Professional Documents
Culture Documents
‹LAÇ
REHBER‹
3. BASKI
iii
K‹TAP HAKKINDA
v
vi K‹TAP HAKKINDA
GENEL KURALLAR
I. Yenido¤anlarda Farmakolojik ‹lkeler ......................................3
II. Yenido¤anlarda ‹laç Kullan›m Özellikleri..............................7
III. ‹ntravasküler Yollar›n Kullan›m› ve Bak›m›.........................14
IV. ‹laçlar›n Saklanmas› ...........................................................17
V. Uygulama Hatalar› .............................................................19
VI. ‹stenmeyen Etkiler..............................................................24
VII. Böbrek Yetmezli¤inde ‹laç Kullan›m› ................................26
‹LAÇLAR
Adenozin ................................................................................30
Albumin ..................................................................................32
Albuterol .................................................................................34
Alteplaz...................................................................................36
Amfoterisin B ..........................................................................38
Amfoterisin B Lipid kompleks..................................................40
Amfoterisin B lipozomal..........................................................42
Amikasin .................................................................................44
Aminofilin ...............................................................................46
Amiodaron ..............................................................................48
Ampisilin.................................................................................50
Anne sütü................................................................................52
Anne sütü güçlendiricileri .......................................................53
Asetaminofen ..........................................................................54
Asetazolamid ..........................................................................57
Asiklovir ..................................................................................58
Atropin ....................................................................................60
Azitromisin..............................................................................62
Aztreonam ..............................................................................64
BCG afl›s› ................................................................................66
Bumetanid...............................................................................67
Deksametazon ........................................................................68
Demir......................................................................................70
Diazepam ...............................................................................72
Diazoksit .................................................................................75
Difteri-tetanoz afl›s› .................................................................76
vii
viii ‹Ç‹NDEK‹LER
Omeprazol ............................................................................236
Palivizumab ..........................................................................238
Pankuronium.........................................................................240
Penisilin G ............................................................................242
Pentobarbital .........................................................................245
Periton diyaliz s›v›lar›............................................................246
Piperasilin .............................................................................248
Piperasilin-Tazobaktam .........................................................250
Piridoksin ..............................................................................252
Pnömokok afl›s› .....................................................................255
Poliomyelit afl›s› ....................................................................256
Potasyum klorür ....................................................................258
Prednisolon ...........................................................................260
Primetamin............................................................................263
Prokainamid ..........................................................................264
Propranolol ...........................................................................266
Prostaglandin E1....................................................................268
Protamin ...............................................................................271
Ranitidin ...............................................................................272
Rifampin ...............................................................................274
Sefazolin ...............................................................................276
Sefepim .................................................................................278
Sefoksitin...............................................................................280
Sefoperazon ..........................................................................282
Sefotaksim .............................................................................284
Seftazidim .............................................................................286
Seftriakson.............................................................................288
Siklopentolat .........................................................................290
Sildenafil ...............................................................................291
Simetidin ...............................................................................292
Siprofloksasin ........................................................................294
Sitomegalovirus immunglobulin ............................................297
Sodyum bikarbonat ...............................................................298
Sodyum nitroprussid..............................................................300
Sotalol ...................................................................................302
Spironolakton ........................................................................304
Sulfadizain ...........................................................................305
Surfaktan ...............................................................................307
Sükroz ...................................................................................308
Taze Donmufl Plazma ...........................................................310
Teikoplanin ...........................................................................312
THAM ...................................................................................314
Tikarsilin/klavulonat ..............................................................316
YEN‹DO⁄AN ‹LAÇ REHBER‹ xi
Tobramisin ............................................................................318
Tolazolin ...............................................................................320
Topiramat..............................................................................322
Trombosit Süspansiyonu........................................................324
Tropikamid............................................................................325
Ursodeoksikolik asit ..............................................................327
