Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Hydrogen Fuel
Cell Technology
Will it contribute to energy independence?
Stephen Cohen and Nathan Bonnett
scohen1677@gmail.com, nbonnett87@hotmail.com
May 18, 2007
FUEL CELL
TECHNOLOGY
Technology overview
Hydrogen fuel development
Law, legislation, and administrative
agency treatment
What is a Fuel Cell?

A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device
that combines hydrogen and oxygen to
produce electricity, with water and heat
as its by-product.
Why is Fuel
Technology
Cell
Important?
Since conversion of the fuel to energy

takes place via an electrochemical
process, not combustion
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient
process- two to three times more efficient
than fuel burning.
How does a Fuel Cell

work?
It operates similarly to a battery, but it
does not run down nor does it require
recharging
As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell
will produce both energy and heat

work?
A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst
coated electrodes surrounding an
electrolyte
One electrode is an anode and the other
is a cathode

work?
The process begins when Hydrogen
molecules enter the anode
The catalyst coating separates
hydrogens negatively charged electrons
from the positively charged protons

work?
The electrolyte allows the protons to
pass through to the cathode, but not the
electrons
Instead the electrons are directed
through an external circuit which creates
electrical current

work?
While the electrons pass through the external
circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the
cathode
There the oxygen and the protons combine
with the electrons after they have passed
through the external circuit
When the oxygen and the protons combine
with the electrons it produces water and heat

work?

work?
Individual fuel cells can then be placed in
a series to form a fuel cell stack
The stack can be used in a system to
power a vehicle or to provide stationary
power to a building
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
In general all fuel cells have the same
basic configuration - an electrolyte and
two electrodes
Different types of fuel cells are classified
by the kind of electrolyte used
The type of electrolyte used determines
the kind of chemical reactions that take
place and the temperature range of
operation
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Proton Exchange Membrane
(PEM)
This is the leading cell type for
passenger car application
Uses a polymer membrane as the
electrolyte
Operates at a relatively low
temperature, about 175 degrees
Has a high power density, can vary
its output quickly and is suited for
applications where quick startup is
required making it popular for
automobiles
Sensitive to fuel impurities
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)
Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operating
temperatures between 120-190 degrees
Also uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte
Different from PEM because the anode catalyst is
able to draw hydrogen from methanol without a
reformer
Used more for small portable power applications,
possibly cell phones and laptops
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Phosphoric Acid
This is the most commercially
developed fuel cell
It generates electricity at more
than 40% efficiency
Nearly 85% of the steam
produced can be used for
cogeneration
Uses liquid phosphoric acid as
the electrolyte and operates at
about 450 degrees F
One main advantage is that it
can use impure hydrogen as
fuel
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Molten Carbonate
Promises high fuel-to-electricity efficiency and the ability to
utilize coal based fuels
Uses an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate salt
mixture
Require carbon dioxide and oxygen to be delivered to the
cathode
Operates at extremely high temperatures 1200 degrees
Primarily targeted for use as electric utility applications
Have been operated on hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
natural gas, propane, landfill gas, marine diesel and
simulated coal gasification products
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cell
Because of the extreme
high temperatures, nonprecious metals can be
used as catalysts at the
anode and cathode which
helps reduces cost
Disadvantage is durability
The high temperature
required and the corrosive
electrolyte accelerate
breakdown and corrosion
inside the fuel cell
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Solid Oxide
Uses a hard, non-porous
ceramic compound as the
electrolyte
Can reach 60% powergenerating efficiency
Operates at extremely high
temperatures 1800 degrees
Used mainly for large, high
powered applications such as
industrial generating stations,
mainly because it requires
such high temperatures
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Alkaline
Used mainly by military and space programs
Can reach 70% power generating efficiency, but
considered to costly for transportation applications
Used on the Apollo spacecraft to provide electricity
and drinking water
Uses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water as
the electrolyte and operates at 75 -160 degrees
Can use a variety of non-precious metals as catalyst
at the anode and cathode
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Alkaline Fuel Cell
Requires pure hydrogen
and oxygen because it is
very susceptible to carbon
contamination
Purification process of the
hydrogen and oxygen is
costly
Susceptibility to poisoning
affects cells lifetime which
also affects the cost
Major Types of Fuel

