Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

2002

Dr. Mikls Blah

Selected Problems
in Fluid Mechanics

Hydrostatics ............................................................................ 3

Kinematics .............................................................................. 8

Bernoulli Equation ................................................................ 10

Integral Momentum Equation............................................... 15

Hydraulics ............................................................................. 20

Compressible Flows.............................................................. 24

RESULTS
1

Hydrostatics .......................................................................... 27

Kinematics ............................................................................ 29

Bernoulli Equation ................................................................ 31

Integral Momentum Equation............................................... 34

Hydraulics ............................................................................. 36

Compressible Flows.............................................................. 39

Hydrostatics

Hydrostatics

1/5

For all relevant problems R = 287 J / kg K , g = 9.81 N / kg

1/1

The figure shows a vertical section of a gas pipe. At the lower tap
there is an overpressure of 500 Pa. How big is the overpressure at the
upper tap?
There is no flow in the pipe.

p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]

air = 1.2 kg / m 3
gas = 0.7 kg / m 3

1/6

1/2

p 0 = 10 5 N / m 2
air
z=0
3
R
=
288
J / kgK
0 = 1.2 kg / m

p1 p 2 = ? [Pa ]

a.) T0 = ? [K ]
b.) p A = ? [Pa ],
if the temperature is constant for 0 z < 2000m .

1/7

p A = 0.5 10 5 N / m 2

p 0 = 10 5 N / m 2 air
z=0

0 = 1.25 kg / m 3
1/3

Section 1-2: 12 = 1.3 kg / m 3

z A = ? [m ] if the temperature is constant for 0 z < z A .

Section 3-4: 34 = 1.1 kg / m 3

p 4 p1 = ? [Pa ]

1/8

The vehicle is filled with oil.

oil = 950 kg / m 3

1/4

p 0 10 5 Pa (for the calculation of )

Outside (air): T1 = 0 o C
p 2 760 mmHg
In chimney (smoke):

T2 = 250 o C

p 1 p 2 = ? [Pa ]

a = 3 m / s2
p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]

Hydrostatics

1/9

The vehicle is filled with oil.

Hydrostatics

1/13

The pipe is filled with water.

oil = 950 kg / m 3

p 0 = 10 5 Pa

p A p 0 = 0 Pa

How high angular velocity is needed to

a = ? m / s2

a.)

reach p A = 0.8 10 Pa ?

b.)

empty the A-B section and have pressure of

surface at
standstill

0.8 10 5 Pa in it?
1/10

The tank wagon shown in the figure is taking a

curve with a centripetal acceleration of a = 3 m / s 2 .
The tank is filled with water.

1/11

a.)

How high will climb the water surface on the

b.)

A-B side?
How big force will affect the A-B side,
when the vehicle is 1.6 m long?

1/14

Effect of gravity is negligible.

= 800 kg / m 3
n = 6000 1 / min
p A p0 = ?

Where are the both surfaces of the liquid

situated if the pipe accelerates to the left

1/15

g
with an acceleration of a = ?
2

Effect of gravity is negligible.

= 100 1 / s
water = 1000 kg / m 3
oil = 800 kg / m 3
p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]

1/12

n = 1000 1 / min

1/16

What area does an ice-floe have, which can carry a person weighing 736 N? The thickness
of the ice-floe is 10 cm and its density is 900 kg/m3 ?

1/17

The rope is weightless.

water = 1000 kg / m 3
p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]

Cube = 2300 kg / m 3
Water = 1000 kg / m 3
rSphere = 300 mm
G Sphere = 200 N

a = ? m/s 2

Hydrostatics

1/18

A balloon is filled with hot air of 60C. Its diameter is 10 m. The environmental temperature
is 0C . Pressure outside and inside the balloon is 105 Pa. The weight of the balloon material
is can be neglected. Determine the buoyant force!

2
2/1

1/19

p1 p 2 = 20 N / m

Kinematics
Pressure changes are negligible.
q v = 40 m 3 / s
t 1 = 15 C

liquid = 800 kg / m 3

= ? [] if an error of 1mm at the reading of the fluid

t 2 = 80 C

column position causes 2% relative error of p1 p 2 .

v1 = ? [m / s]

v 2 = ? [m / s]

1/20

After having been filled the pipe both

taps were closed. During the rotation the
surface in the left pipe section sinks to
the point B as shown in the figure.

