(4.

3) Lighting :
Before presenting the calculations and the results of the
lighting design in the flats of various types, it is due to the
present of the basic principles of lighting and lighting
calculations .

(4.3.1) Quantity & Quality of Light :

When lighting designers talk about lighting, they refer to
two things, the quantity & the quality of lighting. The first,
quantity, can be calculated, measured, and is fairly easy to
handle. The second item, quality, is a mixture of all of the
items related to illumination other than quantity of light. This
mixture includes brightness, brightness ratio, contrast, glare,
diffuseness and color . In addition , most designers include in
quality items such as psychological reactions to colors &
fixture patterns .

(4.3.2) Definitions :
* Relative Sensitivity :
Wave lengths which produce the sensation of sight lie
between 4000 A and 7500 A . The sensitivity of the eye to
light of different wave lengths varies from person to person
according to age . The eye is most sensitive to wave lengths of
5500 A (Yellowish green) and the relative sensitivity
corresponding to this wave length is taken as unity .
1

* Luminous Flux (lumen) :

It is defined as the energy in the form of light waves
radiated per second from a luminous body .
* Luminous Intensity (Candela) :
It is the luminous flux emitted by the source of light per
solid angle measured in the direction which the intensity is
required .
* Lumen :
It is the unit of flux and is defined as the luminous flux
per unit angle from a source of 1 candle power (candela) .
* Illumination (Lux) :
It is the number of lumens falling on the surface per unit
area
Illumination (E) = lumens (F) / Area (A) .
* Space - Height Ratio :
It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between
lamps and the mounting height of the lamps .
* Utilization Factor :
It is the ratio of the lumen actually received by a
particular surface to the total lumens emitted by luminous
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source . The value of this coefficient depends upon the

following conditions :
(a)

The area to be illuminated .

(b)

The height at which the lamps are fitted .

(c)

The colour of surrounding walls and ceiling .

(d)

The type of lighting (direct or indirect) .

* Maintenance Factor :
It is the ratio between illumination under normal
working condition to the illumination when everything is clean
(Due to dust, dirt and smoke).
* Waste Light Factor (W.F) :
It is the amount of illumination wastage due to overlapping of light.