Cells
Regenerative Fuel Cells
Currently researched by NASA
This type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form of
power generation
Uses solar energy to separate water into hydrogen
and oxygen
Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into the fuel cell
generating electricity, heat and water
The water byproduct is then recirculated back to the
solar-powered electrolyser beginning the process
again
Importance of Hydrogen
Fuel Cells require highly purified
hydrogen as a fuel
Researchers are developing a wide
range of technologies to produce
hydrogen economically from a variety of
resources in environmentally friendly
ways
Importance of Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a secondary energy
resource, meaning it must be made from
another fuel
Hydrogen can be produced from a wide
variety of energy resources including:
Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal

Nuclear energy
Renewable resources, such as solar,water,
wind and biomass
Hydrogen Production
The biggest challenge regarding
hydrogen production is the cost
Reducing the cost of hydrogen
production so as to compete in the
transportation sector with conventional
fuels on a per-mile basis is a significant
hurdle to Fuel Cells success in the
commercial marketplace
Hydrogen Production
There are three general categories of
Hydrogen production
Thermal Processes
Electrolyte Processes
Photolytic Processes
Hydrogen Production
Thermal Processes
Natural Gas Reforming

Gasification
Renewable Liquid Reforming
Hydrogen Production
Natural Gas Reforming
Steam Methane Reforming
Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural
gas using high-temperature steam
Methane reacts with the steam in presence of a
catalyst to produce hydrogen
This process accounts for about 95% of the
hydrogen used today in the U.S.
Partial oxidation
Produces hydrogen by burning methane in air
Hydrogen Production
Gasification
Process in which coal or biomass is
converted into gaseous components by
applying heat under pressure and in the
presence of steam
A subsequent series of chemical reactions
produces a synthesis gas which reacts with
steam to produce more hydrogen that can
be separated
Hydrogen Production
Renewable Liquid Reforming
Biomass is processed to make renewable
liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, that
are then reacted with high-temperature
steam to produce hydrogen
This process is very similar to reforming
natural gas
Hydrogen Production
Electrolytic Processes
Electrolytic processes use an electric current
to split water into hydrogen and oxygen
The electricity required can be generated by
using renewable energy technologies such
as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric
power
Hydrogen Production
Photolytic Processes
Uses light energy to split water into
hydrogen and oxygen
These processes are in the very early
stages of research but offer the possibility of
hydrogen production which is cost effective
and has a low environmental impact
Hydrogen Production
Auto manufacturers have worked on
developing technology that would allow
fuel cell cars to continue using gasoline
A reformer on the fuel cell car would
convert the gasoline to hydrogen onboard
the automobile
Funding for this technology has been
pulled due to unsatisfactory efficiency
How will the hydrogen

be stored?
Developing safe, reliable, compact and
cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of
the biggest challenges to widespread use
of fuel cell technology
Hydrogen has physical characteristics
that make it difficult to store large
quantities without taking up a great deal
of space

be stored?
Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard
vehicles, at hydrogen production sites,
refueling stations and stationary power
sites
Hydrogen has a very high energy content
by weight (3x more than gasoline) and a
very low energy content by volume (4x
less than gasoline)

be stored?
If the hydrogen is compressed and
stored at room temperature under
moderate pressure, too large a fuel tank
would be required
Researchers are trying to find lightweight, safe, composite materials that
can help reduce the weight and volume
of compressed gas storage systems

be stored?
Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank
than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefying
hydrogen is complicated and not energy
efficient
Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to
heat and expands significantly when warmed
by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation
required affects the weight and volume that can
be stored

be stored?
If the hydrogen is compressed and
cryogenically frozen it will take up a very
small amount of space requiring a
smaller tank, but it must be kept
supercold- around -120 to -196 degrees
Celsius