2/2

Two dimensional flow:

v = 10 r

[(rot v )z ]A = ? [1 / s]

p 0 = 10 Pa
5

p saturated

steam

= 2 10 4 Pa

T = const
= ? [1 / s]

2/3

Axisymmetric flow.
v mean
=?
v max

2/4

Unsteady, two dimensional flow.

vy = 0
v x = 5 yt 2
Calculate the local and convective acceleration in point
'A' at t = 0.5 s .

Kinematics

2/5

Calculate the circulation along the dashed line.

Bernoulli Equation

2
v= 2
r

= ? m2 / s

3/1

p t = 3 105 Pa
p 0 = 10 5 Pa
v = ? [m / s]

2/6
v1 = 20 m / s
= const.

[a konv ]A = ? [m / s 2 ]

3/2

v = 10 m / s
u = 4 m/s
= 10 3 kg / m 3

p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]

3/3

Friction losses are negligible.

= 1.2 kg / m 3
v 2 = ? [m / s]

3/4

Steady flow with

q V = 0.1 m 3 / min .
h = ? [m ]

Bernoulli Equation

3/5

11

p1 = 1.6 105 Pa

Bernoulli Equation

3/9

p 0 = 105 N / m 2

p 2 = 1.2 10 5 Pa

pA = 0

qV = ? m / s

vA = 4 m / s

a A = ? m / s2

3/6

a = 12 m s

3/10

p 0 = 10 Pa
5

p 0 = 105 Pa
p1 = 0.9 10 5 Pa

p t = 0.5 10 5 Pa
q V = ? m3 / s

12

Friction losses are

negligible.
a.) How big is the starting
acceleration a when
opening the tap?

b.) H = ? [m] in case of steady flow?

3/7

= 25 1 / s
w = ? [m / s]

3/11

How big is the starting acceleration

in point B when opening the tap?

3/12

How big is the starting acceleration at the

end of the pipe?

(w: relative velocity)

3/8

w = 3 m/s
= ? [1 / s]
(w: relative velocity)

p t = 2 10 4 N / m 2 (overpressure)
v=0

Bernoulli Equation

3/13

13

v =1m /s
a =1m/s

Bernoulli Equation

3/18
2

14

Irrotational, horizontal, two-dimensional flow.

r1 = 0.5 m
r2 = 0.8 m

Friction is negligible. How big

force is needed to push the
piston?

v0 = 5 m / s
a.) What kind of velocity distribution has
developed in the arc?
b.) p A p B = ? [Pa ]

3/14

u = 72 km / h

c.)

v = 4 m/s
Friction is negligible.

a.) q V = ? m 3 / s

b.) How big power is needed to move the pipe?

3/15

alc = 800 kg / m 3
air = 1.2 kg / m 3
v = ? [m / s]

3/16

The inner diameter of an orifice flowmeter is d = 200 mm . Flow coefficient = 0.7

Compressibility factor = 1 . The measured difference pressure is p = 600 N / m 2 .
= 1.3 kg / m 3 .

q V = ? m3 / s

3/17

Width of the flow is 1 m.

a.) Construct the velocity distribution diagram
along the vertical line over the outlet.

b.) Calculate the flow rate q V m 3 / s !

pA pB
v
0
2

r
= f 2
r1

? (Draw a diagram!)

Integral Momentum Equation

4
4/1

Integral Momentum Equation

4/5

Hg = 13600 kg / m 3
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Calculate the force acting on the cone!

Calculate the horizontal force acting on the conical

part of the pipe!
q V = 3.5 m 3 / min

v = 10 m / s

4/6

Friction losses are negligible.

A = 10 4 m 2
v = 10 m / s
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Determine the weight of body G [N]!

4/2

v1 = 30 m / s

u = 13 m / s
Friction losses are negligible.
a)

v 2 = ? [m / s]

4/7

G =1 N
v 0 = ? [m / s]

b) Calculate the angle of deviation [] (angle

Friction is negligible.

between v1 and v 2 )!
c) Determine the force acting on the blade!
d) How is the kinetic energy of 1kg water changing, when passing the blade?

