CHAPTER 21

DATA ON ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

1. Introduction
2. Data on Electrical Circuit Study
3. Data on Protection Scheme
4. Data on Electrical System Equipment
5. Transmission Line Data
6. Transmission Line Conductor Data
7. Data on Electrical Clearances
8. Electrical Earthing System Data
9. Data on Distribution System ( Up to 33 KV System )
10. Data on Sub- Station
11. Electrical Standards
12. Data on Power Telecommunication
13. Meaning s of Indications for Different Distance Protection Relays
14. Diagnostic System/ Maintenance Scheduled Of Electrical Equipment
1.

Introduction:-

Data on the Electrical System are the most useful tool for the Electrical engineers to know
the limit of their working arena. According to the limitation of Data, proper planning, estimation and
confirmation regarding the equipments can be achieved. Basically the practice Engineer are very
cautious regarding the value of threshold on the Electrical Parameters, upon the field works on the
Equipments on which they work to obtain the efficiency of the assigned project. Many a times they
get confused to land upon a decisive conclusion; due to the non-availability of ready reckon electrical
data. This chapter has covered all the possible zones of electrical field topics with some reference data
in concise manner. The reference tips on the maintenance schedule, testing methods, installation
practice and commissioning patterns can help the Electrical Engineers to acquaint themselves and
develop a healthy environment by refining their practice towards the field works.

2.

DATA ON ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT STUDY

2.1 STANDARD CONNECTING WIRE

LETTERS
A

PURPOSE

LETTERS
M

CT Secondary

PURPOSE
Motor Control
Circuit

Circuit special
B

Bus Bar Protection

Protection AC

Transformer Tap
Changer

Circuit (CT )

Control Circuit

Metering Circuit

Marking of Sec.

PT Secondary

CT Polarity

Fan Control Circuit

LT AC Supply

DC Main Circuit

Control (Trip, Close

wires
X

Used for spare

wires

etc
L

Used for spare

Alarm, Indication,
Annunciation
Circuit

2.1

DEVICE IDENTIFICATION CODE

CODE
NO.
1
2
3
4
9
12
13
14
20
21
22

FUCTION /DEFINITION

Master Element
Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay
Checking or Inter locking Relay
Master Contactor
Reversing Device
Over Speed Device
Synchronous- Speed Device
Under Speed Device
Electric Operated Device
Distance Protection Relay
Equalizer Circuit Breaker

CODE
NO.
23
25
26
27
29
30
34
37
40
43
47
49
50/50N
51/51N
52
52a/52b
53
54
55
57
59
60
61
63
64
65
67/67N
68
69
72
74
76
78
79
80
81
83
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
94
95
96

FUCTION /DEFINITION
Temp. Control Device
Synchronism Check Device
Apparatus Thermal Device
Under voltage Relay
Isolator Contactors
Annunciation Relays
Motor Operated Sequence Switch.
Under Power Relay
Field Failure Relay
Manual Transfer Selector Switch
Phase Sequence Voltage Relay
Thermal Relays (Machine/ Transformer)
Instant O/C Relay/ Instant E/F Relay
AC Time Delay O/C Relay/ E/F Relay
AC Circuit Breaker
CB Aux. Switch N/O, CB Aux. Switch N/C
Exciter of DC Generator Relay
High Speed DC Circuit Breaker
Power Factor Relay
Short Circuiting Or Ground Device
Over Voltage Relay
Voltage Relay
Current balance Relay
Liquid- Gas pressure level Relay (Buch.)
REF Protective Relay
Governor
AC Directional O/C Relay / E/F Relay
Blocking Relay
Permissive Control Device
DC Circuit Breaker
Alarm Relay
Dc O/C Relay
Phase Angle Measure/ OUT of Step Protn.
AC Reclosing Relay
DC Fail Supervision Relay
Frequency Relay
Automatic Sel. Control / Transfer Relay
Carrier or Pilot wire Receive Relay
Master Relay (Locking out Relay)
Differential Protective Relay
Aux. Motor or Motor Generator
Line Switch (Isolator)
Regulating Device
Voltage Directional Relay
Power Dir. Relay
Tripping or Trip free Relay
Trip Circuit Supervision Relay
Tripping Relay

2.2

SYMBOLS USED
SL.
No

Symbols

1.

Meanings

Over Current

Over Voltage

Under Voltage

Distance Relay

Balanced or Diff. Current

Over Frequency

Under Frequency
T

Over Temp.

Balanced Phase
X

10

Pilot Wire
PW

11

Dirr. O/C
Z

12

Dir. Distance
CC

13

Carrier Pilot
O/c Ground with
Instant Element

14
I

15

16

B X

Bus Current Diff.

Bus Ground Diff.

2.4.

SYMBOL AND DESIGNATIONS BASED ON THE (INTERNATIONAL ELECTRO

TECHNICAL COMMISSION STANDARD) IEC 617 - SERIES AND IEEE C37.2 1991
2.4.1 GENERAL BLOCKS
Symbols

Meanings

Protection
relay

Coil with flag indication

(ON)

Protection
relay with
enable input

Coil with no flag

*
EN

*
EN

Protection
relay with
blocking input

Coil with flag

indication
(OFF)
Direction E/F
current relay
with one input
(current) and
after (voltage),
and one for
block

Symbols

3I>

Meanings

3phase O/C relay with

settable delay

Under impedance relay

EN

Z<
Relay with mechanical
contracts (Auto reset

2.4.1 PARAMETERS, SYMBOLS AND FUNCTIONS

Symbols
I

Meanings
Reverse current

Symbols
I

Meanings
Drop out delay

Id

Differential current

Inverse time lag characteristics

Inf

Step

I2 , In

Current of nth
Harmonic
Positive sequence
current
- Xe sequence current

I0 , Ip

Zero sequence current

Residual current

I1 , Ip

Irsd

LO

Lockout

TCS

Trip circuit supervision

Transition from OFF to ON
position (e.g.: Auto reclose
Tripping

Id
IN-N

Current to frame

IN
Iub

Current between neutral

and two poly phase
system
Current on neutral
Unbalance current

Thermal effect by
current
Voltage

X/Y

Translation of signal

>

Operation above a set value

<
>
<

Operation below a set value

Operation outside set limits (e.g.
voltage regulation)
Make contract (Self reset)
(Normally open)
Break contact (Self reset)
(Normally close)

Active power

Change over contract (Break

before make)

Power at phase angle

Time delay (drop off)

Reactive power

Time delay (pick up)

Temperature

Normally open contract (Hand

reset)

Fault, Flash over.

Normally close contact (Hand

reset)

Thermal effect

Positional contact (Bold marked

position in considered)

Delay

Push button (Normally open)

P.T, V.T
Push button (Normally close )

Isolator

Fuse

Breaker

C.T.

CVT

Wave trap

Note: For study of drawing, the index, legends etc. are to be referred always

2.5 CODE OF PRACTICE BY M/S ABB LTD.

2.5.1 TERMINAL BLOCKS
EXTERNAL CIRCUIT
TB
PURPOSE
X01 CT Circuit
X02 PT Circuit
X03 DC Supply
X04 Control Circuit
X05 AC Supply
X07 Annunciation,
AlarmCircuit

INTERNAL CIRCUIT
TB
PURPOSE
X11 CT Circuit
X12 PT Circuit
X13 DC Supply
X14 Control Circuit
X15 AC Supply
X17 Annunciation,
AlarmCircuit

2.5.2 EQUIPMENT/ DEVICE TERMINAL IDENTIFICATION FOR M/S ABB LTD

2.5.2.1 Modular identification: - It is designated by co-ordinate system of U and C/TE
U
Height of module
C/TE Horizontal distance between mounting holes (width of module)
Note: Modular's upper left corner U and C/TE co-ordinate is taken.
01

17

25

37

1
2
3
101

325

137

2.5.2.2 Modular Terminal Identification

E.g.101: 26
137: 321
325: 222

101, 137, 325 - are modular number

26, 321, 222 - Terminal number

Note: For detail refer combiflex identification. IN ABB MANUAL

3.

DATA ON PROTECTION SCHEME

3.1 CLASSIFICATIONS
Apparatus Protection
(Generator, Motor, Transformer, breaker etc.. )
Bus Protection
Line Protection
3.2 GENERATOR PROTECTION
3.2.1 Class A Protection

INITIATION OF RELAYS

32
G

INTERMEDIATE
AUX. RELAY

ACTION OF CIRCUIT
BREAKER
Trip Gen. CB

&

87G
87GT
87UAT
64G1
64G2
59G
99GT
64REF
51UAT
50UAT
64R II STAGE
Rotor Over Voltage
Excite Transf. O/C
Buch. PRDS
GT1,UAT1

Class A Trip
Relay 86G

Trip Field. CB
Trip Turbine
Trip UAT BkrA
Trip UAT BkrB
Initiate 6.6 KV CB
Initiate LBB
Arm- Reheater Protection
Block Closing of Gen. CB
Block Field CB

3.2.2 Class B Protection

INITIATION OF RELAYS
INTERMEDIATE
AUX. RELAY

ACTION OF
CIRCUIT
BREAKER

46G
40G
21GB (II STAGE )

81

TRIP TURBINE

GCB (OPEN)
STATER CONDN. HIGH
WATER FLOW LOW

Class B Trip Relay

86T

AUTO & MANUAL PULSE FAIL

TRIP UAT CB
Initiate 6.6 KV CB

THYRISTOR COOLING
FAN SUPPLY FAIL
FCB CLOSE

TRANS. OIL TEMP. &

ARM.REHEATER
PROTECTION

WINDING

3. 2.3 Class C Protection

INITIATION
OF RELAYS
81U/F
B/B
PROTECTION
21GB IST.
STAGE
46G IST STAGE
SING. GT
98G (POLE
SLIP)

INTERMEDIATE
AUX. RELAY

ACTION OF
CIRCUIT BREAKER
TRIP GEN. CB
H.P/L.P BYPASS FAST
OPN.

Class C Trip
Relay
86 GB
INITIATE LBB

3.2.4

Proposed Protection Equipments for different types of Generators

Generator Size
Protection

I
04
MVA

II
4 15
MVA

III
15 50 MVA

IV
50 200
MVA

Rotor
Overload
X
X
X
X
Rotor E/F
4
X
4
X
4
X
Inter turn
Fault
X
X
X
Differential
Generator
X
X
X
Diff. Block
Transformer
3
X
3
X
3
X
Under
frequency
X
X
X
X
Over Voltage
X
X
X
X
Stator E/F
X
X
X
Loss of
Excitation
X
Pole- Slip (Out
of Step)
1
X
5
X
5
X
5
Reverse Power X
X
2
X
Under
Impendence
X
7
X
7
X
Unbalance
(I2 Current)
X
6
X
6
Over Current
(Definite Time)
Stator Over
Load
6
X
6
Over Current / X
Under Voltage
X
X
Dead Machine
X
X
Breaker
Failure
Note: - 1- Only necessary for Steam and Diesel Drives
2. Only necessary for Thyristor excitation from Generator terminals
3. Only necessary for Pump operation.
4. Only necessary for when several Bars of the same phase in the same slot
5. Not necessary for PELTON turbines
6. O/ C should not be used with self supported static excitation system
7. When unbalance load is expected
8. X- Required

V
Large Turbo
Alternator
X
X
X
X
X
4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

3.2.4

THERMAL PLANT UNIT PROTECTIONS

SL. BOILER PROTECTION

NO
1
Loss of unit critical DC
Power
2
Less than fire ball
Loss of AC at any elevation
in service
3
Very low drum water level
for more than 5 Secs
4
Very high drum water level
for more than 10 Secs
5
Failure of both FD fans

TURBINE
PROTECTION
Protection System Power
Failure
Low Condenser vacuum
(2 Channels)

GENERATOR
PROTECTION
Generator Differential
Protection
Overall Differential
protection

Thrust bearing Oil

pressure high (2 Channels)
High Shaft vibrations

UAT s diff. Protection

Failure of both ID fans

Unit air flow as low as 30 %

Main steam Temp. Very

low
High exhaust steam Temp.

8
9

Furnace pressure very low

High furnace pressure

10
11

Loss of Fuel (3 out of 4

nozzle valves open)
Unit flame failure trip

12

Loss of Re-heater protection

13

Loss of 220 V DC

14
15
16
17

18
19

Electrical over speed

Over frequency Protection

Digital Electro hydraulic
control power failure
Failure of CWPS
All valves mainly main
stop valve, reheat stop
valves, interrupt control
valves closure
Under Frequency
Protection
Reverse power protection
Mechanical Over speed
protection
Low auto stop Oil pressure
Reheat protection
ATRS emergency turbine
trip

Over fluxing protection

Loss of Excitation
protection
Negative phase sequence
protection
Backup Impendence
protection
Over voltage protection
Under Frequency Protection
Over Load protection
Pole stop Protection

Generator Under voltage

associated with loss of
excitation protection
95 % back charging stator
E/F protection
95 % stator E/F protection
100 % stator E/F protection
Excitation field protection
Dead machine relaying
under independent GCB
closure
Protection of VT fuse
Protection for GT restricted
E/F Protection

3.3 MOTOR PROTECTION

1 O/L Protection
2 S.C. Protections
3 E/F Protections
4 Start Protections
5 Prolonged starts
6 Stalling protections

During starting
During running

7 Loss of load
8 Under voltage protection
3.4 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
3.4.1 Requirement of relays
CAPACIT
BACK UP
GAS
Y OF
OPERA
TRANSFO
TED
RMER
RELAY

UP TO 5
MVA
5 to 12.5
MVA
ABOVE
12.5 MVA
AUTO
TRANS.

3
O/
C

2
O/
C

E/F

R
R
Dir.
R
Dir.
Inst.

TEM DIF
P
F
PRO REL
TEC AY
TION
O P O W
S R T TI
R V I

RE
F
RE
LA
Y

NEUT.
DISPL
RELA
Y

NEUT.
O/C

OVE
R
FLU
X

RELA
Y

B
U
C
H
R O - R

R O R

R
Dir.
R
Dir.
Inst.

R R R

R R R R

R - REQUIRED, O OPTIONAL (--) NOT REQUIRED

3.4.2

CIRCUIT FOR DIFF. PROTECTION (TRANSFORMER )

Sec. CT
Transformer
Transformer
Sec. CT
Remark
Diff.
Winding
Winding
Diff.
Connection Connection Connection Connection
Dy1
Y1d
Y d1
D1y
1. D1
Yd11
Dy11
Connection
corresponds
( IR - IB)
Dy11
Y11d
Y d11
D11y
2. D11
Yd1
Dy1
Connection
corresponds
( I R - Iy )
PRIMARY SIDE P2 TERMINAL OF CT CONVENTIONALLY
TOWARDS TRANSFORMER

3.4.3

BUCHHOLTZ RELAY

3.4.3.1 Data:
1) Works on principal of BUOYANCY of liquid.
2) Position on pipe bent tank and conservator
3) Angle of inclination of pipe with horizontal 5 to 10
4) Length of straight run pipe section
(I) Transformer to relay = 5D (min)
(II) Relay to conservator = 3D ( min )
D : Dia of pipe
5) Vertical position of relay from tank = 8 cm ( min )
6) Gas volume for Alarm operation

Trans. Size
Upto 1 MVA
1 to 10 MVA
10MVA and
above

7) Operating time 0.2 Sec

Pipe
dia
2.5 cm
5 cm
7.5 cm

Setting range

Normal setting

100 - 120cc
185 - 250cc
220 - 280cc

110cc
220cc
250cc

8)

Diagnosis of Troubles from color of gas collected

Colour
Identification
Colorless Air

Colour
Grey

White
/Milky

Black

Yellow

3.4.4

PRV

Gas of
decomposed
paper and cloth
insulation
Gas of
decomposed
wood insulation

Identification
Gas of overheated oil
due to burn of iron
Gas of decomposed
oil due to elect. Arc.

(PRESSURE RELEASE VALVE)

3.4.4.1 Data: 1 required / Universal for nitrogen cushioned transformer and optional for conservator
type transformer
3.4.4.2
3.4.4.3
3.4.5

Data: 2 Alarm -0.32 kg/cm/sec, Trip - 0.6 kg/cm/sec

Data: 3 Work on the principle of activation bellow due to pressure

3.4.5.1

OTI (OIL TEMP. INDICATOR)

3.4.5.2

DATA: 1 Work on the principle of volumetric change in bellow and corresponding

conversion on scale due to temperature.
DATA: 2 Temp. Rise above ambient ( TABLE)
Type of winding

OA, OW
OA / FA
OA / FA / FOA
FOA
FOW
3.4.6

Top oil find temp

rise on F.L
condition
50C
50C
45C

Winding temp
rise on F.L.
condition
55C
55C
50C

WTI (WINDING TEMP. INDICATOR)

3.4.6 .1

DATA: 1 Bellow (Bourdon tube) and shunt network, being connected to WCT (Winding
Ct), simulates the temp. Gradient, (proportionate with load current) and provides
reading on the scale.

3.4.6.2
3.4.6.3

DATA: 2 Max. Heater coil current

DATA: 3 Standard bellow heater

2 Amps
= (2.5 0.1)

at 30C

3.4.6.4 DATA :-4 TEMPERATURE Vrs CURRENT SIGNAL CHARACTRISTICS FOR

RTD
( REMOTE THERMAL; DEVICE ) BS 1904 & DIN IEC 751
TEMP
IN O C

RESISTANCE

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150

100.00
103.90
107.79
111.67
115.54
119.40
123.24
127.07
130.89
134.70
138.50
142.29
146.06
149.82
153.58
157.31

OUT PUT SIGNAL

0-5mA
L0
Nom.
Hi
0
0.050
0.283 0.333 0.383
0.617 0.667 0.717
0.950 1.000 1.050
1.283 1.333 1.383
1.617 1.667 1.717
1.950 2.000 2.050
2.283 2.333 2.383
2.617 2.667 2.717
2.950 3.000 3.050
3.283 3.333 3.383
3.617 3.667 3.717
3.950 4.000 4.050
4.283 4.333 4.383
4.617 4.667 4.717
4.950 5.000 5.050

OUT PUT SIGNAL

0-20mA
L0
Nom.
Hi
0
0.200
1.333
1.333
1.533
2.467
2.667
2.867
3.800
4.000
4.200
5.333
5.333
5.533
6.467
6.667
6.867
7.800
8.000
8.200
9.333
9.333
9.533
10.467 10.667 10.867
11.800 12.000 12.200
13.333 13.333 13.533
14.467 14.667 14.867
15.800 16.000 16.200
17.333 17.333 17.533
18.467 18.667 18.867
19.800 20.000 20.200

OUT PUT SIGNAL

4-20mA
L0
Nom.
Hi
3.800
4.000
4.200
4.867
5.067
5.267
5.933
6.133
6.333
7.000
7.200
7.400
8.067
8.267
8.467
9.133
9.333
9.533
10.200 10.400 10.600
11.267 11.467 11.667
12.333 12.533 12.333
13.400 13.600 13.800
14.467 14.667 14.867
15.573 15.733 15.933
16.600 16.800 17.000
17.667 17.867 18.067
18.733 18.933 19.133
19.800 20.000 20.200

3.5. BREAKER PROTECTION

1 Pole discrepancy Relay (PDR)
2. Local Breaker Back up relay (LBB)
3. 5.1

TIME CHART OF PDR: -

Breaker Close
Operation

Pole
Discrepancy

Normal Breaker Close Time

PDR Operation
Time

Tripping
Contact

Margin

t Mismatch allowable closing time between poles

T It should be less than timing of unbalances current relay and zone 2 time of
D.P. relay.

3. 5.2. TIME CHART OF LBB RELAY: (Fault

Occurrence )
Normal Clearing Time
(1 )

( 2)

(3)

Margin

Set time for Time Meas. Unit

(4)

(5)

Margin

Breaker
Fail Relay Starts
Total Clearing time of LBB Relay
Maxim. Fault clearing time before system Instability

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
3.6.

BUS PROTECTION
1
2

3.7.

Protection Relay operation Time (Ex. DP Relay)

Breaker Interruption Time
Resetting Time Current Measuring Unit
Trip Relay Time
Back up Breaker Interruption Time

High impedance circulating current protection.

Biased Differential circulating current protection.

LINE PROTECTION
1
2

Main Protection (Distance Protection)

B/U Protection (O/C, E/F Protn.)

3.7.1 MAIN PROTECTION (DISTANCE PROTECTION)

3.7.1.1 STANDARD 3 ZONE PROTECTION
1st Method
Zone 1
80% of protected line.
* Zone 2 100% of protected line + 50% of shorted adjacent
* * Zone 3 100% of protected line +100% of longest adjacent line.
* Maximum zone 2 reach should be within the minimum effective Zone 1 reach of
adjacent line.
** Maximum effective Zone 3 reach should cover the second section of line.

2nd. Method
For available of the following data zone selection standard should be as follows
a3 = 0.85 ( a + k b2)
a2 = 0.85 ( a + k b1)
a1 = 0.85 a

b1

b2

A
NOTE

3. 7.1.2

Z1 :- a1 = 0.85 a ( Zone 1 ), Z2 :- a2 = 0.85 ( a + k b1 )

Z3 :- A3 = 0.85 ( a + k b2) = Zone 3
k = ( IA + IB ) / IA ,
Where IA = Service current on Station A
IB = Service current on Station B
TIME STANDARD
Accepted fault
clearance timing of
EHV line.
System
Time
400 kV
80 ms

220 kV
132 kV

100 ms
150 ms

Selection of DP Relay Time

Zone
Zone 1

Zone 2
Zone 3
Reverse
Zone

Time
Instant Relay
operation time ( 30
to 40 mS )
0.2 to 0.5 S
0.4 to 1 S
1 to 2 S

3.7.1.3 MINIMUM DE- ENERGISATION TIME

( FOR 3 PHASE DISCONNECTION ON TRANSMISSIOM LINE)
Line KV

66
110
132

Minimum
DeEnergisation
Time in Sec.
0.1
0.15
0.17

Line KV

Minimum DeEnergisation
Time in Sec.

220
275
400

0.28
0.3
0.5

3.7.1.4 FAULT, VOLTAGE AND CURRENT INVOLVEMENT IN TRANSMISSION

LINE

Phase - Earth Fault

Phase - Phase Fault
Voltage
Current
Fault
Voltage
Current
Fault
Va
Ia + 3KIo
a-g
Vab
Ia - Ib
a-b
Vb
Ib + 3KIo
b-g
Vbc
Ib - Ic
b-c
Vc
Ic + 3KIo
c-g
Vca
Ic - Ia
c-a
Where K = Zero seq. compensation - factor
= (Z0 Z1) /3Z1
Zo - Zero Seq. impendance
Z1 - +ve - Seq. impendance
Io = Zero Seq. current
3. 7.1.5 ARC - RESISTANCE FORMULA
(A.R. VAN C. WARRING TON)
1st Method: Ra = 28707 (L + ut) / I 1.4
L = Length of arc (Length of Insulator String) in mtr.
U = Wind velocity in Km/hr
I = Actual fault current in Amp.
2nd Method: Ra = (440 x Arc length in feet)
Fault current
3. 7.1.6

DATA ON ARC ON THE TRANSMISSION LINE

Arc Resistance of Line

Line
Voltage
in KV
33
132
220
400

Length
Ra (Arc
In Mtr Resistance)
Ohm
1.22
3.66
6.7
8.3

2.5
8.6
12.8
18

Sec. Voltage due to Arc

for 220 KV Line, Arc
Distance 1.12mtr and
PTR 2000
Fault
Sec. Voltage
Current
in mV
in
KAmp.
40
221
20
292
10
386
5
509
2
735
1
970

3. 7.1.7

TYPE OF D.P. RELAY

I
Impedance
ii
Reactance
iii Mho or Admittance
iv Ohm
v
Offset mho
vi Modified impedance
vii Elliptical
viii Quadrilateral
ix
parallelogram

3. 7.1.8

D.P RELAY SETTING CALCULATION

Data Assumed line parameter data

3.7.1.8.1

Line Voltage

132kv Panther
220kv Zebra
400kv Twin
Moose

R
ohm/
ph/km
0.151
0.078
0.031

X
ohm/
ph/km
0.401
0.402
0.327

Yc
mho/ph/km
1.43
1.44
1.73

Formulae for parameter calculation

3.7.1.8.2
1

#R1 = l /a ohm/ph/km
# R1 -+ve Sequence Resistance
(Usually given in conductor data)
X1 = 2 f x 2 x 10 4 ln (Dm / Ds) ohm /ph/km
X1 = +ve seq. reactance
Dm = Mutual Geometric Mean Distance
= (Dmab x Dmbc x Dmca) 1/ 3
Dmab = Mutual GMD between 'A' and 'B' conductor of the Line
Dmbc = conductor between 'B' and 'C'
Dmca = Between 'C' and 'A' conductors
Ds = Self GMD
Note: - For Double circuit loop reactance = 2 X 1
Ro = Zero sequence resistance
= ( R1+ 0.00477f /1.609) ohm/ph/km

4. Xo = Zero seq. reactance Ohm/ph/km

= (0. 01397 f /1.609) x log 10 De / (GMR conductor x GMD 2 sep) 1 / 3 ohm/ph/km
De = Equivalent depth return in mtr
= 658 x ( / f)
= Earth Resistivity in ohm-mtr
GMR conductor = Self radius = 0.7788 r
GMD sep = (Dab x Dbcx Dca) 1/ 3
Dab= Distance Between A & B Conductor ,
Dbc = Between B & C, Dca=Between C & A
5.Rom = Zero seq mutual resistance
Rom = 0.00477f
ohm/ph/km
1.609
6. Xom = Zero seq. mutual reactance
= ( 0. 01397 f /1.609 ) x log 10 (De / GMD eq ) ohm /ph/km
(GMD)eq = ninth root of products of all nine possible distance between two circuit
3.7.1.8.3

Minimum Load Impedance (Z L )

Z L =(U / MVA)
Where U = Line to Line voltage,
MVA = Maximum permitted load
= (Umin. / 3 I max.)
3.7.1.8.4 Conversion to secondary value
Z Sec = Z pri x C.T.R
P.T.R
Base
=
P.U x KV
impedance value 100
3.7.1.8.5 Zero seq. compensation factor (KN)
i. KN = (Zo Z1) / 3Z1, When mutual zero seq. impedance is not considered.
= (Xo X1 ) / 3X1 ,
ii. K 0 angle = Tan- (Xo - X1) / (Ro - R1) --Tan- (X1) / R1
iii. KNP = (Xo +Xom - X1 ) / 3X1 ,

When parallel system in normal operation

iv. KNG = (Xo - Xom - XoX1 ) / 3XoX1 For parallel system is out of service and
grounded at both ends.

3.7.1.9 POSSIBLE LENGTH OF LINE AND OPTIMUM POWER TO BE

TRANSMITTED.
Possible optimum power
transmission
Line voltage Line loading KW KV
KM
11
24x10
33
200x10
66
600x10
110
11x10 6
132
20x10 6
166
35x10 6
230
90x10 6

3.7.1.10

Possible length in
KM
Length
Line
Minimum
Max.
40
120
50
140
50
160
80
180
100
300

SUITABILITY OF RELAY PERFORMANCE

3.7.1.10.1 1st Method: Minimum voltage at relay: S.I.R: - System Impedance Ratio
= Source Impedance
Relay setting impedance
C.I.R: -Characteristics Impedance Ratio
= Maximum value of system impedance ratio
=E-V
V
E - P.T. Secondary voltage
V - Minimum voltage at relay
Zs =(KV ) / (MVA) Fault/source = Source impedance
IF = KV
for 3 fault current
3 (Zs +ZL)
ZL = Line Impedance
Vrelay = E/ (1+Zs / ZL)

3.7.1.10.2

2nd Method: -

ii. Ph - Ph fault
Vrelay = ( 3 ZL x I F) / PTR OR VT Ratio
ii.

