PAINT FAULTS, BITTINESS

INCLUSIONS, EITHER
AIRBORN OR FROM
THE PAINT ITSELF.
COULD BE PARTIALLY
CURED PAINT, OUT
OF SHELF LIFE.

COATING FAULTS

BLEEDING
THE SOLVENT FROM
THE TOP COAT
SOFTENS THE UNDER
LYING MATERIAL
AND ALLOWS IT TO
PASS INTO AND
THROUGH THE
LAYER, CAUSING
DISCOLOURATION.
BROWN FOR
BITUMEN, YELLOW
FOR COAL TARS.

COATING FAULTS

BLISTERING

BLISTERS CAN BE FILLED WITH GAS,

LIQUID OR CRYSTALS

COATING FAULTS

CHALKING
DEGRADATION OF A
BINDER DUE TO
DISRUPTIVE FACTORS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT

COATING FAULTS

CISSING

CAUSED BY
INADEQUATE
SURFACE
PREPARATION.
A DIFFERENCE IN
SURFACE ENERGY
CAUSES LOCAL LACK OF
ADHESION.

COATING FAULTS

CRACKING

COATING AGE AND

DIFFERENTIAL
EXPANSION

COATING FAULTS

CRATERING
BOWL SHAPED
DEPRESSIONS. CAUSED
BY ESCAPING SOLVENT
OR GASES. PAINT IS OF
TOO LOW A VISCOSITY
TO FLOW AND FILL THE
DEPRESSIONS

COATING FAULTS CURTAINS, SAGS, RUNS AND TEARS

CAUSED BY OVER
APPLICATION. REMOVE
OFFENDING EXCESS
MATERIAL, LIGHTLY
ABRADE, RECOAT.

COATING FAULTS

FLAKING
MATERIAL
PROGRESSIVELY
GETS BRITTLE WITH
AGE, CRACKS AND
BEGINS TO DETACH

COATING FAULTS HOLIDAYS

DEFINED AS BEING :A VOID, A MISS, OR

AN UNCOATED AREA

COATING FAULTS

LIFTING

CAUSED BY SOLVENT STRENGTH AND ALSO LACK OF

OBSERVANCE OF STATED OVERCOATING TIME

ORANGE PEEL
SIMILAR
APPEARANCE TO A
CITRUS FRUIT SKIN
CAUSED BY PAINT
VISCOSITY PROBLEMS
OR BY APPLICATOR
TECHNIQUE

COATING FAULTS

ROPINESS

BRUSHMARKS

ALGAE AND MOULD GROWTH

COATING FAULTS WRINKLING AND

RIVELLING

QUANTITITIVE TESTS FOR HYGROSCOPIC SALTS

MERKOQUANT TEST

BRESLE SAMPLE PATCH

SALTS DETECTION, BRESLE SAMPLE PATCH KIT

COLOUR

MUNSELL AND BS 4800

L= LUMINANCE, CHROMA

YELLOW THROUGH GREEN ,BLUE

a= FROM GREEN TO RED

PURPLE, RED AND BACK TO YELLOW

b= FROM BLUE TO YELLOW

HEALTH AND SAFETY DRAGER TUBE AND BELLOWS

DRAGER TUBE AND BELLOWS

TO TEST THE AIR QUALITY WHEN USING SOLVENTS
VARYING CRYSTAL TYPES FOR DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
EXAMPLE : XYLENE (OEL: 100 ppm)
RAQ: 500 CC (5 DEPRESSIONS)
CRYSTALS WILL CHANGE COLOUR, (WHITE TO RED/BROWN)
TOXICITY LEVELS READ FROM THE SCALE ON THE TUBE

