1

CNG NGH SN XUT

CHT TY RA
PHN 1: TNG QUAN V CHT
HOT NG B MT

TS. L Th Hng Nhan

1

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Tnh hnh
L mt trong nhng nhm ha cht s dng nhiu nht
trn th gii
S dng trong lnh vc: ty ra, m phm, cng nghip
lin quan vi in t, mi trng, du kh, sinh hc, c ch
n mn,
Th trng cht hot ng b mt cao (khong 3 t USD
trong 1997)

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Th trng cht hat ng b mt trn th gii 1995-2005 ( ngn tn)

Vng

1995

2005

% tng /nm

Nht

565

655

1,5

Ty u

2100

2165

0,3

Bc M

1800

1960

1,0

Chu Thi bnh dng

2690

4340

6,1

Chu M la tinh

1575

1785

2,6

Cc vng cn li

1645

2765

6,8

Tng cng

10220

13870

3,6

Ty u, Bc M : khong 80% cht hat ng b mt trn c

s du m
chu Thi bnh dng: 55-65% cht hat ng b mt trn c
s du bo thin nhin.
3

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Lng cht hat ng b mt c s dng cc lnh vc

v cc vng khc nhau trn th gii nm 1995)
Asia-Pacific
Household Products
Industrial & Institutional
Cleaners
All others industrial uses ( pulp
and paper, textile,
construction,..
% used in all industrial
application
Tng cng (triu tn)
Tng cng trong s dng cng
nghip (triu tn)

Western Europe North America

58 %

56%

40%

2%

9%

10%

40%

35%

50%

42%

43%

60%

2,8

1,9

2,5

1,18

0,82

1,50

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Tn gi
Surfactant = Surface-active agent
Tn ti nng thp trong h thng
Hp thu ln b mt hay mt phn chia pha => thay i
nng lng t do ca b mt.

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt
A

A
B

Phn t chu tng tc ca cc phn t bao quanh: lng

cc- lng cc; ;lng cc- lng cc cm ng; Khuch
tn => Lc lin kt Van der Walls
(B): lc cn bng

(A) lc khng cn bng

lc p vo trong lng cht lng = ni p

Ni p ko phn t t b mt phn chia pha => gim b
mt n mc ti thiu

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

Th nng (A) > Th nng (B)

nng lng (A) v (B) = nng lng b mt
Mun tng b mt: a phn t trong lng ra b mt ->
thc hin cng chng li lc tng tc phn t -> nng
lng d b mt dEs

dEs = .ds

dEs
=
ds

= nng lng to ra 1 unit b mt = sc cng b mt =

Lc tc dng trn mt n v chiu di gii hn (chu vi) b
mt phn chia pha v lm gim b mt ca cht lng
(dyn.cm-1,erg.cm-2 )

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

Cc yu t nh hng sc cng b mt
-Bn cht pha tip xc
-Nhit
-p sut
- cong b mt
-S xut hin ca cht th hai trong cht lng

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

-Bn cht pha tip xc

Cht lng phn cc mnh-> tng tc phn t ln,

ni p ln -> sc cng b mt ln

Mt phn t

Nu hai cht lng ch ha tan mt phn vo nhau th

sc cng b mt trn gii hn lng lng gn bng hiu s
gia sc cng b mt ca mi cht ( bo ha cht kia)
so vi khng kh.

Di tc dng ca sc cng b mt, th tch khi

cht lng s hng ti dng hnh cu ( nu khng c ngoi
lc) v b mt hnh cu l b mt b nht gii hn mt th
tch cht lng cho
9

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

10

Sc cng b mt ca cc cht lng tip xc vi khng kh (o) v ca cht lng tip xc

vi nc (I) 20oC ( dyn/cm

Nc

72,75

Ethanol

22,30

Benzen

28,88

35,00

n-octanol

27,50

8,50

Acid acetic

27,60

n-hexan

18,40

51,10

CCl4

26,80

45,10

n-octan

21,80

50,80

Glycerin

66,00

Anilin

42,90

Cht lng

B mt cht lng

Nhit
(oC)

Cht lng

Sc cng b mt lng-khng
kh (dyn/cm)

Sc cng b mt lng-lng
(dyn/cm)

Lp hu c

Lp nc

Tnh ton

Thc nghim
34,4

Benzen/nc

19

28,8

63,2

34,4

Anilin/nc

26

42,2

46,4

4,2

10

4,8

11

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.3. Cht hot ng b mt
Sc cng b mt
(2)