4/3

v = 10 m / s
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Calculate the force acting on the arc!
4/8

Two dimensional flow.

v = 30 m / s
a) F = ? [N ]
b) A1 A 2 = ?

4/4

v = 10 m / s
u = 2 m/s
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Calculate the force acting on the moving conical
body!

4/9

Two dimensional flow.

Friction and gravity are negligible.
= ? []

16

Integral Momentum Equation

4/10

Two dimensional flow.

Friction losses are negligible.

17

Integral Momentum Equation

4/15

0 = 1.29 kg / m 3

v = 10 m / s
= 15
G = ? [N ]

4/11

t 0 = 0C
t 2 = 273C
Friction and density changes of the air because of pressure
changes are negligible.

q V = ? m3 / s

Friction losses are negligible.

The cylinder is balanced by the water jet.
G = 10 N
h = ? [m]

v1 = 2 m / s

4/16

v1 = 20 m / s
= 1 kg / m 3
h = ? [m]

4/12

v = 10 m / s
u = 6 m/s
Friction is negligible.
Calculate the power transmitted by the water jet to the
wheel!

4/13

4/17

There is no friction loss in the pipe.

p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

4/18

The flow rate through the lower and upper outlet

is the same. The losses due to the rapid cross
section change at the upper pipe must be
considered.

v = 20 m / s
u = 6 m/s
Friction is negligible.
Calculate the mean force acting on the wheel blades in
the direction x and y!

h = ? [m ]

4/14

v1 = 2 m / s
1 = 1.2 kg / m 3
t 1 = 20C
t 1' = t 2 = 300C
Friction, gravity and density changes of the air because of pressure
changes are negligible.
p1 p 2 = ? [Pa ]

4/19

Steady flow.
h = ? [m]

18

Integral Momentum Equation

4/20

Determine the quotient of the flow rates with and

without horizontal plate!
qV
qV

19

Hydraulics

without plate
with plate

=?
5/1

The width of the gap is 100 mm (perpendicular to the paper plane).

v = 0.5 m / s
= 0.1 kg / ms
F = ? [N ]

5/2

Friction loss in the confuser is negligible.

v1 = 0.5 m / s
= 850 kg / m 3
= 10 5 m 2 / s

p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/3

Friction loss of the transitional section is negligible.

v1 = 10 m / s

= 1.2 kg / m 3
= 14 10 6 m 2 / s
p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/4

How do the Reynolds number and the pressure loss of a straight, smooth pipe depend on
diameter in case of laminar and turbulent flow, if the flow rate is constant?

5/5

How does a straight, smooth pipes pressure loss depend on the flow rate in case of laminar
and turbulent flow?

5/6

Oil flow rate of q V = 2 10 4 m 3 / s has to be transported through a 10 m long straight pipe

( = 800 kg / m 3 , = 10 4 m 2 / s ). The available pressure difference is not more than
2 10 5 Pa . Determine the diameter D [mm] of the pipe!

Hydraulics

5/7

21

q V = 8000 m 3 / h

Hydraulics

5/11

22

water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s

q V = ? m3 / s

= 1.2 kg / m 3

= 0.025
D = 0.8
p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/8

5/12

q V = 1200 l / min
Hg = 13.6 10 3 kg / m 3

Hydraulically smooth pipe walls.

water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s

h = ? [m ]

qV = 5 l / s
p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/13
5/9

water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s

The figure shows a part of a lubrication equipment, which

3

Hydraulically smooth pipe walls.

q V = 180 l / min

has to transport an oil flow rate of q V = 0.05 10 m / s . For

3

p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

the calculation of the friction loss, it can be considered that

the pipe is straight.
oil = 800 kg / m 3
oil = 10 4 m 2 / s

d = ? [mm]

5/10

5/14

The additional losses of the bends can be neglected.

(It can be considered that the steel pipe is straight.)
6

water = 1.3 10 m / s

q V = ? m3 / s

Steady flow, hydraulically smooth pipe.

water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s
v1 = 1 m / s
a) H = ? [m]
b) p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

Hydraulics

5/15

23

What power is needed to drive the shaft of a glide bearing with 2880 1 / min , when the shaft
is 60 mm wide, 100mm long and the gap between bearing and shaft is 0.2 mm?

Compressible Flows

( oil = 0.01 kg / ms ) How is it possible to decrease this power?

