1.

a b 2a ,
Qa Q Qb 2Q ( 1).
.
r . Er
r .

1
1.2
1.1
________________________________________________________________________________
.
. .
( 1.1):
I) a ( r a ),
II) a b ( a r b ),
III) ( b , r b ).

r ( ) :

2
E
dS E dS cos 0 E dS E dS E S E 4r ,
S

dS dS , (
S
S

) , dS .
:
E 4r 2

Q ,

4 0 r 2

I) r a

. , ( 1.2)
S ,
- .

 r a ,
, Q 0 , :

4 0 r

0
,
4 0 r 2

E 0.
r a , :
E(r a 0) 0 .

II) a r b

a , Qa Q . :

Q Q ,
, .
, :

Q
40r 2

r a r b :

E (r a 0)

,
40a 2
Q
1
E (r b 0)
E (r a 0) .
2
4
40b
III) r b
r , r b ,
:

Q Q 2Q 3Q .
:

3Q
,
40r 2

r b , :

E (r b 0)

3Q
3
E (r a 0) .
2
4
40b

,
,
.

, , ,
.
III) r b

E dr

3Q
3Q
dr
.
2
40 r
40 r

,
,

E dl E dr E dr .

r b :

(r b 0)

3Q
40b

3Q
80a

II) a r b
,
:

b
b
Edr Edr Edr
r

Q
4 0 r

dr

3Q
8 0 a

Q 1 1
3Q
Q a

1 .
4 0 r b 8 0 a 4 0 a r

Q a
3Q
,
1
40 a b 80 a
Q
(r a 0)
.
20a

(r b 0)

I) r a
.
Q
3Q
, E
, E
:
2
40r
40r 2

E dr E dr E dr E dr 0 dr
r

Q
4 0 r

3Q
Q
dr ( r a 0)
.
2
2 0 a
4 0 r
b

dr

( r a ) , .
. ,

, . ,
.
1.2 1.3,
.

1.2

1.3

. r a r a , a r b a r b ,
r b r b .
,
.
2. , a b
Qa 2Q Qb Q ( 2).
r . .
: a 4cm , b 6cm , Q 6nC .

2
________________________________________________________________________________

.

 r , .
.
:
I) r a
,
, Q 0 , E 0 .
II) a r b

Q 2Q ,

2Q
2
E
dS EdS 4r E ,
S

4r 2 E

2Q

:
E

Q
20r 2

III) r b

Q 2Q Q Q ,

Q
2
E
dS EdS 4r E ,
S

Q
40r 2

: a
b .
, . :
b b
b
U ab Edl Edr
a

gde je k0 9 10 9

Q
2 0 r

dr

Q 1 1
1 1
2 k0 Q 900 V ,
2 0 a b
a b

m
.
F

3. , a b 2a ,
Qa Q Qb 5Q ( 3).
.
.

 3
________________________________________________________________________________
:
I) r a
,
, Q 0 , E 0 , E r a 0 0 .
II) a r b

Q Qa Q ,

Q
2
E
dS EdS E dS E 4r ,
S

Q
40r 2

(
)
:
E a 0

,
40 a 2
Q
Q
1
E b 0

E a 0 .
2
2
4
40b
160a

III) r b

Q Qa Qb 4Q ,

EdS EdS E dS E 4r 4Q ,
S

Q
.
E
0 r 2

3.1


, .

E E r . Er
r .
3.1
.
, ,
.
,
.
:
E b 0

Q
Q
.

2
0b
40a 2

:
III) r b

Edr
r

0 r

r b 0

0b

Q
20 a

II) a r b
b

Edr Edr

Q 1 1
Q
Q

4 0 r b 2 0 a 4 0

1 1 2
,

r 2a a

Q 1 5
.
40 r 2a
Q 1
5
Q
r b 0

r b 0 ,

40 2a 2a
20 a

r a 0

Q 1 5
3Q
.