(3)

(1)
Nng

(1) Cht hot ng b mt

(2) Cht khng hat ng b mt
(3) Cht khng nh hng n sc cng b mt
11

12

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.3. Cht hot ng b mt

Cc cht hat ng b mt:

-Cht c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung mi
cha chng.
Thng l: cc cht hu c nh cc acid bo, mui ca acid
bo, ester, ru, alkyl sulfate.
Cu to: gm hai phn:
+ Phn phn cc ( i nc, a nc, ho nc=lyophilic
group)
+ Phn khng phn cc ( k nc, ght nc hay i du,
ho du, a du= lyophobic group)
12

13

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.4. hot ng b mt

hot ng b mt = bin thin sc cng b mt theo

nng

d
d

; hay
dc
da

i lng Gibbs G* = -d/dc

Dd nc: cht tan c phn cc gim -> G* tng

13

14

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1.4. hot ng b mt

Trong dy ng ng, hot ng b mt bin i theo quy

lut
, dyn/cm

(1)
(2)

65

(3)
50

(4)

(5)
35

0,16

(1)HCOOH
(2) CH3COOH
(3) CH3CH2COOH
(4) CH3(CH2)2COOH
(5)(CH3)2CHCH2 COOH

0,36

0,54

C, mol/l

Quy tc Traube: hot ng b mt tng 3-3.5 ln khi

chiu di mch carbon tng thm 1 nhm CH2

14

15

1.2.1.LP B MT TRN GII HN LNG KH

: lng cht HBM/ n v din tch b mt (mol/cm2 hay

mol/m2)

(a) Nng cht HBM nh

(b) Nng cht HBM ln
15

16

1.3.1.LP B MT TRN GII HN LNG KH

Quan h gia hp ph - nng C:

Nng C
Chiu di mch carbon
Gi tr ti hn m

16

17

1.3.2.S HNH THNH MICELLE

S hnh thnh micelle trong dd nc:

Lc ht Van de Walls gia phn k nc
Lc y ca nhm in tch cng du
Lc ht ca cc phn t nc

17

18

1.3.2.S HNH THNH MICELLE

Micelle trong cc h khc nhau: O/W, W/O

18

19

1.3.3.NNG MICELLE TI HN (CMC)

Nng micelle ti hn (Critical Micelle Concentration:

CMC)
CMC= nng dung dch cht HBM m ti s hnh thnh
micelle tr nn ng k
Ap sut thm thu
c

Sc cng b mt

dn in

CMC

Nng

19

20

1.3.4.YU T NH HNG CMC

Chiu di phn k nc: tng chiu di-> CMC gim

Nhit : nhit gim -> gim CMC
Cht in ly: tng cht in ly -> CMC gim
Cht hu c: ty thuc bn cht -> CMC tng hay gim

20

21

1.3.4.YU T NH HNG CMC

CMC ca dung dch sodium alkyl sulphate trong nc 40oC

S nguyn t C
CMC x 103 mol/L

10

12

14

16

18

140

33

8,6

2,2

0,58

0,23

CMC ca dung dch sodium lauryl sulphate trong dd NaCl

25oC
Nng NaCl (mol/L)
CMC x 103 mol/L

0,01

0,03

0,1

0,3

8,1

5,6

3,1

1,5

0,7
21

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.1.im Kraft

22

im Kraft: l nhit ha tan bng CMC

(ti nng 0.1-10%)
Lin quan cht HBM anion
Chiu di mch C tng -> Kraft tng
Mch C c xut hin oxide ethylene -> Kraft gim
Ph thuc nng v cc thnh phn khc trong dd
im Kraft ca dung dch alkyl sulphate trong nc
S nguyn t C

10

12

14

16

18

im Kraft (oC)

16

30

45

56
22

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.2.im c

23

im c: l nhit cht HBM khng ion tr nn

khng th ha tan, tch ra khi dung dch
Lin quan cht HBM khng ion
di gc akyl tng -> im c gim
Lng nhm oxide ethylene gim -> im c gim

23

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.3.HLB

24

Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance -HLB: Mi tng quan i

nc- i du
Thang o HLB: 1-40
HLB ln: tnh i nc cao, tnh i du thp
Gia tng HLB -> gia tng tnh i nc
phn tn khc nhau trong dd nc -> HLB khc nhau