5/16

a) Determine the confusers

output diameter d 2 , when
the water jet is 12 m high!
b) Calculate the flow rate

q V m3 / s

through

6/1

T1 = 300 K
c p = 1000 J / kg K
= 1.4
Isentropic change of state.

the

pipe! Friction losses of the

bends, the confuser and
friction effects between

p1 = 1.5 bar, p 2 = 1 bar

v 2 = ? [m / s]

6/2

the water jet and the air

are negligible.

p1 = 1.3 10 5 Pa , p 2 = 10 5 Pa
T1 = 273 K
R = 287 J / kg K
= 1.4
Isentropic change of state.
q m = ? [kg / s]

5/17

Water of q V = 18 m 3 / h flow rate has to be transported by the equipment shown in the

figure.
a) How wide pipe do we need to fulfill this task?

6/3

p1 = 1.4 bar, p 2 = 1 bar

t 1 = 20 C
= 1.4
Isentropic change of state.

b) Determine the maximal dike height where the transport is possible? (theoretical answer)

a)

t 2 static = ? [C]

b)

t 2 total = ? [C]

(temperature measured by the stagnation point

thermometer)

6/4

p1 = 4 bar, p 2 = 1 bar
T1 = 300 K
R = 287 J / kg K
= 1.4
Isentropic change of state.
q m = ? [kg / s]

Compressible Flows

6/5

25

p1 = 4 bar, p 2 = 1 bar

a) How wide should be the diameter d 2 , if

Isentropic change of state.

b) Calculate the thrust F [N ] of the rocket

What kind of formula can be used to calculate v 2 , if

a)

p2
= 0.99
p1

b)

p2
= 0.6
p1

c)

p2
= 0.4
p1

Air of temperature t = 40 C flows at a velocity v = 180 m / s . = 1.4 , R = 287 J / kg K .

Carbon-dioxide of the temperature t = 20 C flows at a Mach number of Ma = 0.3 .

= 1.3 , R = 189 J / kg K .

Calculate the velocity of the flow! [m / s]

6/9

A rocket flies in air of t = 23 C at a velocity of u = 400 m / s .

c p = 1000 J / kgK
t A = ? [C]

6/10

c p = 1000 J / kgK ,

= 1.4 .

Calculate the Mach number (Ma) !

6/8

R = 287 J / kg K ,

t 1 = 70 C

Isentropic change of state.

6/7

6/11

26

R = 287 J / kg K
= 1.4
d min = ? [mm]

6/6

Compressible Flows

An aircraft flies in air of t = 0 C at a velocity u = 200 m / s . The relative velocity w 2 in a

definite point of the wing makes 250 m / s . R = 287 J / kg K , = 1.4 . Calculate the Mach
number in this point.

the outflow needs to be isentropic?

engine!

Results

RESULTS
1

Hydrostatics

1/1

p A p 0 = 6200 N / m

1/2

p1 p 2 = 12360 N / m

1/3

p 4 p1 = 392 N / m 2

1/4

p1 p 2 = 486 N / m 2

1/5

The overpressure at the upper

28

1/8

p A p 0 = 7.23 10 3 N / m 2

1/9

a = 2.45 m / s 2

1/10

a)

h = 0.422 m

b)

F = 1400 N

1/11

The surface at the left side is situated at the left lower corner, the other surface in the right
vertical section at a height of 100 mm.

1/12

Volumes are the same in standstill and rotation:

1 2
r z 1
2
Points of equivalent potential:
R 2 z 0 =

2gz
r 2 2
= 0 ; r2 = 21
2

After substitution:
g z1

tap is 600 Pa.

R 2z0 =

z
1 2gz1
z1 z1 = R 0 = 0.236 m
2 2
g

R 2 2
2
p A p 0 = g z A
= 14300 N / m
2

1/13

r 2 2
p = gz
2

1/6
p0
= 290 K
0R

a.)

T0 =

b.)

dp
p
= g = 0 g
dz
p0
g
dp
p = p00 z A
p0

1/14

g
p
ln A = 0 z A
p0
p0
p A = 0.788 10 N / m

1/7

h = 5650 m

+ const .

for the both known points (surfaces in the left and the right section), the angular velocity can
be calculated.

pA

After writing the equation

a.)