RUST GRADES

RUST GRADES

BLASTING GRADES A Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

BLASTING GRADES

B Sa 1 and Sa 2

BLASTING GRADES

B Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

BLASTING GRADES, COMPARISONS

BLASTING GRADES

C Sa 1 and Sa 2

BLASTING GRADES

C Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

BLASTING GRADES

D Sa 1 and Sa 2

BLASTING GRADES

D Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

SURFACE PROFILE ASSESSMENT

SURFACE COMPARATOR TO BS 7079 Pt C, ISO 8503
SHOT BLAST
COMPARATOR. NOT TO
BE USED FOR SURFACE
CLEANLINESS. ONLY
FOR ASSESSMENT OF
SHOT BLASTED
SUBSTRATES. GRIT
BLAST COMPARATOR
CAN ALSO BE USED ON
SUBSTRATES BLASTED
WITH GRIT/SHOT MIX

DRY ABRASIVE BLASTING

MEASURING PRESSURE AT THE NOZZLE
HYPODERMIC NEEDLE
GAUGE
INSERT THE NEEDLE
THROUGH THE HOSE
WITH THE NEEDLE
TOWARDS THE NOZZLE,
AT AN ANGLE OF APP.
45 DEGREES

SURFACE PREPARATION
HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING B St 2 and St 3

SURFACE PREPARATION
HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING C St 2 and St 3

SURFACE PREPARATION
HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING D St 2 and St 3

SURFACE PREPARATION

FLAME CLEANING

WHIRLING HYGROMETER

PAINT TESTING
DENSITY

THE DENSITY ( SG ) CUP

PAINT TESTING
HEGMAN GRIND GAUGE
FOR FINENESS OF GRIND, DEGREE OF DISPERSION

REPLICA TAPE AND DIAL MICROMETER

PAINT TESTING, VISCOSITY

ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER
WITH ROTOTHINNER
MEASURES DYNAMIC
VISCOSITY. UNITS, POISES

PAINT TESTING. VISCOSITY

KREBS STORMER VISCOMETER
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
DRIVEN BY A FALLING
WEIGHT, THE HEAVIER
THE WEIGHT THE
FASTER IT ROTATES.
CRITERIA 200 RPM
UNITS STOKE OR POISE

MECHANICAL THUMB TEST, THROUGH DRYING

PAINT TESTING
FLOW VISCOSITY
A FORD FLOW CUP

FORD FLOW CUP IN ITS

RETORT AND SHOWING
THE 4mm DIA HOLE

PAINT TESTING VISCOSITY. FORD FLOW CUP

PAINT FILM MEASUREMENT, WET FILM

ECCENTRIC WHEEL

WET FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT

COMB GAUGES

ADHESION TESTS CROSS CUT ( CROSS HATCH ) TEST

SPECIAL CUTTER TOOL

DESTRUCTIVE TEST GAUGES. THE SABERG TEST DRILL

DFT MEASUREMENTS ELECTRONIC GAUGES

ELECTROPHYSIC
MINI TEST

ELCOMETER
THE EXACTO

456

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC.

THE TINSLEY PENCIL

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC,

HORSESHOE GAUGE

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC,

THE BANANA GAUGE MODEL 111

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS, MAGNETIC

THE BANANA GAUGE MODEL 211
SCALE MOVES
TO THE
CURSER

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT

COLOUR CODED CALIBRATION SHIMS
PURPLE

25um

BLUE

50um

BROWN

125um

WHITE

250um

YELLOW

500um

nominal values

ADHESION TESTS THE HYDRAULIC ADHESION TESTER

ADHESION TESTS

THE DOLLY TEST

DESTRUCTIVE TEST GAUGES

THE P.I.G.

OPACITY, THE PFUND CRYPTOMETER

HIDING POWER CHARTS AND ADJUSTABLE APPLICATOR

FLEXIBILITY TEST

CONICAL MANDREL

WOLFF- WILBORN PENCIL SCRATCH TEST

USES THE PENCIL
HARDNESS
RATING.

HEALTH AND SAFETY, COSHH REGULATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS
EH 40, GUIDANCE NOTES, HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE
MEL , MAXIMUM EXPOSURE LIMIT
OEL, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT
OES, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD
LEL, LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
UEL, UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
RAQ, REQUIRED AIR QUANTITY