Ph - Earth fault
Vrelay = (IF x Zre) / VT ratio
Zre - Earth loop impedance = ZL1 (1 + (K-1)/3)
Where K = ZLo / ZL1,
ZLo = Zero sequence impedance,
ZL1 = +re sequence impedance

3.7.1.11

SELECTION OF POWER SWING BLOCK

(Block Z1 = OFF), (Block Z2 Z3 = ON)

2 During PS
3.7.2

( Z/

t)

Slow

O/C AND E/F PROTECTION

1 Non-Dir B/U Protection ,
2
Directional B/U Protection

3.7.2.1

TYPE

(a) Definite Time relay

(b) Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag Relay (IDMTL)
(i) Normal Inverse (NI)
(ii) Very Inverse (VI)
(iii) Extremely Inverse (EI)
(iv) Long time Inverse (LTI)
3. 7.2.2 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS (IDMTL RELAY) (IEC 255-4 BS 142, 3.2)
t = K x Tm
( I / Is) C -- 1

Where t =Operating time in Second

I = Fault current in Amp.
Is = start current = 1. 1 IB in Amp
Tm = Time Multiplier

Value of 'K' and 'C'

Type
NI
VI
EI
LTI

K
0.14
13.5
80
120

C
0.02
1.0
2.0
1.0

3. 7.2.3 ERRORS OF IDMTL RELAY (AS PER BS 142 LIMITS)

Operating
current
(Multiple of
plug
setting)
2
5
10
20

Any PS and 1.0

time setting
%
Sec

24.15

15.98

15.08

15.00

2.42

16.65

1.67

0.69

8.48

0.36

0.45

7.58

0.23

0.33

7.5

0.17

3. 7.2.4 O/C + E/F RELAY HIGH SET SETTING

3. 7.2.4.1 Max. 3 Short circuit current
(i) (At beginning of line) I max = U / 3 Zs,
(ii) (AT end) I max = U / 3 (Zs+ZL)
(iii) (Source impedance) = Zs = KV / MV A
3. 7.2.4.2 Minimum setting of relay
Imin = 1.3 Imax
Safety factor 1.2
Irelay = 1.2 Imin
3. 7.2.4.3
O/C Highest
Relay setting = (Irelay) / CTR
3. 7.2.4.4 E/F High set
=O/C High set
3

100% Plug setting

and 1.0 time setting
%
Sec

3. 7.2.5

DIRECTIONAL B/U RELAY (O/C)

Relationship between MTA (Maximum Torque Angle) and relay connection of O/C
relay

Relay
connecti
on angle
30
60 Type
1
60 Type
2
90
90

MTA

Connection
Bph
Cph
Current
Voltage Current Voltage
coil
coil
coil
coil
Ib
Vba
Ic
Vcb
Ibc
Vba
Ica
Vcb

Aph
Current Voltage
coil
coil
Ia
Vac
Iab
Vac

0
0
0

Ia

- Vc

Ib

- Va

Ic

- Vb

30 Lead
45 Lead

Ia
Ia

Vbc
Vbc

Ib
Ib

Vca
Vca

Ic
Ic

Vab
Vab

3.7.2.6 DIRECTIONAL B/U RELAY (E/F)

Relay
characteristic
angle
12.5 (lag)
14 (lag)
45 (lag)
60 (lag)

Connection
Current coil
Voltage coil
Residual
Current
I0 = IA + IB
+ IC

Residual Voltage
= Open Delta Secondary
Voltage

3.7.2.7 CONTACTS, TERMINALS FOR OTHER RELAYS OF GEC ALSTOM MAKE

Sl
No

Model

Standard

MVAA23

Two
unit/Case

MCAG34

THREE/Case

MCAG14

Single
unit/Case

CONTACTS
Alar Trip
m
2315-17
25
1-3
9-11
2-4
1-3

2-4

1-3

Current
Terminal

23-24,
25-26,2728 #
27-28

Voltage
Termin
al
13-14
27-28

Aux.
DC
220-250V

# 24-26-28
SHOTRTE
D

MCGG22

MCGG62

MBCH12

MVAP22

MCVG62

25-23-21

MWTU11

27-28

10

MCND04

11
12
13

MYTU04
MVTU12
MCSU

Single
unit/Case
THREE/Case

Single
Unit/Case

6-7
8-10
3637
3335
9-11

1-2
15-16
29-30
41-42

1-3
2-4

7-9
1820
7-9
4-16
4-6

27-28

13-14

21-22
23-24, 2526 #

13- 14
# 22-24-26
SHORTED

23-25-27
23-2527
Short
37&42,
41&46,
38&45
25-2321
13-14

6-8

13-14
27-28

1-3

27-28

13-14

3. 7.2.8 CONTACTS, TERMINALS FOR B/U RELAYS OF DIFF. MANUFACTURERS

Make

Type

ER

IDMT NONDIR
TJM10,
2TJM10,
TJM20, TJM11,
2TJM10,
TJM21

ER

IDMT DIR.
TJM12,
2TJM12,
TJM22

Standard

Single
unit/Case
Multi
unit/Case
3O/C
Multi
unit/Case
2O/C, E/F
Single
unit/Case
O/C
Single
unit/Case
E/F

Alar
Trip
Current
m
Terminal
Nor Inst
mal ant
1,2
3,4 11,1
9,10
2
1,2
3,4 11,1 (5,6-R), (7,82
Y),
(9,10-B)
1,2
3,4 11,1 (5,6-R), (7,82
E/F), (9,10-B)

Volt
age

Aux.
DC

5,6

1,2

3,4

11,1
2

9,10

5,6

1,2

3,4

11,1
2

9,10

5,6

3,4

9,10

IDMT NONDIR E/F TYPE

TJM60

Single
unit/Case
E/F

1,2

ER

ER

IDMTL
PROGRAMME Multi
DCD, MIT
unit/Case

1,2

3,4

3,4

IDMT NONDIR
CDG11,
12,13,14
IDMT NONDIR
CDG31,
32,33,34
CDG61, 62

Single
unit/Case

1,2

3,4

3,6

(5,6-R),
( 7,8-Y),(9,10B),
(11,12-E/F)
9,10

Multi
unit/Case
3O/C
Multi
unit/Case
2O/C, E/F
Single
unit/Case

1,2

3,4

3,12
OR20

1,2

3,4

(5,6-R),( 7,8Y),
(9,10-B)
(5,6-R), (7,8E/F), (9,10-B)

1,2

3,4

9,10

7,8

3,
12
OR20
3,6
OR 20

1,2

3,4

3,17

(5,6-R), (7,8E/F), (9,10-B)

19,20
30V DC

1,2

3,4

9,10

11,1
2

13,1
4

20,19

9,10

1,2

5,6

11,1
2
7,8

(1,2-R),( 3,4 Y),

(5,6-B), (7,8E/F)
7,8

1,2

3,4

9,10

1,2

7,8

1,4

EE
ALSTOM

EE
ALSTOM

EE
ALSTOM

EE
ALSTOM
EE
ALSTOM
JVS

JYOTI
ABB
UE

IDMT DIR
CDD 21, 23,
24,26
CDD
31,33,34,36
DEF. TIME
Multi
DELAY
element/C
CTU32
ase
INSTANT
Single
CAG11,
unit/Case
12,13,14, 17, 19
IDMT NONMulti
DIR
element/C
JRC053
ase
IDMT NONDIR
IDMT NONDIR ICM21P
IDMT NONDIR
R-1156

Single
unit/Case
Single
unit/Case
Single
unit/Case

3,8

ER

4C21

B
10

r
9

13

13

17,18
3,4

6
1
4

7
18

8
10

3 4
11 15

5
7

1+1
4+4
11+11
During Test both HT & LT
Terminals to be shorted (Ex.
1+1)
12
13
14
12
16
8

1,2

3,4

17

27

10 20

30

8 or 9
Short
(8 +9)

Single unit /
Case
Multi unit /
Case
Single unit /
Case

1,2

3,4

10

10

1,2

3,4

1
0
5

18

13

10 20

9, 11

1,3

2
5

25

25

-do-

9,11

1,3

2
5

25

25

RADSB
DTH31

-do-do-

15, 16
1,2

DTH32

-do-

DDT

3,4

Module 2 (RL1,
RL2) General
Command

DDT
MBCH 12 (2
Winding
MBCH 13 (3
Winding

R0

Y0

Aux. Volt
DC

Trip

Alarm

Y
10

1,2

EE
ALS
TOM

EE
ALS
TOM

CURRENT TERMINALS
LT Side
Operating Point
(BIAS)

HT Side
(COMMON)
R
1
0
3

Single unit /
Case
Multi unit /
Case

DUO-BIAS M

ABB

Standard

Type

Make

3.7.2.9 CONTACTS, TERMINALS FOR DIFFERATIONAL RELAYS.

B0
7

28 or 29
Short
(28 +29)

18 or 19
Short
(18 +
19)
7

11

16

14

23 23

23

27
27
Short (24 +26 +28)

27

23 23
or or
21 21

23
or
21

27

27

27

220 V
DC

1,2
5- 110 V
6- 220 V
19- 30V
20 - --ve
11- 30 V
13- 110 V
15220 V
12 - - ve
3- + ve
8 --- ve
3- + ve
8 --- ve
13- + ve
14 -- ve
220 V
13- + ve
14 --- ve
220 V

4. DAT A ON ELECTRICAL SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS

4.1 BREAKERS
Sl.no
1
2

Particulars

TECHNICAL PARTICULARS
33KV
132KV
220KV

System voltage (kv)

System frequency (H2)
Quenching medium

Vacuum,
Oil

Operating medium

Spring

4
5

36
50

145
50
Oil,
Air blast
SF6
Spring
Hydraulic
Air pressure

400KV

245
50

420
50

Oil, Air blast

SF6 (puffer)

SF6 (Puffer)
Air blast

Spring
Hydraulic
Air pressure

Air
Pressure

Insulation standard

(a) Lightning Impulse voltage

(KVp) (1.2/50)
(b) Power frequency withstand
voltage (kv) 1min/50Hz)
( c) Minimum disruptive
voltage (kV)
6 Normal current (A)
Short time current withstand
7 capacity (KA)(3 sec)
Fault Rating
(i) Making capacity (KA)
(ii) Breaking capacity (KA)
8 (iii) Breaking current out of ph
(KA)
(iv) Rated time charging
current (A)
(v) Over voltage factor for
switching
9 Operating Sequence
(a) Normal
(b) Auto Reclose
TRV (Transient Recovery
Voltage) First phase to clear
10 factor
Breaker operating time
(i) Maxm break time (Open)
ms
(ii) Maxm Close time (ms)
11 (iii) Maxm Close -Open time
(ms)
(iv) Maxm time open interval
between 1st and last phase (ms)
(v) Maxm time close interval
between poles.

170

650

1050

1425

70

275

460

520

28
1250

105
1250/1600

176
2000

320
2000/3150

25

40

40

40

70
25

100
40

100
40

100
40

6.5

10

10

10

50

50

125

400

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

O-10s-CO-3min-CO
O-0.3s-CO-3min-CO

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.3

60
100

50
150

50
150

40
120

80

80

60

3.3

3.3

3.3

4.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER

4.2.1 132 KV SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BEAKER
Particulars

Rating /
Value
Make
Rated Lightening 650 KVp
impulse with
Stand voltage
Type
Rated short
31.5 KA
Circuit Breaking
Current
Rated Voltage
145 KV
Rated Operating 15.5
pressure
KG/cm2 g
Rated Frequency 50 HZ
First pole to
1.5
Clear factor
Rated Normal
3150 A
Rated Duration
31.5 KA
Current
of short Circuit
3 Sec
current
Rated Closing
220 V DC
Rated Line
50 A
Voltage
Charging
Breaking Current
Rated SF6 Gas
pressure
Rated Opening
220V DC
Rated Voltage
415 VAC
Voltage
and frequency
50 HZ
for Aux. Circuit
GAS
6.0 bar at 20 Rated operating
0-0.3SPRESSURE SF6 0 c
Sequence
CO3Min-CO
Total weight
2000 KG
Gas weight
9 KG
with Gas
Sl. No.
11583C
STD. IEC
56
Month / Year of MARCH./
Manufacturing
99
4..2.2

Rating /
Value
Crompton
Greaves Ltd.
Nasik
120-SFM-32
A

Particulars

220 KV SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BEAKER

Particulars
Rating /
Particulars
Value
Make
ABB
Rated Lightening
Limited
impulse with
Stand voltage
Type
ELF SL 4- Rated short
1
Circuit Breaking
Current
Rated Voltage
245 KV
Rated Air

Rating /
Value
1050
KVp
40 KA

21..5

pressure

4. 2.3

Rated Frequency

50 HZ

First pole to
Clear factor
Rated Duration
of short Circuit
current
Rated Line
Charging
Breaking Current
Rated SF6
pressure
Rated Voltage
and frequency
for Aux. Circuit

Rated Normal
Current

2000 A

Rated Closing
Voltage

220 V DC

Rated Opening
Voltage

220V DC

GAS
PRESSURE SF6

7.0 bar at
20 0 c

Rated operating
Sequence

Total weight
with Gas
Month / Year of
Mang

3800 KG

Sl. No.

KG/cm2 g
1.3
40 KA
3 Sec
125 A

1-PH
(230V &
3 PH
415 VAC
50 HZ
0-0.3SCO3Min-CO
307786

MARCH./
99

33 KV VACUUK CIRCUIT BREKER

Particulars
Make

Rating /
Value
BHEL

Type

PVN 36

Rated Voltage

36 KV

Rated Frequency 50 HZ
Rated Normal
Current

1250 A

Shunt Trip coil

220 V DC

Spring REL.
Coil
Rated operating
Sequence
Sl. No.

220 V DC
0.3 Min. CO
9087652

Particulars
impulse with
Stand voltage
Short Time
Current
Rated Air
pressure
Making
Capacity
Sym. Breaking
Capacity with
Dur.
P.F With stand
V
Spec.
Month / Year of
Manufacturing
TOTAL
WEIGHT

Rating /
Value
170 KVp
25 KA

62.5 KAp
25 KA for
3 Sec
70 KV
IS 2156/
IEC 56
April/1991
1000 KG

4.2.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
4.2.1. SPECIFICATIONS

RATIO OF THE CT

NUMBER OF
CORES

RATED BURDEN AND

FACTORS

CLASS OF
ACCURACY

Items

CT
Rating

No Of
Cores

Core

Burden
( VA)

Factors

Core

Acc.
Class

33
KV

3 Cores
(Metering,
Protection
, Diff.)
5 Cores
Metering
Protection
,
Differenti
al
Bus Prot.,
Dist. Prot.

Meterin
g

2.5,5,
7.5,10,
15,30

ISF
(5, 10, 20)

METE
RING

0.1, 0.2
0.5,
1, 3, 5

PROTE
C
TION

(5P, 10P
15P) *

Ratio

Primary
Current

Secondary
Current

33
KV
In
door
Single
Ratio

33
KV
Out
Door
Multi
Ratio

Suitably
(10,15,20,30
50,75) Multiple
or Fraction

1A or 5 A

66
KV

Protecti
on

ALF
(5,10,15,20,
30)
Voltage
2.5,5,
Across CT
7.5,10,
=
15,30
(Burden X
ALF)/
Rated
Current
Rated Short time
Current
Ist = 150 Ip for 1 Sec.

SELE
TIVE
PROTE
CTION

PS * *

NOTES OF THE TABLE (4.2.1 ) ON THE NEXT PAGE.

* Accuracy class is usually followed by ALF (5P10, 5P15, etc.)
** For accuracy Min. Knee Point Voltage (VK) and permissible Mag. Current (I mag) to be
considered
NOTE 1: -VK = K Is (Rct + Rb), K= Parameter depends upon System fault level and
characteristics of the Relay
Is = Sec. Reflected current
Rct = CT Sec. Resistance at 75 0 C
Rb = Resistance of Sec. Circuit with Lead
NOTE 2: - Imag = P mA at V K / FM, Imag = Max Allowable Mag. Current (mA)
P mA = Permissible Magnetizing Current ( m A )
Factor to be chosen 2 or 4, depending upon the application.

4.2.2

VOLTAGE CLASS AND INSULATION LEVEL

Nominal Highest
Lightning Nominal Highest
Power
Lightning
Power
System System Frequency Impulse
System System Frequency Impulse
Voltage Voltage Withstand Withstand Voltage Voltage Withstand Withstand
Voltage
Voltage
KV
Voltage
Voltage
KV
KV
KV
(RMS
RMS
RMS
KV RMS
KV
(RMS)
KV RMS
KV
PEAK
PEAK
List List
220
245
360
850
1
2
Upto 0.6
0.66
3
395
950
3.3
3.6
10
20
40
460
1050
6.6
7.2
20
40
60
400
420
950 *
1175
11
12
28
60
75
1050 *
1300
33
36
70
145 170
1050*
1425
66
72.5
140
325 325
525
524
1050*
1425
110
123
185
450
1175*
1550
230
550
* Switching Impulse Withstand Voltage in
KV (PEAK)
132
145
230
550
275
650
4.2.3

ERRORS IN CT

4.2.3.1

METERING CORE
Acc.
Class

0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
0.2s
0.5s

% Current Ratio Error at

% Of Rated Current

Phase Angle displacement

Error in
Minutes at % of Rated Current
1% 5% 20% 100% 120% 1% 5% 20% 100% 120%
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
15
8
5
5
0.75 0.35
0.2
0.2
30
15
10
10
1.5 0.75
0.5
0.5
90
45
30
30
3.0
1.0
1.0
0.75 0.35 0.2
0.2
0.2
30 15
10
10
10
1.5 0.75 0.5
0.5
0.5
90 45
30
30
30

4.2.3.2 PROTECTION CORE

Acc.
Class

5P
10P
15P

Current Error
at Rated
Primary
Current (%)
1
3
5

Phase displacement at
Rated Primary Current
(Minutes)
60
-

Composite Error
at Rated Acc.
Primary
Current (%)
5
10
15

4.2.4 RELAY DETAIL FOR SELECTION OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

4.2.4.1 TRANSFORMERS DIFFERENTIALS
4.2.4.1.1.
1

ALSTOM MAKE
Relay type:DTH 31/32

V k >40*I (R CT +2R L );Example: V k >40(1)(3+4) >280V

2.

Relay type: MBCH 12/13

V k >24 In (R CT +2R L ) Where V k =Knee Point Voltage

In=Relay rated current,
R L =Total Lead Resistance
Ie=<3%In at V k /4 for both above types of relays i.e.0.03I
i.e.30mA at V k /4
3.

Relay type: KBCH, MiCOM P630 (Numerical)

Application
Transformers, Generators,
Generator transformers, Motors,
Shunt reactors, Series reactors also
Overall generator- transformer
units,
Transformers connected to a mesh
corner, having two sets of CTs
each Supplying separate relay
inputs.

4. 2.4.1.2
1.

Knee point
voltage V K
24In [R CT
+2RI ]

Through fault
stability X/R
40

If

48In [R CT
+2RI
48In [R CT
+2RI

120

15In

40
120

40In
15 In

ABB MAKE
Relay type :RADSB (Static)(Medium impedance)

V K >30(R CT +2R L +Rre) In , >30(4+4+3)1, >330V

Note: Over current factor of 30 recommended
Excitation Current -Not applicable*
2.

Relay type:SPAD346C (Stabilised diff. Relay)

V K >4xI max x (R in +R L )/n,

Where, n =Transformation ratio of CT>(R CT +R L +0.5/sq.of Isn)
Rin =Sec. Resistance of CT
2R L =Control cable (To &fro )resistance
Imax =Id/In>>set on relay (Range available 5 to 30, default set is 10)

15In

3.

Relay type:RET316 (Stabilised diff. Relay)

n ==n (Pr +Pe) / (Pb +Pe), Where, n =ALF

n ==Effective over current factor, is a function of fault current
I k ,freq and time constant of network, and read from graph in RET manual
Pb =connected burden at rated current, Pe =CT losses of sec windings
Pr =rated CT burden, DC time constant assumed is 300msec
*Not Applicable :-Relay provided with Magnetizing Inrush Restraint based on Second Har
monic Content of the inrush current and hence Imag calculation is not applicable...
4. 2.4.1.3.
1.

EASUN REROLLE
Relay type:4C21 (Static)(Low impedance)

CT Class :PS, V K >2I f (R CT +R L +Rict (P))+(ICT V K x ICT ratio)

Example: V K >2 x 10.9375 (2+3+1)+(14.43/ 0.875) x 0.577 >140.75 Volts
R CT -Main CT resistance, Rict (P)-ICT primary winding resistance
R L -Lead resistance, I f -Max. thro fault current
2.

Relay type: Duobias M(Numeric),

(Differential and Restricted Earth Fault)

V K >4xI(A+C), Where : I =Either max 3-phase through fault current referred

to secondary
(as limited by transformer impedance)or high-set setting, whichever is
greater.
A =Sec. winding resistance of each star connected CT
C =CT secondary loop resistance for internal faults.
CT Class recommended-PS,X to BS 3938,TPS to IEC-444. 2.4.2
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
4. 2.4.2.1.
1.

ALSTOM
Relay type:CAG34 (High Impedance Scheme)

V K >2I f (R CT +2R L )
Example :V K >2x10(3+4) >140V
Where ,I f =sec. equivalent of Fault Current
Ie =Is-Ir =(0.15-0.10) /2 =25 m A at V K /2
2.

Relay type: LGPG, MiCOM 340 (Numerical)

For voltage dependent, over current , field failure and negative phase, sequence protection
V K >20In (R CT +2R L )
l For stator earth fault protection
V K >Is (R CT +2R L +RR)
2.For generator differential protection:
Low impedance diff. V K >50In (R CT +2R L )
High impedance diff V K >2 Vs
where Vs =1.5I f (R CT +2R L ), Rs =Vs/Is

3.Relay type:YTGM15,YCG15AA,ZTO11(Generator Backup)

V K >2If (R CT +2R L +M+CM), Where CM=connected burden
4. 2.4.2.2.
1.

ABB
Relay type: RADHA /RADHD (High impedance )

V K >2I K (R CT +R L ), >2x25(4+3), >350V,

R L in case of generator is longer i.e.2R L =6 Ohms
I K will be higher considering Xd (0.2 pu)and CT sec.of 5A
Excitation current -Not applicable * Excitation current is kept low for increasing the primary
sensitivity
*Not Applicable :-Relay provided with Magnetizing Inrush Restraint based on Second Har
monic Content of the inrush current and hence Imag calculation is not applicable...
4. 2.4.2.3.
1.

EASUN REYROLLE
Relay type:4B3 (EM)/DAD 3 (Static)/Argus-1
(Numeric)(High Impedance Scheme)

V K >2I f (R CT +2R L ), Example: V K >2x10(3+4) >140 Volts

CT Class :PS, I f -Max. thro fault current, R CT -Main CT resistance
R L -Lead resistance between CT to relay.
2.
Relay type: GAMMA (Numeric) (High Impedance)
For Two off 3 phase Inputs (Line end and Neutral end)and for Neutral Earthed CTs.
In case of low impedance bias diff functionsa)V K >50xIn(R CT +2R L +RR)
where max. through fault current=10xIn with max X/R=120.
b)V K >30xIn(R CT +2R L +RR)
where max. through fault current=10xIn with max. X/R =60
In=Rated Current Sec. X/R=X/R ratio for max. through fault condition.
R CT =Sec. resistance of CT, R L =Lead resistance between CT and Relay
RR=Resistance of any other protection functions sharing the CT
4.2.4.3 BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
4.2.4.3.1.
1.

ABB
Relay type: RADHA/RADHD (High impedance scheme)

V K >2I K (R CT +R L ) , >2x40 (4+4) , >640 V

2.
Relay type: RADSS (Medium impedance scheme)
Depending on diff. ratios , For 1A CT, Vk shall be 500V.

Excitation Current -Not applicable*

*Not Applicable :-Relay provided with Magnetizing Inrush Restraint based on Second Har
monic Content of the inrush current and hence Imag calculation is not applicable...
4. 2.4.3.2.
1.

ALSTOM
Relay type:CAG34 (High Impedance scheme)

V K >2I f (R CT +2R L ), Example: V K >2X10(3+4), >140V

2.

Relay type: DIFB DIFBCL

V K >K x In(RTCP+R F +Rd/n 2 ),

Where: K=(1.2/40)x(I CC /I N )
I N =Main CT primary rated current, I CC =Max short-circuit current delivered to bus bar via the
input Where MCT is installed.
RTCP=Rest. of secondary of MCT, R F =Rest. of link loop between MCT and auxiliary CT,
n=Ratio of auxiliary CT , Rd/n 2 =Value of differential resistance transposed to ACT primary
3.

Relay type: MCTI 34 (Numerical)

V K >1.6V S , V S =1.25xI f (R CT +2R L )

Where: R CT =CT resistance, RL=Max lead resistance from CT to common point, I f =Max
internal secondary fault current.
4.2.4.3.3.
1.

EASUN REROLLE
Relay type:B3 (EM)/DAD3 (Static)

CT Class: PS , V K >2I f (R CT +R L )
Example: V K >2X10(3+4) >140V
I f -Max. thro fault current
R CT -Main CT resistance
R L -Lead resistance between CT to relay

4. 2.4.4

DISTANCE PROTECTION

4. 2.4.4.1.

EASUN REYROLLE

1.

Relay type: THR (Static)

CT Class :PS, V K >Ix(R L +R 2 +X/Rx(R 3 +R 2 ))

Example: V K >10(3.8+7+4(1.2+7)) >436V
Where: R L -Burden of relay (3.8 Ohm max.)
R 2 -Resistance of leads plus resistance of CT sec.
X/R-Ratio of reactance to resistance of the system for fault at the
end of zone 1 ,
R 3 -constant depending on impedance setting of zone 1. (1.2 Ohm max.)
I-Sec. fault current for fault at end of zone 1
Note: X/R =4 for 132 kV system in above.
=7 for 220 kV
=11 for 400 kV
2
Relay type: Ohmega (Numeric)
V K should be equal or greater than the higher of following two expressions.
a)V K >K x(I P /N(1+X P /R P ))x(0.03+R CT +R L ) For phase-phase faults
b)V K >K x(Ie /N(1+Xe/Re))x(0.06+R CT +R L ) For phase-earth faults
I P -Phase fault current calculated for X P /R P ratio at the end of zone 1
Ie -earth fault current calculated for Xe /Re ratio at the end of zone 1
N -CT ratio.,
X P /R P -power system reactance to resistance ratio for the total
plant including the feeder line parameters calculated for phase
fault at the end of zone 1
Xe /Re -similar ratio to above but calculated for an earth fault at
the end of zone 1
R CT -CT resistance, R L -lead burden CT to Relay
K -Factor chosen to ensure adequate operating speed which is >1.0
4. 2.4.4.2

ALSTOM

1.
Relay type: Micromho, Quadrmaho
V K >I f (X/R)(M+R CT +nR L )
Example: V K >10(4)(10.2+3+4) >40(17.2) >688V
Ie <3%In at V K /2 <30 mA at V K /2
Where M=Relay resistance (Phase fault)
2.
Relay type: MiCOM 430/441/442,EPAC,LFZR,LFZP,
PD521,PD932 (Numerical)
V K >I f x(1+X/R)x(R CT +R L +R B )
Where: X/R=The primary system ratio. R B =Relay Burden
R L =Rest of cable connecting CT to relay (lead and return for ground faults, lead only for phase
faults)

4. 2.4.4.3.

ABB

1.Relay type:RAZAO/REL511 (Static)(Numerical)

Secondary limiting voltage>(Ik x Isn/ Ipn )x a x (R CT +R L +0.5/(Isn/Ipn)2 )
Where a =factor for the DC time constant (approx 10 for about 100msec)
Excitation Current <0.2 Isn <0.2 A <200m
4. 2.4.5

FEEDER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

4. 2.4.5.1.
1.

EASUN REYROLLE
Relay type :Solkor-M and Microphase-FM (Numerical) (Current
Differential)

V K >k x X/R x I f /N x (R CT +2R L +R b )

Where: K =stability factor =0.8 for Micro phase-FM
X/R =X/R ratio for the max through fault conditions.
(The value of this transient factor depends upon the sum of the
source and transmission circuits impedances.)
R b =burden of relay, The ac burden of the relay per phase is
0.05VA at 1A,tap=0.05 ohms and 0.30 VA at 5A tap=0.012 ohms
The values of magnetizing currents of CTs at two ends should
not differ by more than In/20 for output voltages up to 50/In volts.
4.2.4.5.2.
ALSTOM
1.
Relay type: MBCI
Translay S Differential (For Feeder and Transformer)
(A)For plain feeders:
V K >0.5xNxK1xIn(R CT +XR L )
Where: V K =KPV of CTs for through fault stability.
R L =Rest. of CT secondary circuit.
X=1 for core wire connections between main CT and the relay and
=2 for six wires connection
N =Relative neutral turns on summation transformer winding
K1=The selected time-dependent constant
For all application at or above 220 kV where X/R ratio are large:
V K >NxK1xIn(R CT +XR L )
Magnetizing current<0.05xIn at 10/In V
(B)For transformer feeder differential:
a. V K >50xIn(2.2/In2+R CT +R L )-for star connected CTs.
b. V K >50xIn/v3(9.7/In2+R CT +R L )-for delta connected CTs.

2.

Relay type: MiCOM P540 (Numerical)

V K >K *In (R CT +2R L )

Where: K is a constant depending on I f =The maximum value of through
fault current for stability and is determined as follows:
For relays set at Is1 =20%,Is2 =2 In,k1 =30%,k2 =150%:
K =40 +(0.07 x (I f x X/R))and
K =65 This is valid for (I f x X/R)<1000 In
For higher (I f x X/R)up to 1600 In:
K =107
For relays set at Is1 =20%,Is2 =2 In,k1 =30%,k2 =100%:
K =40 +(0.35 x (I f x X/R))and
K =65 This is valid for (If x X/R)<600 In
For higher (I f x X/R)up to 1600 In:
K =256
4.2.4.6 OVER CURRENT and EARTH FAULT RELAY
4.2.4.6.1.
ALSTOM
1.

Relay type:CDG11 (IDMT)

This relay has 3.5 VA burden. So total VA burden requirement is

10 or 15 VA.
ALF factor of 10 is sufficient
If backup protection scheme is envisaged, ALF of 15 is required.
The time current setting characteristic of IDMT relay becomes
straight line after 15 times setting; therefore, time discrimination is
ineffective after 15 times current setting.
2.

Relay type: MiCOM P120,P140 (Numerical)

Class:5P10, Burden:5VA
4.2.4.6.2.
1.

ABB
Relay type: SPAJ 140 (Numerical)

This relay requires generally CT with 5P10/5P20 CT with very

low burden.e.g.0.1 VA
4. 2.4.6.3.
EASUN REYROLLE
1.
Relay type: ARGUS /MIT (Numerical)
Class: 5P10, Burden: 5 VA
2.

Relay type: Solkor-R /RF (Pilot Wire Differential Protection)

CT class: PS V K =50/ In + (I f / N) (R CT +R L)
In -Rated Current
I f -Maximum primary steady state through fault current
N -CT ratio, R CT -CT resistance, R L -Lead Resistance

4.2.5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER ( NAME PLATE DETAILS )

4.2.5.1 132 KV CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Particulars
Make
Ref. Standard

Rating / Value
HIVOLTRANS ELECT. PVT.
LTD
IS 2705-1992

Rated Pri. Current

600-300-150 A

Insulation Level (
Kv )
Frequency

275 RMS/ 650 PEAK

Min. Creep age

3625 mm

50 HZ

Particulars
Type

Rating / Value
CB-14

Normal Sys.
Voltage
Highest Sys.
Voltage
S.Ty.Current
Ka/Sec
Wt. Of Oil /Ct
Kg
Drg. No

132KV
145KV
18.2/3
120/550

0-325/CB14/B/2031
Suitable For Hotline Washing

Sl. No
0-325/B/1
CAUTION
1. Sec. Terminals Must Be Shorted Before Burdon Is Disconnected
2. P.F. Testing Terminal to Be Earthed During Operation.

CORE RATIO/ SEC.

AMP.
CONNE
CTION
1
600/1
1s1-1s3
300/1
1s1-1s2
150/1
1s1-1s2
2
600/1
2s1-2s3
(S1-S3)
300/1
2s1-2s2
(S1-S2)
150/1
2s1-2s2
(S1-S2)
3
600/1
3s1-3s3
300/1
3s1-3s2
150/1
3s1-3s2

1s1

1s2

1s3 2s1

2s2

RATED ACC.
Vk
VA
CLASS (V)
Min
PS
1200
PS
600
PS
600
15
0.5
Fs<5
15
0.5
Fs<5
15
0.5
Fs<5
PS
1200
PS
600
PS
600

2s3 3s1

3s2

3s3

I exc@Vk
(mA)
MAX
10
20
20
-

Rct at
75 0 C
Max
5.0
2.5
2.5
-

10
20
20

5.0
2.5
2.5

4.2.5.2 220 KV CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Particulars
Make
Ref. Standard
BIL
Frequency
Making Capacity
Sl. No/YEAR

Rating / Value
W.S INDUSTRIES
IS 2705-1992
1050/460 KV
50 HZ
100 KAp
5643/1997

RATIO
PRI/SEC
CURRENT
(A)
PRI. CONN.