Vankomisin ...........................................................................328
Varisella-zoster immunglobulin.............................................331
Vekuronium ..........................................................................332
Vitamin A..............................................................................334
Vitamin D .............................................................................335
Vitamin E ..............................................................................337
Vitamin K1 ............................................................................338
Ya¤ emülsiyonlar›..................................................................340
Zidovudin .............................................................................342
TABLOLAR
1. Emzirme S›ras›nda ‹laç Kullan›m› ......................................347
2. Metrik sistem dönüflümleri ................................................387
3. Standart ekler ....................................................................387
4. Yenido¤anlarda vücut yüzey alan› ....................................388
5. Afl› takvimi ........................................................................389
6. Tiomersal içeren afl›lar ......................................................389
7. Umbilikal arterden ilaç verilmesi ......................................390
8. Türkiye’de bulunmayan ilaçlar..........................................391
9. Dan›flma merkezleri ..........................................................392
Kaynaklar ..............................................................................393
Piyasa indeksi........................................................................395
ETK‹LER‹NE GÖRE ‹LAÇLAR
ANT‹M‹KROB‹YALLER
Amfoterisin B ..........................................................................38
Amfoterisin B Lipid kompleks..................................................42
Amfoterisin B lipozomal..........................................................40
Amikasin .................................................................................44
Ampisilin.................................................................................50
Asiklovir ..................................................................................58
Azitromisin..............................................................................62
Aztreonam ..............................................................................64
Eritromisin ...............................................................................96
Flukonazol ............................................................................114
Flusitozin ..............................................................................116
Gansiklovir............................................................................122
Gentamisin............................................................................124
‹mipenem/silastatin ...............................................................142
‹zoniazid ...............................................................................159
Kaspofungin ..........................................................................170
Klindamisin ...........................................................................172
Kloramfenikol........................................................................178
Lamivudin .............................................................................181
Meropenem...........................................................................198
Metronidazol.........................................................................206
Mupirosin..............................................................................217
Nafsilin .................................................................................218
Netilmisin .............................................................................222
Nevirapin ..............................................................................224
Nistatin .................................................................................227
Oksasilin ...............................................................................230
Penisilin G ............................................................................242
Piperasilin-Tazobaktam .........................................................248
Piperasilin .............................................................................250
Primetamin............................................................................263
Rifampin ...............................................................................274
Sefazolin ...............................................................................276
Sefepim .................................................................................278
Sefoksitin...............................................................................280
xiii
xiv ETK‹LER‹NE GÖRE ‹LAÇLAR
Sefoperazon ..........................................................................282
Sefotaksim .............................................................................284
Seftazidim .............................................................................286
Seftriakson.............................................................................288
Siprofloksasin ........................................................................294
Sulfadiazin ............................................................................307
Teikoplanin ...........................................................................312
Tikarsilin/klavulonat ..............................................................316
Tobramisin ............................................................................318
Vankomisin ...........................................................................328
Zidovudin .............................................................................342
BESLENME ÜRÜNLER‹
Anne sütü................................................................................52
Anne sütü güçlendiricileri .......................................................53
‹ntravenöz çözeltiler..............................................................149
Mamalar................................................................................194
Ya¤ emülsiyonlar›..................................................................340
YEN‹DO⁄AN ‹LAÇ REHBER‹ xv
D‹ÜRET‹KLER
Bumetanid...............................................................................67
Furosemid .............................................................................120
Hidroklorotiazid ....................................................................135
Klorotiazid ............................................................................180
Spironolakton ........................................................................304
ENDOKR‹N ‹LAÇLAR
Diazoksit .................................................................................75
Glukagon ..............................................................................126
Hidrokortizon........................................................................136
‹nsülin ...................................................................................146
Levotiroksin...........................................................................184
Oktreotid...............................................................................234
Prednisolon ...........................................................................260