4 0 a 2a
8 0 a

I) r a

E dr E dr E dr E dr 0 dr
r

Q
4 0 r

dr (
b

Q
3Q
) dr (r a 0)
.
2
8 0 a
0 r

3.2 3.3, .

 3.2

3.3

4. , a b ( a < b ),
a
0 ( 4). :
r
) ;
ab
) r1
r2 a b ,
2
b 5a .

4
4.1
________________________________________________________________________________
a) ,
a b . :
b

Q dV 0
V

b
a 2
r2 b
4r dr 4a 0 rdr 4a 0
2a 0 b 2 a 2 .
r
2 a
a

b) :
1
E
dS
S

0 V

dV ,

V .

.



, .
( r a , a r b ,
r b ).
I) r a
, Q 0 , E 0 (

).
II) a r b

Q dV 0 r 4r 2dr 2a 0 r 2 a 2 ,
r

2
E
dS E 4r ,
S

4r 2E

2a 0 r 2 a 2

a 0 r 2 a 2
.
2 0 r 2

III) r b
b

Q dV 0
V

4r 2E

2a 0 b 2 a 2

a 2
4r dr 2a 0 b 2 a 2 ,
r

a0 b 2 a 2
.
2 0 r 2

a r 2 a 2
ab
E 0
.
2
2 0 r 2
r r1 :

r1

E1 E r r1

a 0 r12 a 2
4a 0

.
2
9 0
2 0 r1

r2 a b , E

a 0 b 2 a 2
, r r2
2 0 r 2

E2 E r r2

a 0 b 2 a 2 4a 0

.
3 0
2 0 r22

5. , a 4cm b 1cm ,
d 3m ( d a, b ) ( 5).

 ?
Q 10nC .

5.1
5
________________________________________________________________________________

,
Q . .
, a a
Qa , b Qb .
.
,
:

Qa Qb Q .
d a, b ,
.

.

(.. ). .

( E 0
(A B), a b ,
B

Edr 0 ):

a b , k0

Qa
Q
k0 b .
a
b

:
a
Qa Qb 4Qb , Q Qa Qb , Q 5Qb ,
b
Q
4Q
Qb 2 nC , Qa
8 nC .
5
5
, :

Ea k 0

Qa
Qb
; Eb k0
.
2
x
( d x) 2

( Ea Eb ):
k0

4Qb
Qb
,
k0
2
x
(d x) 2

3x 2 8dx 4d 2 0 ,
:
x

2d
2m .
3

( x 2d ).

6. , a 3cm , b 1cm c 4cm ,

( 6).
c Q 40nC , a
, :
) ;
) .

6
________________________________________________________________________________
a) , ,
. Q ,
:

Q Qa Qb Qc .

,

a b c ; k0

Qa
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
k0 b k0 c ; a b c ,
a
b
c
a
b
c

 ( 2: rang S 2 ).
Qb Qc Qa ,

:
Qb

b
c
b c
Qa , Qc Qa , Q 1Qa ,
a
a
a a

Qa 15 nC ; Qb 5 nC ; Qc 20 nC .
b)
, :
Ea k 0

Qa
kV
Q
kV
Q
kV
150
; Eb k0 2b 450
; Ec k0 2c 112 .5
.
2
m
m
m
a
b
c

7. , a 1cm , b 4cm c 5cm ,

Q 100nC .
( 7). a
(), :
) ;
) :
) .

7
________________________________________________________________________________
.
) Qc 50 nC ;

Qa 10 nC ;

Qb 40 nC .

Qa
MV
Q
MV
0.9
;
;
Eb k0 2b 0.225
2
m
m
a
b
Q
) a b c k0 a Ea a 9 kV .
a

) Ea k0

Ec k0

Qc
MV
0.18
.
2
m
c

8. a , Q ,
b c b ( 8).
. ,
r .
Er r . : .

8.1

________________________________________________________________________________
0 r a b r c .
,
( 8.1).
, , ,
. ,
.

.
Q
E
S dS 0 ,

2
EdS E dS E dS E 4r ,
S

E 4r 2

Q .

r a ,

Q 0 ,

, , E 0 .