Particulars
Type
HSV/NSV
S.T.Current
Wt. Of Oil
TOTAL WEIGHT

Rating / Value
IT-245
245/ 220 KV
40/ 1 KA/Sec
350 KG
1200 KG

400-200-100/1-1-1-1-1
200/1
100/1

400/1

P1C1
P2C2

C1-C2

C1-C2

SEC.
CONN.
CORE 1
CORE2
CORE3

1S1-1S3
2S1-2S3
3S1-3S3,S

CORE4
CORE5

4S1-4S3
5S1-5S3

1S1-1S3
2S1-2S3
3S13S3,S
4S1-4S3
5S1-5S3

1S1-1S2
2S1-2S2
3S13S2,S
4S1-4S2
5S1-5S2

1
2
3
4
CORE
40
OUT PUT*
PS
PS
0.5
PS
ACC.
CLASS*
5
ISF/ALF*
1200
1200
1200
Vk (V) Min*
25
25
25
I exc@Vk
*(mA) Max
*
5
5
5
Rct at 75 0 C
Max*
* AT 400/1 AND 200/1 RATIO ONLY
P1
C1

C2
P2
S1

S2

S3

5
PS
1200
25

2.3 33 KV CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Particulars

Rating /
Value
GYRO
LAB
PVT.
IS 27051992
400-200100/1-11A
70/170
KV
3452

Make

Ref.
Standard
Ratio

Insulation
Level
Sl. No

Particulars
Type

Rating /
Value
GWT-0/33

Frequency

50 HZ

Highest Sys.
Voltage

36 KV

S.T.CurrentKA/Sec

25 KA / 1

CORE RATED ACC.

SF Vk
VA
CLASS
(V)
Min

I
II
III

30
30
-

5P
0.5
PS

10
-

ISF Rct
I
exc@Vk
at
(mA)
75 0
mAX
C
Max
<5 1000- 25/ 15
<3
1200
/<6

CONNECTION DIAGRAM
RATIO
100/1
200/1
400/1

P1

C2

C1

P2
S1

PRIMARY CONN.
C1+C2
P1+C1 & P2 +C2
P1+C1 & P2 +C2

S2

SEC. CONN.
S1-S2
S1-S2
S1-S3

S3

4. 2.6 FAULT FINDING STUDY FOR STAR CONNECTEDCT PROTECTION

CIRCUITRY
Sl .
No
1

Current in the CT secondary

R=Y=B= x Amp
N= 0 Amp
R=Y=B= x Amp
2
& N= 2x Amp
i. If (R+Y ) = ( Y + B ) = 3x
& ( B + R )= x
ii. If (R+Y ) = ( B + R ) = 3x
&( Y + B ) = x
iii. If (Y+B ) = ( B + R ) = 3x
&( R +Y ) = x
I. If R = 0 Amp
3
& Y = B= N = x Amp
Then Check for all other R phase CT secondary
cores, if values obtained as
If R = 0 Amp
& Y = B= N = x Amp
II. Similarly for Y phase and B Phase also.
III. If R = 0 Amp
& Y = B= N = x Amp
For only in One core, Then

7
8

IV. .Similarly for Y phase and B Phase also.

R=Y=B= x Amp
N= 3x Amp

I. R=Y= x/2 Amp,B= x Amp

N= 0 Amp
II. Y=B= x/2 Amp,R= x Amp
N= 0 Amp
III. B=R= x/2 Amp, Y= x Amp
N= 0 Amp
I. R= x Amp., R=B= 0 Amp.
N=x Amp.
II. Y= x Amp.
Y=B= 0 Amp.
N=x Amp.
III. B= x Amp.
R=Y= 0 Amp.
N=x Amp
R=Y=B=N=0Amp
If the values are resulted other than the above
readings as described.

Expected Faults
No Fault in the circuits
ANY ONE OF THE PHASE CT
POLARITY REVERSED
Y PHASE REVERSED
R PHASE REVERSED
B PHASE REVERSED
R PHASE PRIMARY SIDE OPEN

CORRESPONDING PHASE PRIMARY

SIDE OPEN
R PHASE SECONDARY IS SHORTED
OR
R PHASE IS MIOXED WITH OTHER
CORES
OR
FOR USE OF AUX. CT , ANY ONE OF THE
SIDE MIGHT BE SHORTED.
CORRESPONDING PHASE
All phases have been connected to one CT
only instead of different cores as 1st , 2nd 3rd
cores etc. As R phase cores and Y phase cores
and B phase cores
OR
Primary Side has been connected from a
Single Source
R & Y phases of CT Secondary similar
polarities have been shorted.
Y & B phases of CT Secondary similar
polarities have been shorted.
B & R phases of CT Secondary similar
polarities have been shorted.
Y & B phases of CT Secondary have been
shorted.
B & R phases of CT Secondary have been
shorted.
R & Y phases of CT Secondary have been
shorted.
All the 3 CTs are shorted.
1.CTR may be different
2.Wrong primary link connection
3.Phase angle problem
4.CT saturation problems

4.3.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

4.3.1

SPECIFICATIONS
RATIO OF PT

ITEM

22 KV

UNIT

Multi
phase in
single
unit
Y/Y, V/V

Winding
Connection
Primary
Voltage
Secondary
Voltage

33 KV

3 Single phase
PT in star
connection
separate
Y/Y, Y/Y
Open delta
Rated Voltage / 3
110V /

ERRORS IN PT
METERING CORE
ACC. Class
%
Phase Angle
Voltage
displacement
Ratio Error
Error in
Minutes
0.1
0.1
5
0.2
0.2
10
0.5
0.5
20
1.0
1.0
40
3.0
3.0
Note. Errors at any Voltage between 80 to
120 % of rated voltage, with Burdens
between 25 to 100 % of rated burden at p.f 0.
8 (lag)

RATED
CLASS OF ACC.
BURDEN
1. The Rated
Winding
Acc.
Burden at a
Class
P.F = 0.8
Metering 0.1,
(lag) shall be
0.2,
chosen as
0.5,
(10, 25, 50,
1.0, 3.
100, 200,
400, 500) VA
/ Phase for 3 Protection 3P, 6P
Phase
Transformer
2. Two
independent
Secondary
Windings are
to be
Provided for
Metering &
Protection
Core

4.3.2

PROTECTION CORE
ACC.
%
Phase Angle
Class
Voltage
displacement
Ratio
Error in
Error
Minutes
3P
3
120
6P
6
240
Note 1. Errors at 5 % rated Voltage
and Voltage multiplied by voltage
factor (1.2, 1.5 or with burdens
Between 25 to 100 % of rated burden at
p.f 0. 8 (lag)
Note 2: - Errors at 2 % rated Voltage
shall be twice as high as given in the
table with similar burdens to Note 1.

4.3.3 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER ( NAME PLATE DETAILS )

4.3.3.1 132 KV CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (1 PH)
Particulars

Rating / Value

Make
Type
Highest
System
Voltage
Total
WEIGHT
CAP. OIL
EMU OIL

CGL
Sl. No.
VCE :145/275/50 Rated Voltage
145 KV
Rated Insulation
Level

Int. V ( Sec )
Capacitance
Nom.
Interme.Volt.
Total
Thermal
Burden
Voltage
Factor

Particulars

Rating /
Value
02314
132 KV/ 3 KV
275/650 KV

420 10 % KG

Rated Frequency

50HZ

25 10 % KG
85 10 % KG

Standard
HV ( Pri)
Capacitance
Equ. Cap
( Cn ) for PLCC
TOTAL SIM.
BURDEN/CLASS
Month / Year of
Manufacturing

IS 3156
6511+ 10%
- 5 % pF
5575+ 10%
- 5 % pF
150 VA / 0.5

35418 + 10%
- 5 % pF
13 KV
300 VA

1.2 Continuous /
1.5 for 30 Sec

MARCH./ 98

1 ph solidly earth Connection

Rated Sec. Voltage Terminal Marking Rated burden VA Acc. Class

110/ 3 V
1a-1n
100
0.5
110/ 3 V
2a-2n
100
3P
4. 3.3. 2 33 KV POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER ( 1 PH )
Particulars

Rating / Value

Rating /
Value
Make
GYRO LAB PVT.
Type
GWT-0/33
Ref. Standard IS 3156 ( PT I,II,III ) SL. NO
4536
Ratio
33/ 3 KV/ 110/ 3 V Insulation Level
70/170 KV
Voltage Factor 1.2 Continuous /
Highest Sys. Voltage 36 KV
1.5 for 30 Sec
RATED
CORE VA
W1
100
W2
100

Particulars

ACC.
CLASS
0.5
0.5

TERMINAL
MARKING
1a-1n
2a-2n

4.3.3.3

220 KV CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (1 PH)

Particulars
Make
Type
Highest System Voltage

Rating / Value
ABB Limited
WP 245N2
245 KV

Total Creepage
Wt of Oil

6125 min. nom.mm

140 KG

Total Weight

750 KG

Int. V ( Sec ) Capacitance

48400 pF

Nom. Intermediate Volt.

20/ 3 KV
Total Thermal Burden
750 VA
1 ph solidly earth Connection
Month / Year of
MARCH./ 99
Manufacturing
Voltage Factor
1.2 Continuous / 1.5 for
30 Sec

Rated Sec. Voltage

110/ 3 V
110/ 3 V
110/ 3 V

Terminal Marking
1a-1n
2a-2n
3a-3n

Particulars
Sl. No.
Rated Voltage
Rated Insulation
Level
Rated Frequency
Standard

Rating / Value
2204147
220/ 3 KV
245/460/1050 KV
50 HZ
IEC : 60186/ IS :
3156
4840 pF

HV ( Pri)
Capacitance
Equip. Cap
4400 + 10 %
( Cn ) for PLCC
- 5 % pF
Temp. category
- 5 to 55 0 C
Class of Insulation A
Suitable for hot Line Washing
Voltage Divider
220/ 3 KV/20/ 3
ratio
KV
G.A Drg. No.
1HYT900158-013

Rated burden VA
150
150
50

Acc. Class
0.5
3P
3P

4.4 LIGHTNING ARRESTER

4.4.1MAXIMUM SWICHING SURGE LEVEL IN pu (pu = 2 V line (max) /

3)

Highest System
Voltage
KV, RMS

Typical Switching
Surge pu

Highest System
Voltage
KV, RMS

Typical Switching
Surge pu

12 KV 36 KV
123 145 KV
245 KV
420 KV

<4
<3
3
2.5

525 KV
765 KV
1500 KV

2.25
2.0
1.5 (Projected)

4.4.2

Sl.
No

TECHNICAL PARTICULARS OF STATION CLASS ARRESTERS FROM 11

TO 33 KV
(AS PER IEEMA 20-2000)
Particulars
11

11

System Voltages in KV
11
11
22
22

Rating KV (RMS)

2
3
4

MCOV (RMS)
Discharge Current
Line Discha. Class

7.2

7.2

9.6

Rated frequency
a) IR at MCOV
b) IG at MCOV
a) Reference Current, mA
b) Reference Volt at
Reference Current
Max. RDA
(KV p) at
a) 5KA
b) 10KA
c) 20 KA
Max. Switch IMP R V
(KVp
500A
1000A
Max. Steep Current
Impulse RDV (KVp)
High Current Impulse
Withstand
TOV (KVp)
i) 0.1 Sec
ii)1.0 Sec
iii) 10.0 Sec
iv) 100.0 Sec

9
10
11

33

33

18

18

30

30

9.6
15
10 KA
2
1

15

25

25

50HZ
Less than 400 micro Amps.
About 1200 micro Amps.
1 to 5 mA
Greater than Rated Voltage

27
30
34

26
28
30

36
38
42

33
36
40

51
60
68

52
56
60

90
95
105

86
90
100

24
36

22.4
34

30.4
42

28.8
40

48
60

44.8
56

76
105

72
100

32
30
29
28

53
51
49
47

53
51
49
47

100KAp

15
15
14
13

16
15
14
13

21
20
19
18

21
20
19
18

32
30
29
28

12

Insulation Withstand
a) Lightning IMP
b) Power frequency
c) Switching IMP

13
14
15

Partial Discharge
PR Relief Class
PR Relief Class KA (RMS)

16

Total creepage Distance in

mm
Max. Cant. Strength in
KGM

17

4.4.3

Sl.
No
1
2
3
4
5

9
10
11

12

75
28
-

75
28
-

75
28
-

75
28
-

125
50
-

125
50
-

170
70
-

170
70
-

Less than 50 pC
Class A
40 KA
270

270

300

300

600

600

900

900

325

325

325

325

325

325

325

325

TECHNICAL PARTICULARS OF STATION CLASS ARRESTERS FROM

132 TO 400 KV
Particulars

Rating KV (RMS)
MCOV (RMS)
Discharge Current
Line Discha. class
Frequency
a) IR at MCOV
b) IG at MCOV
a) Reference Current, mA
b) Reference Volt at
Reference Current
Max. RDA (KV p) at
a) 5KA
b) 10KA
c) 20 KA
Max. Switch IMP R V
(KVp
500A
1000A
Max. Steep Current
Impulse RDV ( KVp)
High Current Impulse
withstand
TOV (KVp)
i) 0.1 Sec
ii)1.0 Sec
iii) 10.0 Sec
iv) 100.0 Sec
Insulation Withstand
a) Lightning IMP
b) Power frequency
c) Switching IMP

System Voltages in KV
66
66
110
132
220
220
400
400
60
60
96
120
198
216
360
390
51
51
81
102
168
175
292
303
10 KA
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3/4
50HZ
Less than 400 Amps.
Less than 500 micro Amps.
About 1200 Amps.
About 1500 micro Amps.
1 to 5 mA
Greater than Rated Voltage

170
180
200

160
170
119

251
272
307

320
340
380

518
550
610

567
600
668

820
880
925

860
950
1000

144
200

136
190

217
298

272
372

455
600

496
654

830
1000

850
1050

100KAp

106
102
98
94

106
102
98
94

170
163
156
149

212
204
195
187

350
336
322
308

382
366
351
336

636
610
585
560

689
661
634
607

325
140
-

325
140
-

550
230
-

650
275
-

1050
460
-

1050
460
700

1425
630
1050

1425
630
1050

13
14
15
16
17

4.4.5

Sl.No
1
2

3
4
5
6

7
8

10

Partial Discharge
PR Relief Class
PR Relief Class KA RMS)
Total creepage Distance in
mm
Max. Cant. Strength in
KGM

1800

1800

500

500

Less than 50 pC
Class A
40 KA
3075
362 6125 6125
5
500
100 1000 1000
0

1050
0
1000

10500
1000

CLASS III LIGHTINING ARRESTER

TECHNICAL PARTICULARS Ref. Standard IEC 99-4, 1999
Particulars
System BIL
Rated voltage (RMS),
(system voltage x 2)
3
Max. Continuous operating voltage
(MCOV)
Nominal Discharge current (NDC)
High current with stand
PROTECTION LEVELS
(A) Impulse residual voltage
(i) Steep current @ NDC
(ii) Lightning current
@ 0.5 NDC
@ 1.0 NDC
@ 2.0 NDC
(iii) Switching current
(B) Temp. Over voltage
(i) For 0.1 sec
(ii) For 1 sec
(iii) For 10 sec
(iv) For 100 sec
INSULATION DATA
(i) Wet Power freq. Withstand
(ii) Dry lightning impulse
(iiI) Creepage
OVERALL DIMENSION
(i) Outer Dia
(ii) Height
(iii) Weight
MOUNTING ARRANGEMENT
(i) PCD
(ii) No of holes
(iii) Dia of holes
Terminal connector
(I) Suitable conductor

Unit
KVp

36 KV
170

72.5
KV
325

145
KV
650

245 KV
1050

KV

30

60

120

198

KV
KAp
KAp

25
10
100

52
10
100

102
10
100

168
10
100

94

185

380

600

80
84
94
70

156
165
185
136

330
350
390
290

510
550
610
450

60
55
52
51

120
111
105
102

254
234
222
215

404
372
353
31

KV
KVp
mm

70
170
900

140
325
1800

275
650
3625

460
1050
6125

mm
mtr
Kgs

280
0.68
45

280
0.940
60

280
1.540
150

280
2.785
250

mm

368
4
15

368
4
15

368
4
15

368
4
19

Single
zebra

Single
Panther
(66 &
132kv)

(KVp)

@ 1 KAp
(KVp)

mm

ACSR

Single
rabbit

4. 4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF OVER VOLTAGE & SURGE IMPENDANCE ( L/ C)

CLASSIFICATION OF OVER VOLTAGE
Particulars

Temporary
Over Voltage

Switching
Over Voltage

Magnitude

1 to 2 pu

1.5 to 5 pu

Duration

mS to Tens of
Sec.
P.D. causes
retardation of
life of
insulation

Tens of S to
Tens of mS
Partial Discharge
on Insulation

--

250 100 S
2500 100 S

Effect

Testing
Evaluation

4.4.6

SURGE IMPENDANCE
( L/ C)
Lightning
Objects
Surge
Over Voltage
Impedance
( L/ C)
Hundreds of KV to
Z T = 100 to
Tower
150 Ohm
Several Tens of MV
Few Tens to Hundred OH Ground
Z G = 400 Ohm
of S.
Wire
Z T = 325 to
Influences
OH Phase
Transformer
400 Ohm
Conductor
Insulation and Break
down of Weaker
Section
1.2 S 30%
Source Surge Z T = 1500 to
3000 Ohm
50 S 20%
Impendance

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR CLASSIFICATION

Range of Voltage

Low Voltage or
Secondary Arrestor
(175 to 660 V)
Distribution Class
(3 KV to 18 KV)
Intermediate Class
(3 KV to 110 KV)
Station Class
(light Duty)
(11 KV to 198 KV)
Station Class
(Heavy Duty)
(198 KV and
above)

Impulse Current
KA
8x20 Micro Sec.
2.5

High
Current

5.0

50

75

1000

5.0

50

75

1000

10.0

65

150

2000

10
15
20

65

300

3000

25

Long Duration Current

Magnitude
Duration
(A )
( Micro Sec )
50
1000

4.5 WAVE TRAP

TECHNICAL PARTICULARS OF 0.5 mH/1250 Amp WAVE TRAP FOR 220 KV
LINE

Particulars
Type
Continuous Current Rating at 50 0 C
ambient
Continuous Current Rating at 65 0 C
ambient
Max. Symmetrical Short Circuit Current
For 1 Sec
Asymmetrical peak value of first half of
rated short time Current
Rated Inductance
Blocking Range
Min. Resistive Component in Blocking
frequency range
Radio Interference voltage
Mounting
Basic Insulation Level
Standard Nominal Discharge Current for
8/20 micro Sec. Wave impulse
Rated Voltage of Arrestor
Max. 1.2/50 micro sec. Impulse Spark over
voltage
Min. value of power frequency Spark over
voltage
Virtual steepness and max. Front of wave
Impulse Spark over voltage
Tuning
Visual Corona Extinction Voltage
Max. Residual Discharge Voltage for 8/20
micro Sec. Impulse Discharge current
1. 5000 A
2. 10000 A
No of Turns in Main coil

Value
Out door, Air Cored,
Air Cooled
1250 Amp
1125Amp
31.5 KA
80.5 KA
0.5 H
150-500 KHz
570 Ohm
< 500 V
Suspension
32.37 KVp
10 KA
6 KV
21.6 KVP
9 KV rms
49.8 KV / micro S
24.9 KVp
Broad Band
156 KV

21.6 KVp
21.6 KVp
28 (2 in Parallel

4.6 ISOLATORS
TECHNICAL PARTICULARS FOR 245 KV ISOLATOR

Particulars
Type
Standards used
Highest System Voltage
Nominal System Voltage
Max. Continuous Current Rating
Rated Short time Current for 3 Sec
Max. Magnetizing current
Rated Peak Short time Current
1.2/50 Sec. Impulse Withstand
Voltage
Radio Interference voltage
Earthing SWITCH Rated Current
Capacity
Minimum Clearance in
1. Between Live parts and ground
2. Fixed Contact and blade in Open
condition
Operating Time
1. Opening
2. Closing
Continuous Rating of Aux. Contact
Temp. Rise
Insulation Level

Value
Air break, Off load
1SS 9921/85
245 KV
220 KV
2000 Amp
40 KA
0.7 A at 0.15 p F
100KAp
1200 KV
1000 V
50 % of Main switch

2400mm
1600mm

10-12 Sec
10-12 Sec
10 A
55 above Ambient
530 KV

4.7 TRANSFORMER
4.7.1. CURRENT RATING OF TRANSFORMER (3~
)
Thumb rule Current = (600 x MVA)/ KV
Actual rule Current = (575 x MVA) / KV
Where MVA = Rating of Transformer
KV = Rated voltage of transformer
Supply voltage,
Rated voltage
(KV)

ACTUAL
Current / MVA

11
33
66
132
220
400

52.3
17.43
8.72
4.36
2.615
1.44

THUMB
RULE
Current /
MVA
54.55
18.2
9.1
4.55
2.73
1.5

THUMB RULE
Current / MWatt
(for cos =0.9 )
60
20
10
5
3
1.66

4.7.2.

PERMISSIBLE FLUX DENSITY

Bm = E1/4.44fN1A Maximum flux density = 2 weber/m2

Working flux density = 1.2 to 1.48 weber/m2 at the knee of core saturation
curve.
4.7.3 PERMISSIBLE OVER EXCITATION CAPACITY
% Over excitation (%
U/f)
110
120
130
140
150

4.7.4

(U/f) / (UN/fN)

Time in Seconds

100
109
118
127
136

82
19
9.9
6.0

PERMISSIBLE EXCITING CURRENT:

(NO LOAD CURRENT, MAGNETIZING CURRENT)
3
KVA
500
1000
2500
5000
10000
25000
50000

2.5
KV
3.7%
3.3%
-

Voltage Class (Full insulation)

15 KV
25
69
138
161
KV
KV
KV
KV
3.7%
3.8% 4.9%
3.3%
3.6% 4.3%
3.1
3.2% 3.8%
2.8% 3.1% 2.5% 4.1%
3.0% 3.1% 2.4% 3.6%
2.2% 2.4% 3.1% 3.9%
3.1% 3.9%

230
KV
4.0%*
3.5%*
2.2%*

* Reduced insulation
NOTES FOR TESTING ENGINEER
1.
No load current should be maximum 3 to 4% of rated current.
2.
The exciting current varies directly with voltage rating and inversely to KVA rating.
4.7.5

PERMISSIBLE INRUSH CURRENT :

(TRANSIENT CURRENT)
( Inrush currents of transformer at No-load with cylindrical windings, at Energisation
zero-point of supply voltage. )
Rated
Power
in
KVA

Grain oriented
Non-grain oriented
Decay to the
laminations
laminations
value in Cycle
Switching on of
Switching on of
Outer
Inner
Outer
Inner
Winding
Winding
Winding
Winding
(A mp)
(A mp)
(A mp)
(A mp)
8 to 10
500
11.0
16
6.0
9.4
8 to 10
1000
8.4
14
4.8
7.0
10 to 60
6.0
10
3.9
5.7
5000
10 to 60
10000
5.0
10
3.2
3.2
60 - 3600
50000
4.5
9
2.5
2.5
1.In actual practice the value may vary 8 to 10 times the maximum value. It
depends upon the cycle of energisation of supply wave.
2. (Maximum value of inrush current)/(Peak value of rated current) = Ratio.

4.7.6 SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

Permissible short circuit currents and duration of 3( power transformer with two windings.
Ub 36KV
Ub> 36 KV
ISS/IN
t
UC%
ISS/IN
t
UC%
Upto 630
25
2
4
630 3150
16.7
4
6
3150 10000
12.5
5
8
10
6
10
10000 40000
10.0
6
10
9.1
7
11
Above 40000
8
8
12.5
Ub = * System highest voltage (RMS) on HT side,
ISS = Max. Permissible short circuit current (RMS)
IN = Rated current
T = Max. Permissible duration of short circuit
UC%= Corresponding % S.C. voltage.
*System highest voltage = 110% of rated voltage.
Rated KVA

4.7.6.1 Theoretical S.C. Calculation:

S.C. current Ish = (IFL x VA x 100) / (%ZxVN)
IFL = Rated F.L. current, whose side S.C. current is to be calculated
= (Rated MVA x 106) / {3 x Rated voltage (volt)}
VA = Applied voltage during the test in volt
%Z
= % Impedance
V
= Rated voltage of that side to which testing supply given in volt
4.7.7

THERMAL RESISTIVITY OF MATERIALS USED IN TRANSFORMER

Material

Water
Air
Transformer Oil

Thermal resistivity
(0C/Watts/inch3
70
1710
245

Copper (Pure)

0.0896

Copper
(Commercial)
Wrought iron

0.1125

Caste iron.
Steel (laminated
with grain)

0.984
2.4

0.50

Material
Aluminum
Mica
Press board (Un
treated)
Press board (Oil
treated)
Varnished cambric
(Sheet form)
Varnished cambric
(tap lap wraps)
Porcelain & Cement
Steel (laminated
across grain)

Thermal resistivity
(0C/Watts/inch3
0.30
110
400 500
250 300
200 250
250 300
40
25.0

4.7. 8 TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE AMBIENT

Type of cooling

OA, OW
OA / FA
OA / FA / FOA
FOA
FOW
7.9

Top oil final temp.

Rise on F.L.
Condition
500C
500C
450C
450C

Winding temp (Final)

rise on F.L. Condition
550C
550C
500C
500C

STANDARD RANGE OF IMPEDANCE FOR TWO-WINDING POWER

TRANSFORMER, RATED AT 550C RISE.
H.V winding
Insulation class
25
34.5
46
69
92

115

138

161

196

230

Low. Voltage
Insulation Class
15
15
25
25
34.5
34.5
46
34.5
69
34.5
69
92
34.5
69
115
46
92
138
46
92
161
46
92
138
161

%
Min.
5.5
6
6.5
6.5
7
7
8
7.5
8.5
8
9
10
8.5
9.5
10.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
10
11.5
12.5
11
12.5
14
14

Max.
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
10.5
12.5
12
14
15
13
15
17
15
16
18
15
17
19
16
18
20
20

4.7.10 COOLING ORDER SYMBOLS

2nd letter
1st letter
Kind of
Kind of
Circulation
Medium
Indicating the cooling medium
that is in contact with the
winding

4th letter
3rd letter
Kind of
Kind of
Circulation
Medium
Indicating the cooling medium
that is in contact with the
external cooling system

4.7.11 REDUCED TEMPERATURE RISES FOR TRANSFORMER DESIGNED TO

WORK AT HIGH ALTITUDE

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Type
Oil immersed,
natural air
cooled
Dry type natural
air cooled
Oil-immersed,
forced air cooled
Dry type, forced
air cooled

Reduced by %
2%
2.5%
3%

Above 1000mtr sea

level and reduction
is for each 500m
(1650ft) above
1000mtr sea level

5%

4.7.12 TEMP RISE LIMITS FOR OIL IMMERSED TYPE TRANSFORMER

Part
Top oil (measured by
thermometer)

Core and other parts

Winding

Note (1)

Note (2)

Cooling
Method
(All cases)

Oil
Circulation
(All cases)

- do -

- do -

(Natural air),
(Forced Air),
(Water
(Internal)
Forced air
Water
(external
cooler)

Natural

Forced

Temp. Rise
600C when transformer is sealed or
equipped with conservator.
550C when transformer is neither so
sealed nor equipped.
The temperature in no case to reach a
value that will injure the core or its
adjacent material
650C

650C

Average air temp / day

< 300C
Average air temp / year
< 200C
0
Maximum air temp. 40 C
Lowest air temp.
- 250C
Height of working area < 1000 m (3300 ft) above the sea level.

4.7.13 LOSSES (NO LOAD LOSS AND FULL LOAD LOSS) FOR TWO WINDING
TRANSFORMER
Rated Power
(KVA)
500
1000
2000
3150
5000
6300
10000
12500
20000
31500
40000
Above 40,000

No load loss (KW)

1.66
2.8
3.2
4.6
8
9.3
12.5
15.0
20.0
27.0
32.0
Rise of
0.55 / MV
Approax.

Load loss at 750C

(KW)
6.92
11.88
21
28
41
48
65
81
112
155
185
Rise of
3.45 / MVA Approax.

4. 7.14 EFFICIENCY AND SHORT CIRCUIT VOLTAGE

1. Efficiency = x Pcos/ (xP cos +Wi + x2Wcu)
P = Rated F.L. KVA,
x = Loading ratio = Loading KVA / F.L. KVA
cos = Power factor of load,
Wi = Core loss in KW,

Wcu = F.L. copper loss in KW

4. 7.14.1 . EFFICIENCY AND SHORT CIRCUIT VOLTAGE TABLE

Rated Power in KVA

#
*

* Short circuit voltage in

F.L. % efficiency #
% of rated voltage
500
6.0
98.31
1000
6.0
98.55
2000
6.0
98.80
3150
6.0
98.97
5000
8.0
99.02
6300
8.0
99.09
10000
8.0
99.23
12500
10.0
99.24
20000
11.0
99.34
31500
11.0
99.42
40000
11.0
99.46
Above 40,000 to 100,000
12.0
(99.5 to 99.6)
Efficiency based on unity power factor.
Voltage required to draw full load current on short circuit of the transformer is called S.C.
Voltage.

4.7.15 CALCULATING FOR REGULATION OF TRANSFORMER

% regulation = (% R cos
+ % X sin
),
Note :- (+) for lagging P.F. and (-) for leading P.F.
4. 7.16.