GASTRO‹NTEST‹NAL ‹LAÇLAR
Famotidin ..............................................................................102
Lansoprazol...........................................................................182
Metoklopramid......................................................................204
Omeprazol ............................................................................236
Ranitidin ...............................................................................272
Simetidin ...............................................................................292
Ursodeoksikolik asit ..............................................................327
GÖZ ‹LAÇLARI
Fenilefrin ...............................................................................103
Siklopentolat .........................................................................290
Tropikamid............................................................................325
KARD‹YOVASKÜLER ‹LAÇLAR
Adenozin ................................................................................30
Amiodaron ..............................................................................48
Atropin ....................................................................................60
Digoksin..................................................................................82
Dobutamin ..............................................................................84
Dopamin .................................................................................86
Enalapril ..................................................................................90
Epinefrin..................................................................................94
Esmolol .................................................................................100
Flekainid ...............................................................................113
Hidralazin .............................................................................132
xvi ETK‹LER‹NE GÖRE ‹LAÇLAR
‹buprofen ..............................................................................140
‹ndometasin ..........................................................................144
‹soproterenol .........................................................................156
Kaptopril ...............................................................................168
Lidokain ................................................................................186
Milrinon ................................................................................210
Nikardipin .............................................................................225
Prokainamid ..........................................................................264
Propranolol ...........................................................................266
Prostaglandin E1....................................................................268
Sodyum nitroprussid..............................................................300
Sotalol ...................................................................................302
Tolazolin ...............................................................................320
SOLUNUM ‹LAÇLARI
Albuterol (Salbutamol).............................................................34
Aminofilin ...............................................................................46
Deksametazon ........................................................................68
‹pratropiyum bromür .............................................................154
Kafein Sitrat...........................................................................160
Nitrik Oksit ...........................................................................228
Oksijen .................................................................................232
Surfaktan ...............................................................................308
YEN‹DO⁄AN ‹LAÇ REHBER‹ xvii
V‹TAM‹N VE M‹NERALLER
Demir......................................................................................70
Folik asit................................................................................117
Kalsiyum, fosfor ve D vitamini ..............................................163
Kalsiyum ...............................................................................164
Magnezyum sülfat .................................................................192
Multivitaminler......................................................................214
Piridoksin ..............................................................................252
Potasyum ..............................................................................258
Vitamin A..............................................................................334
Vitamin D .............................................................................335
Vitamin E ..............................................................................337
Vitamin K1 ............................................................................338
D‹⁄ER ‹LAÇLAR
Alteplaz...................................................................................36
EMLA ......................................................................................89
Enoksaparin.............................................................................92
Fentolamin ............................................................................110
Heparin .................................................................................128
Hyaluronidaz ........................................................................139
Metilen mavisi.......................................................................202
Periton diyalizi s›v›lar›...........................................................247
Sodyum bikarbonat ...............................................................298
Sükroz ...................................................................................305
THAM ...................................................................................314
KISALTMALAR
xix
xx KISALTMALAR
3
‹LAÇLAR
ADENOZ‹N
Endikasyonlar
Paroksismal supraventriküler taflikardi (SVT)
Pulmoner hipertansiyon (deneysel)
Farmakoloji
ATP’nin aktif metabolitidir. Sinüs dü¤ümünün otomatizmas›n›
azalt›r ve atrioventriküler dü¤ümde iletinin uzamas›n› sa¤lar.
Negatif inotrop etkisi yoktur. Serum yar› ömrü 10 saniyedir. Et-
kisinin 2 dakika içinde ortaya ç›kmas› beklenir. Sa¤ atriumdan
sürekli infüzyon fleklinde verildi¤inde pulmoner vazodilatas-
yon yapt›¤›ndan persistan pulmoner hipertansiyonu olan baz›
yenido¤anlarda yararl› olabilir.
Doz
50 mcg/kg, h›zl› IV verilir. Yan›t al›namazsa her 2 dakikada bir
50 mcg/kg’l›k art›fllarla en fazla 250 mcg/kg’a kadar ç›k›l›r.
Pulmoner hipertansiyon için: 30 mcg/kg/dak sürekli infüzyon
fleklinde bafllan›r, yar›m saat içinde yan›t al›nmazsa doz 2 ka-
t›na ç›k›l›r. Tedavi 1-5 gün devam edebilir.
Yan Etkiler
Flushing, dispne, irritabilite birçok hastada geliflir ancak çabuk
düzelir. SVT’den normal ritme dönerken k›sa süreli aritmiler
görülebilir. Hastalar›n üçte birinde SVT tekrarlayabilir. Teofilin
ve kafein ile kompetisyona girer.
Takip
Sürekli EKG ve kan bas›nc› takip edilmelidir.
Kar›flt›r›labilen Serumlar
%5 D, SF
Haz›rlama ve Uygulama
3 mg/ml ampulden 1 ml al›narak üzerine 9 ml SF ekle-
nir ve 0.3 mg/ml konsantrasyon elde edilir.
Önerilen uygulama konsantrasyonu: 3 mg/ml; 0.2
ml’den daha az hacimler için 0.3 mg/ml
Verilme h›z›: H›zl› IV pufle.