be stored?
Scientists are researching Materials-based
storage
This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms or
molecules with other elements in a compound to
store larger quantities of hydrogen in smaller
volumes at low pressure near room temperature
This technology is considered very promising but
additional research is needed to overcome problems
dealing with capacity, cost, life cycle impacts and
the uptake and release of hydrogen

be stored?
Because hydrogen is thought to be an
alternative fuel for automobiles, much of
the research for hydrogen storage is
focused on onboard vehicles
Scientists are attempting to develop
technology that can rival the performance
and cost of gasoline fuel storage systems

be stored?
Using current storage technology, in order
to place a sufficient amount of hydrogen
onboard a vehicle to provide 300-mile
driving range the tank would be larger
that the trunk of a typical automobile
This large of a tank would add to the
overall weight of the car and reduce fuel
economy
How can Fuel Cell

technology be used?
Transportation
Stationary Power Stations
Telecommunications
Micro Power
How can Fuel Cell technology

be used?
Transportation
All major automakers are working
to commercialize a fuel cell car
Automakers and experts
speculate that a fuel cell vehicle
will be commercialized by 2010
50 fuel cell buses are currently in
use in North and South America,
Europe, Asia and Australia
Trains, planes, boats, scooters,
forklifts and even bicycles are
utilizing fuel cell technology as
well

be used?
Stationary Power Stations
Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have been
installed all over the world in hospitals,
nursing homes, hotels, office buildings,
schools and utility power plants
Most of these systems are either connected
to the electric grid to provide supplemental
power and backup assurance or as a gridindependent generator for locations that are
inaccessible by power lines

be used?
Telecommunications
Due to computers, the Internet and
sophisticated communication networks there
is a need for an incredibly reliable power
source
Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999%
reliable

be used?
Micro Power
Consumer electronics
could gain drastically
longer battery power with
Fuel Cell technology
Cell phones can be
powered for 30 days
without recharging
Laptops can be powered
for 20 hours without
recharging
What are the benefits of Fuel

Cell technology?
Physical Security
Reliability
Efficiency
Environmental Benefits
Battery Replacement/Alternative
Military Applications

Cell technology?
Physical Security
Both central station power generation and
long distance, high voltage power grids can
be terrorist targets in an attempt to cripple
our energy infrastructure
Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue
reliance on these potential targets

Cell technology?
Reliability
U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from
computer failures due to power outages
More reliable power from fuel cells would
prevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businesses
Properly configured fuel cells would result in
less than one minute of down time in a six
year period

Cell technology?
Efficiency
Because no fuel is burned to make energy,
fuel cells are fundamentally more efficient
than combustion systems
Additionally when the heat comes off of the
fuel cell system it can be captured for
beneficial purposes
This is called Cogeneration

Cell technology?
Efficiency
The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less
than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy
in gasoline into power
Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use
40-60% of the hydrogens energy
Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel
consumption
Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more
efficient than internal combustion engines

Cell technology?
Efficiency
Fuel Cell power generation systems in
operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-toelectricity efficiency
In combination with a turbine, electrical
efficiencies can exceed 60%
When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilization
can exceed 85%

Cell technology?
Environmental Benefits
Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today
and offer the possibility of eliminating
pollution in the future

Cell technology?
Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell
Power Generation
A fuel cell power plant may create less than
one ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatthours of electricity produced
Conventional combustion generating
systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants for
the same electricity

Cell technology?
Vehicles
Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored onboard produce ZERO POLLUTION in the
conventional sense
The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell
vehicles are water and heat

Cell technology?
Vehicles
Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on board
to convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen would
produce a small amount of pollutants, but it
would be 90% less than the pollutants
produced from combustion engines

Cell technology?
Battery replacement/alternative
Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would
offer much longer operating life in a
packaged of lighter or equal weight
Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements would
have an environmental advantage over
batteries, since certain kinds of batteries
require special disposal treatment

Cell technology?
Military Applications
Fuel Cell technology in the military can help
save lives because it reduces telltale heat
and noise in combat
Handheld battlefield computers can be
powered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell
power meaning soldiers could rely on their
computers in the field for longer periods of
time
Challenges to Fuel Cell

