_

1. ( - 3 , - 4 .) _ .
18-19
=

) +(

, (x, y) (0,

0)
+
-.
, ,
( , ) = ( , )

) +(

2. 2.2.1 ( - 3, - 9.) _
.19-22
, A, B, C R
+
0 . ,
Ax+By+C=0 , , ,
,
Ax+By+C=0 .
. vertikaluri y RerZi da misi paraleluri wrfeebi warmoadgenen (x,
y) wertilTa iseT geometriul adgils, romlebic, Sesabamisad, akmayofileben
x 0 da x a const 0 gantolebebs, sadac a gamosaxavs manZils y RerZsa da
mis paralelur wrfes Soris. am SemTxvevaSi [ix. (2.2.1)] A 1 , B 0 , C a . analogiurad, horizontaluri wrfe warmoadgens im (x, y) wertilTa geometriul
adgils, romelTaTvisac y b const . am SemTxvevaSi [ix. (2.2.1)] A 0 , B 1 da
C b .
vTqvaT, axla l warmoadgens koordinatTa sistemis saTaveze gamaval wrfes, romelic RerZebs ar emTxveva. maSin, Tu P wertili l wrfis da x 1 wrfis gadakveTis
wertilia, misi koordinatebi iqneba (1,m), sadac m 0 an m 0 imis Sesabamisad, l
wrfe pirvel Tu meoTxe kvadrantSi gadis (ix. nax. 2.2.1).
vTqvaT, axla Q l wrfis nebismieri wertilia. SevniSnoT, rom Tu m 0 , maSin xs da y-s erTidaigive niSani aqvs, xolo roca m 0 , _ sxvadasxva. nax 2.2.1-dan, O1P
da OEQ samkuTxedebis msgavsebis gamo, cxadia, rom
m
1

y
x

, e. i. y m x .

niSnebis Sesaxeb zemoT gakeTebuli SeniSvnidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu wertili

l wrfeze mdebareobs, maSin misi koordinatebi akmayofileben y mx gantolebas,
miuxedavad imisa, m 0 Tu m 0 . marTlac, roca x 0 , e. i., x x , Tu m 0 , maSin

y 0 , e. i., y y , m m da y mx ; Tu m 0 , maSin y 0 , e. i., y y , m m da

y mx , saidanac (-1)-ze gamravlebis Semdeg miviRebT

y mx . analogiurad

SeiZleba ganvixiloT SemTxveva x 0 . axla vaCvenoT, rom yvela (x, y) wertili,

romelic y mx gantolebas akmayofilebs, l wrfes ekuTvnis. marTlac, Tu
davuSvebT, rom (x, y) ar ekuTvnis l-s da ekuTvnis sxva l1 wrfes, romelic saTaveze
gadis, maSin l1 gaivlis 1,m1 , m1 m , wertilze (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi miviRebT,
rom or (0,0) da (1, m) wertilze ori l da l1 sxvadasxva wrfea gavlebuli). axla,
rogorc zemoT, SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom (x, y) ekuTvnis y m1 x wrfes. maSin,
radganac m1 m , gamomdinareobs, rom y mx da miviReT winaaRmdegoba. amdenad,
Cveni daSveba mcdaria. am SemTxvevaSi A m , B 1 da C 0 .
y

P:=(x,y)

y
Q:=(x,y)

l
E

Q:=(0,b)
x
O
y

l1

1
x

mx

m
E:=(x,0)

Q:=(x,y)

nax. 2.2.2a

nax. 2.2.1

vTqvaT, axla l wrfe arc sakoordinato RerZebis paraleluria da arc saTaveze

gadis. maSin is y RerZs gadakveTs raime Q: (0, b) , b 0 wertilSi (ix. nax. 2.2.2a da
nax. 2.2.2b). saTaveze gavavloT l-is paraleluri l1 wrfe. SevniSnoT, rom l l1 -ze
zeviTaa (qveviTaa), Tu b 0 (b 0) . rogorc zemoT vaCveneT, l1 -is gantolebaa
y mx .

vTqvaT, P aris Q-sgan gansxvavebuli wertili l-ze, xolo E l-dan x RerZze daSvebuli perpendikularis TanakveTaa l1 -Tan. maSin OEPQ paralelogramSi, rogorc mopirdapire gverdebi, OQ EP monakveTebi tolia, cxadia, P E wertilebs toli
abscisebi aqvT, xolo P-s ordinata miiReba E-s ordinatisgan b-s damatebis Semdeg.
e. i. P-s ordinata (mx b) -s tolia. amrigad, l wrfe warmoadgens iseT (x, y)
wertilTa simravles, romlis koordinatebic akmayofileben
y mx b

(2.2.2)

gantolebas, (e. i. (2.2.1) gantolebaSi A m , B 1 da C b ). amdenad, Cven vaCveneT,

rom wrfis yoveli (x, y) wertili akmayofilebs (2.2.1) saxis gantolebas. (2.2.2) day
l1
-b=mx-y

E
mx

l
b

P:=(x,y)
Q:=(0,b)

nax. 2.2.2b
mokidebulebas x-sa da y-s Soris ewodeba wrfivi damokidebuleba, xolo y-s _ xis wrfivi funqcia.
axla, vTqvaT, rom (2.2.1) gantolebaSi B 0 da A 0 , maSin miviRebT
x

C
A

gantolebas, romelic vertikaluri wrfeebis gantolebaa. Tu B 0 , maSin (2.2.1)dan miviRebT, rom

y

A
C
x .
B
B

e. i.,
y mx b ,

sadac
m

A
C
, b .
B
B

roca m 0 , miviRebT horizontalur wrfeebs. roca m 0 , magram b 0 , miviRebT

saTaveze da (1, m) wertilze gamaval wrfes. Tu b 0 , maSin rogorc es zemoT
vaCveneT, (2.2.1)-is amonaxsnTa simravle warmoadgens (0, b) wertilze gamaval wrfes,
romelic (0,0) da (1, m) wertilebze gamavali wrfis paraleluria.