24

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.3.HLB

25

Mc phn tn

HLB

- Khng phn tn trong nc

1-4

- Phn tn km

3-6

- Phn tn nh sa sau khi lc

6-8

- Phn tn nh sa bn

8-10

- Phn tn trong m n trong

10-13

- Dung dch trong

> 13
25

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.3.HLB

26

Cng thc tnh HLB:

+Cng thc ca Davies:
HLB = 7 + HLB nhm i nc - HLB nhm k nc
+ Cng thc ca Kawakami:
HLB = 7 + 11,7 log ( Mn/Md)
Mn : Khi lng phn t a nc trong phn t
Md : Khi lng phn t a du trong phn t
+ Cng thc tnh ester ca acid bo v ru a chc:
HLB = 20 ( 1 S/A)
S: Ch s x phng ha ca ester
A: Ch s acid ca acid bo

26

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.3.HLB

27

Cng thc tnh HLB:

Nu ester khng o c ch s x phng th c cng thc
sau:
HLB = (E + P) / 5
E, P: phn trm khi lng ca EO v ru a chc
trong phn t.
+Cng thc Griffin: hn hp c nhiu cht hot ng b
mt th
HLB hh = xi HLBi
xi :phn khi lng trong tng lng cht hat ng b mt
27

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.3.HLB

28

Cht hot ng b mt
Tween 18
Tween 81
Span 20
Span 40
Span 60
Span 80
Glycerol Stearat
Span 65

Gi tr thc
15
10
8,6
6,7
4,7
4,3
3,8
2,1

Gi tr tnh ton
15,8
10,9
8,5
7,0
5,7
5,0
3,7
2,1
28

1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC

1.3.5.4.c tnh b mt lng-rn v quan h 3 pha

29

c tnh b mt lng-rn v quan h 3 pha:

RK

LK

(Kh)

(Lng)

LR

(Rn)

: gc dnh t
< 90: RK > RL + LK -> cht lng chy loang trn b mt
rn -> dnh t
> 90: RK < RL + LK -> cht lng co li trn b mt rn ->
khng dnh t
29

Chng 2: NH GI K THUT CHT

HBM

30

Gm:
Kh nng to nh
Kh nng to bt
Kh nng ty ra
Cc ch tiu khc

30

31

Kh nng to nh

Nh tng: h c pha phn tn v mi trng phn tn u

dng lng.
to nh tng hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau.
Trong nh tng, pha lng phn cc thng gi l pha
nc k hiu n hay w (water)- pha lng kia khng phn cc
thng gi l du k hiu d hay o (oil).

31

32

Kh nng to nh

Nh tng thng c phn lm hai loi:

n/d (w/o : water in oil) gi l nh tng nc trong du
gm cc git nc phn tn trong du.
d/n (o/w) gi l nh tng du trong nc gm cc git
du phn tn trong nc.
Nh tng n/d cn gi l nh tng loi 1 hay nh tng
thun. Nh tng d/n cn gi l nh tng loi 2 hay nh
tng nghch.

32

33

Kh nng to nh

Phn loi nh tng theo nng ca pha phn tn:

Nh tng long: nng pha phn tn < 0,1 %.
Nh tng m c: cha mt lng ln pha phn tn,
c th n 74 % th tch
Nh tng rt m c( v d nh nh tng gelatin
ha) c t l pha phn tn > 74% th tch

33

34

Kh nng to nh

S nh ha (emulsification): qu trnh phn tn mt cht

liu vo mt cht liu khc (thng u dng lng) di
dng nhng git cu.
tng bn vt l ca h phn tn:
Tng nht ca pha ngoi
Bo m pha ni tn ti nhng git nh nht v
hp l => gim kh nng bm dnh ca hai git.
Tng sc bn c hc ca b mt, s gim lc nhit
ng gy ra s kt t
34

35

Kh nng to nh

Cht nh ha (emulsifier): gim sc cng b mt gia hai

pha du/nc v lm bn nh.
Cn thit phi c cht nh ho hin din hnh thnh t
nht 1 lp n bao ph ln b mt git ca pha phn tn.

35

36

Kh nng to nh

bn nh:
Nh tng c khuynh hng to nn cc git ln hn-> h
b ph v -> tch ra lm hai lp (hin tng tch pha)

36

37

Kh nng to nh

Yu t nh hng bn nh:
Lng cht nh ha
T l du v nc
S nh hng ca pha
nh hng ca s tch in
Nhit
nht ca mi trng phn tn.
S phi hp cc cht nh ha.

