Basic Electrical & Electronics

Current & Charge

The amount of electrical charge of an electron (e ) and that of
proton (p + ) is the same, except that they are opposite sign,

Basic Electrical Circuits & Components

je j = jp +j = 1:60219  10

Current, i t is the rate of charge flow through a conductor in a

circuit,
dQ t
i t
Ampere; Coulomb=sec
dt
where, Q t is the amount of electrical charge that passes through
the conductor.

()

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

ME 361: Instrumentation & Measurement

Electrical Circuits

[Coulomb]

()

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

19

( )=

() [

Electrons flow from cathode to anode through the circuit, but

convention assumes current flow in the opposite direction.

ME 361

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Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Basic Electrical & Electronics

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

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Basic Electrical & Electronics

Electrical Circuit Terminology

Analogy Between Electrical & Earth Ground

e581.eps

Anode : +ve side of source where electrons are attracted.

Cathode : -ve side from where electrons are released.
Ground : a reference point where voltage is assumed zero.
Load : network of circuit elements that dissipate or store electrical
energy.
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

3 / 19

e387.eps

Ground indicates a reference point in the circuit where the voltage

is assumed to be zero.

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

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Basic Electrical & Electronics

Basic Electrical & Electronics

Basic Electrical Elements

Resistor
 Resistor dissipates electrical energy into heat.
+

= IR

= I 2R

= ab
10c  tol

a b c
Registor

Capacitor

Inductor

Voltage Source

Current Source

There are three basic passive elements: the resistor (R), capacitor
(C) and inductor (L).
Passive elements require no additional power supply, as active
elements such as integrated circuits.
There are two types of ideal energy sources: a voltage source (V)
and a current source (I).
Ideal sources contain no internal resistance, inductance or
capacitance.
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

tol

ME 361

5 / 19

Table: a , b, and c Bands

Color
Value

Black
0

Brown
1

Red
2

Orange
3

Yellow
4

Green
5

Blue
6

Violet
7

Gray
8

White
9

Table: tol Band

Color
Value

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Basic Electrical & Electronics

Gold
5%

Silver

10%

Nothing
20%

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

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Basic Electrical & Electronics

Capacitor
Capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in the form of an
electric field, resulted from a separation of electrical charge.
An ideal capacitor generates a voltage potential difference between
its two nodes proportional to the stored electrical charge.

( ) = QC(t ) = C1

vC t

()

i  d

( ) = C dvdtC

i t

where, C = Capacitance (Farad = Coulomb/Volt)

e383.eps

Since the voltage across a capacitor is the integral of the

displacement current the voltage cannot change instantaneously.
An ideal capacitor induces a 90o phase angle between its voltage
and current across its terminals due to the integral function.

e582.eps
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

7 / 19

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

8 / 19

Basic Electrical & Electronics

Basic Electrical & Electronics

Inductor
Inductor is a passive energy storage element that stores energy in
the form of a magnetic field.
An ideal inductor generates a potential difference proportional to
the rate of change of current passing through it.

( )=

vL t


e434.eps

e433.eps

Capacitance is a property of the dielectric material, the plate

geometry and separation.
Capacitors block DC voltage and pass the AC voltage. DC voltage
will build a potential difference in the capacitor until they are
equal. AC voltage simply alternates the charge and discharge of
the capacitor and is passed, not blocked, in a circuit.
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

9 / 19

di
L
dt

d
dt

( )=

i t

1
L

t
0

()

vL  d 

= Magnetic flux through the coil due to current (Weber),

= Inductance of the coil (Henry), assumed to be constant.

# Current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously because

it is an integral of the voltage. Motor, electromagnetic relays or
solenoids have large inductance, so it is difficult to turn these ON or
OFF very fast.

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Basic Electrical & Electronics

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

10 / 19

ME 361

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Circuit

Node & Loop

e385.eps

A node is the junction of 2 or more branches.

e436.eps

e435.eps

The inductor is made by a coil of conductor around a core like a

solenoid.
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

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11 / 19

A loop is any closed connection of branches.

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

Circuit

Circuit

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero,

P=

N
i 1 Vi

Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

=0

In clockwise or counterclockwise loop direction, form the sum of

the voltages across each element, assign to each voltage the first
algebraic sign encountered at each element.
I2

I1

V3

I1

V1

V2

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

VN

I2

= + + + =

IN

+ V3 +

VN

I2

Node

I1

I3

V2

V1

Sum of the currents flowing into a closed surface or node is zero,

N
I1 I2


IN 0.
i =1 Ii

I3
IN

=0

Electrical Circuits

I3

If the calculated result for a current is negative, the current

actually flows in opposite direction.
ME 361

13 / 19

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

Circuit

ME 361

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Circuit

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Thevenins Theorem . . . Example

Thevenins theorem states that given a pair of terminals in a

linear network, the network may be replaced by an ideal voltage
source, Voc in series with a resistance, RTH .
Voc is equal to the open circuit voltage across the terminals.
RTH is the equivalent resistance across the terminals when
independent voltage sources are shorted and independent current
sources are replaced with open circuits.

R1
+

Remaining
Circuit
Network

R2
Vs

TH

+
VOC

Remaining
Circuit
Network

Voc

= R1 R+2R2 Vs

RTH

= RR1 1+RR2 2

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

15 / 19

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

16 / 19

Circuit

AC Signals & Impedance

Norton Equivalent Circuit

Sinusoidal Waveform

Network is replaced by an ideal current source, ISC and a

Thevenins resistance, RTH in parallel with this source.
ISC is found by calculating the current that would flow through
the terminals if they were shorted together having removed the
remaining load circuit.

ISC

TH

= =

=


!
1
frequency: f
time shift: t
T
2
!
if  is +ve ! occurs earlier on time axis ! lagging.

Remaining
Circuit
Network

=q T1 R0T V (t )2 dt =q T1 R0T Vm2 cos2(!t )dt = Vp2

R
R
I
Irms = T1 0T I (t )2 dt = T1 0T Im2 cos2 (! t  )dt = p
2
P (t ) = V (t )I (t ) = 2Vrms Irms cos(! t ) cos(! t  )
R
Pav = T1 0T P (t )dt = Vrms Irms cos 
Vrms

Norton Equivalent Circuit

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

17 / 19

AC Signals & Impedance

Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Signals

V
Z R (j ! )
Z L (j ! )
Z C (j ! )

IZ

R
j ! L = ! L < 90o >
1
1
=
< 90o
j !C
!C

=
=

>

e583.eps

e584.eps
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

19 / 19

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Electrical Circuits

ME 361

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