Technology
Cost
The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to
compete with conventional technologies
Conventional internal combustion engines
cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system would
need to cost $30/kW to be competitive

Technology
Durability and Reliability
Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet been
adequately established
The durability standard for automobiles is
approximately 150,000 miles and the ability to
function under normal vehicle operating conditions
For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable
operation in a temperature range of -35 degree
Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for
market acceptance

Technology
System Size
The size and weight of current fuel cell
systems must be reduced to attain market
acceptance, especially with automobiles
Legal Environment
Legal Environment
Current Law
Federal and State
Incentives
Federal and State
Proposed Legislation
Federal
Codes and Standards

Administrative Agency Treatment
Legal Environment
Norms
Architecture
Technology
Market
Law
I.
CURRENT LAW
Federal
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Things to keep in mind:
In many cases, the provisions require further rulemaking by the

appropriate agencies (IRS, DOE, EPA, DOT, etc.)
In some instances, the funds must still be appropriated through a

separate federal budgeting process
The authorized funding listed indicates ceiling amounts that

federal agencies may request for the defined activity
$1.3 billion tax reductions for alternative motor vehicles and fuels
(hydrogen, ethanol, methane, liquified natural gas, propane)
Programs Connected with Fuel Cells

EPAct 703: Alternative Compliance for State
and Alternative Fuel Provider Fleets
Requires certain fleets to acquire a percentage of AFVs
each year
New section provides for waiver of AFV acquisition if a
petroleum reduction plan is implemented; fuel cell vehicles
could help
Fleet must demonstrate an annual petroleum reduction equal to
the amount of petroleum it would have reduced if the fleets
required AFVs acquired in earlier years and other AFVs for which a
waiver is requested operated on alternative fuel 100% of the time

EPAct 721-723: Advanced Vehicles
Demonstration and Pilot Program
Establishes a competitive grant program,

administered by Clean Cities, to fund up to 30
geographically dispersed advanced vehicle
demonstration projects.
EPAct 2005 authorizes $200 million (until

expended) for this program.

EPAct 743: Fuel Cell School Buses
Establishes a DOE demonstration program involving
fuel cell school bus manufacturers and at least two
units of local government currently using natural gas
school buses.
The non-federal cost share will be at least 20% of
infrastructure and 50% of vehicles. EPAct 2005
authorizes $25 million for fiscal years 2006-2009.

EPAct 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel
for Automobiles
Directs NHTSA to study feasibility and effects of

significantly reducing petroleum consumed by
automobiles by model year 2014
Potential impacts fuel cell vehicles can make towards

petroleum reduction

EPAct 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for
Automobiles
Regarding hydrogen fuel cell technologies, NAS noted
their steady stream of progress and their promise for
providing improved fuel economy and reduced
emissions. However, such vehicles continue to face
significant technological, economic, and fueling
infrastructure barriers
Viewed as long-range breakthrough technology

EPAct 782: Federal and State Procurement of
Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Energy Systems
Requires federal fleets to begin leasing or purchasing fuel
cell vehicles and hydrogen energy systems no later than
January 1, 2010
DOE shall provide incremental cost funding and
exemptions if the vehicles are not available or appropriate
for fleet needs
EPAct 2005 authorizes $15 million 2008, $25 million in
2009, $65 million in 2010, and such sums as are
necessary each year in 2011-2015

EPAct 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit
and Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit
AMV tax credit equals 50% of the incremental cost of

AFV (fuel cell included), plus an additional 30% of the
incremental cost for AFVs with near-zero emissions
Purchasers can receive up to a $40,000 credit

depending on GVWR
Typical passenger vehicles can receive up to $5000

credit

EPAct 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit
and Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit
FCMV credit provides a base tax credit of $8,000 for the
purchase of light-duty fuel cell vehicles (< 8,501 lb
GVWR). The $8,000 credit is valid until December 31,
2009. After that, the credit is $4,000
Also available for medium and heavy-duty fuel cell
vehicles
For tax-exempt purchasers, credit can be passed back to
seller