37

38

Kh nng to nh

Yu t nh hng bn nh:
Lng cht nh ha
T l du v nc
S nh hng ca pha
nh hng ca s tch in
Nhit
nht ca mi trng phn tn.
S phi hp cc cht nh ha.
Kch thc ca nh
S ng u ca nh

38

39

Kh nng to nh

Yu t nh hng bn nh:
Lng cht nh ha
T l du v nc
S nh hng ca pha
nh hng ca s tch in
Nhit
nht ca mi trng phn tn.
S phi hp cc cht nh ha.
Kch thc ca nh
S ng u ca nh

39

40

Kh nng to bt

Bt in hnh l h phn tn m cc cht th v rt

c ca pha kh ( thng l khng kh) trong cht lng.
Kch thc bt kh c mm v trong mt s trng hp
c th ln n cm.

40

41

Kh nng to bt

bn vng ca bt ph thuc:
Tnh cht ca mng bt
Bn cht ca cht to bt
Hm lng cht to bt
Nhit
nht ca dung dch
Cc tc nhn lm tng bt (foam bootster)
Cc tc nhn chng bt (antifoamer)
41

42

Kh nng to bt

Cc tc nhn lm tng bt (foam bootster)

-Chn cht hot ng b mt to bt hay
khng to bt
-S dng cc ph gia lm tng bt.

42

43

Kh nng to bt

Chn cht hot ng b mt to bt hay khng to bt

Cc yu t nh hng n CMC c th tng hoc gim bt
l:

Nhit

S c mt ca cht in ly

Cu trc phn t ca cht hot ng b

mt
S dng cc cht ph gia lm tng bt
Thm vo mt s hp cht i cc ( ion i) c
th lm gim CMC ca cht hot ng b
mt .
Khi hp cht c cng mch C vi cht hot
ng b mt th kh nng to bt v n nh
bt tng:
Ether glycerol < Ether sulfonyl < Amide <

43

44

Kh nng to bt

Cc tc nhn chng bt (antifoamer)

Ngn cn s to bt: thng l cc ion v c nh canxi
c nh hng n s n nh tnh in hoc gim nng
aniion bng kt ta
Tng tc phn hy bt: l cc cht v c hay hu c
s n thay th cc phn t cc cht hot ng b mt
ca mng bt lm mng bt t n nh ( khng bn).
Khi thm cht hot ng b mt NI vo cht hot ng b
mt anion lm gim bt ng k. Tuy nhin h thng anionic/
NI ny vn cn qu nhiu bt.
44

45

Kh nng to bt
C ch ph v bt bng cc ht k nc
Khng kh (K)

Khng kh (K)

Ht k
nc

Ht k
nc

Phim

Phim
(K)

Lng (L)

(K)

Lng (L)

ht k nc c th = x phng canxi ( k nc) khng tan.

X phng no c hiu qu ph bt cao v c sp xp theo dy sau:
X phng m c voi > x phng colza > stearate > x phng m b >
x phng du da.
Tuy nhin h thng ny c cc nhc im sau:
+ Thiu hiu qu nc ngt ( khng c s to thnh x phng canxi)
45
+ ng bnh ( gel ha ) trong b phn phn phi bt ( khi nhit thp)

46

Kh nng to bt
C ch chy loang (spreading)
Khng kh (K)
Phim

Khng kh (K)

Silicon
/Du

Silicon
/Du

Phim
(K)
Lng (L)

(K)
Lng (L)

H thng anionic/NI vi cc tc nhn chng bt c s

dng rng ri bao gm:
+ Stearyl phosphate ( mono v distearyl phosphate)
+ Du v sp
+ Cc silicon ,silic k nc
46

47

Kh nng to bt
ngha ca bt

+bt c vai tr trong qu trnh tuyn ni qung

+ s to bt l yu t tch cc trong qu trnh git gi
+ Nh s to bt v sau kh bt, c th lm sch mt
s cht lng khi cht hot ng b mt
+ Bt c ngha to ln trong cu ho, dp tt m chy
ngi ta dng bt trong pha phn tn l dioxt cacbon,
ngn khng cho khng kh tip xc vi m chy
+ S to bt l cn thit khi sn xut cc cht do xp
47

48

Kh nng ty ra
Ty ra = detergency= qu trnh lm sch
(cleaning)
Cht ty ra (detergent)= tc nhn kh nng
lm sch
khi nim ty ra y ch qu trnh lm
sch b mt rn (bao gm c vi si) trong
mt dung dch trong c cc qu trnh ho
l xy ra.