INSULATION RESISTANCE

4. 7.16.1

Conversion factor for I.R. value (Ref = 600C)

Temp in 0C M.F. Temp in 0C M.F.
Temp in 0C
M.F.
10
0.05
24
0.12
30
0.165
15
0.067
25
0.125
31
0.17
20
0.088
26
0.13
32
0.18
21
0.091
27
0.135
33
0.195
22
0.097
28
0.14
34
0.21
23
0.11
29
0.15
35
0.22
36
0.235
51
0.58
66
1.4
37
0.25
52
0.64
67
1.5
38
0.265
53
0.67
68
1.7
39
0.29
54
0.69
69
1.75
4
0.30
55
0.74
70
1.85
41
0.31
56
0.78
71
1.95
42
0.34
57
0.84
72
2.1
43
0.37
58
0.90
73
2.2
44
0.39
59
0.93
74
2.35
45
0.40
75
2.45
60
1.00
46
0.45
61
1.05
76
2.6
47
0.48
62
1.11
77
2.75
48
0.49
63
1.12
78
2.95
49
0.52
64
1.25
79
3.12
50
0.55
65
1.35
80
3.3
0
Note : Thumb Rule for every 10 C change (reduction) I.R. value
changes by ratio 2/1.

4.7.16.2 INSULATION CONDITION OF TRANSFORMER

(AS PER IEEE)
P.I (IR at 600 s/ IR
at 60 s
Less than 1
Between
1 to1.1
Between
1.1 to1.25

Insulation
Condition
Dangerous
Poor
Questionable

P.I (IR at 600 s/ IR Insulation

at 60 s
Condition
Between
Fair
1.25 to2.0
Above 2
Good

4. 7.16.3
Insulation Resistance and P.I Value
(a) Minimum insulation resistance is obtained by following formula: R=CE/
KVA
Where R = I.R of winding with ground when other windings are grounded in M.
C = Constant = 0.8 for ONAN at 200C.
= 16 for dry, compound filled or un tanked oil filled,
KVA = Rated capacity of winding under test.
E = 1 voltage (Y) and line voltage for () in volt.
4. 7.16.4

Minimum I.R. Value

Rated voltage of
Minimum safe I.R. in M

0
0
0
winding
600C
30 C
40 C 50 C
66 KV and above
600
300
150
75
22 KV and 33 KV
500
250
125
65
6.6 KV and 11 KV
400
200
100
50
Below 6.6 KV
200
100
50
25
The I.R. value should be taken with all windings earthed
except the tested winding.

4. 7.16.5

Minimum P.I. Value

PI1=R15/R0
2.5 to 3

4. 7.17.

PI2=R60/R15
1.5 to 2

PI3 = R600/R60
1.2 To 1.5

TRANSFORMER VECTOR SYMBOL

1. First symbol H.V. winding connection,

2. Second symbol
3. Third symbol
Ex : (Dy1 )
1

L.V. winding connection

Phase displacement expressed as the

H.V. winding is Delta, y

(CLOCK HOUR NUMBER)

L.V. winding is Star

Phase displacement is 30 C (Represents clock hour number1)

Note :- H.V. winding is always taken as REFERENCE.

4.7.18 STANDARD VECTOR GROUP
Group Phase Displace
Symbols
0
Group (1)
0
Yyo, Ddo, Dzo, Zdo
Group (2)

1800
0

Group (3)

-30 ; 330

Group (4)

+ 300

Yy6, Dd6, Dz6, Zd6

Dy1, Yd1, Yz1, Zy1
Dy11,Yd11,Yz11, Zy11

4. 7.19 PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER

4. 7.19.1
(1)
(2)
(3)

Terminal Marking (Viewed from H.T. Side)

1 transformer: - Subscripts are marked in DESCENDING ORDER.
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT.
3 transformers: - Neutral is on extreme left and then phases are in sequence
(R, Y, and B).
Autotransformer: Neutral is on extreme left and then phases are in sequence
(R, Y, and B).

4. 7.19.2
CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION
i. Same inherent phase angle difference between primary and secondary terminals.
(ii) Same voltage ratio
(iii) Same frequency
(iv) Same polarity
(v) Same phase rotation
4. 7.20 LOAD SHARING BY TRANSFORMERS IN PARALLEL
4. 7.20(A)

For two Transformers

PA = P (QA.ZB) / (ZA.QB + ZB.QA),

PB = P (QB.ZA) / (ZA.QB + ZB.QA)
Where PA = Load shared by TFR (A),
PB = Load shared by TFR (B)

P = Total Load,

QA = Rating of transformer (A)

QB = Rating of transformer (B),
ZA = % of impedance of transformer (A)
ZB = % impedance of transformer (B)
Note. Currents are also shared by same proportionate as loads.
4. 7.20(B)

For 3 Transformers

PA = P (QA.ZB ZC) /

PB = P (QB.ZC ZA) / ,

Pc = P (QC.ZA.ZB) /
Where = (QA.ZB ZC + QB.ZC ZA + QC.ZA.ZB)
Note: - Currents are also shared by same proportionate as loads.

4. 7.21.

CIRCULATING CURRENTS

4. 7.21.(A)
Two Transformers in Parallel
(i) For impedance having same ratio (R /X)
ICr = (VA-VB) / (ZA+ZB)
(ii) For impedance having different ratio (R/X)
ICr = (VA-VB)/Z,
Where Z = ( R A + R B ) 2 + ( X A + X B ) 2
VA = Secondary terminal voltage of transformer (A) (Lower ratio)

VB = Secondary terminal voltage of transformer (B) (Higher ratio),

ZA = (VZA.VA) / (100 X IA), IA = F.L. current
VZA = % Imp. Voltage drop at F.L. Rating

4. 7.21 (B)

Three Transformers in Parallel

(i)

For impedance having same ratio (R/X)

ICrA

(VA M ) / ZA ICrB = (VB M) / ZB

ICrC

(VC-M) / ZC

Where M = (VA.ZB.ZC + VB.ZC.ZA +VC.ZA.ZB)/(ZA.ZB+ZB.ZC+ZC.ZA)

4. 7.22.

TRANSFORMER TAPPINGS

Note: - (1) For 2 winding transformer, tap changer is generally provided on the H.T. side i.e.
L.T. side
voltage remains constant.
(2) For Autotransformer, tap changer is generally provided on the L.T. side i.e. H.T. side
voltage remains constant.
Transformer

% Winding under gone

Tap change
10%
15%

Standard No. Of tap from

normal tap
+5% Up, -5% Below
+5% Up, -10% Below

20%
20%

+10% Up, -10% Below

+5% Up, -15% Below

3. 132 / 33 KV
132 / 11KV

20%
20%

+10% Up, -10% Below

+5% Up, -15% Below

4. 220 / 132KV
220 / 33KV

20%
20%

+10% Up, -10% Below

+5% Up, -15% Below

1. Distribution
Transformer
(11/0.4 or
11/6.6 KV)
2. 33/11KV

4. 7.23 TRANSFORMER OIL DATA

4. 7.23.1 CHARACTERISTIC REQUIREMENTS OF IS, IEC, & BS SPECIFICATION
FOR UNIHIBITED TRANSFORMER OIL DATA
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8.
9

10

11

12
13
14
15
16

17

18
19
20

CHARACTERISTICS
APPEARANCE
DENSITY gm/cc Max@
29.5 0 c
Kin. Visco. CSt Max
Inter facial Tension( N/m
Min.
Flash Point 0 C Min.
Pour Point 0 C Min.
BDV KV/cm Min.
New Unfiltered
After Filter
Tan Delta @ 90 0 C Max.
Resistivity Ohm-cm .
@ 90 0 C Min
@ 270 C Min.
Oxi. Stability 164 Hrs
1. Neutralization Value
(mg KOH/ gm Max)
2. Sludge Cont. (% / wt
Max)
Neutralization Value
1. Total Acidity(mg KOH/
gm )
2. Inorganic Acidity
Corrosive Sulphur
Oxi. Inhibitor
Water Content (ppm) Max
Bulk / Drum Delivery
S.K. Value
Accl. Ageing Test (Open
Beaker Method with Copper
Catalyst)
1. Tan Delta @ 90 0 C Max.
2. Resistivity Ohm-cm. @
90 0 C
3. Resistivity Ohm-cm. @
27 0 C
4. Total Acidity
5. Sludge Cont. (% / wt
Max)
Gassing Tendency at 50 Hz
after 120 min., mm3/min.
Max
Total PCB Con. mg/Kg
Total Furan mg/Kg Max
Poly cyclic Aromatic Wt%,
Max

IS:335
IEC-296
IEC-296
BS-148
1993
CLASS-1
CLASS-II
CLASS-I
Oil should be clear, transparent, free from suspended mater and sediments
0.89
0.895
0.895
0.895
27 @270 c

BS-148
CLASS-II
0.89

0.04

16.5 @ 40 0 c
800 @ - 15 0 c
N. R

11.0@ 40 0 c
1800 @ - 15 0 c
N. R

16.5 @ 40 0 c
800 @ - 15 0 c
N. R

11.0@ 40 0 c
1800 @ - 15 0 c
N. R

140
-6

140
-30

130
-45

140
-30

130
-45

30
60
0.002

30
50
0.005

30
50
0.005

30
As Delivered
0.005

30
As Delivered
0.005

35 1012
1500 1012

N. R

N. R

N. R

N. R

0.4

0.4

0.4

1.2

1.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.8

0.8

0.03 Max
Nil

0.03 Max
-

0.03 Max
-

0.03 Max
-

0.03 Max
-

NonCorrosive
0.05% Max
50

Non- corrosive

Non- Corrosive

Non- corrosive

Non- Corrosive

Not-Detectable
40

Not-Detectable
40

Not-Detectable
20/30

Not-Detectable
20/30

N. R

N. R

N. R

N. R

+5

+5

Not-Detectable
1.0
3.0

Not-Detectable
1.0
3.0

Under
Consideration

0.2
0.2 1012 Min
2.5 1012 Min
0.05
0.05

4.7.23.2

Sl
No
1
2
3

4
5
6
7

8.
9

11

12
10

13
14
15

16
17
18
19

CHARACTERISTIC REQUIREMENTS OF IS, IEC, & BS SPECIFICATION

FOR INHIBITED TRANSFORMER OIL DATA

CHARACTERISTICS
APPEARANCE
DENSITY gm/cc Max@ 29.5
0
c
Kin. Visco. CSt Max

Interfacial Tension
( N/m Min.
Flash Point 0 C Min.
Pour Point 0 C Min.
BDV KV/cm Min.
New Unfiltered
After Filter
Tan Delta @ 90 0 C Max.
Resistivity Ohm-cm .
@ 90 0 C Min
@ 270 C Min.
Neutralization Value
1. Total Acidity
(mg KOH/ gm Max)
2. Inorganic Acidity
Corrosive Sulphur
Oxi. Stability 164 Hrs
1. Neutralization Value
( mg KOH/ gm Max)
2. Sludge Cont.
(% / wt Max)
3. Volatile Acidity Max
Oxi. Stability 500 Hrs
1. Neutralization Value
(mg KOH/ gm Max)
2. Sludge Cont. (% / wt Max)
Oxi. Inhibitor
Water Content (ppm) Max
Bulk / Drum Delivery
Accl. Ageing Test (Open
Beaker Method with Copper
Catalyst)
1. Tan Delta @ 90 0 C Max.
2. Resistivity Ohm-cm. @ 90 0
C
3. Resistivity Ohm-cm. @ 27 0
C
4. Total Acidity
5. Sludge Cont. (% / wt Max)
Gassing Tendency at 50 Hz
after 120 min., mm3/min. Max
Total PCB Con. mg/Kg
Total Furan mg/Kg Max
Poly cyclic Aromatic Wt%,
Max

IS:
IEC-296
IEC-296
BS-148
BS-148
12463/1988
CLASS-1A
CLASS-IIA
CLASS-IA
CLASS-IIA
Oil should be clear, transparent, free from suspended mater and sediments
0.89
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.89
27 @270 c

16.5 @ 40 0 c
800 @ - 15 0 c

11.0@ 40 0 c
1800 @ - 15 0 c

16.5 @ 40 0 c
800 @ - 15 0 c

0.04

0.04 @ 250 c

0.04 @ 250 c

11.0@ 40 0 c
1800 @ - 15 0
c
-

140
-6

140
-30

130
-45

140
-30

130
-45

30
60
0.002

30
50
0.005

30
50
0.005

30
As Delivered
0.005

30
As Delivered
0.005

35 1012
1500 1012

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.08

0.08

Nil
NonCorrosive

NonCorrosive

Non- Corrosive

NonCorrosive

NonCorrosive

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.25

0.25

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.01

0.01

0.28

0.28

1.5

1.5

0.3
50

0.15-0.4
30/40

0.15-0.4
30/40

1.0
0.3
20/30

1.0
0.3
20/30

N. R

N. R

N. R

N. R

+8

+8

Not Detectable
1.0
3.0

Not-Detectable
1.0
3.0

0.2
0.2 1012
Min
2.5 1012
Min
0.05
0.05

4.7.23.3

+HIGH QUALITY TRANSFORMER OILS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS

Sl
No

CHARACTERISTICS

1
2
3

APPEARANCE
DENSITY gm/cc Max
Kin. Visco. CS t (SUS) Max
@ 100 0 c
@ 40 0 c
@00c
@ -15 0 c
@ -30 0 c
IFT @ 25 0 c N/m Min
Flash Point 0 C Min. (PMCC)
Pour Point 0 C Max.

4
5
6
1
2

3
4
1

3
4
5
6
7
8
9.
10

BDV KV Min.
Before / After Filtration
BDV Impulse, @ 25 0 c, KV
Min. Needle Neg. to Sphere
grounded (25.4mm gap)
Gassing Tendency at 50 Hz
after 120 min., mm3/min. Max
Tan delta @60 Hz
Oxi. Stability Max.
1. 72 Hrs Sludge % Mass
TAN mg KOH/ mg
2. 164 Hrs Sludge % Mass
TAN mg KOH/ mg
Ageing Resistance as per
Badder (140 Hrs / 110 0 c)
Saponification No. mg KOH
/mg
Sludge Cont. wt%, Max
Tan delta @ 90 0 c Max
Oxi. Stability Max. (Rotating
Bomb Test ) Minutes Min.
Oxi. Inhibitor % Mass/Max
Corrosive Sulphur
Water Content (ppm) Max
1. Total Acidity
(mg KOH/ gm Max)
PCB Content ppm
Total Aromatic Content %
Max
Total Sulphur Content % Max

ASTM D 3487
TYPE-1

HVDC
SPEC.

DIN 57370
VDE 0370

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CLEAR &BRIGHT
0
0.91 @ 15 c
0.885 @ 20 0 c
0.895 @ 200 c
3 (36)
12 (66)
11
76 (350)
1800
0.04
0.04
145
140
-40
-30
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

AUSTRALIAN
AS 1767.1
CLASSI/II

0.895 @ 200 c

25 @ 20 0 c
1800
130

16.5/11
800/-/1800
0.04
140/130
-30/45

30/50

30/50

30/50

30/50

145

150

0.005 @ 90 0 c

0.005 @ 90 0 c

+15/+30
0.05 @ 25 0 c
0.005 @ 90 0 c
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
0.15
0.5
0.3
0.6

0.03
0.15

0.6
0.3

0.1
0.4

0.6
0.05
0.18

195

0.08-0.3
Non- Corrosive
35

Non- Corrosive
10

Non- Corrosive
-

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.15-0.4
Non- Corrosive
30(Bulk)/40
(Drum)
0.03

Nil
-

Nil
12

Nil
-

Nil
-

0.15

4.7.23.4

Sl.
No
1

TEST ON TRANSFORMER OIL IN SERVICE

CHARACTERISTICS

Voltages

Test Method

PERIODICITY

BDV

145 KV &
ABOVE
72.5 TO <
145 KV
< 72.5 KV
145 KV &
ABOVE
BELOW 145
KV

IS 6792/1992
(Ave. of 6
Values
with 2.5 mm
gap
IS 335/1993

After filling or
refilling prior to
energizing then after 3
Months and after one
year
After filling or
refilling prior to
energizing then after 3
months and after one
year
After filling or
Refilling prior to
Energizing then after 3
Months and after 2
years
After filling or
Refilling prior to
Energizing then after 2
years

WATER CONTENT

PERMISSBLE
LIMIT
50 KV (Min.)
40 KV ( Min. )
30 KV ( Min. )
25ppm
35ppm
0.1 1012
Min.

SP. RESISTANCE @
90 0 c IN Ohm -cm

ALL
VOLTAGES

IS 6103
/1971

TAN DELTA @
90 0 c MAX

145 KV &
ABOVE
BELOW 145
KV

IS 6262/1971

IS 1448
PART-2
1967
APPENDIXA
IS 1866/1983
IS 1448
PART-21,
1992

-DO-

0.5 mg KOH/gm

-DO-

NO SLUDGE

-DO-

IS 6104
/1971
1S
9434/1992

-DO-

DECREASE OF 15
0
c FROM
INITIAL VALUE,
MIN. 125 0 c
0.018 N/m

5.

Neutralization Value
1. Total Acidity MAX

ALL
VOLTAGES

SEDIMENT OR
PRECIPITATE SLUDGE

ALL
VOLTAGES

FLASH POINT

-DO-

IFT @ 27 0 c MIN.

-DO-

DGA

145 KV &
ABOVE

After filling or
refilling prior to
Energizing then after 3
Months and after one
year

0.2
1.0

REFER IS
10593/1993/DGA
CHART

4. 7.24 DISOLVED GAS ANALYSIS

4.7.24.1
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
4.7.24.1.1 DOERNENBURGE RATIO METHOD
SUGGESTED FAULT
DIAG.
Thermal Decomposition
Corona (Low intensity P.D)
Arching (High intensity
P.D)

CH4/H2
> 1.0
<0.1
>0.1
<1.0

C2H2/C2H4

C2H2/CH4

< 0.75
>0.75

<0.3
<0.3
>0.3

C2H6/C2H2
>0.4
> 0.4
<0.4

4.7.24.1.2 ROGER S RATIO METHOD

Method-I
SUGGESTED FAULT
DIAGNOSIS
Normal
Low Energy Density Arching
Arching (High intensity P.D)
Low Temp. Thermal
Thermal >700 0 c
Thermal <700 0 c

C2H2/C2H4
0.1to 1.0
<0.1
0.1 to 3.0
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1

CH4/H2
< 0.1
<0.1
0.1 to 1.0
0.1 to 1.0
>1.0
>1.0

C2H4/C2H6
<1.0
<1.0
>3.0
1.0 to 3.0
1.0 to 3.0
>3.0

4. 7.24.1.2 ROGER S RATIO METHOD

Method-II
SUGGESTED FAULT
CH4/H2
C2H6/CH4 C2H4/C2H6
C2H2/C2H4
DIAGNOSIS
If CH4 /H2 <0.1, then P.D
0
0
0
0
other wise Normal
Deterioration
1
0
0
0
Slight Over Heating
Below 150 0 c
Slight Over Heating
1
1
0
0
Below 150 0 c to 200 0 c
Slight Over Heating
0
1
0
0
0
0
Below 200 c to 300 c
General Conductor
0
0
1
0
Overheating
Circulating Currents /
1
0
1
0
Overheated
Flashover without power
0
0
0
1
flow current
Tap Changer selector
0
1
0
1
breaking current
Arc with Power flow
0
0
1
1
REMARKS
Ratio <1.0 is taken as 0, Ratio >1.0 is taken as 1
A given Ratio can be taken for Diagnosis if the concentration of one gas is at least equal to the
limit values as below
Value in ppm
H2=200, CH4= 50, C2H6=15, C2H4=60, C2H2=15

4.7.24.2
Sl
No
1.

KEY GAS METHOD

SUGGESTED FAULT
DIAGNOSIS
1.Over Heating of Oil
2.Thermal Degradation/
Decomposition of Oil
1. Power Discharge
2. Arching in Oil
3. .Electric Discharge

2.

1.Internal Corona
2. Partial Discharge

Hot spot in oil

5.

1. Over heating of Solid

Insulation
2. Thermal ageing of oil
1. Arching in Cellulose
2. Decomposition of
Insulation

6.

4.7.24.3

Major key gas

Minor Key Gas

C2H4 > 150ppm

(60-70 %)

C2 H6 (10-20%)
C H4 (10-20%)

H2 (60-70%),
>100ppm
C2H4 (30-40 %), >
30 ppm
H2 (80 90 %)
> 100 ppm

CH4 (5-10 %), C2H4 (3 5 %)

C2H6 (1.5 3 %)

CH4 (50 60 %)
> 50 ppm
CO (90 95 %)
> 350 ppm

H2 (40 60 %), C2H4 (0.1 0.5

%), C2H6 (0.5- 1.0 %)
H2 (5-10 %), C2H6 (1 2 %),
CH4 (2 - 5 %)

CO (50 60 %), >

350 ppm
CO2 ((50 60 %), >
350 ppm

H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6

Rest %

CH4 (10-15 %), C2H4 (0.10.5

%), C2H6 (0.5- 1.0 %)

TOTAL DISSOLVED COMBUSTIBLE GAS LIMITS (TDCG)

TDCG LIMITS in ppm

(0 720)
(721 1920)
(1921 4630)
>4630

INTERPRETATIONS

Satisfactory operation Unless individual gas

acceptance values are exceeded
Normal Ageing / Slight Decomposition Unless
individual gas acceptance values are exceeded
Significant Decomposition fault is to be
monitored
Very Substantial decomposition of oil.
Immediate action to be taken

4. 7.24.4
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT (IN ppm) OF GASSES FOR SERVICE
TRANSFORMERS
GASSES
C02
CO
C2H4
C2H2
H2
CH4

TRANSFORMER
WITHIN 4 YEARS
2000-3000
150-300
100-150
20-30
100-150
50-70

TRANSFORMER
4-10 YEARS
3000-4000
300-450
150-200
30-50
150-250
70-150

TRANSFORMER
AFTER 10 YEARS
4000-6000
400-550
200-300
30-60
200-300
70-150

4.7.24.5OTHER INFORMATIONS
DISINTIGRATION OF
TRANSFORMER OIL
AT ORD. TEMP
GAS
%
C02
1.17
Heavy
4.86
Hydro
Carbon
O2
1.36

CO

19.21

H2
N2
CH4

59.10
10.10
4.2

Total

100

RELATION OF EVOLVED GAS

WITH TEMPERATURE
TEMP. IN 0 C
>120
>120

GAS
METHANE (CH4)
ETHANE (C2H6)

COUNTRY
USA
FRANCE

SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM D 1040 73
N.F Cir. C 1.03

>150

ETHYLENE
(C2H4)
ACETYLENE
(C2H2)

GERMANY

VDE 0370

INDIA

IS 335

SWEDEN
ITALY
SWITZERL
AND
UK
USSR
IEC

SEN-14
A.E.1.7
S.E.V.124

>700

4.7.25 TYPICAL VALUE OF CAPACITANCE & TAN

Voltage Rating
400/220 KV

220/132 KV

132/33 KV

132/11 KV

66/11 KV

33/11 KV

NATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS

BS 148
GOST-981
IEC: 296

OF TRANSFORMERS

Configuration Capacitance in nF Tan

HV LV
4 -5
0.002
HV - Tank
13 - 15
0.007
LV - Tank
23 - 24
0.004
HV LV
5 -7
0.003
HV - Tank
10 - 12
0.005
LV - Tank
19 - 22
0.004
HV LV
5 -7
0.003
HV - Tank
10 - 12
0.005
LV - Tank
19 - 22
0.004
HV LV
5 -7
0.003
HV - Tank
10 - 12
0.005
LV - Tank
19 - 22
0.004
HV LV
5 -6
0.003
HV - Tank
2.9 - 3.5
0.006
LV - Tank
6 - 10
0.005
HV LV
8 - 10
0.015
HV - Tank
11 - 13
0.015
LV - Tank
15 - 17
0.015

- 0.005
- 0.009
- 0.008
- 0.006
- 0.010
- 0.010
- 0.006
- 0.010
- 0.010
- 0.006
- 0.010
- 0.010
- 0.006
- 0.008
- 0.008
- 0.018
- 0.020
- 0.020

4.7.26. DURATION OF OVER LOADING OF OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMER

Duration of Overload in
Oil Temp. At the
beginning of the Overload minutes
in deg. Cent. For cooling
method
ONAN
OFAN OFAF 10
20
30
40
50%
ONAF
OFW
%
%
%
%
50
55
49
160 80
60
30
15
75
68
60
120 60
30
15
8
90
78
68
60
30
15
8
4
Note _: - Type of Insulation: - A Class for above Table

Previous
Continuous
Loading as
% Rated
Load

4.7.27. PERMISSIBLE OVER LOADING CAPACITY TRANSFORMER

Cooling air
Temp.
Deg.Cent.

All day
LONG PERIOD
MEDIUM PERIOD
SHORT PERIOOD
Heavy Load 16 Hrs
Remaining
Remaining
8 Hrs Remaining 3 Hrs
Continuous
Heavy
8 Hrs Light Heavy
16 Hrs
Heavy
Hrs Light
Load)
Load
Load
Load Light Load Load
Load
0
120
125
105
130
105
150
105
5
115
120
100
125
100
145
100
10
110
115
94
120
94
140
94
15
105
110
88
115
88
135
88
20
100
105
82
110
82
130
82
25
94
100
76
105
76
125
76
30
88
94
70
100
70
120
70
35
82
88
64
94
64
115
64
40
76
82
57
88
57
110
57
45
70
76
49
82
49
105
49
50
64
70
40
76
40
100
40
Note: - Type of Cooling: - ON (Oil Natural) Type of insulation A Class.
Max. Oil Temp. : - 80 Deg. Cents. Max. Winding Temp. : - 95 Deg. Cents.
4. 7.28 Daily Peak Loads per unit of Name plate rating to give Normal Life Expectancy
(COOLING SELF COOLED OR WATER COOLED ( OA OR OW ) $
Peak
Load
Time
In
Hrs
1/2
1
2
4
8
24

Cooling Self Cooled or Water cooled ( OA or OW ) $

Continuous equivalent Load in %tage of rated KVA preceding the peak Load
50 percent
70 percent
Ambient in degree C
Ambient in degree C
0
2.00
2.00
1.76
1.54
1.41
1.33

10
2.00
1.88
1.64
1.43
1.30
1.22

20
2.00
1.73
1.51
1.33
1.19
1.11

30
1.89
1.58
1.37
1.19
1.08
1.00

40
1.70
1.41
1.22
1.06
0.96
0.89

50
1.52
1.23
1.00
0.94
0.84
0.78

0
2.00
1.95
1.72
1.52
1.40
1.33

10
2.00
1.80
1.59
1.41
1.30
1.22

20
1.95
1.65
1.46
1.29
1.19
1.11

30
1.78
1.49
1.32
1.17
1.07
1.00

40
1.60
1.32
1.16
1.04
0.95
0.89

50
1.41
1.14
0.99
0.89
0.83
0.78

90 percent
Ambient in degree C
0
2.00
1.86
1.66
1.50
1.39
1.33

10
1.99
1.70
1.53
1.39
1.29
1.22

20
1.81
1.55
1.39
1.26
1.18
1.11

30
1.64
1.39
1.24
1.13
1.06
1.00

40
1.46
1.20
1.08
1.00
0.94
0.89

50
1.24
0.99
0.90
0.84
0.82
0.78

$ Subtract 5 0 C from each of the ambient column heading for water cooled transformer.
Minimum water temp. must be above 0 0 C
Example :- Assume a load cycle which resolves to a constant value of 50 % followed by a
100 % peak load for 2 Hrs. using the above table if the ambient Temp. is 30 0 C , a self cooled
(OA ) , a water cooled
( OW ) transformer will carry 1.32 times name plate rating for 2 Hrs following an equivalent
continuous load up to 70 % of name plate rating , if the equivalent 2 Hrs peak load from the
load cycle is 10 MVA . The constant equivalent load before the peak is 5 MVA which is 66.6
% of the name plate rating of the transformer . Therefore a 7.5 MVA transformer is suitable
for this daily load cycle.
4. 7.29 Daily Peak Loads per unit of Max . Name plate rating to give Normal Life
Expectancy (COOLING FORCED AIR COOLED RATED 133 % OR LESS OF SELF
COOLED RATING OR WATER COOLED ( OA / FA )
Peak
Load
Time
In
Hrs
1/2
1
2
4
8
24

Cooling Forced Air cooled Rated 133 % or less of Self Cooled Rating or Water cooled ( OA / FA )
Continuous equivalent Load in %tage of rated KVA preceding the peak Load
50 percent
70 percent
90 percent
Ambient in degree C
Ambient in degree C
Ambient in degree C
0
2.00
1.90
1.64
1.46
1.37
1.31

10
2.00
1.77
1.53
1.36
1.27
1.21

20
1.97
1.64
1.42
1.26
1.17
1.11

30
1.82
1.50
1.29
1.15
1.07
1.00

40
1.66
1.35
1.16
1.03
0.96
0.89

50
1.49
1.19
1.02
0.90
0.84
0.78

0
2.00
1.84
1.61
1.45
1.37
1.31

10
2.00
1.71
1.50
1.35
1.27
1.21

20
1.89
1.57
1.38
1.24
1.17
1.11

30
1.74
1.43
1.26
1.13
1.07
1.00

40
1.58
1.28
1.12
1.01
0.96
0.89

50
1.40
1.11
0.97
0.88
0.83
0.78

0
2.00
1.77
1.58
1.44
1.36
1.31

10
1.92
1.63
1.46
1.34
1.27
1.21

20
1.77
1.49
1.34
1.23
1.17
1.11

30
1.61
1.35
1.21
1.11
1.06
1.00

40
1.43
1.19
1.08
1.00
0.95
0.89

50
1.25
1.00
0.91
0.85
0.83
0.78

Note:- The peak load in this table are calculated on the basis of all cooling in use during the
period preceding the peak load. When operating with out fans, use this table for OA
transformer
4. 7.30 Daily Peak Loads per unit of Max . Name plate rating to give Normal Life
Expectancy (COOLING FORCED AIR COOLED RATED 133 % OR LESS OF SELF
COOLED RATING OR WATER COOLED ( OA / FA )
Peak
Load
Time
In
Hrs
1/2
1
12
4
8
24

Cooling Forced Air cooled Rated 133 % or less of Self Cooled Rating or Water cooled ( OA / FA )
Continuous equivalent Load in %tage of rated KVA preceding the peak Load
50 percent
70 percent
90 percent
Ambient in degree C
Ambient in degree C
Ambient in degree C
0
2.00
1.73
1.53
1.40
1.34
1.30

10
1.91
1.62
1.43
1.31
1.35
1.20

20
1.78
1.51
1.33
1.21
1.16
1.10

30
1.65
1.38
1.22
1.11
1.06
1.00

40
1.52
1.25
1.11
1.00
0.96
0.90

50
1.37
1.12
0.98
0.89
0.84
0.79

0
1.96
1.68
1.51
1.40
1.34
1.30

10
1.84
1.58
1.41
1.31
1.25
1.20

20
1.71
1.46
1.30
1.21
1.16
1.10

30
1.58
1.33
1.19
1.10
1.06
1.00

40
1.43
1.20
1.07
1.00
0.96
0.90

50
1.28
1.06
0.95
0.88
0.84
0.79

0
1.89
1.64
1.49
1.39
1.34
1.30

10
1.77
1.53
1.39
1.30
1.25
1.20

20
1.64
1.41
1.28
1.20
1.15
1.10

30
1.50
1.28
1.17
1.09
1.05
1.00

$ Subtract 5 0 C from each of the ambient column heading for water cooled transformer.
Minimum water temp. must be above 0 0 C

40
1.35
1.15
1.06
0.99
0.95
0.90

50
1.19
1.01
0.93
0.87
0.84
0.79

4.7.31 PERCENT CHANGE IN KVA LOAD FOR EACH DEGREE CENTIGRADE

CHANGE IN AVEARAGE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Type of
Cooling
Self Cooled
Water Cooled
Forced Air
Cooled
Forced Oil
Cooled

Air above 30 0 C
average OR Water
above 25 0 C
- 1.5 % per degree
- 1.5 % per degree
- 1 % per degree

Air above 30 0 C
average OR Water
above 25 0 C
1 % per degree
1 % per degree
0.75 % per degree

- 1 % per degree

0.75% per degree

4.7.32 TOLERANCES TRANSFORMER ON COMPARISION BSS 171:1970 AND ISS

2026: 1926
Sl.
Particulars
BSS 171
ISS 2026
+ 1/10 of Total Loss
+10 % of the
1
Total Loss
guaranteed Value
+ 1/7 of each component
+10 % of the
2
Component
losses, provided that the
guaranteed Value
Losses
tolerance for the Total
losses is not exceeded.
3
Voltage ratio 1/200 of declared ratio or Same as BSS
% of the declared ratio
at No Load
equal to 1/10 of the actual
on the
% voltage at rated current
Principal
Tapping
(Rated
Voltage Ratio
4
Impedances Voltage (a) Principal Tapping
Same as BSS
i) Two 1/10 of the declared
Winding Tfr impedance voltage for that
tapping
1/10 of the declared
15 %
ii)
impedance voltage for
Multi
Winding Tfr specified pair of winding.
1/7 of the declared
impedance voltage for the
second specified pair of
winding.
1/7 of the stated value
b) For
tapping other for each tapping within 5
% of Principal tapping
than the
declared impedance
principal
voltage for the second
tapping
specified pair of winding.
+ 3/10 of the declared No
No tolerances
5
No Load
load current
Current

4. 7.33 OIL HANDLING PROCEDURE IN TRANSFORMER

4. 7.34

TYPICAL VALUE OF CAPACITANCE & TAN

Voltage
400 KV
220 KV
132 KV
66 KV
36 KV

4. 7.35

Capacitance ( nF)
420 - 480
280 - 400
180 - 300
180 - 300
260 - 280

DGA for NORMAL BUSHING Oil.