( ).
:
a r b:

Q Q

br c:

Q Q Q 0

Q
40r 2

E 0;

r c:

Q Q Q Q Q

Q
40r 2

r c:

br c:

a r b:

c
Edr 0 dr
r

Q
4 0 r

4 0 r

Q
2

dr 0 dr
b

Q
4 0 r 2

4 0 r
a

E dr E dr E dr E dr E dr 0 dr
r

40c

b c

Q 1 1
Q
Q 1 1 1

;
40 r b 4 0c 4 0 r b c

dr c ;

E dr E dr E dr E dr
r

r a:

Q 1
Q
;
E dr
dr

2
4

r
4

r
4

0
0
0
r
r
r
Q

Q
40c

dr ,

Q 1 1 1
.
40 a b c
c

dr 0 dr
b

Q
4 0 r 2

dr ,

Q 1 1 1
.
4 0 a b c

8.2 8.3.

8.2

8.3

9. , a b 2a ,
, q1 q q2 3q ,
( 9). r
E (r ) (r ) .
rp 4a .

 9
9.1
________________________________________________________________________________
, .
I) 0 r a ,
, , E 0 ,
, E(r a 0) 0 .
II) a r b ,
, r
L ( 9.1).


( EdS ) - .
S

( SGB S DB )

. ,
2
.

.
:

E
dS
S

S GB

EdS

E
d
S

dS
S DB

S0

E dSGB cos

E dSDB cos 2 E dS0 cos 0 E 2r L .

2
DB

S
S GB

S0

Q q' dl q1 ' L q' L .

L

: 2rL E

q L

,
0
r ( ):

q1

20r

q
20 r

, :
q
q
q
,
.
E (r a 0)
E (r b 0)

20 a
20b
40 a
III) r b ,

Q q' dl (q1 ' q2 ' ) L 2q' L ,

L

:
E

q1 q2
q
.

20 r 0r

:
q

E (r b 0)

20 a

.
rp

rp
: E d r E d r .
r

III) r b , :
rp

Edr
r

rp

0r d r 0 ln

rp

ln

4a
,
r

(r b 0)

ln 2 .

II) a r b , :
r

q
q
d r

dr ,
2

r
0
0

r
b

q
20

ln

2 a q

ln 2 .
r 0

, ,
:

(r b 0)

ln 2 (r b 0)

(r a 0)

q
20

ln 2

ln 2

q
20

ln 2 .

I) 0 r a , :
r

q
q
d r
0 d r
dr ,
2

r
0
0

r
a
b
q
(r a 0) (r a 0)
ln 2 .
20
,
9.2 9.3:

9.3
9.2
10. a ,
q , b
c b ( 10). .
r .
: a 20 cm , b 60cm , c 65cm , q 100nC / m .

10
________________________________________________________________________________
,
( q ),
( q ).
,

 , ,
.
, r
h , ,
.
, :
I) r a ,
Q 0 , , . E 0 .
II) , a r b ,
Q qh ,
:

E
dS ES o E 2rh ,
So

:
E 2rh

qh

20 r

III) , b r c ,
E 0 .

Q qh qh 0 ,

IV) , r c , Q qh qh qh qh ,
:
E

q
20 r

, ,
10.1.

10.1
11. , ,
( L ) , a

( 11).

r2
,
a2
0 . rp 2a .