48

49

Kh nng ty ra

S ty ra bao gm:
Ly i cc vt bn khi cc b mt rn ( vt
dng, vi vc)
Gi cc vt bn ly i ang l lng
trnh cho chng khi bm li trn cc qun
o ( hin tng chng ti bm ).

49

50

Kh nng ty ra

Vt bn : bao gm vt bn khng phn cc

(vt bn du m) v vt bn dng ht ( cc
ht mn).
Cc vt bn cht bo v dng ht ny c th
tn ti c lp hay ha ln vi nhau.

50

51

Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn c cht bo
Thuyt nhit ng phng php Lanza
Nc (N)
Nc (N)

Cht bo (B)
Cht bo (B)

Si (S)

Si (S)

khi thm cht hot ng b mt vo nc, do s hp ph

ca chng trn si v vt bn lm gim c sc cng b
mt ca chng ( so vi nc) cho n khi tng ca chng
tr nn nh hn sc sng b mt ca giao din si/vt bn
lc vt bn t ty i
51

52

Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn c cht bo
C ch rolling up : ( cun i)
Nc (N)

BN

Nc (N)

Cht bo (B)

Cht bo (B)

NS
Si (S)

BS

Si (S)

Cht hot ng b mt do chng hp ph ln si v vt bn

lm gim cc sc cng giao din si/nc v bn/nc, lc
mng du s cun li v tch khi si do lc c hc nh
ch xt ( git bng tay hay bng my).
52

53

Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn c cht bo
C ch ha tan

Cc phn t cht hot ng b mt kt hp => hnh thnh

micell nng CMC => hp cht c ha tan bn trong
cc micell
Tm li c s ty ra tt, khng nhng cn gim sc
cng b mt m cn phi tng nng hot cht hnh
thnh cc micell v c c mt s micelle , ty theo
lng vt bn bo hin din trong dung dch git ra.
53

54

Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn dng ht
Thuyt nhit ng hc v in hc ( DuiaguinLandau-vervey v Overbeck (DLVO)
P

P
P

Cng cung cp tch ht P ra khi b mt S mt khong

cch yu hn bi v lc y quan trng hn, tc l ht P
v b mt S cng phn cc cng du ( tch in ging nhau).
Khi cht hot ng b mt b hp ph trn cc ht v b mt
lm cho gia tng lc y v do lm cho qu trnh ty d
dng hn.
54

55

Kh nng ty ra

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ty ra
-bn cht cht hot ng b mt s dng
-pH
-ph gia
-nhit

55

56

Cc ch tiu nh gi khc
Kh nng to h huyn ph
Huyn ph :h cc pha rn phn tn trong
mi trng lng.
Cc ht rn c xu hng kt t v tch ra
khi h. Cc ht rn c kch thc nh hn
th thi gian lng ta s di hn => thm cht
hot ng b mt huyn ph bn
Huyn ph c nhiu ng dng quan trng
trong cng nghip. V d: huyn ph khng
nc: sn du, verni, mc in, h c nc:
sn nc, mc vit, dung dch thuc nhum
phn tn.
56

57

Cc ch tiu nh gi khc

Kh nng thm t
Hin tng thm t nh cht hot ng b
mt c nhiu ng dng gii quyt cc vn
thc t trong k thut sn, nhum, ty
trng, trung ha cc cht dit cn trng, su
b. Cc b mt rn y thng khng
thm t, vic thm cht hot ng b mt
thch hp s lm gim sc cng b mt ca
nc, gip cho vic thm t d dng hn.
57

58

Cc ch tiu nh gi khc
Ch s canxi chp nhn
Ch s ny o cng ti a ca nc m cht
hot ng b mt vn cn hiu lc trong
chc nng ty ra. Ch s ny cng ln, cht
hot ng b mt cng c kh nng ty ra
trong nc cng.
Ch s canxi chp nhn c xc nh bng
cch chun dung dch cht hot ng b
mt bng dung dch canxi acatat 1 %. Tin
hnh chun dung dch trn cho n khi
no dung dch c. Lc ny lng ion canxi
trong dung dch l ch s canxi chp nhn
c.
58

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

Phn loi theo:

Cu trc ha hc
Tnh cht vt l ( tan trong nc hoc dung mi)
ng dng ha hc

Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Phn loi theo bn cht nhm k nc
Phn loi theo bn cht lin kt gia nhm ho nc v
k nc
59

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

-Anionic
-

- Cationic

+
- Non ionic (NI) ( khng phn ly)

- Lng tnh ( Amphoteric)

60

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Anionic:
Ha tan trong nc phn ly thnh ion HBM in tch
m
Bao gm cc nhm chnh:
Acid carbocylic: RCOO(-)
Ester sulfuric ( Sulfate): ROSO2O(-)
Alkan sulfonic acid: RSO3(-)
Alken sulfonic acid: R-CH=CH-CH2-SO3(-)
Alkyl aromatic sulfonic acid: R-C6H4-SO3(-)
Cc nhm khc: Phosphate v phosphonic acid,
persulfate, thiosulfate, sulfamic acid,
sulfosuccinate
61

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc
H3C

R O SO3

H3C

H
C

(CH2)m

CH3

Sulfate ru bc mt
( PAS: Primery Alcohol Sulfate)

CH3

(CH2)n

CH3

Parafin sulfonate
( SAS: Secondary Alkyl Sulfonate)

CH3

CH2 C CH2 C

CH3

CH3

CH3

SO3

SO3

Alkyl benzen sulfonat (ABS)

ABS nhnh

H3C

(CH2)n

SO3

ABS thng
(LAS: Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate)
62

63

1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Cationic:
Ha tan trong nc phn ly thnh ion HBM in tch
dng
R3

R1
+

N
R2

X
R4

X: halogenua, sulfate, methyl sulfate,

R1: alkyl mch di
R2, R3, R4: Hydro hay nhm alkyl mch ngn, alkyl aryl.
63

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

R-CH2

CH3
+

Cl
CH3

H3C

O
R C

Mt dy alkyl

O-CH2-CH2

H3C

(CH2)2NH

R
imidazolin bc bn

C R

O
R C

CH3

O-CH2-CH2

CH3SO4-

CH2-CH2OH

Dialkyl ester th bn ln ca
methosulfate triethanolamine

O
64

65

1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Non ionic:
Khng to ion khi tan trong dung dch nc
Cu to:
-Phn k nc: akyl phenol, alcol, acid bo, amide,
-Phn i nc: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide,
glycerin orbitol,
Hot ng c trong mi trng cha cht in ly
ln

65

66

1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

R O

(CH2-CH2O)n

Cc ru bo ethoxy ha
H

(O-CH2-CH2)m

(CH2-CH-O)n

(O-CH2-CH2)m-H

Copolymer oxide ethylene (OE) v oxide propylene (OP)

H
R C N
O

CH2-CH2-OH

Alkyl monoethanol amide

R C N
O

CH2-CH2-OH
CH2-CH2-OH

Alkyl diethanol amide

66

67

1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

R CHOH-CH2-(OCH2-CHOH-CH2)n -OH
Polyglycerol ester

C H2O H
O

OH
O

OH

alkylpolyglucoside (APG)
67

68

1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Lng tnh:
C cha c nhm acid v base trong phn i nc
Gm 2 loi chnh:
-HBM lng tnh carboxylic
-HBM lng tnh sulfate/sulfonate

68

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc
CH3

R C NH (CH2)3 N

CH2 C

CH3

Alkyl amido propyl betain

CH3

O
R C

NH

CH2-CH2-CH2

CH2 CH

CH3

CH2 SO3

OH

C2H4OH

Alkyl amidopropyl sulfobetain

R
Betain ethoxy ha

CH2 C

C2H4OH

69

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm k nc

Gc alkyl mch thng, C8-18

Gc alkyl mch ngn C3-C12 gn vo nhn thm
Olefin nhnh C8-C20
Hydrocarbon t du m
Hydrocarbon mch di thu c t phn ng CO v
H2

70

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo bn cht lin kt nhm k
nc v i nc

Gm 2 loi:
Nhm ho nc lin kt trc tip nhm k nc:
RCOONa, ROSO3Na, RC6H4SO3Na
Nhm ho nc lin kt nhm k nc thng qua cc
lin kt trung gian
Lin kt ester: RCOO-CH2CHOHCH2-OSO3Na
Lin kt amide: R-NHCOCH2SO3Na
Lin kt ether: ROC2H4OSO3Na
71