EPAct 1342: Alternative Fuel Infrastructure
Tax Credit
Provides a tax credit equal to 30% of the cost of

alternative refueling property, up to $30,000 for business
property; includes hydrogen and credit can be passed
back to seller
Buyers of residential refueling equipment can receive

$1,000 credit
Expires in 2009, except for hydrogen (2014)

EPAct 1825: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen
Technology Study
Directs DOE to enter into contract with the NAS and
National Research Council to carry out a study that
provides a budget roadmap for fuel cell technologies
and the transition from petroleum to hydrogen in a
significant percentage of vehicles sold by 2020

783 Federal Procurement of Stationary,
Portable, and Micro Fuel Cells
to stimulate acceptance by the market of stationary,
portable, and micro fuel cells; and
to support development of technologies relating to
stationary, portable, and micro fuel cells.

There are also more programs in EPAct 2005
that directly or indirectly implicate fuel cell
technology
Title VIII is all about hydrogen, including
appropriations
codes and standards
task force
Title XVI is about climate change
Clean Air Act

Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C 7401 to 7671q)
1990 Amendments include provisions to encourage or

mandate the use of alternative fuels and clean fuel
vehicles.
CAA 211 (42 U.S.C. 7545) Emission Standards for

moving Sources
CAA 241-250 (42 U.S.C 7581-7590) Clean Fuel

Vehicles
clean alternative fuels include hydrogen
clean-fuel vehicles in light-duty, heavy duty, fleet, federal agency

fleet
Select State Law
State law covers fuel cells indirectly

through:
Acquisition requirements
Fuel taxes
Fuel production standards
Energy-based economic development plans
II. Incentives
Federal Incentives
Renewable Energy Systems and Energy

Efficiency Improvement Grants
USDA made $22.8 million available for the purchase

of renewable energy systems and energy
improvements for agricultural producers and small
rural businesses
Eligible projects include biofuels, hydrogen, and

energy efficiency improvements, as well as solar,
geothermal, and wind
II. Incentives
Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit
05/06: IRS established a form which provides the
mechanism to claim the credit on as many properties
as developed
Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit

01/06: IRS established procedures for manufacturers
to certify to the IRS that a vehicle meets requirements
to claim the credit and the amount of the credit for
which the vehicle is eligible
Federal Incentives
Qualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle Credit
06/06: IRS extends credit to converted vehicles when
the conversion system manufacturer has received a
certificate of conformity from the EPA or California Air
Resources Board.
Also establishes that manufacturers (conversion system
installers) must provide certification to the IRS that a
vehicle is eligible for a tax credit.
Select State Incentives
Last year: 25 incentives from 15

states and D.C.
Many relate to low or zero emission
vehicle tax credits and alternative fuel
tax exemptions
Today: 222 incentives from 47 states
and D.C.
Same focus

California
AFV Parking Incentives in L.A. (pilot program)
Free meter parking for select AFVs

Display sticker
Must obey all other parking laws

California
Alternative Fuel Incentive
Development
Allocating $25 million in incentives for:
Projects that promote highefficiency alternative fuel fleet
vehicles
the construction of both publicly
accessible alternative fuel retail
refueling stations and fleet
refueling facilities
production incentives for
alternative fuel production in
California

California
Hydrogen Energy Plan
California Hydrogen Highway Network
Commitment by 2010 to
Build a network of hydrogen refueling stations
Ensure that hydrogen vehicles are
commercially available for purchase
Incorporate hydrogen vehicles into the state
fleet
Develop safety standards for hydrogen
refueling stations and vehicles, and
Establish incentives to encourage the use of
hydrogen vehicles and development of
renewable sources of energy for hydrogen
production

California
Hydrogen Specifications
By January 1, 2008, the Department of Food and
Agriculture and State Air Resources Board, are required
to establish specifications for hydrogen fuels for use in
internal combustion engines and fuel cells in motor
vehicles
Until ANSI formally adopts standards for hydrogen fuels