30
ADENOZ‹N 31
Piyasa fiekilleri
Adenocard amp (Fujisawa, Sanofi) (Türkiye’de bulunmamakta-
d›r.)
ALBUM‹N
Endikasyonlar
Hipoproteinemi
Plazma hacminin geniflletilmesi
Hipotansiyon
Farmakoloji
‹nsan plazmas›ndan elde edilir. Yenido¤anlardaki kullan›m
alanlar› giderek azalmaktad›r. Çözünür proteinleri içermesine
ra¤men bakterisit veya p›ht›laflma faktörlerini içermez. ‹zoto-
nik, izoosmotik çözeltiler %4.5 albumin içerir iken hiperonko-
tik izotonik çözeltiler %20 albumin içerir. Baz› ürünler alü-
minyum içerir.
Doz
%4.5 albuminden 20 ml/kg veya %20’lik albuminden 5 ml/kg,
IV, dekstroz çözeltisi ile birlikte yavafl olarak verilir.
Yan Etkiler
‹çerdi¤i alüminyum veya jelatine ba¤l› olarak görülür (anaflak-
si, septik flok, peritonit).
Pretermlerde hemoliz ve ‹VK riskinden dolay› %20’lik çözelti
kullan›lmamal›d›r.
32
ALBUM‹N 33
Piyasa fiekilleri
Alba Human Albumin %20, 100 ml
Albumin %20, 100 ml; %20 50 ml,
Albuminar %20, 50 ml; %20, 100 ml
Cealb %20, 50 ml; %20, 100 ml
Human Albumin %20, 50 ml; %20, 100 ml; %25, 50 ml
Human Albumin Behring %20, 50 ml; %25, 100 ml
Human Albumin Grifols %20, 50 ml; %25, 100 ml
Plasbumin %20, 50 ml; %20, 100 ml; %25, 50 ml; %25, 100 ml
Uman Albumin Biagini %20, 50 ml; %20, 100 ml, %5, 250 ml
Vialebex %20, 50 ml,%20, 100 ml
Zenalb %4.5, %20 50 ml, %20 100 ml.
ALBUTEROL (Salbutamol)
Endikasyonlar
Bronkodilatasyon gereken durumlar
RDS’li bebeklerde ekspiratuar ak›m›n art›r›lmas›
BPD’li bebeklerde akci¤er mekaniklerinin iyilefltirilmesi
Hiperpotasemi
Farmakoloji
Spesifik β2 adrenerjik agonisttir. Hücre içinde siklik -AMP ya-
p›m›n› uyararak hücre içi kalsiyumunun hücre membran›na ve
endoplazmik retikuluma ba¤lanmas›n› sa¤lar ve böylece bron-
kodilatasyona yol açar. Oral verildikten 30 dakika sonra etkisi
bafllar ve 4-8 saat sürer.
Doz
Nebulize: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/doz, 2-6 saat ara ile
Oral: 0.1-0.3 mg/kg/doz, 6-8 saat ara ile
Hiperkalemi tedavisi: 0.4 mg/kg/doz, 2 saat ara ile, nebulize
olarak veya ayn› dozda IV, 5-10 dakikada infüzyon fleklinde.
Yan Etkiler
Taflikardi, aritmi, tremor, irritabilite, hipopotasemi.
Takip
Sürekli EKG takibi. Kalp h›z› 180/dk üzerine ç›karsa verilme-
melidir.
Serum potasyumunun takibi
Bronkospazm›n çözülme derecesinin takibi.
Haz›rlama ve Uygulama
1/4 nebül için, 0.6 ml ilaç al›narak 2 ml distile su içine
eklenir ve ventilatör nemlendirici haznesi veya nebuli-
zatör cihaz› haznesine boflalt›l›r.
Süre, 15-20 dakika olarak ayarlan›r, cihaz çal›flt›r›l›r.
Baz› nebulizatörlerde cihaz içine su eklenmesine gerek
yoktur.
34
ALBUTEROL (Salbutamol) 35
Piyasa fiekilleri
Combivent fl, 2.5 mg/doz (0.5 mg ipratropium ile birlikte)
Salbutol flurup 2 mg/5 ml
Ventolin amp 0.5 mg/ml
Ventolin flurup 2 mg/5 ml
Ventolin nebül 2.5 mg/2.5 ml (1 mg/ml)