OF BUSHINGS

Tan
0.002 - 0.005
0.002 - 0.005
0.002 - 0.005
0.002 - 0.004
0.002 - 0.004

As per IEC 36 AWG3)

H2 = 100ppm, CH4 = 30 ppm, C2H2 = 2 ppm,

C2H4 = 300 ppm, C2 H6 = 50 ppm, CO = 1000 ppm, CO2 = 3000 ppm

4.8

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

4.8.1 DATA
% Voltage dip = (Starting KVA X 100) / fault KVA at point of supply
Size of Approx
Size of PVC Starting KVA (Approx) for condition of starting
motor current
Aluminum
D.O.L
Star/delta Auto Transformer
(400V, (Amp) at
cable (mm2)
6 F.L current 2F.L current 1.5 F.L 1.35 F.L
50Hz)
0.8 P.F
5 H.P
8
2.5
33.25
10 H.P
15
4
62.35
20.78
15 H.P
22
10
91.44
30.48
20 H.P
29
16
120.54
40.18
30.14
25.11
30 H.P
42
25
174.58
58.19
43.65
36.37

4.8.2 CAPACITOR RATING (KVAR) FOR MOTORS

Motor rating (KW)
Capacitor rating
(KVAR)

< 4 4 5.5 7.5 11 15 18.5 22

1

2 2.5 3

30
Approx 35% of
10
motor rating

4.8.3 CAPACITOR REQUIRED FOR DESIRED P.f

Existing P.F
0.20
0.40
0.50
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95

8.4.1

Capacitor in KVAR with 1 KW Active power, for

below P.F
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1.0
4.02
4.15
4.28
4.42
4.57 4.90
1.41
1.54
1.67
1.81
1.96 2.29
0.85
0.98
1.11
1.25
1.4
1.73
0.45
0.58
0.71
0.85
1.00 1.33
0.14
0.27
0.40
0.54
0.69 1.02
0.13
0.27
0.42 0.75
0.11
0.26 0.59
0.16 0.48
0.35

CAPACITOR REQUIRED FOR INDUCTION MOTORS IN KVAR (Orissa

Gazette notification No. 23191-Com- VI 3186 (Vol- II) Dt. 19.01.1988
MOTOR HP
3
5
7
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150

750 RPM
1
2
3
4
6
8
9
10
14
16
20
24
30
39
45

1000 RPM
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
12
16
20
23
30
38
45

1500 RPM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
11
13
16
19
24
31
36

3000 RPM
1
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
10
11
14
16
20
26
30

4.9.

BATTERY

4.9.1DATA
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5.
6
7
8

DATA/PARTICULARS
RECOMMENDED END
VOLTAGE
SP. GRAVITY (FULLY
CHARGED)
SP. GRAVITY (FULLY
DISCHARGED)
ALLOWABLE DIFF. IN
MAX & MIN SP. GRAVITY
NORMAL OPERATING
VOLTAGE
FULLY CHARGED
VOLTAGE
Equivalent SP. GRAVITY AT
27 0 C
RATE OF CHARGING
1. FINISHING RATE
AT 10 HRS
2. NORMAL RATE
3. EQUALISING
CHARGE AT 10
HRS
FLOAT CHARGE
1. FLOAT CHARGE
CURRENT
2. TICKLE CHARGE
CURRENT

VALUES
1.85/CELL
1200 AT 27 0 C
1190 AT 27 0 C
30 POINTS /CELL
2.15/CELL
2.4 2.5 /CELL
HYDROMETER READING
AT t 0 C + 0.0007 ( t 27 )
(% AH Rating of Battery) in Amp
4

10
2
(AH

2) /2400 + Sub Station Load

50 TO 100 mA / 100 AH Battery

Capacity
2.15 to 2.17 V / Cell

3. SET Voltage

4.9.2

IMPORTANT NOTE

1. BATTERY SHOULD BE NORMALLY KEPT ON FLOAT CHARGE

2. EQULISING CHARGE
1. For FLOAT charge (2.16 to 2.2) / cell, equalizing charge to be given once in 3
months
2. For FLOAT charge (2.06 to 2.16) / cell, equalizing charge to be given once in a
month for 220V Battery
3. BOOST CHARGE
1. Allow BOOST charge after Test Discharge
2. Allow BOOST charge for low sp. Gravity of major cells (below 1190) and low
Voltage (Below 1.9 V
4. CONDITION CHARGE
Discharge the battery to end voltage 1.85 V and again charging is called CONDITION
CHARGING. It should be done once in a year.

4.9.3

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE OF BATTERY

PERIODICITY

DAILY

WEEKLY

ITEMS TO BE
CHECKED
1. Measure
and
record the pilot
cell Voltage, Sp.
Gravity
&
Electrolyte
Temperature
2. Battery Voltage
by Switching off
Charger
3. Hourly reading
DC
Voltage,
Charger out put
current
and
Trickle Charge
Current
1. Cleaning
of
terminals,
topping
up
distilled water if
required
2. Check pilot cell
reading
and
adjust the trickle
charge current if
required

PERIODICITY

MONTHLY

YEARLY

ITEMS TO BE
CHECKED
1. Sp.
Gravity,
Voltage of each cell
and
electrolyte
Temp.
2. Give
Equalizing
Charge
3. Switch off Charger
and test tripping/
closing of any one
feeder from Battery
Source
4. Check
all
connection
of
battery and Charger

1. Allow Condition
Charging

4. 10

ENERGY METERS

4.10.1PERCENTAGE ERROR LIMITS

(SINGLE PHASE METERS AND POLY PHASE METERS)
4.10.1.A. TABLE FOR ACC. CLASS (0.2,0.5,1.0,and 1.5)
IEC 687: 1992
% Load
P.F
(Ib)
(Cos
)
1.0
1 - <5
2- <5
1.0
5- <Imax
0.5 Lg
2- <10
0.8 Ld
0.5 Lg
10- < Imax
0.8 Ld
0.25Lg
* Spl. Request
10- < Imax
0.5 Ld
(20- < Imax) FOR
CBIP 88: 1996
5 - < 120
5- < Imax
10- < Imax

1.0
0.5 Lg

CLASS
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5

1.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0

0.3
0.4

0.6
1.0

BALANCE LOAD
CBIP 88: 1996
P.F
CLASS
(Cos / sin
0.2
0.5
1.0
)
1.0
0.4 1.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
0.2 0.5 1.0
0.5 Lg
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.8 Ld
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.5 Lg
0.3 0.6 1.2
0.8 Ld
0.3 0.6 1.2
0.25Lg
0.5 1.0 2.5
0.5 Ld
0.5 1.0 2.5
UNBALANCE LAODS
0.3 0.6
1.0
0.5 Lg
0.4 1.0

1.5
2.0

1.5

IS 14697: 1999
P.F
CLASS
(Cos ) 0.2S 0.5S

3.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
1.8
1.8
3.5
3.5

1.0
1.0
0.5 Lg
0.8 Ld
0.5 Lg
0.8 Ld
0.25Lg
0.5 Ld

0.4
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5

1.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0

2.5
3.0

1.0
0.5 Lg

0.3
0.4

0.6
1.0

4.10.1.B. TABLE FORACC. CLASS (1.0, 2.0)

BALANCE LOAD
IS 13779: 1993
% Load
P.F
(Ib)
(Cos )

Class
1.0

2.0

5 - < 10
10- < Imax

1.0
1.0

1.5
1.0

2.5
2.0

10- < 20

* Spl. Request
20- < 100

0.5 Lg
0.8 Ld
0.5 Lg
0.8 Ld
0.25Lg
0.5 Ld

1.5
1.5
1.0
1.2
3.5
2.5

2.5
2.0
-

10- < Imax

(20- < Imax

1.0
0.5 Lg

2.0
2.0

3.0
3.0

20- < Imax

IEC 1036:1996
P.F
(Cos )

% Load
(Ib)
Direct
Connected
5 - < 10
10- < Imax

T/F
Operated
2 - <5
5- <Imax

10- < 20

5- <10

20- < Imax

10- < Imax

* Spl.
Request
20- < 100

* Spl.
Request
10- <100

UNBALANCE LOAD
10- < Imax
5- < Imax
(20- < Imax
10- < Imax

Class
1

1.0
1.0

1.5
1.0

2.5
2.0

0.5 Lg
0.8 Ld
0.5 Lg
0.8 Ld
0.25Lg
0.5 Ld

1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
3.5
2.5

2.5
2.0
-

1.0
0.5 Lg

2.0
2.0

3.0
3.0

4.10.2CORRECTION FACTOR FOR ACTUAL POWER /ENERGY

(As per IEEMA Publication)
True Power /Energy = K x Meter Reading x ARCT x ARPT

Cos

Nominal Ratio

K=

Nominal Ratio
ARPT =
1 (p/100 )

ARCT =
Cos (

1 (e/100 )

Where

= Load Factor angle , = Phase angle error of CT ,

e = CT Ratio Error , p = PT Ratio Error

= Phase angle error of PT

4.10.3 READING OF ELECTRICAL METERS ( MULTIFYING FACTOR ( MF )

SL.
NO
1

METERS
AMMETERS

VOLTMETERS

MF FOR METER
READINGS
(LINE CTR / METER
CTR ) X METER MF

METERS

MF FOR METER READINGS

ENERGY
METERS

(LINE PTR / METER

PTR ) X METER MF

POWER
METERS

(LINE CTR / METER CTR ) X

(LINE PTR / METER PTR ) X
METER MF
(LINE CTR / METER CTR ) X
(LINE PTR / METER PTR ) X
METER MF

EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATION OF M.F : - Energy meters :1. WH Meter has DATA in Name Plate (Meter CTR = - /1 , Meter PTR = 11 KV / 110 V ,
Meter MF ( Not given )
Suppose this meter is connected to a 33 KV System of Line CTR = 400/1, Line PTR = 33
KV / 110 V
Then MF for METER Reading = (LINE CTR / METER CTR ) X (LINE PTR / METER PTR
) X METER MF
400/1 x 300
-/1
100
= 1200 for WH Reading ( Because meter is WH Meter )

4.10.4 DIFFERENT CONNECTION OF ENERGY METERS

Sl. No.

1
2

Type of Meters

Terminals
CT
PT
R ,B
R,Y,B

REMARK

W1= VL I L COS ( 30 0 - )
W2 = VL I L COS ( 30 0 + )
3 , 4 Wire meters R , Y, B R , Y , B , N
W1= VPH I PH COS
W2 = VPH I PH COS
W3 = VPH I PH COS
1 , 2 Wire meters
PH
PH. , N
W = VPH I PH COS
3 , 3 Wire meters

5. DATA ON TRANSMISSION LINE

5. 1.

ELECTRICAL SPAN FOR TRANSMISSION LINE

VOLTAGES (KV)
SPAN (MTR)
66
240, 250, 275
132
315, 325, 335
220
335, 350, 375
400
400, 425
800
400, 450
WIND SPAN
It is the Sum of Two Half Spans adjacent to the support under consideration

5.2.

PARAMETERS FOR DIFF. SOILS FOR TOWER FOUNDATION

SL TYPE OF
NO SOIL

1
2
3
4
5
5.3.

SAFE BEARING DENSITY ANGLE OF REPOSE

CAPACITY
(kg / m3 ) DEGREE
2
(kg / m )
Normal Dry
11000
1440
30
Black Cotton
5500
1000
0
Soft Rock
44000
1700
20 to 30
Hard Rock
87000
2000
45
Fully Submerged
5500
1000
15

WIND ZONE
WIND
ZONE
1
2
3

BASIC WIND
SPEED (m/Sec)
33
39
44

WIND
ZONE
4
5
6

BASIC WIND
SPEED (m/Sec)
47
50
55

5.4 PERMISSIBLE WEIGHT SPAN

(Hor. Span between Lowest points of the conductors on the two adjacent
Terrain/Tower
Type

Plain

Hilly

Suspension
Small/
Medium
Angle
Large Angle
Suspension
Small/
Medium
/Large Angle

spans)

400 KV
Normal
Broken
Max/
Wire
Min
Max
/Min
600/200
360/100
600/0
360/-200

220KV
Normal
Broken
Max
Wire
/Min
Max
Min
525/200
315/100
525/0
315/-200

132KV
Normal
Broken
Max
Wire
/Min
Max
/Min
488/195
195/104
488/0
195/-200

66KV
Normal
Broken
Max
Wire
/Min
Max
/Min
375/163
150/75
375/0
150/-150

600/0
600/200
1000/
-1000

525/0
525/200
1000/
-1000

488/0
488/208
960/
-960

NA
375/163
750/750

360/-300
360/100
-600/-600

315/-300
315/100
-600/-600

195/-300
192/104
576/-576

NA
150/75
450/-450

5.5 DISC INSULATOR FOR EHT LINES

VOLTAGE
66KV
132KV
220KV
400KV

SUSPENSION
NO. OF DISCS
UTS IN KN
5
45
9
70
14
90
23
115

TENSION
NO. OF DISCS
UTS IN KN
6
50
10
120
15
120
2X23
165

5.6 INSULATORS STRINGS FOR 132 KV, 220 KV & 400 KV

PARTICULARS

Size and designation of the ball

pin shank mm
Diameter of the disc mm

DISC INSULATOR
( STANDARD TYPE)
70 KN 90
120
160KN
KN
KN
16
16
20
20

255/
280
11/13

255/
280
11/13

280

280

DISC INSULATOR
( ANTI-FOG TYPE )
70KN 90
120K 160KN
KN N
16
16
20
20

280/
305
13/15

255
/280
11/13

280

280

Tolerance on the diameter

+/13
13
13
13
mm
Ball to ball spacing between disc
145
145
145
170
145
145
145
170
mm
Tolerance on ball to ball spacing
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
+/- mm
Minimum creepage distance of a
292
292
315
330
430
292
315
330
single disc@
Steepness of the impulse voltage
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500 2500 2500
2500
which the disc unit can withstand
in Steep wave front test ( KV per
micro sec)
Purity of zinc used for
99.95
99.95 99.95
99.95 99.95 99.95 99.95
99.95
galvanizing
%
No. of dips in Standard Preece
Test
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1] Cap socket
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2] Ball Pin
@ The minimum creepage distance of single composite insulator unit shall be such that it matches
with the total creepage distance of the respective strings with disc insulator units.

5.7. AIR CLEARANCE AND SWING ANGLES

(Live Conductor to Earthed Metal Part)
System
Voltage/
Line
Voltage

72/66
KV

145/132
KV

245/220
KV

420/400
KV
800 KV
Zone-I
& II
800KV
Zone-III
& IV
800KV
Zone-V
& VI
500KV
DC

Single Suspension
Insulator
Swing from Minimum
Vertical
Clearance
(mm )
( Degree )

Nil
15
30
45
Nil
15
30
45
60
Nil
15
30
45
Nil
22
44
Nil
22
45
Nil
27
55
Nil
30
60
Nil @
( V String
)

915
915
760
610
1530
1530
1370
1220
1070
2130
1980
1830
1675
3050
3050
1860
5600/5100
4400
1300
5600/5100
4400
1300
5600/5100
4400
1300
3750

Jumper
Swing
from
Vertical
( Degree )
Nil
10
20
30
Nil
10
20
30
Nil
10
20
Nil
20
40
Nil
15
30
Nil
20
40
Nil
22
45
40

Minimum
Clearance
(mm )

915
915
610
610
1530
1530
1070
1070
2130
2130
1675
3050
3050
1860
5100
4400
1300
5100
4400
1300
5100
4400
1300
1600

5.8 FORMULAE FOR VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE in Mtr.

1. Vertical Clearance :- 0.75

d75 + ls + ( V/150 )

2. Horizontal Clearance :- 0.62

d75 + ls + ( V/150 )

Where :- d75 :- Sag at 75 0 C , ls Length of Insulator String in Mtr,

V- Voltage in KV

5.9. TYPICAL SAG- TENSION CALCULATION OF CONDUCTOR ( AAAC-ZEBRA )

Properties of Conductor

Sectional area 487.5 mm2

Overall Dia _ 28.71 mm
Weight :- 1.3455 Kg/m
Mod. Of Elasticity ( E ) - 5608x106 Kg/m2
Coefficient Linear Expansion ( ) 23 x10-6 / 0 C
Mini. Ultimate Tensile Tension 131.63 KN = 134522 KG
Normal Span 350 m
Wind pressure 52 Kg/m2
Min. Temp. 0 0 C
Max Temperature - 90 0 C
Every Day Temperature 32 0 C
Factor of Safety 4
CALCULATION
Working Tension ( T1) = Mini. Ultimate Tensile Tension/ FOS=
3355.5 KG
Working Stress ( f1) = 3355.5/487.5 x10-6 = 6.88 x106 KG/m2

= 134522 KG/4 =

Sag And Tension at 90 0 C ( Still Air ) HOT SAG

F =[ f1 ( w2 l2 E / 24 T12 )] - E ( 2 1 )
= [6.88 x106 (1.34552 x 3502 x 5608x106 / 24 x 3355.52 ) ] - 23 x10-6 x 23 x10-6 ( 90 32 )
= - 5.20041 x 106
T2 = Tension = f2 x A
But f22 ( f2 - F ) = G = w2 l2 E / 24 A2
f22( f2 + 5.20041 x 106) =1.34552x 3502 x5608x106 /24x487.5x10-12
Now f2 = 4.7006 x 106 Kg/m2
T2 = Tension = f2 x A = 4.7006 x 106 x487.5x10- 6 = 2292 KG
SAG = D2 = w l2 / 8 T2= 8.989 Mtr
Sag And Tension at 0 0 C ( Still Air ) COLD SAG
F =[ f1 ( w2 l2 E / 24 T12 )] - E ( 2 1 )
= [6.88 x106 (1.34552 x 3502 x 5608x106 / 24 x 3355.52 ) ] - 23 x10-6 x 23 x10-6 ( 0 32 )
= 6.40815 x 106
T3 = Tension = f3 x A
But f32 ( f3 - F ) = G = w2 l2 E / 24 A2
f32( f3 - 6.40815 x 106) =1.34552x 3502 x5608x106 /24x487.5x10-12
Now f3 = 9.0629x 106 Kg/m2
T3 = Tension = f3 x A = 4418 KG
SAG = D3 = w l2 / 8 T3= 4.663 Mtr

5.10 SPAN VERSUS SAG TABLE ( AAAC ZEBRA )

SPAN HOT SAG COLD SAG SPAN HOT SAG COLD SAG
( D2 )
( D3 )
( D2 )
( D3 )
w l2 / 8 T2 w l2 / 8 T3
w l2 / 8 T2 w l2 / 8 T3
0.00733
0.0038
6.60422
3.20157
10
300
0.18345
0.09517
8.98907
4.663415
50
350
0.73380
0.38068
11.7408
6.090991
100
400
1.65105
0.85654
14.8594
7.708910
150
450
2.93520
1.52274
18.3450
9.51717
200
500
4.58626
2.37929
22.1975
11.51578
250
550
5. 11. LINE LOADING ( SIL SURGE LOADING IMPENDANCE)
VOLTAGE
(KV)
765
765
400
400
400
400
220ZEBRA
132
5,12

No/ Size Conductor( mm2

)
4/ 686
4/ 686
2/520
4/420
3/420
2/520
420
200

SIL (MW )

2250
614
515
614
560
155
132
50

TRANSMISSION TOWERS

5.12.1 TYPE & SHAPE OF TOWERS

TYPES
UTILISATION
Tangent Tower( 0 0 ),
Straight Run
Straight Run & up to 20
Intermediate Tower
0
0
(0 to 2 ) ,A TYPE
deviation
Straight Run & up to 5 0
Light Angle Tower
0
0
(0 to 5 )
deviation
(0 0 to 15 0 ) B TYPE
Line Deviation (0 0 to 15 0 )
Tension
0
0
Tower
(15 to 30 )
Line Deviation (15 0 to 30 0 )
With
C TYPE
Tension
(30 0 to 60 0 )D TYPE
Line Deviation (30 0 to 60 0 )
String
Dead End
Dead End or Anchor Tower
Large Angle
Line Deviation (30 0 to 60 0)
And Dead End
or Dead End
Note :-1 Transposition Tower : Two multiple tension insulator strings are
connected back-to- back through a Strain plate, A single suspension insulator
string with almost the double insulator Discs and air gap is suspended.
2. Special Tower: Used for River crossing, Valley Crossing Creek Crossing,
Power line crossing.
Suspension
( With
I or V
insulator)

5.12.2 TOWER SPOTTING DATA ( REFERENCE )

( Ex :- 220 KV DC from Indravati to Theruvali LINE )
Sl. DATA
No
1
Deviation not
to exceed
2
Insulator
string
3
Vertical Load
Limit Weight
Span

A
20

Suspension

TOWER TYPE
B/SEC
C/SEC
150/ 00
300/ 00

D/DE
600/ 150

Tension

Tension

Min ( Max ) Min ( Max )

Tension

Min ( Max ) Min ( Max )

3a GROUND WIRE
525 ( 100 )
525 ( 100 ) 600 (100)
315 (100 )
315 (100 )
360 (100 )
3b CONDUCTOR
Effect of both span
525 ( 100 )
525 ( 100 ) 600 (100 )
Effect of one span
315 (100 )
315 (100 )
360 (100 )
4 WEIGHT
OF
WIRES
4a GROUND WIRE
Effect of both span
227(43 )
227(43 )
258 ( 43 )
Effect of one span
136 ( 43 )
136 ( 43 )
155 ( 43 )
4b CONDUCTOR
Effect of both span
706 ( 135 )
706 ( 135 ) 807 (135 )
Effect of one span
424 (135 )
424 (135 )
484 (135 )
5
Permissible sum of adjacent of one span
700
for deviation
20
150 700
300 700
0
0
angles
810
809
1
14
290 806
910
00
130 918
280 913
0
1027 270 1020
12
110 1137 260 1127
100 1247 250 1234
an
an
d
d
bel
bel
ow
ow
6
Design LOAD Tension in KG
6a GROUND WIRE
320 C ( Full Wind )
1640
1626/1640
1584/1640
0
0 C ( 2/3 Full Wind ) 1712
1697/1712
1653/1712
6b CONDUCTOR
320 C ( Full Wind )
2122
4287/4843
4098/4243
0
0 C ( 2/3 Full Wind ) 2406
4771/4812
4648/4812

Effect of both span

Effect of one span

600 (100 )
360 (100 )
600 (100 )
360 (100 )

258 ( 43 )
155 ( 43 )
807 (135 )
484 (135 )
600
590
580
570
560
550
and
belo
w

700
795
891
988
1085
1182

1428/1640
1483/1712
3675/4243
4167/4812

5.12.3 SLOPE OF TOWER LEGS AND SHIELD ANGLES

Voltage
Towers
Slope
Voltage Level

Up to 220
KV

400 KV
and above

Suspension
Angle

40- 90
70- 110

Dead end
Suspension
Angle

80- 130
80- 120
100- 170

Dead end

110- 150

66, 110, 132, 220 KV

400 KV SC ( Hor.)
Outer phase
400 KV SC( Vertical)
400 KV DC
800 KV SC ( Hor.)
Outer phase
Inner phase

Shield
Angle
300
200

5.12.4 STANDARD STEEL SECTION USED FOR TOWERS

SLNO TYPE SECTION
IN mm
1
HT
15015020
2
HT
15015016
3
HT
15015015
4
HT
15015012
5
HT
13013012
6
HT
13013010
7
HT
12012010
8
MS
1101108
9
HT
1101108
10
HT
11011010
11
MS
1001008
12
MS
1001007
13
MS
1001006
14
HT
90907
15
MS
90906
16
HT
90906
17
MS
80806
18
HT
80806
19
MS
75756
20
HT
75756
21
MS
70705
22
HT
70705
23
MS
65655
24
HT
65655
25
HT
65654
26
HT
65654
27
MS
60605
28
HT
60604
29
HT
55554
30
MS
55554
31
HT
50504
32
MS
50504
33
MS
45454
34
HT
45454

UNIT WT Kg/
Mtr
44.1
35.8
33.8
27.3
23.5
19.7
18.2
13.4
13.4
16.6
12.1
10.7
9.2
9.6
8.2
8.2
7.3
7.3
6.8
6.8
5.3
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.0
4.0
4.5
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.7

REMARK
(USE)
Leg
Leg
Leg
Cleat
Cleat
Cleat
Leg
Leg
X A Rm
Leg
Leg
Leg
Leg
Bracing
Cleat
Leg
Cleat
Bracing
CLEAT
Bracing
Bracing
Bracing
Redundant
Bracing
Redundant
Bracing
Redundant
Redundant
Redundant
Bracing
Redundant
Redundant
Redundant
Redundant

200
200
150
450

5.12.5 DIMENSIONS ON VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF TOWERS.

[REFER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
132 KV (Normal Span - 300 mtrs. Conductor-37/3, 15mm AAA, Earth Wire-7/3.15mm GS wire) All
in mms
Tower Dimension
Type of Tower
DA (0 to 2 Deg.)
DB (2 to 15 Deg.)
DC (15 to 30 Deg.)
DD (30 to 60 Deg.)

