SMPS - Switch Mode Power Supply

DC Power Supply

INTRODUCTION
Previous DC-DC converters (Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost) do not
provide electrical isolation between input and output - these are
non-isolated DC-DC converters
In most applications, isolation is required and this can be
provided by transformers
One possible solution:
AC, 50hz supply

Controls

DC-DC
Converters
(non-isolated)

To the LOAD

PROBLEMS:
Transformer operated at 50Hz frequency require
large magnetic core bulky, heavy and
expensive !
SOLUTIONS:
Use transformer at switching frequency smaller
core size
Turns-ratio provides flexibility to the design
Can provide multiple outputs

Typical SMPS block diagram:

Typical SMPS block diagram:

TRANSFORMER MODEL
For SEE 4433 simplified model of transformer will be used to
describe the circuit operation of SMPS
I1

I2

+
V1

+
V2

Simplified model: no
leakage and winding
resistances

Lm

R1

Ideal model,

V1 I 2 N1

V2 I 1 N2

Ll1

Ll2

Rc

Lm

R2
Detailed model: leakage
inductances, winding
resistances, magnetizing
inductance, losses

FLY-BACK

Derived from Buck-Boost

converter
Isolation provided by high
frequency transformer
Assume continuous iLm

FLY-BACK
Derivation of output voltage , Vo

(iL)closed + (iL)open=0

OR

Inductor volt-second balanced

(Average inductor voltage = 0)

FLY-BACK
Derivation of output voltage , Vo
Switch
CLOSED (ON)

iLm closed

VsDT
Lm

vLm Vs

Switch OPEN
(OFF)

Vo (1 D)T N1

iLm open
Lm
N2
N1
vLm Vo

N2

FLY-BACK
Derivation of output voltage , Vo
Switch
CLOSED (ON)

Switch OPEN
(OFF)

V DT
iLm closed s
Lm

Vo (1 D)T N1

iLm open
Lm
N2

vLm Vs

vLm Vo

(iL)closed + (iL)open=0
VsDT Vo (1 D)T N1

0
Lm
Lm
N2
D N2
Vo Vs

1 D N1

N1

N
2

Inductor volt-second balanced

(Average inductor voltage = 0)
N1
(1 D)T 0
N
2

(DT)Vs Vo

D N2
Vo Vs

1 D N1

FLY-BACK
Waveforms
for Fly-back Converter
v
1

vLm

Closed

Vs
N1

N2

Vo

iLm
iLx

Open

is

iD

ic

Vo
R

FLY-BACK

Minimum Lm for continuous current

Boundary condition when ILm,min = 0

It can be shown that:

FLY-BACK
Output voltage ripple
Derivation of output voltage ripple is similar to BuckBoost converter
It can be shown that the ration of the ripple to the
output voltage is given by:

FORWARD

Derived from Buck

converter
Isolation provided by high
frequency transformer
Assume continuous iLx

FORWARD
Derivation of output voltage , Vo

(iL)closed + (iL)open=0

OR

Inductor volt-second balanced

(Average inductor voltage = 0)

FORWARD

ON

OFF

FORWARD
Derivation of output voltage , Vo

diLx
dt
v
iLx Lx DT
Lx

We know, vLx Lx

Switch
CLOSED (ON)

We can writevLx v2 Vo

vLx Vs N2 N1 Vo

Therefore,

DT
N2
iLx closed Vs Vo
N1
Lx

The slope of the magnetizing current is given by:

iLm vLm Vs

t Lm Lm

FORWARD
Derivation of output voltage , Vo

diLx
dt
v
iLx Lx DT
Lx

We know, vLx Lx

Switch OPEN
(OFF)

Since vLx Vo
Therefore,

iLx open
i
t

Lm
The slope of the magnetising current is given by:

What is vLm ? v3 Vs Therefore

iLM
Vs N1

If
t
Lm N3

Vo (1 D)T
Lx

vLm
Lm

v1 N1 vLm
N

vLm Vs 1
v3 N3 v3
N3

N1
i
V

1, LM s
t
Lm
N3

FORWARD
Derivation of output voltage , Vo
Switch
CLOSED (ON)

DT
N2
iLx closed Vs Vo
N1
Lx
vLx Vs N 2 N1 Vo

Switch OPEN
(OFF)

iLx open

Vo (1 D)T
Lx

vLx Vo

FORWARD
Derivation of output voltage , Vo
Switch
CLOSED (ON)

iLx closed

Switch OPEN
(OFF)

DT
N2
Vo
Vs
N
1
Lx

iLx open

vLx Vo

vLx Vs N 2 N1 Vo

(iL)closed + (iL)open=0

DT V (1 D)T
N2
o
0
Vs
Vo
Lx
N1
Lx
N2

N
1

Vo DVs

Vo (1 D)T
Lx

Inductor volt-second balanced

(Average inductor voltage = 0)
Vs N2 N1 Vo DT Vo 1 D T
N2

N
1

Vo DVs

FORWARD
Waveforms
for Forward Converter
vLx

ON

Vs N2 N1 Vo

Vo

iLx
iLx

iLm

i1

OFF

N2

iLx
N1

v1

iLm
Vs

N1

N3

Vs

Tx

FORWARD
Waveforms
for Forward Converter
vLx
Vs N2 N1 Vo

It is important that iLm goes to

zero before the start of a new
cycle

Vo

iLx
iLx

This condition
N is fulfilled if
N
VsDT Vs 1 Tx
Tx 3 DT
N3

N1

iLm

Now
i1

Tx DT T
N3
DT DT T
N
1

N2

iLx
N1

v1

N
1
D 1 3 1 D
N1

1 3
N1

iLm
Vs

If N3/N1 =1, then D < 0.5

N1

N3

Vs

Tx

FULL-BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER

The switches are switched in

a pair: (SW1, SW2) and
(SW3,SW4)
(SW1, SW2) closed:

(i)

vp = Vs

(ii) D1 ON, D2 OFF

(iii)

N
vx Vs s

N
p

(SW3, SW4) closed:

(i)

vp = -Vs

(ii) D1 OFF, D2 ON

N
s

(iii) vx Vs

N
p

FULL-BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER

Derivation of output voltage , Vo

Inductor volt-second balanced
(Average inductor voltage = 0)

N
s
Vs

Vo

DT Vo 0.5 D T 0
N
p

N
Vo 2Vs s
D
Np

N
Vs s
Vo
N
p
Vo

vLx

iLx

FULL-BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER

Minimum Lx for continuous current

I Lx,max I Lx

iLx
2

I Lx,min I Lx

iLx
2

I Lx

Vo Vo 0.5 D T

2 Lx
R

I Lx ,max

Vo Vo 0.5 D T

R
2 Lx

I Lx ,m in

Minimum Lx when ILx,min = 0

Lx,min

0.5 D R
2f

FULL-BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER

Output voltage ripple

Q CVo

iC

From the figure

T 1 Vo 0.5 D T Vo 0.5 D

4 2
2Lx
16Lx f 2

Vo 0.5 D

Vo 16LxCf 2

iLx Vo 0.5 D T

2
2Lx

HALF-BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER

Capacitors (C1 and C2) equally divide

input voltage, therafore Vs/2 appear
across primary when Sw1 closed and
Vs/2 when Sw2 closed.
N
Henc
Vo Vs s
D
N
p
e

HALF-BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER

Ns
D
N
p

Vo Vs