= 21.4 1 / s

b.)

= 24.3 1 / s

r 2 2
Equation p = gz
2

+ const written for the surface of the fluid:

const. = p 0
pA p0 =

r0 2
2

2 2
rA r02 = 19.7 10 5 N / m 2
2

Results

1/15

29

r 2 2
Apply the equation p = gz
2

Results

+ const at first for the oil-filled part and then for the

v y
x

water filled part of the pipe. It can be written then:

pA p0 =

[ (

= 10

1 2
x + y2
4
x 2 + y2

x 2 + y2 x

[(rot v )z ]A =

)]

2
oil 0.12 0.05 2 + water 0.15 2 0.12 = 9.25 10 4 N / m 2
2

30

v y
x

2x

at po int A

v x
= 100 0.1
y

v x
= (50 + 100 ) 0.1 = 47.5 1 / s
y

Solution with polar coordinates:

1/16

A = 7.5 m 2

[(rot c )z ]A = dc + c
dr

1/17

a = 0.3 m

1/18

F = 1200 N

1/19

h=

20
= 2.55 mm
800 9.81

l=

1mm
= 50 mm
0.02

r A

= 10

1
10 15
15
+
=
=
= 47.5 1 / s
2 r
r
r
0.1

2/3
r
v = v max 1
r0

The cross section has to be divided into rings of elementary width 'dr'. Integrate the
elementary flow rate through the rings as follows:
r

2.55
sin =
= 0.051 = 2.9
50

v mean =

1 0
r
2rv(r ) dr = 2
r0
r02 0
0

r
v
r0
1

1/20

In general:

Kinematics

2/1

v1 = 10 m / s ; v 2 = 6.9 m / s

2/2

Solution with Cartesian coordinates:

r
v = v max 1
r0
2/4

= 10

x
x
x
= 10
= 10
4
r
r
x 2 + y2

1 2
x + y2
4
x 2 + y2

x 2 + y2 x

2x

at po int A : x , y = (0.1, 0)

v
n
mean =
v max
n+2

[a local ]ty==01.5 = 5 m / s 2

2/5

= v ds = 2.61 m 2 / s

2/6

r1 v1 = r 2 v

v = v1r1
4

a convective = 0

y
x
; v y = v cos = v
r
r
y
y
y
= 10
v x = 10 r = 10
4
r
r
x 2 + y2
v x = c( sin ) = v

v y

1
r

r
= 2 v max 1
r
r0

0 0

r
d
r0

2
9

v
7
1 r
1 r
2 7
2 v max 2 v max = v max 1 = v max mean = = 0.778
v max 9
2 r0
9 r0
9 9

= 81.8 1 / s

v y = 10 r

r
d
r0

v y
x

= 50 0.1

1
r2

Results

31

Results

( r1)2

v v r
2 r
2
=
= v1 r1 3
x r x
r
x

2 v 2 r 4 r
v
= 15 1
x
x
r
2 20 2 0.05 4 0.05
=
= 132 m / s 2
0.8
0.075 5

v 2 = 10.8 m / s
3/8

= 24 1 / s

3/9

p0 v A
v
=
+ g h + ds
2

t
0

Bernoulli Equation

3/1

3/3

pA p0 =

water

l = a A 3m

a A = 24.1 m / s 2
3/10

(v u )2 = 1.8 10 4 Pa
2

a.) [a ]t =0 = 6.55 m / s
b.) H = 1.52 m
B

100
g h = v 2
1 v = 7.4 m / s
2 50

3/11

t ds = a

10 20 + 5 = 7.5a B

[a B ]t =0 = 1.31 m / s 2

3/4

3/5

t ds = a

p t v2 p0
=
+ + gh

2
v = 19.8 m / s

3/2

r 2
r1 2 v 22
=
+gh 2
2
2
2
2
Point 1 is situated on the water surface on an arbitrary radius r1 , point 2 at the upper end of
the pipe.

a convective = v

[a convective ]A

32

qV
h = A = 0.141 m
2g

3/12

[a 2 ]t =0 = 7.94 m / s 2

3/13

F = 451 N

q V = 0.793 m 3 / s

3/14

a)

The Bernoulli-Equation has to be written between the surface point (1) and the pipes

outlet point (2), in a co-ordinate system moving with the pipe. It means that v1 = 24 m / s .
3/6