( r ), 0

11.1
11
________________________________________________________________________________
,
L , r .
,
.
, ,

.
,
.
I) 0 r a , , :
1
E
dS

0 V

dV ;

r2
EdS cos 2 EdS cos 2 EdS cos 0 0 0 a 2 L2rdr ;
SGB
0
DB

SO

S
0

E 2rL

2L 0 3
r dr ;
0 a 2 0
r

0 r 4
Er
;
0a 2 4
E r

0r 3
.
4 0 a 2

II) , r a , :

EdS 0 dV ;
S

2
2
DB

S
EdS cos

EdS cos

EdS cos 0

SGB

Er
E

0
0

r2
L 2rdr ;
a2

E 2rL

SO

2L 0 3
r dr ;
0 a 2 0
a

0 a 4
;
0a 2 4

0a 2
.
4 0 r

:
r a :
rp

0a 2
0 a 2 rp
dr

ln ;
4 0 r
4

r
0
r

0 a 2 2a

ln
;
4 0
r

r a

0a 2
ln 2 .
4 0

0 r a :
rp

a2
0 2 r 3dr 0 dr ;
4 0 r
4 0 a
r
a
a

0 a 4 r 4 0 a 2 rp

ln ;
4
4 0
a
4 0 a 2

0a 2 r 4
1 4 4 ln 2 ;

16 0 a

r 0

0a 2
1 4 ln 2 ;
16 0

0a 2
r a
ln 2 .
4 0
11.2 11.3
.

 11.2

11.3

12. , a 1 mm
b 2.718 mm ,
r 4 .
)
?
)
U 2kV ?
________________________________________________________________________________
) , ,
.
.
,
( C1 ), ( C2 ), :
C1

2 0 r
2 0
; C2
.
b
b
ln
ln
a
a

C C2 C1 3C2 166.8 pF/m .

, .
.
) U 2kV ,
.
q1 q2 ,
.
:

q1 C1U , q2 C2U ;
q q2 q1 3q2 333.6 nC/m .
:

1
1
W1 C1U 2 , W2 C2U 2 ,
2
2
W W2 W1 333 .6 10 6 J/m .
13. , Q 100C,
r 5 .
, -.
Ekr 20 MV m .
________________________________________________________________________________

,
.

r 5 . ,
, 0 ,
, r 0 .
:
0, r a

E
.
Q
4 r 2 , r a
0 r

. ,
, r a :
max E r a Ea

Q
40 r a 2

.
, .
.
,
.
.
EkrV 3 MV m , , , ,
...
,
, (
).
,
.
, . . ,
.

, .
.

 , :
Emax

Q
40 r a

Ekr ;

2
40 r amin

Ekr ;

amin

Q
40 r Ekr

94 ,868 mm .

14. ( a b )
r ( 14).
U . :
) ;
) , q .
: a 8 mm , b 16 mm , r 2.3 , U 35 kV .

14
________________________________________________________________________________
:
0,
q
E
,
2 0 r r
0,
b

r0
a r b;
r b

U Edr Edr
a

2 0 r r

dr

q
2 0 r

ln

b
a

2 0 r
C
U 6.452
b
m
ln
a

MV
3.156
,
b
2 0 r b b ln
m
a
q
U
MV
Ea

6.312
.
2 0 r a a ln b
m
a

Emin Eb

Emax

15. , a c ,
q .
b d (
15).
) r ;

) a 1 cm , b 1.2 cm c 2 cm , ,
( C0 ) ( C )
C
0 0.5 .
C

15
________________________________________________________________________________

15.1

15.2

) ,
( q ),
, q ( 15.1).
. :

EdS EdS EdS EdS ES o 2rhE ;

S

So

S B1

B2
S

r a:

a r b:

Q 0 E 0 ;
q
Q qh E 2 r ;
0

b r bd :
bd r c:
r c:

Q qh qh 0 E 0 ;
q
Q qh qh qh qh E 2 r ;
Q qh qh qh qh 0

E 0.

b) :
20
,
c
ln
a

C0

:
:

I)
c

U Edr Edr
a

2 0 r

bd

dr

0d r
b

bd

2 0 r

dr

q b
c
q
bc
,
ln
ln ln

2 0 a
b d 2 0 a b d

:
C

II)

20
.
bc
ln
ab d

2 0
( 15.2): , C1
,
b
ln
a
2 0
, C2
. :
c
ln
bd

1
1
1
C C

C 1 2
C C1 C2
C1 C2

1
C0 C , :
2
c

d b
1 0.5cm .
a

20
.
bc
ln
ab d