28908 4193 4170

4230
16315 2455 7606
6100+150
3150
3900
13860
0
7606
6100+150
2600
27550 5890 3900
27810 6150 3900
3900
13860
0
7606
6100+150
2660
28280 5990 4130
4300
13880
0
7607
6100+150
2475
J
K
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
L
850 3150 3028
1024
3028 3045 1200
3045
5890
DA (0 to 2 Deg.)
1750
2525 2560 1900
2560
6700
DB (2 to 15 Deg.) 1600 2600 2525
1900
2130 2905 2000
2100
7000
DC (15 to 30 Deg.) 1800 2360 2770
2217
2291 2665 2600
2665
8600
DD (30 to 60 Deg.) 1860 2475 2291
220 KV(Normal Span-350 mtrs, Conductor-37/4mm AAA, Earthwire-7/3.15mm GS wire)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
35506 5540 5175
5275
19515 2768 9582
7015+150
3600
DA (0 to 2 Deg.)
4900
16750
0
9582
7015+150
3706
DB (2 to 15 Deg.) 34490 7940 4900
5350
16750
0
9582
7015+150
3466
DC (15 to 30 Deg.) 35390 7940 5350
5060
16750
0
9582
7015+150
3650
DD (30 to 60 Deg.) 35255 8406 5050
J
K
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
L
1400 3600 3591
1598
3591 3900 1800
3900
7502
DA (0 to 2 Deg.)
1975
3012 3475 2200
3096
7830
DB (2 to 15 Deg.) 1750 3025 3612
2285
2667 3950 2500
3180
8500
DC (15 to 30 Deg.) 2068 3166 3757
2800
3450 3250 3200
3250
9900
DD (30 to 60 Deg.) 2400 3650 3450
400 KV(Normal span-400 Mtrs, Conductor-61/3.45mm AAA, Earth wire-7/3.66mm GS Wire)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
46030 4660 8100
8300
24970 4140 11838
8840+150
4730
DA (0 to 2 Deg.)
8000
20828
0
11838
8840+150
6000
DB (2 to 15 Deg.) 45069 8241 8000
8000
20828
0
11833
8840+150
6740
DC (15 to 30 Deg.) 45069 8241 8000
8300
20828
0
11838
8840+150
5450
DD (30 to 60 Deg.) 45578 8250 8200
J
K
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
L
2245
4750 5400 2700
5400
10200 6200
1800 4730 4750
DA (0 to 2 Deg.)
3750
5225 6500 5000
5720
14500 8960
DB (2 to 15 Deg.) 2500 5230 5975
4100
5380 7200 5600
5820
14607 10648
DC (15 to 30 Deg.) 2600 5330 6740
4192
5454 6400 5600
6400
15700 8500
DD (30 to 60 Deg.) 2800 5450 5454
Note: - 1. Dims are for standard Towers only
2. E Length of Suspn. Stng. inc. hanger rope
3. G Max. Sag of Conductor at 85 0 C
4. H Min. Ground clearance inc. sag error

6. LINE CONDUCTOR DATA

6.1
Code
Name
Parrot
Mink
Beaver
Otter
Lion
Deer
Camel
Lark
Bear
Kundah
Canary
Dove
Redwing
Bersimis
Curlew
Duck
Gopher

DATA FOR SOME ACSR CONDUCTORS

Eq. Area
(mm2 )
Cu.
Al.
25
41.87
40
62.32
45
74.07
50
82.85
140
232.5
260
419.3
300
464.5
-

Size/Dia
( No / mm )
Al.
Steel
6/3.0
1/3.0
6/3.66
1/3.66
6/3.99
1/3.99
6/4.22
1/ 4.22
30/3.18
7/3.18
30/4.27
1/ 4.27
54/3.35
7/3.35
30/2.924 7/2.924
30/3.353 7/3.353
42/3.595
7/1.96
54/3.280 7/13.28
26/3.72
7/2.89
30/3.92
19/2.35
42/4.57
7/2.34
54/3.51
7/3.51
54/2.69
7/2.69
6/2.36
.36

OD
(mm )

Wt.
( Kg/Km )

Brkd
( kg )

Rdc20
(ohm/km )

Amp

9
11
12
12.6
22.3
29.9
30.2
20.47
23.5
26.88
29.51
23.55
27.46
35.1
31.62
24.18
7.09

171
255
303
339
1097
1977
1804
923
1219
1218
1721
1137
1648
2185
1976
1158
106

1503
2207
2613
2923
10210
16230
14750
9080
11300
9050
14650
10180
15690
15734
16850
10210
952

0.6795
0.4565
0.3841
0.3434
0.1223
0.06756
0.06125
1.098

115
165
176
185
405
590
610
85

6.2 COMMONLY USED ACSR LINE CONDUCTORS AND EARTH CONDUCTORS

(GALVANISED)
Code
Name

Size/Dia
( No / mm)

Voltage
(KV )

OD
(mm )

Area
(mm2 )

Wt.
Kg/Km

Brkd
( kg )

Rdc20
ohm/km

Amp

Al
Steel
66
14.15
118.5
394
3290
0.281
218
Dog
6/4.72 7/1.57
30/3
7/3 110, 132
21
261.5
974
9242
0.14
350.7
Panther
220
28.62
484.5
1621
13466 0.06915 510.8
Zebra 54/3.18 7/3.18
54/3.53 7/3.53
400
31.77
597
2004
16594 0.05552 571.6
Tw.
Moose
COMMONLY USED EARTH CONDUCTORS (GALVANISED )
9.54
54.55
428
5913
3.375
STEEL 7/3.15 STEEL 66 - 220
TWO
400
10.98
73.65
583
7848
2.5
STEEL 7/3..66 STEEL

Max.
Allow
Temp.0C
75
75
75
75

53
53

6.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACSR CONDUCTOR AS PER IS 398 PART II 1976

Rac75
Area
OD Wt Rdc20 Brkd Rac67 ohm/ Amp75 Amp90
mmsq. mm kg ohm/km kg ohm/km km
amps amps
ACSR Mole 6+1/1.50
10.6
4.5 42.8 2.779845 379.1 3.79784 3.9
56.3
66.9
ASCR 6+1/1.96
18.1
5.88 73.2 1.617859 647.2 2.21034 2.27
77.7
92.7
ASCR Squirrel 6+1/2.11
21
6.33 84.8 1.393964 750 1.90446 1.956 84.8
101
ASCR Weasel 6+1/2.59
31.6
7.77 128 0.929104 1130 1.26938 1.304 107.9
130
ASCR Rabbit 6+1/3.35
52.9 10.05 214 0.555761 1891 0.75935 0.78
146
177
ASCR Racon 6+1/4.09
78.8 12.27 319 0.371222 2818 0.50727 0.521 184.7
225
ASCR Horse 12+7/2.79
73.4 13.95 536 0.399665 6214 0.54605 0.561 181.8
225
ASCR Cat 6+1/4.50
95.4
13.5 386 0.3007 3412 0.41094 0.422 208.5
255
ASCR Dog 6 /4.72+7/1.57 105 14.15 394 0.279197 3290 0.38158 0.392
218
267
ASCR Leopard
6/5.28+7/1.75
13.14 15.81 452 0.223462 4102 0.30547 0.314 247.9
305
ASCR Tiger 30+7/2.36
131.2 16.52 602 0.225908 5719 0.26931 0.277 265.8
328
ASCR Coyote
26/2.54+7/1.90
131.7 15.86 519 0.224771 4462 0.26799 0.275 264.8
326
ASCR Wolf 30+7/2.59
158.1 18.13 725 0.187139 6888 0.22314 0.229 296.1
366
ASCR Lynx30+7/2.79
183.4 19.53 842
0.161
7993 0.19202 0.197 222.7
401
ASCR Panther 30+7/3.00 212.1
21
973 0.139037 9242 0.16588 0.17 350.7
437
ASCR Goat 30+7/3.71
324.3 25.97 1488 0.091057 14134 0.10882 0.112 445.3
562
ASCR Sheep 30+7/3.99
375.1 27.93 1721 0.078605 16348 0.09403 0.965 483.2
613
ASCR Kundah
42.3.53+7/1.96
404.1 26.88 1280 0.073106 9015 0.09017 0.093 491.2
622
ASCR Zebra 54+7/3.18
428.9 28.62 1620 0.068691 13466 0.08463 0.087 510.8
649
ASCR Moose 54+7/3.53
528.5 31.77 1996 0.055959 16594 0.06919 0.071 571.6
732
ASCR Drake
26/4.44+7/3.45
645
402.6 28.11 1625 0.07094 14197 0.08503 0.087 508.5
ASCR Morkulla
42/4.13+7/2
30563 31.68 1780 0.052576 12515 0.06533 0.067 588.1
753
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY: - Wind velocity 0.611M/s, Solar Constant 1164Watt/m2,
Ambient Temp. 45 0 C ,
Resistivity and UTS as per relevant IS

6.4. DETAILS OF G.I. WIRES AND STAY WIRES

Sl Description
Size
Weight per
Dia of
No
Kmtr (kg)
Wire
in mm
1
Stay Wire
7/8 SWG
729
4.06
2
Stay Wire
7/10 SWG
456
3.25
3
Stay Wire
7/12 SWG
306
2.64
4
Stay Wire
7/14 SWG
209
2.03
5
G.I. Wire
4 SWG
214
5.89
6
G.I. Wire
6 SWG
146
4.87
7
G.I. Wire
8 SWG
103
4.06
8
G.I. Wire
10 SWG
65
3.25

Max. Breaking Load in Kg

40
456070ton
ton
ton
ton
5730 6446 8270 10029
3669 4135 5505 6418
2421 2724 3634 4238
1432 1613 2151 2507
1721
2582
1179
1768
819
1228
524
746
-

SIZE
10 7/1.49
20 7/2.09
30 7/2.56
50 7/3 .31
80 19/2.46
100 19/2.79
150 37/2.49
200 37/2.88
400 37/3.92
420 61/3.19
520 61/3.55
560 61/3.68
7/2.00
7/2.50
7/3.15
7 /3.81
7/4.26
19/2.89
19/3.15
19/3.40
19/3.66
19/3.94
37/3.15
37/3.45
37/3.71
37/4.00
61/3.31
61/345
31/3.55
61/3.66
61/3.81
61/4.00

6.5 CHARACTERSTICS OF AAAC CONDUCTOR AS PER IS 398 PART IV 1979

Rac75
Amp7
Area
OD
Wt
Rdc20
Brkd
Rac67
ohm/
Rac90 Amp67
5
Amp 90
mmsq. mm
kg
ohm/km
kg
ohm/km km
ohm/km amps amps amps
12.2
4.47 33.4 2.697011 347.9 3.15342 3.231 3.376735 61.7
73.4
90.4
24
6.27 65.7 1.370785 684.4 1.60277 1.642 1.716271 92.3
111
137
36
7.68 98.5 0.913655 1027
1.06832 1.095 1.143968
117
141
176
60.2
9.39
165 0.54652
1717
0.63912 0.655 0.068436
159
192
241
903
12.3
248 0.366307 2574
0.42848 0.439 0.458795
201
245
309
116.2 13.95 319 0.284778 3311
0.3321 0.341 0.356773
233
285
360
160.2 17.43 496 0.184006 5135
0.21552 0.221 0.230732
300
371
471
241
20.16 664 0.137545 6869
0.16124 0.165 0.172683
354
441
537
446.5 27.44 1230 0.074243 12727 0.08775 0.09 0.093831
499
633
821
487.5 28.71 1346 0.68153 13163 0.08071 0.083 0.086283
523
666
865
603.8 31.95 1666 0.055031 16302
0.0556 0.067 0.070077
587
753
984
648.8 33.12 1791 0.061212 17518 0.06123 0.063 0.06538
610
785
1027
22
6
60.1 1.496932 626.7 1.75026 1.793 1.874203 87.6
105
130
34.4
7.5
94 0.958036 979.3 1.12021 1.148 1.19953
114
137
171
54.6
9.45
149 0.603449 1555
0.70567 0.072 0.755628
150
181
227
79.8 11.43 218 0.412489 2275
0.48245 0.494 0.516595
187
228
286
99.8 12.78 273 0.329946 2844
0.38599 0.395 0.413291
213
260
328
124.6 14.45 343 0.465411 3552
0.31058 0.318 0.332542
242
298
376
148.1 15.75 407 0.223406 4220
0.26152 0.268 0.279998
268
330
418
172.5
17
474 0.19176
4916
0.22457 0.23 0.240425
292
631
459
199.9 18.3
549 0.165483 5697
0.49391 0.499 0.207581
318
394
403
231.7 19.7
634 0.142798 6602
0.16745 0.172 0.179242
346
430
550
288.3 22.05 794 0.114977 8218
0.13504 0.138 0.14452
391
490
629
345.9 24.15 953
0.9585
9858
0.1128 0.116 0.120686
433
545
703
400
25.97 1102 0.082886 11400 0.09775
0.1
0.104561
470
594
768
465.1
28
1281 0.71303 13251 0.08435 0.086 0.090186
510
448
841
524.9 29.79 1449 0.063301 14172 0.07511 0.077 0.08028
545
695
904
570.2 31.05 1574 0.058268 15397 0.06932 0.071 0.074065
570
729
950
603.8 31.95 1666 0.055031 16302
0.0656 0.061 0.070077
587
753
984
641.8 32.94 1771 0.051773 17328 0.06187 0.063 0.66069
607
780
1020
695.5 34.29 1919 0.047777 18777
0.0573 0.059 0.061167
633
816
1070
766.5
36
2116 0.043346 20697 0.05226 0.053 0.055751
666
862
1134

6.6. ALL ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS (A.A.C)

Code
Name
Rose
Gnat
Pancy
Ant
Fly
Slutrottle
Clap
Wasp
Crafter
Spider
Butterfly
Moth

Eq. Area (mm2 )

Cu.
Al.
13
20
16
25
25
40
30
50
40
60
45
70
60
90
65
100
130
200
104
240
185
300
225
370

Size/Dia
( No / mm )
7/1.96
7/2.21
7/2.78
7/3.1
7/3.4
7/3.66
7/4017
7/4.39
19/3.78
19/3.55
19/4.65
19/5.00

OD
(mm )
5.88
6.63
8.34
9.3
10.2
10.95
12.61
13.17
18.9
19.95
23.25
25

Wt.
( Kg/Km )
58
74
116
145
174
201
261
290
586
654
888
1025

Brkd
( KN )
2.6
4.52
7.55
8.25
11.64
12.6
14.05
15.96
34.05
35.74
48.74
52.5

Rdc20
(ohm/km )
2.156
1.093
0.6756
0.5561
0.4244
0.3915
0.3369
0.277
0.1393
0.1244
0.0917
0.0837

6.7. DETAILS OF EARTH WIRES:

Sl
No.

Standing
No./dia
(mm)

Weigh
t per
mtr
(kg)

Overal
l dia
(mm)

Total
area
sectional
(mm2)

UTS

UTS

UTS

700 kg.
N/(mm2)

1100 Kg
2

1570 Kg

N/(mm )

N/(mm2)

Mod. of
elasticity
kg/cm2

Co-efficient
of linear
expansion
per0C

1.933x106

11.50 x 10-6

7/3.15

0.429

9.45

54.552

3899

5913

8297

7/3.50

0.523

10.50

67.348

4587

7177

10243

- do -

- do -

7/3.66

0.583

10.98

73.648

4994

7848

11201

- do -

- do -

7/4.00

0.690

12.00

87.965

5985

9374

13379

- do -

- do -

19/3.15

1.163

15.75

148.069

10041

15778

- do -

- do -

19/3.50

1.436

17.50

182.801

12396

19479

- do -

- do -

19/3.66

1.570

18.30

199.897

13555

- do -

- do -

19/4.00

1.875

20.00

238.761

16191

- do -

- do -

OPTICAL FIBRE GLASS

9

1/5+8/3.2

0.458

11.40

71.41

8000

1.520x106

013.40x106

6. 8. SOME COMMON USED AAAC CONDUCTORS

Sl. DESCRIPTION
No
1
2

4
5

Profile

400 KV, AAAC

61/3.45

400 KV, AAAC 61/3.45

400 KV, AAAC

61/3.45

DC Single AAAC Conductor per phase in Vertical Position

SPAN in Mtrs
400 Mtr
350 Mtr
220 Mtr
A) Design Span
1100 Mtr
1100 Mtr
1000Mtr
B) Max. Span
100 Mtr
100 Mtr
100 Mtr
C) min. Span
TENSILE LOAD in Kg f per Conductor for wind 50 mtr/s ( Zone 5 )
3265
2919
1791
A) For Temp. 50 C
(Still Air )
4646
4090
2735
B) For Temp. 50 C
36 % Wind Speed )
7805
6551
4469
B) For Temp.320 C
36 % Wind Speed )
Standard preformed armour rods/ AGS
ARMOROUS ROD
USED
+ 150 micro strains
Max. Permissible
Dynamic strain

7. DATA ON ELECTRICAL CLERANCES

7.1. DIFFERENT CLEARANCES UP TO 66 KV (AC)
Sl.

CATEGORY OF CLEARANCES

Unit

LV

MV

Clearances of Overhead Electrical Lines

across the street
Along the street
Else Where
Minimum clearance between Conductor &
Tree
Clearance to Ground at Crossing with
Tram- way / Trolley
Clearance to Ground at Crossing with
Telecom lines
Clearance to Ground at railway crossing
1. Inside Station
2. Out Side Station
Clearance to Ground at Electrified railway
crossing
3. Inside Station
4. Out Side Station
Vertical Clearance of Overhead Lines
from any building roof
Horizo. Clearance of Overhead Lines from
any building roof
Ground Clearance in Out Door Sub
Station
Sectional Clearance in Out Door Sub
Station
Clearance from power conductor to
Earthed Metal parts
Clearance live conductor to Earthed Metal
parts of Switchgear
Phase to Phase Clearance of Overhead
lines
Phase to Phase Clearance inside SubStation
Phase to Phase Clearance inside Switch
yard
Clearance of Right way width

Mtr

5.8

Mtr
Mtr
Mtr

2
3
4
5
6
7

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Clearance between line crossing each

other
Clearance Line conductor to Earth wire of
Tr. Line ( Midspan)
Min. Ground Clearance of Tr. Lines
Min. Clearance above Highest Flood
Level of Tr. Lines
Clearance Line conductor to Earth wire of
at TOWER (angle )
Minimum clearance between phases (
CABLE BOX )
Minimum clearance to Earth ( CABLE
BOX )

33
KV
6.1

66
KV
6.4

REMARK

5.8

11
KV
6.1

5.5
4.6
-

5.5
4.6
-

5.8
5.2
2.6

6.1
5.5
2.8

6.4
5.8
3.4

Rule 77 IE 1956
Do
IS 5613

Mtr

1.2

1.2

2.44

2.44

3.05

Rule 78 IE 1956

Mtr

2.44

IS 5613 ( Part
II/ Sec-I ) 1985

Mtr

13.28
11.28

13.28
11.59

13.59
12.20

IS 5613 ( Part
II/ Sec-I ) 1985

Mtr

15.28
13.28

15.28
13.28

15.59
13.59

IS 5613 ( Part
II/ Sec-I ) 1985

Mtr

2.5

2.5

3.7

3.7

4.0

Mtr

1.2

1.2

1.2

2.0

2.0

Mtr

2.75

3.7

4.0

Mtr

2.6

2.8

3.0

Rule 77 &79 IE
1956
Rule 79 & 80
IE 1956
Rule 64-2 (a)
(ii) IE 1956
do

Mtr

0.33

0.915

Mtr

0.12

0.32

0.63

Mtr

0.4

0.4

Mtr

0.4

0.4

0.75 to
1.6
0.75

Mtr

0.12

0.32

0.63

do

Mtr

15

18

Mtr

2.44

2.44

2.44

Is 5613 (Pt-2/
Sec-1 ) 1985
do

Mtr

1.5

3.0

Mtr

5.5

Mtr

3.65

Do- (Pt-2/Sec-2
)
Rule 77-4 IE
1956
IE 1956

--

30

IE 1956

Mm

50.8

50.8

50.8

127

Mm

50.8

50.8

50.8

101.6

Rule 77 IE 1956

Is 4513 (Pt-2/
Sec-1 ) 1985
IS 10118 (Pt-III
1982
IS -5613
do

7.2. DIFFERENT CLEARANCES FROM 132 KV TO 400 KV (AC) AND 500 KV (DC)
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

9
10
11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

CATEGORY OF
CLEARANCES
Clearances of Overhead Electrical
Lines across the street
Along the street
Else Where
Minimum clearance between
Conductor & Tree
Clearance to Ground at Crossing
with Tram- way / Trolley
Clearance to Ground at Crossing
with Telecom lines
Clearance to Ground at railway
crossing
1. Inside Station
2.Out Side Station
Clearance to Ground at
Electrified railway crossing
1.Inside Station
2. Out Side Station
Vertical Clearance of Overhead
Lines from any building roof
Horizo. Clearance of Overhead
Lines from any building roof
Ground Clearance in Out Door
Sub Station
Sectional Clearance in Out Door
Sub Station
Clearance from power conductor
to Earthed Metal parts
Clearance live conductor to
Earthed Metal parts of Switchgear
Phase to Phase Clearance of
Overhead lines

Unit

220
KV
7.83

400
KV
9.5

800
KV
-

500
KV
-

REMARK

Mtr

132
KV
7.01

Mtr
Mtr
Mtr

7.01
6.41
4.0

7.83
7.23
4.6

9.5
8.9
5.5

Rule 77 IE 1956
Do
IS 5613

Mtr

3.57

3.85

Rule 78 IE 1956

Mtr

3.05

4.58

5.49

7.94

IS 5613 ( Part II/

Sec-I ) 1985

Mtr

14.2
13.11

15.11
-

IS 5613 ( Part II/

Sec-I ) 1985

Mtr

16.2
14.2

18.6615.11

IS 5613 ( Part II/

Sec-I ) 1985

Mtr

4.6

5.4

7.04

Mtr

2.3

2.9

3.7

5.34

Mtr

4.6

5.5

8.8

Mtr

3.6

4.3

5.57

Mtr

1.53

2.13

Mtr

0.9

1.3

Mtr

1.35

2.3
to 5.2

Phase to Phase Clearance inside

Sub- Station
Phase to Phase Clearance inside
Switch yard
Clearance of Right way width

Mtr

to2.7
1.35

2.3

3.4
to
6.1
3.4

Is 4513 (Pt-2/ Sec1 ) 1985

IS 10118 (Pt-III
1982
IS -5613

do

Mtr

1.3

1.5

2.4

do

Mtr

27

35

52

Clearance between line crossing

each other
Clearance Line conductor to
Earth wire of Tr. Line ( Midspan)
Min. Ground Clearance of Tr.
Lines
Min. Clearance above Highest
Flood Level of Tr. Lines
Clearance Line conductor to
Earth wire of at TOWER (angle )
Minimum clearance between
phases ( CABLE BOX )
Minimum clearance to Earth (
CABLE BOX )

Mtr

3.05

4.58

5.49

7.94

Is 5613 (Pt-2/ Sec1 ) 1985

do

Mtr

6.1

8.5

9.0

12.4

8.5

Do- (Pt-2/Sec-2 )

Mtr

6.1

7.0

8.8

12.4

12.5

Rule 77-4 IE 1956

Mtr

4.3

5.1

6.4

9.4

6.75

IE 1956

30

30

20

20

10

IE 1956

Mm

Mm

Rule 77 IE 1956

Rule 77 &79 IE
1956
Rule 79 & 80 IE
1956
Rule 64-2 (a) (ii) IE
1956
do

8. ELECTRCAL EARTHING SYSTEM DATA

8.1 TYPICAL VALUE OF EARTH RESISTIVITY in OHM- METER
Particulars
Value Particulars
General Average
100
Sea- Water
Swampy Ground 10 100 Dry Earth
Pure Slate
10 7
Sand Stone

Value
0.01-1.0
1000
10 8

8.2 TYPE OF ELECTRODE USED FOR EARTHING

Type
Dia. Less
than
Length /
Depth of
burial
Not less
than
Size

Rod

Pipe

Strip

Plate

Round
Conductor
-

16 mm
12.5mm
2.5 mm
Ideal 3 to
3.5 mm

38 mm Steel
100 mm GI
2.5mm

0.5m

15m

1.5m

25x 1.6
mm Cu
25 x 4
mm
Steel

3 mm2 Cu

60x60 cm

6 mm2 Steel

Thickness

6.3 mm
Steel
3.15 mm
Cu

8.3 TESTING OF SOIL RESISTIVITY

Method: - Wenners 4 Point Method
= 2 AR,
= Soil Resistivity ,
A = Distance between the Electrodes in Mtr,
R = Earth Resistance (Meter Reading),

Points to be noted during Measurement

1. 4 Spikes to be kept straight line at equal distance,
2. Link (Terminals) of Instrument P1-C1 & P2- C2 to be connected individually,
3. Reading of Meter to be taken at 150 RPM.

8.4 MEASUREMENT OF EARTH ELECTRODE RESISTANCE

8.4.1 GROUND ELECTRODE ( ROD )
Method: - fall of Potential Method OR Three point Method

Points to be noted during Measurement

1.( d1 + d2 ) 30 Mtrs. 2. Depth of Current Electrode (C) and Potential Electrode should be
approx. 1 Mtr.
3. 3 (d1/ d2) 1,
4. Reading of Meter at 150 RPM
NOTE: _- Take (d1 + d2) = 50 Mtr, Depth of Electrode + 1 Mtr and (d1 /d2) = 1.5 for
better Result
8.4.2

GROUND MAT: - method of measurement same as ground rod.

8.5 FORMULA FOR DESIGN OF GROUNDING IN POWER SYSTEM

8.5.1 Safe body current

1. I = 0.165/ t (As per AIEE 80 /1961).

2. I50 = 0.116/ t for person of 50 KG wt. (As per IEEE 80/1976)
3. I 70 = 0.157/ t for person of 70 KG wt. (As per IEEE 80/1986)
4. I50 = 0.155/ t (As per IEEE 80/1976)
Where I = RMS Current through Human body,
t = Duration of current in Second
8.5.2 Step and Touch Potential
1. Tolerable Step Potential (Estep) = (1000 + 6 Cs ps) 0.155 / t
2. Tolerable Touch Potential (E touch) = (1000 + 1.5Cs ps) 0.155 / t
3. Attainable Step Pot. (E step max) = (K s K I p I) / L,
Where Ks = 1/ [(1/2h) +1/ (D+ h) + 1/ (2D) +...+ n terms]
4. Attainable Touch Pot. (E touch max) = (K m K I p I) / L,
Where K m = 1/2 [ln (D / 16 HD)] + 1/ ln 0.25
KI = 0.655 + 0.172 n
Where C s = Co- relation factor (As per IEEE 80 /1985), its value is obtained according to
thickness of crushed rock layer (hs) and
Reflection factor K = (p ps) / (p + ps)
P = Earth Resistivity in Ohm- Mtr,
ps = Surface layer resistivity in Ohm Mtr
t = Duration of Allowable current in Sec.,

I = Maxm. Current to the grounding System.

n= Number of parallel conductor in the grid,
h = Depth of burial in Mtrs
L = Length of buried conductors in mtrs.
D = Spacing of conductors in grid in mtrs.
d = Dia of conductor ( Equivalent to Flat section )
8. 5.3 Resistance of Earthing System ( MAT ) LAURENT FORMULA
R = { ( p/ 4r ) + ( p/L ) } Ohm
Where p = Soil Resistivity in Ohm- Mtr,
r = Radius in mtr of a Circle having same area as that covered by earth mat
L = Length of buried conductors in mtrs.
8.5.4 Size of Earth MAT conductor
1. A ( steel ) = 0.0243 I t in mm 2 for Welded joint as per CBIP.
2. A ( steel ) = 0.0292 I t in mm 2 for Bolted joint as per CBIP.
Where I = Fault current in Amp.
t = Duration of Allowable current in Sec
8.6 ASSUMPTIONS MADE FOR DESIGN of EARTH MAT
Terms
Surface Resistivity for
crushed rock
Resistivity of Steel
Specific heat of
material
Depth of Burial Mat
Duration of Fault
Current
Human body
Resistance

Value
3000 Ohm- mtr

Terms
Ambient Temp.

Value
50 0 C

15 Micro Ohm- mtr

Density of
Material
Max. Temp. of
Bolted joint
Soil Resistivity
Type of
Electrode
Allowable
Corrosion

7.86 gms/cc

0.114 Cal/ gm/ 0 C

0.6 mtr
1 Sec
1000 Ohm

500 0 C
100 Ohm- mtr
MS Flat ( 50 60 mm )
1 % per annum for the 1st 12 yrs and 0.5 %
for the next 12 yrs as per ISS 3043/ 1987

8.7 EARTH RESISTANCE OF STATIONS

Voltage Class
33 KV
110 TO 400 KV

Earth Resistance
5 Ohm and below
Less Than 1 Ohm

Voltage Class
66 KV
Generating station

Earth Resistance
2 Ohm and below
0.5 and Below

8.8 OTHER DATA (EARTHING)

1. Size of Earth Conductor for Domestic System

= 2.5 mm 2 min. and 120 mm2 Max for Al.
= 1.5 mm 2 min. and 70 mm2 Max for Cu..
2. Resistance of Earth Electrode for Domestic = 5 Ohm and below
3. Human body Allowable Limit
Perception = 1mA, Let go Current = 1 to 6 m A, Muscular Contraction = 9 to 25 mA
Ventricular fibrillation = 100mA
4. Resistance of Human body = ( 500 3000 ) Ohm

9. DATA ON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ( Up to 33 KV System)

9.1 STANDARD WIRE GAUGE AND TINNED COPPER FUSE WIRES
SWG

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17

DIA AMPERE APPROX. SWG DIA AMPERE APPROX.

in
RATING
FUSE
in
RATING
FUSE
mm
AMP.
mm
AMP.
0.122
1.5
3
16
1.63
73
166
0.132
2.5
4
15
1.83
78
197
0.152
3
5
14
2.03
102
230
0.173
3.5
6
13
2.34
130
295
0.193
4.5
7
12
2.64
DNT
DNT
0.213
5
8
11
2.95
DNT
DNT
0.234
5.5
9
10
3.25
DNT
DNT
0.254
6
10
9
3.66
DNT
DNT
0.274
7
11
8
4.06
DNT
DNT
0.295
8
13
7
4.47
DNT
DNT
0.315
8.5
13
6
4.88
DNT
DNT
0.345
10
16
5
5.38
DNT
DNT
0.376
12
18
4
5.89
DNT
DNT
0.417
13
23
3
6.40
DNT
DNT
0.457
14
28
2
7.01
DNT
DNT
0.508
15
30
1
7.62
DNT
DNT
0.559
17
33
1/0
8.23
DNT
DNT
0.610
20
38
2/0
8.84
DNT
DNT
0.711
24
48
3/0
9.45
DNT
DNT
0.813
29
58
4/0 10.20
DNT
DNT
0.914
34
70
5/0 11.00
DNT
DNT
1.02
38
81
6/0 11.80
DNT
DNT
1.22
45
106
7/0 12.70
DNT
DNT
1.42
65
135
DNT :- DATA NOT AVAILABLE

9.2 SAG AND TENSION TABLE for WEASEL & RABBIT CONDUCTOR
SPA
ACSR 7/2.59mm WEASEL
N
SAG ( Mtr) TENSION (Kg )
60
0.401
143
80
0.681
150
100
0.997
160
120
1.35
170
140
1.75
178
160
2.189
187

ACSR 7/3.35mm RABBIT

SAG (Mtr TENSION(Kg )
0.428
225
0.701
244
1.02
261
1.38
277
1.79
292
2.24
305

9.3 VOLTAGE REGULATION FOR THREE PHASE PER 100 KVA / KM

Voltage
in KV

0.4

Code name of
Conductor

% Regulation for lag. P.f.