California
Carl Moyer Memorial Air
Quality Standards Attainment
funding for the incremental cost of
purchasing cleaner than required
on-road, off-road, marine,
locomotive and agricultural
engines, as well as forklifts, airport
ground support equipment, and
auxiliary power units

Illinois
Alternate Fuels Rebate Program
Provides a rebate for 80% of the incremental cost
of purchasing an AFV (up to $4,000),
80% of the cost of federally certified alternative
fuel vehicle conversions (up to $4,000), and
the incremental cost of purchasing alternative
fuels
Includes hydrogen, but the focus is clearly on
E85 and biodiesel

North Dakota
Hydrogen to power a fuel cell is exempt from sales tax

through 06/10
Oklahoma
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technician Training
Regulates the training, testing, and certification of technicians

who install, modify, repair, or renovate equipment used in the
fueling of AFVs and the conversion of any engines to alternative
fueled engines
Arkansas
Fuel Cell Income Tax Credit
Credit for 50% of the amount spent on a facility that produces

fuel cells
III. Proposed Legislation

Federal House and Senate proposals
Currently 26 bills containing reference to fuel
cells
Many tax incentives and incentive extenders
Focus largely on petroleum dependence
National security
Federal House & Senate Proposals

American Automobile Industry Promotion Act (S. 1055,
H.R. 1915) 3/29/07, 4/18/07
comprehensive development and commercialization of diverse electric
drive transportation technologies;
public investments to help expand innovation, industrial growth, and
jobs in the United States;
expand existing electric infrastructure to accelerate the widespread
commercialization of plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles;
to improve the energy efficiency of and reduce the petroleum use in
transportation

Securing America's Energy Independence Act of 2007
(H.R. 550, S. 590) 1/18/07, 2/14/07
Amends tax code to extend the investment tax credit with respect to
qualified fuel cell property. Same as Senate bill
Extends from 2008 to 2016 for qualified fuel cell properties:

Investment tax credit, residential credit up to $500, 3-year
accelerated depreciation period
Clean and Green Renewable Energy Tax Credit (H.R.

1596) 3/20/07
Would extend the investment tax credit to 2030

DRIVE ACT (Dependence Reduction through
Innovation in Vehicles and Energy Act) (S. 339, H.R.
670) 1/18/07, 1/24/07
Accelerated market penetration of advanced technology vehicles

and other oil saving technologies, efficient transportation and clean
alternative fuels
maintains a policy of fuel neutrality
Financial incentives to encourage production and consumer

purchase of oil saving technologies and fuels
Promote a nationwide diversity of clean alternative motor vehicle

fuels and advanced motor vehicle technology

H-Prize Act of 2007 (S. 365, H.R. 632) 1/23/07
Authorizes the Secretary of Energy to establish monetary prizes

for achievements in overcoming scientific and technical barriers
associated with hydrogen energy
Hydrogen production, distribution, storage, and utilization:

$1,000,000
Prototypes of hydrogen-powered vehicles or other hydrogenbased products: $4,000,000
Transformational changes in technologies for the distribution or

production of hydrogen that meet or exceed far-reaching objective
criteria: $10,000,000

Global Warming Reduction Act of 2007 (S. 485) 2/1/07
Takes a global warming focus, rather than petroleum reduction or

national security
Comprehensive global warming pollution reductions
Tax incentives for advanced technology vehicles
International and corporate obligations
National Climate Change Vulnerability and Resilience Program
Energy efficiency performance standards for stationary fuel cellselectricity savings
Fuel cell vehicles included in tax incentives
Vulnerability scorecard
IV. Codes & Standards

Multitude of fuel cell infrastructure codes and
standards in United States and Internationally
from:
ISO, SAE, UL, CSA, and others

System design and power systems
Vehicles
Fuels, fuel tanks, and dispensing
Operating instructions and safety
Testing and evaluation
Will ANSI develop?
Administrative Agency Programs
Department of Transportation
Department of Energy
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Transit Agency
FTA Fuel Cell Transit Bus