3/7

pt
p
v2
+ (g + a ) h = 0 +
2

From the Bernoulli-equation:

q v = 0.00589 m 3 / s

b)
the power is necessary to lift the water and to increase its kinetic energy. The change
of the kinetic energy must be calculated with the absolute velocity v.

v 2 = 23.4 m / s q V = 0.116 m 3 / s

Observing in an absolute co-ordinate system, the flow is irrotational ( rot v = 0 ). In a coordinate system rotating with the pipe, rot w = 2 , so the term

w rot w ds

2
2

v v1
P = q V g h + 2
= 8.85 kW .
2

is equal to

2 w ds , the Coriolis force term. ( w relative velocity) The Bernoulli equation can be
written after simplifying the terms above:

3/15

v=

2 p
= 36 m / s
air

Results

33

d 2 2p
= 0.67 m / s
4

3/16

qV =

3/17

Because the stream lines leaving the outlet are straight and
parallel, there is only a hydrostatic pressure variation along
the vertical axis. It follows that the outlet velocity is
constant.

Results

a) in the arc v =

Fx = 12100 N

4/2

After writing the Bernoulli equation for points situated upstream and downstream the blade
we get the result:

K=

v 2 = v1
4/3

F = 510 N , direction 45 from the horizontal plane (Northeast)

K
, because rot v = 0 .
r

4/4

F = 109 N

4/5

F = 57 N

4/6

G = 14 N

4/7

The integral momentum equation written for a control surface including only the plate and
the upper end of the jet:

r
1 2K
K
dr =
ln 2 Because of continuity: v mean = v 0
r2 r1 r1 r
r2 r1 r1

b) v mean =

v mean (r2 r1 )
= 3.2
r
ln 2
r1

K
K
v A = = 4 m / s , v B = = 6.4 m / s
r2
r1

G = A v2 = A0 v0 v

From the Bernoulli-equation:

pA pB =

Integral Momentum Equation

4/1

q V = 3.15 m 3 / s .

3/18

34

2
2
v B v A = 1.25 10 4 Pa
2

with v, the speed at the lower surface of the control surface.

According to the Bernoulli equation:
2

v = v0 2 g h

c.)
2

pA pB vB vA
=
2
v0 v0
v0
2
(n 1)3 n + 1
... =
ln 2 n n 2
with n =

r2
r1

v 0 = 4.55 m / s

= ...

4/8

Write the integral momentum equation for both

directions x and y:
a)

F = 636 N

b)

A 1 / A 2 = 5.8

Solution with constructing the momentum rate

vectors:
(It has to be considered that
A 0 v 2 = A1 v 2 + A 2 v 2 )

Results

35

Results

a
1 a

36
2

p
v1
p
v2 p
+ 1 = 2 + 0 + g h + BC
2
2

4/9

= arcsin

4/10

G = 52 N

4/11

h =1m

4/18

h = 0.8 m

4/12

P = u A v ( v u ) = 302 W

4/19

h =1m

4/13

Fx = Fy = 280 N

4/20

4/14

where p BC =

v 2 = v1 and v 3 = 0 .

qV
qV

without plate
with plate

= 2

p1 p1' = 1 v1 ( v1' v1 )

2
2
2
( v 2 v1' )
2
p1 p 2 = 123 Pa

p1' p 2 =

4/15

p1 p 2 = (1 2 ) g h

5
1 2
v1
2

p1 p 2 = 1 v1 ( v 2 v1 )

A 2 ( p1 p 2 ) = A 2 v 2 ( v 2 v 1 )

F = A

5/2

p1 p 0 = 72400 Pa

5/3

p1 p 0 = 1500 Pa

5/4

Re =

q v d const
=
d
d2

4
2

p lam =

h = 6.5 mm

4/17

The Bernoulli-equation between point 1 and 2 (point 2 is situated at the outflow end of the
pipe):
2

p + gh
v1
p
v
+ 1 = 2 + 0
because the area of cross section of the pipe is constant,
2