Equ.
Spacing
0.8
0.9
1
in mm
De
450
41
41.6
37

Gnat- AAC
( 7/2.21 )
Ant AAC
450
35
34.6
0.4
( 7/3.10 )
Weasel - ACSR
1070
0.0897 0.0868
11
Rabbit ACSR
1070
0.0590 0.0589
11
Raccoon ACSR
1070
0.0450 0.0435
11
Weasel - ACSR
1368
0.0100 0.0098
33
Rabbit ACSR
1368
0.0068 0.0067
33
Raccoon ACSR
1368
0.0053 0.0050
33
Dog - ACSR
1368
0.0044 0.0041
33
Coyote - ACSR
1368
0.0038 0.0037
33
Weasel - ACSR
1520
0.00986 0.0101
33
Rabbit ACSR
1520
0.0069 0.00675
33
Raccoon ACSR
1520
0.00531 0.00504
33
Dog - ACSR
1520
0.0045 0.00412
33
Coyote - ACSR
1520
0.0037 0.0034
33
1. Regulation is taken at Temp. 0f 45 0 C
2. % Regulation for 100 KVA/ Km
= ( Voltage drop in line x 100 ) / Per phase Voltage
De = Equivalent Spacing = ( D1 x D2 x D3 ) 1/3

33
0.0840
0.0502
0.0337
0.0097
0.0055
0.0037
0.0028
0.0022
0.0092
0.0055
0.0037
0.0028
0.0022

9.4 SAG AND TENSION TABLE for RACCOON & DOG CONDUCTOR

SPAN

60
80
100
120
140
160

ACSR 7/4.09mm
RACCOON
SAG ( Mtr)
TENSION (Kg )
0.433
331
0.708
360
1.03
386
1.395
411
1.80
433
3.25
453

ACSR 6/4.72 + 7/1.57 mm,

DOG
SAG (Mtr TENSION(Kg )
0.487
364
0.777
406
1.11
443
1.49
476
1.91
506
2.37
532

9.5 KW-KM LOADING OF 3 PHASE LINES

VOLTAGE Conductor

400 V
11KV

33KV

AAC 16 mm2
AAC 30 mm2
ACSR 7/2.59mm
ACSR 7/3.35mm
ACSR 7/4.09mm
ACSR 7/2.59mm
ACSR 7/3.35mm
ACSR 7/4.09mm
ACSR 6/4.72mm +
7/1.57
ACSR 26/2.54mm +
7/1.91

Equ. Spacing in
mm De

450
450
1216
1216
1216
1216
1520
1520
1520
1520

KW-KM LOADING FOR 1%

Voltage drop
0.8lg
0.9lg
1
1.4
1.21
1.38
1.95
2.16
2.70
899
983
1190
1347
1520
1992
1758
2054
2967
8113
8910
10870
11594
13333
18182
15066
17857
27027
17778
21845
35714

21622

26470

9.6 HORN GAP FUSE PROTECTION FOR DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

33 KV SIDE WITH HORN GAP OF 15 INCH. OR 385mm
TFR. Capacity IN
Rated
Tinned Cu.
Fuse
Approx Fusing Current
KVA
Current
Fuse SWG
Rating
100
1.75
33
6
10
200
3.5
30
8.5
13
250
4.37
28
12
18
300
5.25
28
12
18
500
8.75
26
14
28
750
13.12
23
20
38
1000
17.5
22
24
48
1500
26.24
21
29
58
2000
34.99
21
29
58
11 KV SIDE WITH HORN GAP OF 8 INCH. OR 205mm
16
0.876
37
3.5
6
25
1.31
35
5
8
50
2.62
35
5
8
63
3.31
35
5
8
100
5.25
30
8.5
13
163
8.15
25
15
29
250
13.12
23
20
38
500
26.24
20
34
70
400 V SIDE FUSE SIZE
16
21.33
20
34
70
25
33.33
17
65
130
50
66.5
14
102
230
63
84
13
130
295
100
133.33
163
217
250
333
500
666

45455

9.7 WEATHER PROOF ALUMINIUM WIRE CONNECTIN FOR SERVICECONNECTION

( As per IS 694- Pt II )
Type of Connection
1 Ph, 5 A , 240 V
up to 2 KW
1 Ph, 10 A , 240 V
up to 4KW
1 Ph, 20 A , 240 V
up to 10 KW
3 Ph, 10 A , 440 V
3 HP ( 2.24 KW )
3 Ph, 15 A , 440 V
6 HP ( 4.5 KW )
3 Ph, 25 A , 440 V
6 to 15 HP
3 Ph, 50 A , 440 V
15 to 35 HP
3 Ph, 100 A , 440 V
35 to 70 HP

Type
Twin Core

Wires
Phase
( 1/1.4 mm) / 1.5 mm2

Neutral
( 1/1.4 mm) / 1.5 mm2

Twin Core

( 1/1.8 mm) / 2.5 mm2

( 1/1.8 mm) / 2.5 mm2

Twin Core

( 1/3.55 m) /
10 mm2
Single Core ( 1/1.8 mm) / 2.5 mm2

( 1/3.55 mm)

Single Core ( 1/1.24 mm) / 4 mm2

( 1/1.24 mm)

( 1/1.8 mm)

Single Core ( 1/3.55 mm) / 10 mm2 ( 1/3.55 mm)

Single Core 7/3mm

7/3mm

Single Core 19/2.44mm

7/3mm

9.8 TRANSFORMER CABLES

Type / Size in mm 2
Sl.
1

3.

16 mm2 Four Core ,( Unarmoured ) or 10

mm2 , 4-Single Core Unarmoured
IS 1554 ( Pt-2 )
70 mm2 Four Core , ( Unarmoured ) , with
reduced Neutral or 50 mm2 , 4-Single Core
(Unarmoured ), IS 1554 ( Pt-1) or 70
mm2 , 3
Core Solid Sector shaped
aluminum armoured IS 4288
120 mm2 Four Core , ( Unarmoured ) , with
reduced Neutral or 95 mm2 , 4-Single Core
(Unarmoured ), IS 1554 ( Pt-1) or 70
mm2 , 3
Core Solid Sector shaped
aluminum armoured IS 4288

Rating of
Transformer
25 KVA

63 KVA

100 KVA

9.9 11 KV VOLTAGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

TRF RATING in
KVA
10
15
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
500

IRON
LOSS
0.0365
0.085
0.130
0.195
0.28
0.31
0.50
0.615
0.720
0.850
1.28

COPPER
LOSS AT F.L
0.35
0.40
0.65
0.92
1.23
1.7
2.1
2.6
3.4
3.9
5.8

COPPER LOSS AT
75 % F.L
0.197
0.213
0.366
0.52
0.68
0.965
1.18
1.46
1.90
2.19
3.25

9.10VC FLEXIBLE HOUSE WIRING , WIRES WITH COPPER CONDUCTOR SINGLE

CORE 1.1 KV GRADE AS PER IS : 694/1990
Nominal
Area in
mm2
1.0
1.5
2.5

No. &
Size
(mm )
14/0.3
22/0.3
36/0.3

Current
Capacity

11
14
19

Nominal
Area in
mm2
4
6

No. & Size Current

(mm )
Capacity

56/0.3
85/0.3

26
33

9.11CORE CABLES WITH SINGLE STRAND SOLID COPPER, 1100 V GADE ,

AS PER IS : 694 / 1990
Nominal
Area in
mm2
1.5
2.5

No. &
Size
( mm )
1/1.4
1/1.8

Current
Capacity
15
20

Nominal
Area in
mm2
4
6

No. &
Size
( mm )
1/ 2.24
1/ 2.80

Current
Capacity
27
34

9.12 RELAY COORDINATION CHART/ PROCEDURE FOR O/C AND E/F RELAY
SETTING.
1. DATA REQUIRED
3Ph. Fault MVA for O/C Relay setting
Single Line to Ground Fault MVA for E/F relay
CTR used
Relay Characteristics
2. STANDARD DATA TO BE USED
Operating Time$ can be selected as follows
System Voltage in KV Operating Time in Second
11
0.25
33
0.5
132
1.0
220
1.25
$ The selection and choice of the operating time of the relays depend upon the type of
protection scheme used in the system and type of radial system and type of relay used
in the system.
PSM of O/C relay
It is to be selected according to the load required by the system and thermal
characteristics of the line conductor
Standard allowable OVER LOADING FACTOR is ( 1.25 to 1.5 )
PSM of E/F relay
It is to be selected according to the residual current and allowable unbalance current in
the a system

3. PROCEDURE OF CALCULATION WITH A TYPICAL

O/C RELAY

EXAMPLE OF AN

EXAMPLE 1
Suppose 3 Phase fault MVA = 1000 MVA
Single line to Ground fault MVA = 750 MVA
CTR used = 500/1
3 Secs of IDMT characteristics is in use
OT =

3 TDS
log10 CM

OT = Operating time in Sec.

CM= Current Multiplier= ( secondary current / PSM )

PSM = Plug Setting Multiplier
TDS = Time Dial Setting = Time Setting Multiplier (TSM )
System Voltage = 33 KV
Suppose Operating Time = 0.5 Sec
PSM of the O/C relay = 0.75 ( 75 % )
STEP 1 ( CALCULATION OF CM )

Secondary Fault Current = ( Primary fault Current / CTR )

Primary fault current ( O/C ) = (3 ph. Fault current x 103 ) / ( 3 x System Voltage in KV )
= 1000x 103 / 3 x 33 = 17495.5 Amp
So, Sec. fault Current = 17495.5/ ( 500/1) = 34.99
CM = 34.99/0.75 = 46.65
STEP 2 ( CALCULATION OF TDS )
OT =

3 TDS
log10 CM

0 .5 =

3 TDS
log10 46.65

TDS = 0.278

0.3

SO, FINAL PSM = 0.75, TSM= 0.3

Note ;- For E/F relay setting SLG fault MVA should be considered.
EXAMPLE 2
Consider a radial system feeders from a 33/11 KV Sub-Station as shown below
R3
33 KV BUS
11KV BUS
F1
200/1
R4
R1 100/1
R2 300/1
F2
MVA
200/1
%Z=8
Suppose
Operating Time for relays at R3 and R4 = 0.25 Sec.
PSM of the relays = 1 ( 100 % )
3 Secs of IDMT characteristics is in use

Calculation for relays (R3 & R4 )

Calculation on the basis of Transformer Rating to be taken.

So, FAULT MVA = ( Tr. Rating / p.u Reactance ) with assumption of Zero Source impendance.
Fault MVA = 5 / 8 %= (5 x 100 ) / 8 = 62.5
1.CM = 16.401( Refer Step 1 ) , 2. TSM = 0.101 ( Refer Step 2 )
So. PSM = 100 % , TSM = 0.1 ( nearest value )
Calculation for relay R2
Here the concept of Discrimation Time has to be selected .
Assume 1. Discrimation Time (DT ) between Primary and Back up = 0.4 sec#
2. Discrimation Time (DT ) for the same feeder = 0.05@ sec
So, Operating time of the Relay ( R2 ) = ( 0.25 + 0.4# ) = 0.65sec.
Suppose the PSM = 0.75
1.CM = 14.58 ( Refer Step 1 ) , 2. TSM = 0.252 ( Refer Step 2 )
So. PSM = 75 % , TSM = 0.25 ( nearest value )
Calculation for relay R1
Suppose PSM = 100 %, OT of the Relay ( R1 ) = ( 0.65 + 0.05@ ) = 0.70sec.
1.CM = 10.935 ( Refer Step 1 ) , 2. TSM = 0.242 ( Refer Step 2 )
So. PSM = 75 % , TSM = 0.25 ( nearest value )
9. 13. ESTIMATED CURENT RATING FOR COPPER & ALUMINIUM
CONDUCTORS
( VIR, PVC OR POLYTHENE INSULATED CABLES ) FOR SINGLE, TWIN ,
THREE & FOUR CORES( AS PER IS 694 /1990 AND BS 2004 / 1961 )
SL.
NO

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

STANDARD COPPER
CONDUCTOR

CONTINUOUS CURRENT RATING IN AMPS (AT 30 0 C)

AREA
( SQ.
mm )

STRAND
( mm )

SWG
CODE

2 SC CABLE
IN CONDUIT
THROUGH OR
CASING

1.00
1.25
2.00
3.00
4.5
6.75
10.00
14.00
18.00
25.00
-

1/1.12
3/0.737
3/0.914
7/0.737
7/0.914
7/1.12
7/1.35
7/1.65
19/1.15
19/1.32
-

1/18
3/22
3/20
7/22

5
10
15
20
20
27
28
34
36
43
53
59
62
69
74
91

7/20
7/18
7/17
7/16
19/18
19/17

Bunched In Free
Air Or Open
Trench
2 SC
3 or 4 SC
cable
cable
5
5
10
10/9
15
13/12
20
15
20
17
27
24
28
25
34
31
36
32
43
39/38
53
48
59
54
62
46
69
62
74
67
91
82

ONE
TWIN
CORE

ONE
CORE
FOR 3
PHASE

5
10
15
20
20
27
28
34
36
43
53
59
62
69
74
91

5
8/7
11/10
15
14
19
20
24
25
30
37
42
43
48
52
62

STANDARD
ALUMINIUM
CONDUCTOR
AREA STRAN
( SQ.
D
mm )
( mm )

1.5
2.5
4.0
5.0
6.00
16
25
35
50

1/1.40
1/1.80
1 /2.24
1 /2.80
1/3.55
7/1.70
7/2.24
7/2.50
7/3.00,
19/1.80

SL.
NO

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

STANDARD COPPER
CONDUCTOR

CONTINUOUS CURRENT RATING IN AMPS (AT 30 0 C)

AREA
( SQ.
mm )

STRAND
( mm )

SWG
CODE

2 SC CABLE
IN CONDUIT
THROUGH OR
CASING

40.00
50.00
65.00
70.00
95.00
130.00
160.00
200.00
260.00
325.00
500.00
670.00

19/1.65
19/1.83
19/2.11
37/1.65
37/1.85
37/2.15
37/2.36
37/2.62
61/2.36
61/2.62
91/2.62
127/2.62

19/16
19/15

19/14
37/16
37/15

37/14
37/13
37/12
61/13
61/12

91/12
127/12

Bunched In Free
Air Or Open
Trench
2 SC
3 or 4
cable
SC
cable
97
88
125
107
134
118
143
138
160
140
177
158
184
170
205
185
210
185
246
216
250
220
290
248
293
260
335
295
364
302
425
360
435
372
480
410
480
411
565
484
610
620
704
630

ONE
TWIN
CORE

ONE
CORE
FOR 3
PHASE

97
115
118
135
140
158
162
180
181
209
218
240
252
284
281
342
-

68
78
82
94
98
109
114
126
127
146
153
169
178
199
202
240
-

STANDARD
ALUMINIUM
CONDUCTOR
AREA STRAN
( SQ.
D
mm )
( mm )

70
95
120
150
185
225
300
400
500
625
-

19/2.24
19/2.50
37/2.06
37/2.23
37/2.50
37/2.80
61/2.50
61/3.33
91/2.65
61/3.00
-

10 DATA ON SUB-STATION
10.1 BREAKING CURRENT AND FAULT MVA CAPACITY.
Voltage
132
220
400
765

Breaking Current in KA Fault MVA

25/31
150
31.5/40
320
40
1000
40
2500

10.2 NORMAL BUS BAR SIZE, BAY LENGTH & BAY WIDTH
Voltage

33 KV
132KV
220KV

Bus bar size

Strung Bus
50mm2 Copper
Equivalent
61/ 3.18 mm
Conductor
61/ 3.18 mm
Conductor
Duplex

Rigid Bus
40 mm
Al. Pipe
80 mm
Al. Pipe
80 mm
Al. Pipe
Duplex

Bay width in
mm

Bay length in mm

5550

28350

10400

44300

17000

63400

10. 3. TUBULAR BUS AND STRINGING BUS ARRANGE MENT

TUBULAR BUS
Voltage KV Nominal Dia. in mm
External
Internal
42
35
72.5, 145
60
52
60
49.25
89
78
245
89
74
101.6
90.1
101.6
85.4
114.3
102.3
420
114.3
97.2
114.3
102.3
114.3
97.2
127
114.5
127
109

10.4

Voltage
KV
72.5

145

245

420

STRAIN BUS
Bus conductor
Lynx ACSR
Kundah ACSR
19/3.53 AAC
Panther ACSR
Kundah ACSR
19/4.22 AAC
Moose ACSR
Kundah ACSR
19/5.36 AAC
37/5.23 AAC
Moose ACSR

CONDUCTOR TENSION IN (kgf / conductor ) to be taken FOR BUS

ARRANGEMENT
Arrangements
110/132 KV 220 Kv 400 KV
1000
1000
2000
Line terminatiobn
800
900
1000
Main Bus/subBus
800
900
1000
Interconnection between Yards
600
600
800
Earth Wires

10.5 VARIOUS FORMULAE USED FOR THE DESIGN OF BUS ARRANGEMENT

Bus capacity Load Current

I = K A 1 / t 10 4
I = Symmetrical RMS Current in Amp.
A= Cross sectional area in inches
t= Time in Secs , K= Co-efficient of alloys at Max. Temperatures
Max. Temp in degree centigrade Value of K for different aluminium alloys
200
5.50 to 5.71
250
6.28 to 6.52
300
6.94 to 7.18
Note ;- For general practice the temperature of rigid aluminium bus to 1000 C and for
emergency rating 2500 C for short circuit duty.
Vibration in Bus
f= ( K2/ 24L2 ) x ( Eim/ M )1/2
f= Natural frequency of span in HZ
L= span length in feet
E= Modulus of Elasticity PSI
m=Moment of Inertia ( in 4 )
M= Mass per unit length
Short circuit Force in BUS
For line to line fault
Fsc =

37.4 I 2 sc

107 D

Fsc= SC Force in lb/in2 , Isc= Symmetrical rms SC current ( Amp )

D= Conductor spacing centre to centre ( in )
For 3 ph. fault
Fsc =

43.2 I 2 sc

107 D

10.6. EHV SUB-STATION SYSTEM TECHNICAL PARTICULARS

Sl
1
2
3
4

Description of
Unit
System Voltages
Technical Particulars
33
132
220
400
Normal System
KV rms
Voltages
36
145
245
420
Max. System
KV rms
Voltages
70
275
460
520
Power frequency
KV rms
630
Withstand
Switching Surge withstand Voltage ( for 250/2500ms )
Not
Not Appl.
Not
1050
1.Line to Earth
KVp
Appl.
Appl.
900 + 345 KV
2. Across isolating
rms
gap

5
1.Line to Earth
2.Across isolating gap
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

DRY
WET
Frequency
Vibration frequency
Corona Extinction
Voltage
Radiation Interface
Voltage
System Neutral
Rating
Continuous Current
rating
Sym. Short Circuit
Current
Duration of Short
Circuit Current
Dynamic Short
Circuit current

16

17
18
19
20
21
22

23

Phase to Ground
Phase to Phase
Design Temp
Pollution Level as per
IEC 815 & 71
Creepage distance
Max. fault clearing
Time
Bay Width
Height of bus equip .
connection from
ground
Height of strung bus
bar

Lighting Impulse withstand Voltage

170
650
1050
KVp
195
750
1200
1.2/50
( S)
Power frequency With stand (1 min. )
70
275
460
KV rms
80
315
530
50
HZ
2.5
%
84
156
KV
-

1000 V at 1000 V at
93 KV
167 KV
Solidly earthed

1425
1425+240rms

520
610

320
1000 V at 266
KV

Amp

600

800

1600

1600-2000

KA

25

31.5

40

40

Sec

62.5

79

100

100

KAp

Conductor spacing for AIS layout

1.5
3
4.5
mtr
1.5
3
4.5
mtr
0
50
C
III

6.5
7.0

Mm
msec

900
150

3625
100

6125
100

10500
100

Mtr
Mtr

5.5
4

10.4- 12
5

16.4-18
5.5

27
8

Mtr

5.5

10

> 15

10.7 LIGHTING AT DIFFERENT PLACES FOR SUB-STATION

Sl
1
2
3
4

PLACES
Switch Yard
Control Room,
Carrier Room, LT Panels, Charger Room, Offices, Conference
Room, Rest Room, Work Shop, Repair Bay etc
Battery Room, Corridor, PLCC Room, Toilets, Store Room, Cloak
Room, stairs etc..

ILLUMINATION LEVEL
(LUX )
25
300-500
300
100

11. ELECTRICAL STANDARDS

11.1. GENERAL INDIAN STANDARDS USED
PARTICULARS INDIAN
PARTICULARS INDIAN
STANDARDS
STANDARDS
BATTERY
1651/1979
Disconnecting
1818/1972
Switch
Insulation Co2165
AC Circuit
2516
ordination
( Pt 1 & 2 )
Breakers
( Pt 1 to 5 )
Voltage
3156 / 1978
Lightning
3070/ 1974
Transformers
( Pt 1 to 4 )
Arresters
( Pt 1 & 2 )
Porcelain
731 / 1971
Bushings
2099/ 1973
Insulators
Transformers
2026/1977
Current
2705/ 1981
(Pt- 1to 4 )
Transformer
( Pt 1 to 4 )
Shunt Reactors
5553 /1970
11.2. VOLTAGE STANDARD
Statutory Limits as per section of IE Rules 1956 and as per IEGC
AS PER IE RULE 1956
VOLTAGE RANGES
LIMITS
Voltage
6%
Low
< 250 V
Voltage
650 V >
6%
Medium
Voltage >
voltage
250 V
33 KV >
6 % to
High
Voltage >
9%
Voltage
650 V
Voltage >
+ 10 % to
EHV
33 KV
12.5 %

VOLTAGE
132 KV
220 KV

400 KV

AS PER IEGC
MAX
145 KV
( + 10 % )
245 KV
( + 10 % )

420 KV
(+5%)

MIN
120 KV
( - 10 % )
200 KV
( -10 % )

360 KV
( - 10 % )

11. 3. OTHER STANDARDS

Sl
N
o.

Indian
Standards

1.

IS 2261975

2.

IS 2691976

Title

International
Standards

Sl N

Indian
Standard

A) TRANSMISSION LINES ( Sl. No. 1 to 34 )

Structural steel
ISO/R/63015
IS 1367(standard quality)
1967
1967
CAN/CSA
G40.2 BSEN
10025
Ordinary rapid
ISO/R/59716
IS 1521hardening and low heat 1967
1972
Portland cement

Title

Technical
supply
conditions for
threaded
fasteners.
Method of
tensile testing
of steel wires

Internatio
nal
Standards

ISO 68921984

3.

Is 3831970

Course and fine

aggregates from natural
sources for concrete

CSA
A23.1/A23.2

17.

IS 30431972

4.

(a)IS 3981982 Part-I

Specification for
aluminum conductors
for overhead
transmission Purposes

ICE 1089-1991
BS 215-1970

18.

IS 31881965

b) IS 3981982 PartII

Aluminum conductor
galvanized steel
reinforced

BS 215-1970
ICE 1089-1991

19.

IS 40911967

c)IS 3981982 PartIV

Aluminum alloy
standard conductor

BS 3242-1970
ICE 1089-1991
ASTMB399M
86

20.

IS 5613
(PartII/Sec-1)1985
(Part-III
/Sec1)1989

d)IS 3981982 PartV

Aluminum conductor
galvanized steel
reinforced for extra
high voltage (400 KV
and above

BS 215-1970
IEC 1089-1991

21.

IS 5613

5.

IS 2781978

Specification for
barbed wire

ASTM A 121

6.

IS 4561978

Code of practice for

plain and reinforced
concrete

ISO 3893-977

7.

IS 7311971

Porcelain insulators for

overhead power lines
with nominal voltage
greater than 1000 volts.

BS 137-1982
22.
(Part-I&II) IEC
383-1993 (Part
I & II)

8.

a. IS 8021995
(PartI/Sec.I)
(Part
I/Sec.II)-

Code of practice for use

of structural steel in
overhead transmission
line : materials, loads
and permissible
stresses.

IEC 826
ANSI/ASCE
10-90 (1991)
BS 8100

23.

(PartII/Sec-2)1985
1985(Part
III/Sec.2)
-1989
Is 66391972

Is 67451972

Code of
practice for
earthing (with
amendment no.
1 and 2)
Dimensions for
disc insulators

IEC 3051978
ANSI/AS
CE 10-90
(1991)

Code of
practice for
design and
construction of
foundation for
transmission
line towers and
poles.
Code of
practice for
design, install.
And maintain
of overhead
power lines
(Section 1 :
Design)
Code of
practice for
design,
installation and
maintenance of
overhead
power lines
(Section 2
Installation and
maintenance)

Hexagonal
bolts for steel
structure

Methods for
determination
of wt. Of Zn.
Coating of zinc
coated iron and
steel articles.

ISO/R
272-1968
ASTM A
394 CSA
B 33.4
ASTM
A90 ISO
1460

1992

b. IS 8021978 (PartII)

c. IS 8021978(PartIII)

Is 1363

Code of practice for use

of strut, steel in
overhead trans. line
Fabrication,
galvanizing, inspection
and packing.
Code of practice for use
of strut. steel in
overhead trans. line
towers: testing.
Reels and drums for
bare conductors

ANSI/ASCE
10-90 (1991)

24.

IS 26331972

ANSI/ASCE
10-90 (1991)
IEC 652

25.

IS 1367

BS 1559-1949

26.

Part III

IEEE 693

27

Part VI

9.

IS 17781980

10
.

IS 18931965

Criteria of earthquake
resistant design of
structures.

11
.

IS 20161967

Plain washers

12
.

IS 2121

Specification for
conductor and earth
wire accessories for
overhead power lines.
Armour rods, binding
wires and tapes for
conductors.
Mid span joints and
repair sleeve for
conductors.

Part-I 1981
13
a)
13
b)

Part-II
1981

13
c)

Part-III
1992

Accessories for earth

wire

13
d)

Part-IV
1991

Non extension joints

28.

ISO/R 8871968 ANSI B

18.22.1

29

30.

31

Hexagonal
head bolts,
screws and
nuts of product
Grade C
Testing
uniformity of
coating of zinc
coated .

Tech. Spec.
Condns. for
threaded steel
fasteners
Mechanical
properties and
test methods
for bolts,
screws and
stud studs with
fully load
Mechanical
properties and
test methods
for nuts with
full load ability
Indian
Electricity
Rules 1956
Indian
Electricity Act
1910

IS 18881982

Method of load
test on soils

IS 29111979
(Part-I)

Code of
practice for
design and
construction of
pile
foundations.
Recommended
practice for hot
dip galvanizing
of iron and
steel.
Quality
management
and quality
assurance
standards

IS 26291966

IS 140001994

ASTM A
123
CAN/CSA

ISO 898-1

ISO/DIS
898/II

ASTM A
123
CAN/CSA
G164
BS729
ISO 90001994

14
.

IS 2486

Part-I

Part-II
Part-III

Sl
N
o.
1.
2
3

Sl
N
o.

Indian
Standards

Specification for
insulator fittings for
overhead power lines
with nominal volt age
greater than 1000V
General requirements
and tests
Dimensional
requirements
Locking devices

33.

BS 3288 IEC
1284

34

Method of
standard
penetration test
for soils
ASTM D 1883
GRIDCO
safety manual
(draft) 1997

IEC 120- 1984

IEC 372-1984

B) POWER TRANSFORMERS
Title
Sl
Indian
No.
Standards

IS 1885 (Pt
38)1977
IS 2026
(Pt 1)1977
IS 2026
( Pt 2
)1977
IS 2026
( Pt 3
)1981

Electro technical Vocabulary of

Transformer
Power Transformer - General

Power Transformer Temp. Rise

Power Transformer Insulation Level &

Dielectric Test

IS 2026
( Pt 4
)1977
IS 2026
( Pt 5
)1994
Indian
Standards

IS 2131
1967

IS 6600
/1972
IS
10561/1983
IS
11171/1985

Guide for loading of Oil

immersed Transformer
Application Guide for
power transformers
Dry type Transformer

10

IS 10028
( Pt 1 ) 1985

Power Transformer Terminal Marking,

tapping & connection

11

IS 10028
( Pt 2 ) 1985

Code of practice for

insulation and
maintenance of
transformer
Installation

Transformer/ Reactor bushings Min.

Clearance in air specification

12

IS 10028
( Pt 3 ) 1985

Title

Title

Sl
No.

Indian
Standards

Maintenance

Title

C) INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
1

IS 1885(
Pt-28 )
1993
IS 2705
( Pt 1
)1992
IS 2705
( Pt 2
)1992
IS 2705
( Pt 3
)1992

Electro technical Vocabulary of

instrument Transformer

IS 3156
( Pt 2 )1992

Voltage Transformer
Measuring VT

Current Transformer General

Requirement

IS 3156
( Pt 3 ) 1992

Voltage Transformer
Protection VT

Current Transformer Measuring CT

IS 3156
( Pt 4 ) 1992

Voltage Transformer
Capacitive VT

Current Transformer Protective CT

10

IS 4146
1983

Application Guide for VT

IS 2705
( Pt 4
)1992
IS 3156
( Pt 1 )
1992

Current Transformer Protective CT

Special purpose

11

Is 4201/1983

Application Guide for CT

Voltage Transformer General

Requirement

12

IS 5547
/1983

Application Guide for

Capacitive Voltage
transformers

D ) CIRCUIT BREAKERS
High Voltage AC Circuit Breaker
7
IS 2516 ( Pt1 / Sec1 ) Pt
1 & 2 / Sec 1
) :1985

IEC 56
:1987/IS
13118:199
1

IEC376:1971/
IS 13072
:1992
IEC 427 :
1973/ IS
13516
:1993
IEC- 694
:1980

Specification and acceptance of New SF6

IS 12729
/1988

Report on Synthetic Testing of High

Voltage AC Circuit Breaker

IS 7567 :
1982

Common clauses for HV Control gears

10

IS 9135:
1979

IS 1885 (
Pt 17 ) /
1979

Electro technical Vocabulary of

Switchgear and Control gear

11

IS 10118 (
Pt 1 to 4
:1982

IS 12032 (
Pt 7 )
/1987

Graphical Symbol for diagrams in the

field of Electro technology. Pt-7 Switch
gear , control gears and protective
Devices

Circuit Breakers Pt 1 & 2

requirements and tests.
Section 1 Voltages not
exceeding 1000 V AC or
1200 V DC
General Requirement s
for Switchgear and
Control gear exceeding
1000 V AC
Specification for
Automatic reclosing
circuit breakers for AC
distribution
Guide for Testing of
Circuit Breaker with
respect to our phase
switching
Code of practice for
installation and
maintenance of
Switchgear and Control
gear.

