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Refresher Course: Complex Numbers: Addition
Refresher Course: Complex Numbers: Addition
DEFINITION
A complex number z is of the form x + yi where x, y \ and i = 1 .
x is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z). y is called the imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z).
Note: Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts are equal.
ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Addition:
Subtraction:
Multiplication:
(i)
(ii)
i 2 = 1
Division:
z1 = a + bi = (a + bi )(c di ) = (ac adi + bci bdi 2 ) = (ac + bd ) + (bc ad )i = (ac + bd ) (bc ad )
+ 2
i
c + di
(c + di )(c di )
z2
c2 + d 2
c + d2
c2 + d 2
(c 2 cdi + dci d 2i 2 )
COMPLEX CONJUGATE
If z = x + yi, then the complex number x yi is called the complex conjugate of z. We denote the complex
conjugate of z by z*.
Properties of complex conjugates:
S/No.
1
z=z
(z*)* = z
(kz)* = kz*,
4
5
Properties
z is real
S/No.
6
Properties
z z*
= x + y2
( z1 z 2 ) * = z1* z2*
z + z* = 2 Re(z)
(zn)* = (z*)n,
z z* = 2i Im(z)
10
z1 * ( z1 *)
=
( z2 *)
z2
k \
where n Z +
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z = x2 + y 2
Argument of z is the angle measured from the positive real axis to the line segment joining P and the origin
Im(z)
Im(z)
P(x,y) P(x,y)
y
arg ( z ) = = tan 1
x
Re(z)
y
arg ( z ) = = tan 1
x
Re(z)
P(x,y)
P(x,y)
Re(z)
Re(z)
y
arg ( z ) = = tan 1
x
Im(z)
Im(z)
y
arg ( z ) = = tan 1
x
Im(z)
P(x,y)
z = x + yi
Algebraic form:
Polar (Trigonometric) Form:
Exponential form:
where, e
= cos + i sin .
r sin
Re(z)
r cos
i + )
= ab cos ( + ) + i sin ( + )
zn = z
arg( z n ) = n arg( z )
z1 aei a i( ) a
=
= e
= cos ( ) + i sin ( )
b
z2 bei b
From the above result, observe that:
3)
z
z1
= 1
z2
z2
z1
= arg z1 arg z2
z2
4) arg
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GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION
Addition And Subtraction Of Two Complex Numbers:
Geometrically, the addition and subtraction of 2 complex numbers, e.g., z1 and z2 , are in accordance with
the vector parallelogram that represents the addition and subtraction of vectors as shown.
Im(z)
P4 ( z1 + z2 )
P2 ( z 2 )
P1 ( z1 )
Re(z)
P5 ( z1 z 2 )
P3 ( z2 )
The vectors representing z1 + z2 and z1 z2 are the diagonals of the parallelogram whose sides are
represented by the line segments OP1 and OP2 with P1 and P2 representing the complex numbers z1 and z2
respectively.
w = bei .
z w = abe (
i + )
= ab cos ( + ) + i sin ( + )
R Im
(z.w)
Q(w)
P(z)
Q(w)
z.w = ab
P(z)
Re
Re
When complex number z is multiplied to complex number w, the line segment OQ is rotated anti-clockwise
through and scaled by a factor of a as shown in the diagram above
Similarly, when complex number w is divided by complex number z, the line segment OQ is rotated
clockwise through and scaled by a factor of
1
.
a
Im
P(z)
( iz )
Re
( -iz )
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The complex number 7 + 5i is represented by the point A in an Argand diagram with origin O. Given that
OABC is a rectangle described in a clockwise sense with OC = 2OA , find the complex numbers represented
by the points B and C in the form x + iy , where x and y are real.
DE MOIVRES THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATION
z z0 = r , r \ +
P0 (z0)
y
P1 (z1)
z z1 = z z2
O
P2 (z2)
y
arg( z z0 ) =
The locus of the point P representing z is the halfline starting from P0 (excluding P0) and making an
angle with the positive x-axis.
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P0 (z0)
Example 4:
b) arg(1 iz ) = arg ( 1 + i )
c) iz 4 = 2 4i z
Example 5:
Sketch in an Argand diagram the set of points representing all complex numbers z satisfying the following
inequalities:
2z 1 < i 3 +1
z + 1 iz 1 ,
and
EXCERCISE:
[JJC MYE 07/P2/ Q10a Modified]
8
1. If w = (1 + i) , find the modulus and argument of w in exact form. Hence, show that the roots of the
4
(1 3 i)
equation ( z 1)3 = (1 + i) can be expressed in the form of 2cos ei 2 , where the values of are to be
4
2
(1 3 i)
determined.
[JJC MYE 07/P2/ Q10c]
2. a) Write down, in the form ei , all the 8th roots of unity, i.e. the roots of the equation z 8 = 1 .
b) Using the result ( z ei )( z e i ) = z 2 (2 cos ) z + 1 , express z 8 1 as the product of two linear
factors and three quadratic factors, where all the coefficients are real and expressed in a nontrigonometric form.
[PJC Prelim 07/P1/Q12 Modified]
3. In a single Argand diagram, sketch the set of points representing all complex numbers z satisfying both of
the following inequalities: z + 3 + 3i 1 + 2i and 0 arg( z + 3 + 3i)
5
.
6
Hence, find
a) the maximum and minimum value of arg( z + 1 + 3i)
b) the maximum and minimum value of z + 1 + 3i .
Answers for Examples:
1) z = 2 + 3i, 2 3i, and 1
2) c = 10 14i, b = 17 9i
18
1)
( 1 + i) 8
=1
(1 i 3) 4
8
, arg (1 + i) = 2
4
3
(1 i 3)
, = 2 , 4 , 8 .
9 9
9
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2a) z = e
3a) ,
k
4
2
3
, where k = 0, 4, 1, 2, 3
b) 13 , 2 3