Georgetown Fuel Cell Transit Bus Program
Began the logical transit connection in 1994
Generation II buses in 1998 and 2001
Generation III bus program development began in 2006
Demonstrate 3 hydrogen fuel cell buses in Chicago

Demonstrate 3 different types of fuel cell buses at SunLine Transit
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Conduct fuel cell vehicle testing to identify potential

failure modes of a high pressure compressed hydrogen
storage system
Develop a fuel cell vehicle and electrical isolation test
procedure
Conduct container integrity testing
Conduct a comparative analysis/evaluation of existing
and proposed regulations and standards on hydrogen
container integrity, general fuel cell vehicle safety, and
vehicle crash safety
Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies
Program
Development of next generation technologies,
Establishment of an education campaign that
communicates potential benefits, and
Better integration of subprograms in hydrogen, fuel cells,
and distributed energy
Lead Federal agency for directing and integrating activities
in hydrogen and fuel cell R&D, and is responsible for
coordinating the R&D activities for DOE's Hydrogen
Program
FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program
The long-term aim is to develop "leap frog" technologies
that will provide Americans with greater freedom of
mobility and energy security, while lowering costs and
reducing impacts on the environment
Examines need and risk of research in Hydrogen Fuel
Development in the automotive industry
Wants consumers to have variety/choice what, where,
how they drive
George W. Bush
Presidents Hydrogen Fuel
Initiative collaborates with
DOEs FreedomCAR, the Big
Three, and the US Counsel for
Automotive Research boasts
that it will speed up broad
commercialization from 2030 to
2015.
Tonight I am proposing 1.2
Billion in research fundingso
that the first car driven by a child
born today could be powered by
hydrogen -State of the Union
Address, January 2003
Clean Cities program
Works with volunteer, public, and private organizations
to support localities that decrease petroleum use
Collaborate on public policy issues
Network of more than 80 volunteer coalitions

Transportation corridors
North Central E85 Transportation Corridor (NCETC) - (I-90, I94, I-90/94, I-39, I-55, I-80/94, and Michigan Highway 96)
Environmental Protection
Agency
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
The only federal facility capable of running official tests
on fuel cell vehicles
Contains hydrogen station for fuel cell vehicles
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA, Chrysler, and UPS collaborated to create
emission-free delivery trucks
Joint paper in 2006 detailing the results of the program
Despite frequent failures in the fueling station system
and cold weather, the program was a success
Limitations Imposed by Law

and Regulation?
Few Limitations Lawmakers and
agencies are more concerned with
growth of the technology
Environmentally - cleaner
Economically potentially cheaper,
renewable
National Security curb Americas
dependence on petroleum
Conclusion
Promising technology
Most viable for niche market use in the
near future
Widespread marketplace acceptance
and use is still many years away

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

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Hydrogen Fuel

What is a Fuel Cell?

Since conversion of the fuel to energy

How does a Fuel Cell

How does a Fuel Cell

How does a Fuel Cell

How does a Fuel Cell

How does a Fuel Cell

How does a Fuel Cell

How does a Fuel Cell

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Major Types of Fuel

Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal

Natural Gas Reforming

How will the hydrogen

How will the hydrogen

How will the hydrogen

How will the hydrogen

How will the hydrogen

How will the hydrogen

How will the hydrogen

How will the hydrogen

How can Fuel Cell

How can Fuel Cell technology

How can Fuel Cell technology

How can Fuel Cell technology

How can Fuel Cell technology

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

What are the benefits of Fuel

Challenges to Fuel Cell

Challenges to Fuel Cell

Challenges to Fuel Cell

Codes and Standards

Energy Policy Act of 2005

Things to keep in mind:

In many cases, the provisions require further rulemaking by the

In some instances, the funds must still be appropriated through a

The authorized funding listed indicates ceiling amounts that

Energy Policy Act of 2005

Programs Connected with Fuel Cells

Energy Policy Act of 2005

Programs Connected with Fuel Cells

Establishes a competitive grant program,

EPAct 2005 authorizes $200 million (until

Energy Policy Act of 2005