E) TRANSFORMER OIL AND OIL TESTING ( Sl. No 1 to 18 )

1

IS 335 :
993

New Insulating Oil

10

IS 6104 /
1971

IS 1448 (
PT 10 )
1970

Test Method for petroleum products by

cloud point and pour point .

11

IS 6262
:1971

IS 1448 (
PT 16 )
1970

Density of Crude petroleum liquid

petroleum products by Hydrometer
Method

12

IS
6792:1992

Test method of IFT of oil

against water by Ring
method
Test method for power
factor and Dielectric
Constant of insulating
materials
Method of Determination
of Electric Strength

IS 1448 (
PT 21 )
1970
IS 1448 (
PT 25 )
1970

Flash point by DENSKY MARTENS

apparatus

13

IS 6855
:1973

Method of sampling for

liquid Dielectric.

Determination of Kinematics and

Dynamic Viscosity

14

IS 9434
:1992

IS 1886
:1983

Code of practice for maintenance and

Supervision of oil in Service

15

IS 10593
:1992

IS
6103:1971

Test method of Sp. Resistance

16

IS 13567
:1992

IS 12463
:1988

Inhibited Mineral Insulating oil

17

IS 13631
:1992

IS 2362 :
1973

Determination of Water content by KarlFisher Method

18

IS 12177:
1987

Guide for sampling and

analysis of free and
dissolved gasses and oil
from oil filled equipment.
Method of evaluating
analysis of free and
dissolved gasses and oil
from oil filled equipment.
Water in insulating
liquids and in oil
impregnated paper and
press board by automatic
coulomatric Karl Fisher
titration method
Method of Test for
Determination of
antioxidant additives in
insulating oil
Method of test for
oxidative ageing of
electrical insulation of
petroleum oils by open
beaker method

IEC 129

F) ISOLATORS
AC Current Isolators ( Disconnectors and 4
Earth Switches

2.

IS : 3921
Pt 1 /1981

IS : 3921
Pt 2 /1982

IEC: 99-4
1
2

IEC: 99-1

AC Current Isolators ( Disconnectors and

Earth Switches FOR voltages above 1KV
(General &Definitions
-do- (Rating )

IS : 3921
Pt 3 /1982

IS : 3921
Pt 4 /1985

AC Current Isolators
( Disconnectors and
Earth Switches FOR
voltages above 1KV
(General &Definitions)
Construction
-do- (Type Test &
Routine Test

IS : 3921
Pt 5 /1985

-do- Information for

Tender Order & Inquires

G) SURGE ARRESTERS
Specification for Surge Arresters without 3
IEC 270
gap for AC System
Non Linear Resistor type gapped arresters 4
IS : 3070
for AC Systems
(Pt-3 ) /
1993

Partial Discharge
Measurement
LA for AC Systems
Specification for Metal
Oxide LA without gap. )

11. 4. EXTRACTS FROM INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES 1956

RULES
TITLE
2 (av ) Definition of Voltage
50
54

55
56
57

58
74
75

RULES
TITLE
Max. Stresses and Factor of
76
Safety in Overhead lines
Supply and Use of Energy
Clearance above ground of the
77
lowest Conductor
Declared Voltage of Supply to
Clearances from buildings of
79
Consumer
low and medium Voltage lines
and Service Line
Declared Frequency of Supply to
Clearances from buildings for
80
Consumer
HT, EHT lines
Sealing of Meters and Cut-outs
General Clearances
83
Meters, Maximum Demand Indicators
Routes, Proximity to Aerodrome
84
and other apparatus on Consumers
premises
Point of Commencement of Supply
Max. Interval between supports
85
Materials and Strength in Over head
Line Crossing or Approaching
87
lines
each other
Joints in Overhead lines

12 DATA ON POWER TELECOMMUNICATION

12. 1. PLCC TECHNICAL DATA (NOMINAL VALUE)

Sl.No. DATA
1
DC Supply required for Carrier Set
2
AC Current required for single
Carrier
3
Characteristic Impendance of Coaxial cable
4
Capacitance of CC/CVT

Inductance of Wave trap

VALUE
48 V
1A

75/125 ohm
4400pF (220 KV)
5575/6000 Pf
( 132 KV )
0.5 mH (132 KV)
1 mH ( 220 KV )
630/800/1200 A

Line Current Capacity of Wave

trap
7
Nominal Tx at Co-axial
+ 4 to +12 dBM
termination
( By SLM ) #
8
Nominal Tx at Co-axial
-26 to 0 dBM
termination
( By SLM ) #
# Measurement Procedure :- Tune SLM to Tx/Rx frequency +
Pilot frequency of that carrier type
Local loop :- Using dummy load in place of hybrid print local
Tx/Rx can be looped back for ensuring healthiness of local
carrier set
Different Types of Carrier and Pilot frequency
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4

Carrier Type
ETI
ETL
BPL
PUNCOM

Frequency ( Hz )
3600
3780
3570
3923

12.2 TELEPORTATION BASIC SYSTEM

Interface 1

Protection
Relay

Interface 2

Teleprotection
equipment

Interface 2

Interface 1

Teleprotection
equipment

physical
link

Protection
Relay

Telecommunication system

Teleprotection system

Interface 1: - Wetted contact/relay

Interface 2: - Voice frequency => analog channel
- Digital data
=> digital channel

12. 3. Power Allocation to speech and VFT channel

AF Signal

Speech test tone 800

Hz Internal test tone
1000 Hz
Speech with safety
margin
VFT channels and
modems
50Bd
100Bd
200Bd
600Bd
1200Bd,V.23
1200Bd+speech
2400Bd
Max. permissible
load with speech
plus superimposed
channels
Pilot tone

Signal levels

Absolute Voltage
levels at the test
sockets TXAF
(-10dBr)
dBmO Weighti
dBu
ng
0
1.0
-10

+3

1.41

-7

-14
-11
-8
-3
0
-3
0
+10.8

0.2
0.28
0.4
0.71
1.0
0.71
1.0
3.48

-24
-21
-18
-13
-10
-13
-10
+0.8

-6

0.5

-16

12.4 BASIC TERMS TO PLCC.

TERMS
Absolute power level(L)
Absolute voltage level
((L u )
Relative level (Lrel )

FORMULA
10 log (Px)/1mW
20 log (Ux)/775mV

UNIT REFERENCE
dBm P0 =1mW
dBu
U0 =775mV

Magnitude of diff.
dBr
Reference=0dBr
w.r.t.vertual
reference
point(0dBr)
Absolute signal
Magnitude of diff.
dBmo Reference=0dBr
Level(L0)
w.r.t.vertual
reference
point(0dBr)
Conversion to another
$ Lu= L ( dBm ) system impedance Lu
10 log
( 600 ohm / Z
ohm )
$ Example = The power level at 75ohm RF O/P of a PLC equipment is
given 40 dBm. Then the voltage level Lu would be = Lu= 40 ( dBm ) - 10
log ( 600 ohm / 75 ohm ) =31dBu

12. 5. Types of different Channel

Channels
Data
PLCC
1.50-450K Hz frequency for Power sector
2.50- 150 K Hz freely available to Power Sector
3.Rest with permission of DOT ( Deptt. Of telecomm ) and
WPC (
Wireless Planning Co-ordination .
4. 500 5 K Hz used for International distress calling
Microwave /
1. Power system net work with PCM ( pulse code modulation ) , multi
VHF Radio Link
channel digit circuits based on multiple of 30 channels PCM Multiplex
operating at 2048 kpbs
2. The modulation method is either of Two level Frequency Shift Keying (
FSK ) or Four level
3. WPC has assigned 2.30 to 2.50 GHz and 8.3 to 8.5 GHz bands to Power
Sectors for narrow band net work . Other frequency band is 7.11 to 7.125
GHz, 7.725 to 7.8 to 7.8 GHz & 10.5 to 10.68 GHz.
Satellite Links
SCPC technique is used with 64 kbps PCM or 32/16 kbps delta modulation
or 9.6/ 16 K voice coding.
Fibre Optics
1. Band with of 100 GHz per KM with repeater span of 50 Km is used with
mono mode fibre 4 to 24 Cores as per CCITT Rec. G652 having 1300nm
wave length with attenuation figure of 0.5 db per Km
30 channels ( Primary Multiplex ) 2 Mbps
120 channels ( 2nd Order Multiplex ) 8 Mbps
480 channels ( 3rd order Multiplex ) 34 Mbps
1920 channels ( 4th order Multiplex) 140Mbps

12.6 .Other Data related to TELECOMMUNICATION

Sl
No
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8

10

Data

Value

Comm. Channel width

0-4 KHz
Unused ( Vacant ) width
0-300 Hz ( To avoid 6th Harmonics )
Speech channel
300-2200 Hz
Pilot frequency dialing
3600 30 Hz
purpose
Centre frequency for healthy
3600 Hz
ness test
For VFT band
2200-3570 Hz
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 50, 100, 200 baud as per CCITT recommendation
DATA TRANSMISSION
a. 1200 baud rate FSK to CCITT Rec.V23 on a basic 4wire, 4 KHz PLC
b. 2400 baud phase modulated 4- wire leased telephone
type circuit as CCITT Rec.V29
c. PCM 64 kbps digital data channel to CCITT
Rec.C702
d. For FAX, CCITT Rec.T3 used with vestigial side
band modulation ( BW 800- 2600 Hz
LEASED CIRCUITS
a. 2- Wire audio cables ( up to 20 Km )
b. CCITT M1 020 and M1 040 types of circuit ( Similar
to PLC and Microwave System )
c. Wide Spectrum Signals on either group ( 60 to 108
KHz ) or super group ( 312 to 520 KHz ) as per
CCITT Rec. M900 & M910
d. Satellite leased circuit such as SCPC, FM modulated,
Analogous
MIN. CLERANCES POWER a. LT Lines ( 230/400 V ) -- 1.22 m
AND TELECOM LINE
b. 11 KV Lines ---- 1.83 m
c. 33/66 KV Lines ---- 2.44 m
d. 132 KV Lines ---- 3.05 m
e. 220 KV Lines ---- 4.58 m
f. 400 KV Lines ---- 5.49 m
800 KV Lines ---- 7.94 m

12. 7. Channel specific data with variable centre frequencies

( MODEM)

Channel ( Bd )
Maximum Baudrate (Bits/s)
Nominal Baudrate(Bits/s)
ITU-T Channel
Channel bandwidth / spacing Hz
Lowest center frequency Hz
Highest center frequency Hz
Frequency shift Hz
Maximum isochronous distortion:
at nominal baudrate %
at maximum baudrate %
with receive level margin of dB
Regenerator On
Receive distortion % < 25 %
< 50 %
Channel delay times:
Propagation delay ms
Max RTS On to DCD On delay
ms
Max RTS Off to DCD Off delay
ms
RTS On to CTS On channel
dependent delay a) ms
TX channel turn-off time ms
(for half-duplex operation)
Maximum 2-wire attenuation:
No frequency gap
120 Hz frequency gap
with own channel & <15% dist.
Maximum 4-wire attenuation: dB
Signal to noise ratio:
for bit error rate of dB 10-3
10-4
10-6
measured with ITU-T V.52
Noise bandwidth Hz

50
75
50
R.35
120
420
3900
30

100
150
100
R.37
240
480
3840
60

200
225
200
R.38B
360
540
3780
90

200
200
200
R.38A
480
600
3840
120

300
300
300

5
8
5

5
8
5

7
8
5

5
5
5

8
8
5

3
5

3
5

3
5

3
5

3
5

30.5
67.0

18.3
36.0

13.5
24.0

11.4
19.0

10.5
16.0

54.0

45.0

31.0

24.0

22.0

60.0

30.0

15.0

15.0

10.0

20.0

12.5

7.5

5.6

4.4

20
35

30
38

25
35

30
38

25
38

40

40

40

40

40

12.5

12.5

11.5

12.5

11.0

14.5

14.5

13.0

14.5

13.0

16.5

16.5

15.5

16.5

15.5

50

100

200

200

300

480
600
3840
120

13 MEANINGS OF INDICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT DISTANCE RELAYS

RELAY
INDICATIONS

RELAY
MEANINGS
MEANINGS
INDICATIONS
ENGLISH ELECTRIC MR3V &RR3V
Phase A B Shorted
Zone 1 Fault
30 (A-B )
30 G
Phase B C Shorted
Zone 2 Fault
30 (B-C )
30H
Phase C A Shorted
Zone 3 Fault
30 (C-A )
30J
Phase A with Earth Fault
Distance Relay Operated
30 A
86Y
Phase B with Earth Fault
CB Lockout
30 B
186A,186B
Phase C with Earth Fault
Auto Reclose operated
30 C
VARM
ENGLISH ELECTRIC SSM3V
Phase (R- Y ) Shorted
Zone 2 Fault
R
Zone II
Phase (Y- B) Shorted
Zone 3 Fault
B
Zone III
Zone 1 Fault
Aux. Relay Trip
Zone I
86 X
ENGLISH ELECTRIC MM3V
SAME AS MR3V & RR3V RELAY WITH FOLLOWING INDICATIONS
Aux. Relay for MHO
Aux. Relay for MHO
Y3AXX
Y3CXX
Start
Start
Aux. Relay for MHO
Carrier Receive
Y3BXX
85X2
Start
ENGLISH ELECTRIC PYTS (Static )
LED
LED
Phase Faults
Zone 3 Fault
Zone III
A, B, C
Zone 1 Fault
Switch on to Fault
Zone I
SOTF
Zone 2 Fault
Power swing Block
Zone II
PSB

LED
A, B, C
Zone 2
Zone 3

30 A
30 B
30 C
30D
30 G
ABC
AB
BC
CA
Zone I

ENGLISH ELECTRIC (Qudramho ) SHPM

LED
Phase Faults
Aided Trip
Zone 2 Fault
Zone 3 Fault

SOTF
V ~ fail

ENGLISH ELECTRIC SR3V

Phase A with Earth Fault
30H
Phase B with Earth Fault
30J
Phase C with Earth Fault
86 AX
Short to earth

86 BX

Zone 1 Fault
ENGLISH ELECTRIC SSR3V
Phase Fault
Zone II
Phase A B Shorted
Zone III
Phase B C Shorted
186A,186B
Phase C A Shorted
86 X1
Zone 1 Fault

85X1

Carrier Inter Trip

Switch on to Fault
P.T. Fuse Fail

Zone 2 Fault
Zone 3 Fault
Distance Relay Operated
Relay operated in
Remote Scheme

Zone 2 Fault
Zone 3 Fault
CB Lockout
Aux. Relay with Zone
1(Carr. Receive)
Switch on to Fault

ASEA RYZOD, RYZOE, RYZFB

Distance Relay Operated
Zone 2 Fault
2
Auto Reclose op
Zone 3 Fault
3
Phase Faults
Zone 4 Fault
4
ENGLISH ELECTRIC M3V
30 ( A-B ),30 (B-C), 30 (C-A ) ,30G,30H 30 J SAME AS MR3V & RR3V RELAY , 30 E
EARTH FAULT
ENGLISH ELECTRIC MM3T
Phase A B Shorted
A phase Trip
AB
86A
Phase B C Shorted
B phase Trip
BC
86B
Phase C A Shorted
C phase Trip
CA
86C
Zone 2 Fault
Trip relay for Phase fault
Zone 2
86T
Zone 3 Fault
VT FUSE FAIL
Zone 3
97X
Carrier End Operated
Zone 2 timer operated
85S
2
Phase A with Earth Fault
Over Voltage
AN
59X
Phase B with Earth Fault
Back up E/F trip
BN
64
operated
Phase C with Earth Fault
LBB Relay
CN
2L
Carrier Receive
85X2
ASEA RAZOG
SAME AS RYZOD RELAY WITH FOLLOWING EXTRA INDICATIONS
Carrier Receive
Carrier Send
CR
CS
ABB RAZFE
General Trip
3 Ph. Fault
U
3Ph
Zone 2 timer
RN
TK2
R ph. To Earth Fault
R ph. To Earth Fault
Zone 3 timer
SN
TK3
R ph. To Earth Fault
Power Swing Block
TN
P
Ph to Ph Fault
DC Fail
2Ph
=
ABB RAZOA
R Phase fault
Zone 2 Fault
R
2
S Phase fault
Zone 3 Fault
S
3
T Phase fault
Zone 4 Fault
T
4
E/F fault
N
ABB LZ96
General Trip
Auto Reclosing Blocked
BCL
D
Trip with Signal from
Ground Fault
DH
E
Remote Stn.
General Start
Own Measure
RST
EM
Starting , Phase Selective
Direction
R,S,T
RI
Time Step Other than
Power supply Failed
T, T2...T4
DCE
basic time
Blocking of Trip
Relay Disturbed
BD
DEF
Ground Fault
Relay under Test
PSB
XX
Auto Reclosing
Pilot wire supervision
CL
AUE
Blocking Protection
FBL
UD
UA
R,S,T

ZM1
ZM2
ZM3
ZM3R
PSR
PSS
PST
CRZ

ABB RELZ 100

Zone1 Measuring
TRZ1
Zone2 Measuring
TRZ2
Zone3 Measuring
TRZ3
Zone3 Reverse
TRZ3R
Phase Selection R
TRC
Phase Selection S
TRWEI
Phase Selection T
TRSOTF
Carrier Receive
TRSTUB

Trip zone 1
Trip zone 2
Trip zone 3
Trip zone 3Reverse
Carrier aided Trip
Trip Weak end Infeed
Trip Switch on to Fault
Trip Stub Protection

Carrier Send

TROC

Trip on O/C

TRULOW

Trip Loss of Potential

PSB
SUP
VTS
START

Carrier ECHO from Week

Infeed Logic
Power Swing Block
System Supervision
Fuse Fail Supervision
Start from protection

TRVTF
TRIP3PH
TRBL
TRIPZ

Trip VT Fuse fail

Trip 3 Phase
Trip dir. E/F Blocking
Trip from Distance
Protection

VTF

Fuse fail detection

CSZ
ECHO

PAR
PAS
PAT
PD
PE
PtaE
PTA
PS II
PS III
PtaW
PSW
Trip RST

BROWN BOVERI L3WYAS,L3WYS

R Phase fault
PTrH
S Phase fault
PD3
T Phase fault
Distance Relay Operated
Ground Fault
Persistent E/F

ZA
CM
RLv
PSA

3 Ph. Fault

Zone 2 Fault
V
Zone 3 Fault
W
Breaker Trip with
Wa
Recloser
Switch over to Lockout
ABB REL 316
General Trip of Phase
Delay 2

Trip CB 1P
Trip CB 3P
Trip CB R

Single phase trip

Three phase trip Sig.
R Phase fault

Delay 3
Delay 4
Start R + S + T

Trip CB S
Trip CB T
Trip CB

S Phase fault
T Phase fault
Gen Trip of Phase R.S.T

Start R
Start S
Start T

Carrier Started
Tripping initiated from
internal Relay
Impedance Start Relay
Rotating Field Relay
O/C Relay for E/F
Distance Step contactor
for Overlap
Aux. Current
Transformer
Balancing Transformer
Auto Reclose Switch
Manual switch for
Overlap

Zone 2 Time Delay

Zone 3 Time Delay
Zone 4Time Delay
General Start of Phase
R.S.T
Gen Start of Phase R
Gen Start of Phase S.
General Start of Phase.T

ABB REL 316( CONTD.)

PLCC Channel failure
Start E
Comm. Fail
Com. Rx
Com Tx

SOTF
Delay 1
LED CON.
ADDRESS
5701
5703
5705
5707
5709

Signal received
Signal Transmitted by
PLCC

Start OC
3 Ph. Trip
VT Sup

Tr Switch on to Fault
Zone 1 Time Delay
ALSTOM PD 521
LED CON.
ADDRES
LED Func Assgn. H1
5713
LED Func.Assgn. H2
5715
LED Func Assgn. H3
5717
LED Func.Assgn. H4
5719
LED Func Assgn. H5
5721
LED Func Assgn. H6
5723

Gen Start of Phase E/F

General Start O/C
Always 3 Ph. Trip
VT Supervision

LED Func Assgn. H7

LED Func Assgn. H8
LED Func Assgn. H9
LED Assgn.H10
LED Assgn. H11
LED Assgn. H12

5711
Fault Signals
Fault Signals
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3609
3613
3614

P.O
R,Y,B
E
Ic
PO
Pt
R,S,T
E
T

LED
EN
INSTANT
TIME
COMM

General Start
Starting A
Starting B
Starting C
Starting Ground Fault
General Trip Signal
Dist. Trip Signal
Back Up O/C Start
Back Up O/C Trip

3618
3619
3635
3626
3627
3628
3629
3670
3671

Dist. Fault Forward

Dist. Fault Backward
Carrier Send
Carrier Receive
Dist t1 Elapsed
Dist t2 Elapsed
Dist t3 Elapsed
Warning
General Trip

EASUN REYROLLE,THR 3PE -1

Protection operated
Z2
Phase faults
Z3
Earth Faults
LOR
EASUN REYROLLE ,THR 10
O/c Operated
1,2,3
Protection Operated
ry,yb,br
Pt Supply
r,y,b
Brown Boveri LIZ 613
Phase Fault
T2
Earth Fault
T3
Breaker Trip
T4

Zone 2 Fault
Zone 3 Fault
Non- Dirrectional

EASUN REYROLLE , SEL 321, SEL321-1

LED
Relay in Normal cond.
4
Instantaneous Tripping
A
Time Delay Tripping
B
Comm. Aided Tripping
C

Zone 4 or Level 4
A Phase involved
B Phase involved
C Phase involved

Zone 2 Fault
Zone 3 Fault
Lock Out Relay
Zone 1,2,3
Phase Faults
Earth Faults

SOTF
1

Trip Switch on to Fault

Zone 1 or Level 1

G
Q

Zone 2 or Level 2
Zone 3 or Level 3

51

50

DISPLAY
AG,BG,CG

DISPLAY
Phase to Ground Fault

AB
BC

AB Phase Fault
BC Phase Fault

CA

CA Phase Fault
TWO PHASE TO
GROUND
SAME
SAME
3 Phase Fault
Zone Mho or Quadr.
Zone Phase Dist. Inst
Zone Dist. Time Delay

ABG
BCG
CAG
ABCT
Z1G,Z2G,Z3G
M1P,M2P,M3P
Z1GT,Z2GT,Z3GT

21L (R-Y )
21L (Y-B)
21L (B-R )
21GR
21GY
Dec A
Dec B
Dec C
Dec M
Dec f
Sel A
Sel B
Sel C
Aval
Amo

Ground involved
Negative Sequence
Current
Time O /C
O/C High Set

M1PT,M2PT,M3
PT
LOP
67Q1,
67Q2,67Q
67N1,67N2,67N3
67Q2T,67Q3T,67
Q4
3P27
50H
50Q1
50N1
3PT
3P59

GENERAL ELECTRIC GLY

R-Y SHORTED
21GB
Y-B shorted
21GX
B-R SHORTED
85MX
Phase R Fault

85GX

Phase Y Fault
21 LX
ALSTOM, EPAC 3100/3500
Phase A tripping
\Z1
Phase B tripping
Z2
Phase C tripping
Z3

Phase Dist. Time Delay

Loss of Potential
Dirr. Neg. Seq. O/C Inst
Dir. E/F Time Delay
Dirr. Neg. Seq. Time
Delay
3 Phase U/V
High Set O/C , Inst
Neg. Seq Non Dirr
High Set E/F Non-Dir
3 Pole Trip
3 Phase O /V

Phase B Fault
Timer for 21G Relay
Carrier Tripping For
Phase Fault
Carrier Tripping For
Ground Fault
Timer for 21L Relay

Zone 1
Zone 2

One Phase tripping

Fuse Failure tripping
Phase A Selection
Phase B Selection
Phase C Selection

Mro
Poly
Mono
Tele
Ffus

Zone 3
Start up
Multi Phase fault
One Phase Fault
Carrier Send
Fuse Failure

Forward Direction
Reverse Direction

Varc
Dpom

Auto Reclose Blocking

Power Swing Detection

14. DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM/ MAINTENANCE SCHEDULED OF ELECTRICAL

EQUIPMENT
14.1 POWER TRANSFORMER
Periodicity
Checking/Testing
Pre- Commissioning 1. Components
checking

Hourly/Continuous

2. Electrical Testing
1.Temp. Monitoring
2.Electrical
Parameters
3.Oil Flow ( OFAF )

Daily

1.Oil Levels in
Transformer
2. Cooling System
3. Breather Reagent

Quarterly

Half Yearly

Yearly

1.Bushings, OTI,
WTI, other
Equipments
2. Oil condition in
Transformer
1. DGA of Oil

1. Electrical Testing
2. PI , Tan value
3. DGA
4. Detail Checking of
Clamps, joints etc.
5. OLTC

Notes on Checking
1. All Components
( OLTC, PRV,
Bushing others )
2. Routine Test
1.Reading of OTI,
WTI
2.Voltage, Current,
Loads
3.Ensure about the
flow
1. Check up to
Level
2. check contacts,
bearings etc

3. Check Colour of
Reagent
1. Clean the Tank,
Bushing
and Trial operation
of components
2. Dielectric
Strength of Oil
1. Check Sample of
Main Tank Oil and
OLTC
1. Routine Test
2. Record Values
3. DGA Analysis
4. Check
5. OLTC Checking

Actions to be taken
1.Compare with
factory value.

2. do1. Follow up action

2. Follow up action
3. Follow up
action

1. Top up Oil if
required
2. change or replace
the faulty parts
3. Change Reagents

1. Suitable Action

2. Filter the Oil if

required.
1. Compare with
Initial Result and
Follow up action
Compare with
Initial Result and
Follow up action

14.2 . CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Periodicity Checking/Testing
Daily
1.Oil Leakage
2. Abnormal Noise
3. Other visual check

Actions to be taken
Follow up action

Monthly

1. Fill the Oil

2. Tight the Terminals

Yearly

1.Oil level
2. Terminal checking of Marshal
box.
3. Current reading of Secondary
circuits
1. IR Value
2. All Connections
3. Earth Resistance
4. Tan Value
5. Cleaning of insulators

3. Record the readings

Compare with Initial Results and Follow up
action

14.3CVTs and PT
Periodicity Checking/Testing
Daily
1.Oil Leakage
2. Abnormal Noise
3. Other visual check

Actions to be taken
Follow up action

Monthly

1. Fill the Oil

2. Tight the Terminals

Yearly

1.Oil level
2. Terminal checking of Marshal
box.
3. Voltage reading of Secondary
circuits
4. Earthing of PLCC Link
5. HF Bushing
1. Capacitance Measurement
2. All Connections
3. Earth Resistance
4. Cleaning of insulator

3.Record the readings

15 Check its correctness
Check its correctness
Compare with Initial Results and Follow up
action

14.4 BATTERY MAINTENANCE

PERIODICITY

DAILY

WEEKLY

ITEMS TO BE
CHECKED
1. Measure
and
record the pilot
cell Voltage, Sp.
Gravity
&
Electrolyte
Temperature
2. Battery Voltage
by Switching off
Charger
3. Hourly reading
DC
Voltage,
Charger out put
current
and
Trickle Charge
Current

1. Cleaning
of
terminals,
topping
up
distilled water if
required
2. Check pilot cell
reading
and
adjust the trickle
charge current if
required

PERIODICITY

MONTHLY

YEARLY

ITEMS TO BE
CHECKED
1. Sp.
Gravity,
Voltage of each
cell
and
electrolyte
Temp.
2. Give Equalizing
Charge
3. Switch
off
Charger
and
test tripping/
closing of any
one
feeder
from Battery
Source
4. Check
all
connection of
battery
and
Charger

1. Allow Condition
Charging

14.5 BATTAERY SYMPOTOMS AND REMEDIES

SYMPTOMS
1. Corrosion

2 Sulphation
Under Charging
Over Discharge
Too strong /Weak Acid
Too Rapid Discharge
Short Circuit
Plate Exposed to Air

REMEDIES
1. Remove Electrolyte
2. Pour Distill Water
3. Refill with New Electrolyte
1. Initial stage, repeat the low rate Charging and
Discharging.
2. Latter stage, Special treatment should be provided

3. Shedding of Active Material

Over charging of Plates
Charging done at high rate
Defective material
Improper application of
Material on plate
4. Over Charging
Excessive Gassing
Deterioration of Active
material from +ve plate
Temp. rise
Bending of Plates
5. Under Charging
Low sp. Gravity
Change of the colour of plate.
Deterioration of Active
material from +ve plate
Bending of Plates
6. Abnormal reduction of Capacity
Abnormal drop of voltage
Sulphur formation
Development of pores in lead
sponge
Loss of active material
Loss of electrolyte
7. Buckling or Bending of plates
Discharge at rapid rate.
Unequal distribution of current
Defective plates
Direct discharge
Expansion of plates
8. Reversal of negative plate
It results due to connection of
weak cell in the set, its
discharge is ended before the
other cells and causes the
reversal of negative plate.
9. Internal Discharger Local Action
Gassing of the cells even under
idle condition
Abnormal gassing in charge
condition
Reduction of Battery capacity
10. Hardening of ve in Air
Oxidation and heating in Air or
exposed plates

1. Maintain the proper charging and discharging limits

( 2.4V for charging and 1.85V for discharge )
1200 sp. Gravity charging
1190 sp. Gravity - discharging

1. Reduce the Charging Rate and add distilled water to

attain the sp. Gravity of 1200.

1. Increase the Charging Rate to attain the sp. Gravity of

1200.

1. Allow proper charging and discharging method

2. Contact manufacturer for replacement

1. Allow proper charging and discharging method

2. Contact manufacturer for replacement

Use correct electrolyte and charge the cell or replace

with a good one.

Use correct electrolyte and charge the cell or replace

with a good one.

Pour distilled water and proper electrolyte and cover the

plates in proper manner

14.5 SURGE ARRESTER

Periodicity Checking/Testing
Daily
1.Surge Counter Reading
2. Leakage Current Reading
3. Other visual check
Monthly
1.Earth Resistance
2. Leakage Current Analysis.
Yearly
1. Capacitance Measurement
2. All Connections
3. Cleaning of insulator
4. Ammeter Calibration

Actions to be taken
1. Record purpose
2. within the Green zone
3. Like Crack, damage
1. within the Limit
2. Compare Results
Compare with Initial Results and Follow up action