpg] :ki6
sfg"gL Joj:yf eP /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;}n]
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 3/ hUuf v/Lb u/L lng]
/ pQm 3/ hUufsf] /lhi6z
] g kfl/t u/fO{ lng
kfpg] clwsf/ k|fKt ug{sf nflu jfbL kn] 3/
hUufsf] k"/f d"No r'Qmf ug{k' g]{ eGg] zt{ jfWofTds
?kdf kfngf ug{k' g]{ pQm ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $ df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 g} :ki6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
pQm k"j{ zt{ kfngf gug]{ kn] s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ sf] bkmf *^-!_ tyf *^-@_ cg';f/
s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngfsf] cfb]z dfu ug{
kfpg] cj:yf gx'b+ f cbfntaf6 pQm bkmf *^
-!_ cg';f/ oyfjt\ kl/kfngfsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug{ ;Sg] jf x'g] cj:yf klg b]lvPg . o:tf]
cj:yfdf s/f/sf] oyfjt\ kl/kfngf x'g] egL
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L ug]{ u/L

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nfnfO{
cGoyf ug{k' g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .
*= ca k' g /fj] b g cbfntaf6 oL
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ug]{ u/L
eP u/]sf] lg0F{o ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ pk/f]Qm k|s/0Fxdf ljj]rgf
ul/Pcg';f/ lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ug]{ ;DaGwdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lnPsf cfwf/ / sf/0Fx;+u
of] cbfnt ;xdt x'g g;s] klg s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ bkmf *^ cg';f/ s/f/sf] oyfjt
kl/kfngf ul/kfpm+ eGg] lkm/fb bfjL lng] oL
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] ldlt @)%%.&.!% -gf]eD] j/
!,!((*_ sf] plNnlvt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $ df
hUufsf] v/Lb laqmL d"No egL lgwf{/0F ul/Psf]
/ o;/L lgwf{/0F ul/Psf] d"Nodf ljjfb g/x]sf]
cj:yfdf pQm d"No j/fj/sf] /sd k|ltjfbLnfO{
a'fO{ cfkm\gf] bfloTj lglj{jfb ?kdf kl/kfngf
u/]sf] s'/fsf] s'g} k|df0F k]z u/]sf] cj:yf
gb]lv+bf s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf *^ cg';f/ s/f/sf]
oyfjt\ kl/kfngf u/fO{ kfpm+ eGg] jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ sf] bkmf *^ df ul/Psf] jfWofTds Joj:yf
/ OG;fkmsf] /f]xdf pQm lg0F{o ldn]s} b]lvof] .
ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^*.*.&
sf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;St}g . bfo/Lsf] nut
s6[f u/L ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf a'fO{ lbg' .
k|f=8f=Gof=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @% ut] /f]h @ ;'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t -pk;lrj_ O{Zj/Lk|;fb uf}td
302
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lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@

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lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@ lg0f (O G+ (%@

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Available Formats

lg0f{o g+=*(%@

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

sDkfp08 uf]bfddf / ^ l6k ns8L a}s

k|ToyL{ lkm/fbL sfzL/fdn] bfjL u/]sf]

lnPsf], ;f]xL k}ofFdf log} jfbL sfzL/fd

uf]ljGb/fdn] ;f] Joxf]/f ldlt @)$&.%.@! sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

sfuhsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL

egL eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . o; cbfntaf6

#= jfbL sfzL/fd cu| j fn;F u

kf; x'g ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf To;nfO{ sfg"gcg'ksf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

ldlt @)@@.(.!^ df o; cbfntaf6 km};nf

;DdfggLo sf=d'=k|wfg GofofwLz >L

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

df]xL xs sfg"gadf]lhd dfq k|fKt /

*(%# s[i0fdfg jf;'snf lj=/fds'df/ jgdfnf

clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sfn] df]xL nut

a|Dxfo0fL n=g+=@#& df]xL e}/jaxfb'/ agdfnf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

x' g ' e Psf] n ] gfkLdf ls;fgsf] Joxf] / fdf

afNg] u'7L, lz/df u'7L t}gfyL hUuf hgfO{

*(%# s[i0fdfg jf;'snf lj=/fds'df/ jgdfnf

;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLn] lgj]bssf] ;+jw} flgs xddf

ul/kfpFm egL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfsf] ldlt

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

hUufwgL;Dd gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu

jgdfnf @)$@ ;fndf k/nf]s ePkl5 d}n] g}

*(%# s[i0fdfg jf;'snf lj=/fds'df/ jgdfnf

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ;d]tpk/

hlgPsf] df]lxofgL;DaGwL tYosf] ljk/Lt u'7L

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

@)%#, lg=g+=^!&! df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt;d]tsf]

k| Z gdf lg0f{ o ug] { clwsf/ e" l d;' w f/

*(%# s[i0fdfg jf;'snf lj=/fds'df/ jgdfnf

ljifodf u'7L ;+:yfgn] geO{ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non]

kIf ljkIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k/fdz{sf] nflu

df]xL t]/f]d/] f]sf] ljjfbdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6

*(%$ x'sd' l;+x yfkf lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

;fljs hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfofn] /Ltk"j{s df]xL

*= t;y{M plNnlvt k|ltkflbt l;4fGt

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

lgj]bsM lh=;Kt/L, xlb{of uf=lj=;=j8f g+= #

*(%$ x'sd' l;+x yfkf lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

x'b+ f pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy}

bkmf % ;"u aflPsf] egL lgj]bsn] bfjL lng

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

g]kfndf Nofpg / aflx/ k7fpg aGb]h nufPsf]

rnfPsf] 5 . hg:t/df ;DaGw ePsf] ef/tdf

*(%$ x'sd' l;+x yfkf lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

sf] pkbkmf -!_ df s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf

eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L lgj]bssf] ;fyaf6 a/fdb

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

;" r gf k| s flzt ug{ ; Sg] clwsf/ g] k fn

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ;Dk"0f{/Tg t'nfw/sf] hfx]/Ln]

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

Ohnf; clws[t -pk ;lrj_M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

s'k cg'xf/sf] 5fnf ldnfpgsf nflu

*(%% pk]Gb| zfSo lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

s'ktfnfO{ 7Ls kfg]{ p2]Zon] u/]