=const, v 2 = v1
An other solution can be the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and 3 (point 3 is situated
on the water surface):

dv
= 7.5 N
dy

5/1

q V = 51 m 3 / s

4/16

Hydraulics

const
q v L 64
= 4
2 d 4 2 d const
d
d
16
2

p turb =

qv L
2 d 42 d
16

0.316
4

const
d

const
d5

(v 2 v 3 )2 (Borda-Carnot-loss)
2

Results

37

Results

38

5/5

p lam =

q v L 64
= const q V
2 A2 d q vd
A

Starting with = 0.02 , v pipe =

p turb =

5/6

q v L 0.316
1.75
= const q V
2 A2 d
q
d
v
4
A

0.827 .05
= 3.2 10 4 = 0.024
1.3 10 6

After the next iteration step, v pipe = 0.755 m / s , and the iteration can be finished.
To reach h = 12 m , the necessary velocity at the confusers outlet must be:

Considered that the flow will be laminar and using the formula = 64 / Re , we get
d = 13.4 mm .

v 2 = 2 g h = 15.3 m / s

The Reynolds number is 189 which is less than 2300, so the flow is laminar.

d2 =

5/7

p1 p 0 = 143 Pa

5/8

h = 17 mm

5/9

Re =

gh =

v L
1 +
2 d

Considering laminar flow, the result will be d = 19.3 mm .

Re = 33 < 2300 , so the flow is really laminar.

0.755 m / s
50 mm = 11 mm
15.3 m / s

q v = 1.47 10 3 m 3 / s

5/17

3m 2 9.81m / s 2
= 0.827 m / s
200m
0.02 + 6
0.05m

a) At first the velocity without friction loss can be calculated: v ideal = 2 g 3m = 7.7 m / s ,
18
m3 / s
3600
and A =
= 6.5 10 4 m 2
7.7 m / s
So the pipe diameter is in this case 29 mm. Because of friction losses, we need a pipe of
larger diameter. We start the iteration with = 0.02 and d = 50 mm :

5/10

q v = 0.23 m / s

5/11

q v = 0.0817 m 3 / s

5/12

p1 p 0 = 10900 Pa

2.36 0.052
= 9.45 10 4 = 0.018
1.3 10 6
(At this Reynolds number we consider that the pipe is hydraulically smooth)

5/13

p1 p 0 = 28500 Pa

In the next iteration step with = 0.018 and d = 52 mm we get the new diameter of

5/14

a)

H=2m

b)

p1 p 0 = 40000 Pa

5/15

P = 77 W
The power can be decreased by sinking the oil viscosity and by increasing the gap.

5/16

The resultant height loss is h res = 15 m 12 m = 3 m .

g h res =

v2 L

+ 2
2 d

v=

3m 2 9.81m / s 2
= 2.36 m / s A = 21.2 10 4 m 2 d = 52 mm
14m
0.02 + 4 + 1
0.05m

Re =

51.2 mm . The iteration can be finished.

b) If the dike is higher, the pressure in the pipe can reach the pressure of saturated steam. In
this case, the water column is going to break. The lowest pressure appears after the valve, at
the upper right point of the dike. From the equation
L + L2

+
p min = p 0 g h max v 2 1 + 1
d
2

h max can be calculated.

Results

39

Compressible Flows

6/1

v 2 = 260 m / s

6/2

q m = A 2 2 v 2 = 10 3 m 2 1.37 kg / m 3 200 = 0.274 kg / s

6/3

a)

t 2 static = 42C

b)

t 2 total = +20C

6/4

T*
2
=
= 0.833
T1 + 1
a 1 = R T1 = 346 m / s
a* =

T*
a 1 = 316 m / s = v *
T1
1

T * 1
= 1 = 2.9 kg / m 3
T1
q m = v * * A * = 0.018 kg / s
*

6/5

q m = A 2 2 v 2 = 0.25 kg / s
A* =

qm
= 2.34 10 4 m 2
v * *

d min = d * = 17.3 mm

6/6

a) v 2 =

2
(p1 p 2 )

b) v 2 =

2 p1 p 2
1
1 1 p1

c) v 2 =

2 p1
2
1
1 1 + 1

6/7

Ma = 0.59

6/8

v = 80 m / s

Results

40

6/9

t A = 56C

6/10

T2 = 262 K, Ma 2 = 0.77

6/11

a)

d = 138 mm

b)

F = 2 A 2 v 2 = 9.8 10 3 N