(2.2.2) gantolebaSi m ricxvs wrfis daxra (slope)

koeficientsac uwodeben), xolo b-s _ kvali (intercept).
vTqvaT, (2.2.2) gantolebiT mocemuli wrfe
maSin

x1 , y1

da

ewodeba

x2 , y2

(mas

sakuTxo

wertilebze gadis,

y1 mx1 b , y 2 mx 2 b .

Tu meores pirvels gamovaklebT, miviRebT

y 2 y1 m x 2 x1

(SevniSnoT, rom Tu y1 y 2 , wrfe horizontaluria, xolo Tu x1 x 2 _ vertikaluri),

saidanac, Tu CavTvliT, rom wrfe vertikaluri ar aris, e. i. x1 x 2 , miviRebT, rom
m

y 2 y1
x 2 x1

3. 2.2.2 ( - 3, 4.) _ .22-23

ori sxvadasxva wrfe paraleluria maSin da mxolod maSin, roca maTi daxrebi
tolia.
damtkiceba. rogorc es Teorema 2.2.1-is damtkicebis dros vnaxeT, aravertikaluri l wrfis daxra tolia misi paraleluri, saTaveze gamavali l1 wrfis daxris.
amitom ori aravertikaluri wrfe paraleluria maSin da mxolod maSin, roca
maTi daxrebi tolia, radgan maTi daxra saTaveze gamavali maTi paraleluri
erTi da imave wrfis daxris tolia. meore mxriv, naTelia, rom vertikaluri da
aravertikaluri wrfeebi paraleluri araa.

4. 2.2.3 ( - 3,
- 5.)
Teorema 2.2.3. ori wrfe urTierTperpendikularulia maSin da mxolod maSin, roca an erTi horizontaluria da meore _ vertikaluri, an maTi daxrebis namravli
m1m2 1 .
(2.2.3)
damtkiceba. sakmarisia, Teorema davamtkicoT saTaveze gamavali wrfeebisaTvis,
radgan wrfeebis paraleluri gadataniT maTi daxrebi ar icvleba da, amdenad,
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaze davalT. cxadia, horizontaluri wrfe vertikaluris
marTobia da piriqiT. erTidaigive kvadrantSi gamaval wrfeebs Soris kuTxe 90 ze naklebia da amitom isini urTierTmarTobi ver iqnebian. amasTan am SemTxvevaSi m1 da m2 an orive dadebiTia, an orive uaryofiTia. amdenad m1 m2 0 da
(2.2.3) ar sruldeba. gansaxilveli darCa nax. 2.2.3-ze miTiTebuli SemTxveva, roca

m1 0 , m2 0 . ganmartebis Tanaxmad l1 da l 2 urTierTmarTobia maSin da mxolod

maSin, roca 90 . magram Tu marTia, maSin QOE da OPE samkuTxedebis
msgavsebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
m1
1

,
1
m2
saidanac
m1m2 1 .
magram m1 -sa da m2 -s urTierTsawinaaRmdego niSnebi aqvT, amitom gveqneba, rom
m1m2 1 .

5. ( -3. -4.) . 2324

Teorema 2.2.4. x1 , y1 da x 2 , y 2 wertilebze x1 x 2 , y1 y 2 gamaval wrfis
gantolebas aqvs
y y!
x x1
y y2
x x2

an rac igivea
(2.2.4)
y1 y 2 x1 x 2
y 2 y1 x 2 x1
saxe.
damtkiceba. erTi mxriv, radgan (2.2.4)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom
y y2
x y y2
y y2
x y x y
y 1
x 2 1
y2 1
x 2 1 1 2 ,
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
an rac igivea
y y1
x y y1
y y1
x y x 2 y1
y 2
x 1 2
y! 2
x 1 2
,
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
amitom (2.2.4) warmoadgens wrfis gantolebas.
meore mxriv, uSualod davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom x1 , y1 da x 2 , y 2 akmayofileben
(2.2.4)-s.

6. _ . 24-25
farenheitis Skalis gradusebSi F temperaturis dadgenis xalxuri meTodi mdgomareobs erT wuTSi WriWinebis sinqronuli daWriWinebis N raodenobis 4-ze gayofasa da 40-is damatebaSi. am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili pirveli maTematikuri
formula
N 40
F 50
,
4
romelic, cxadia, xalxuri meTodis Sesabamisia, radgan
N 40 N
50

40 ,
4
4
a. dolberis (A. Dolbear) 1897 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi gvxvdeba. Zmeb besiebis (C. A. Bessey, E. A. Bessey) mier 1898 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi formulas aqvs

F 60

N 92
saxe, rac maT mier 1897 wlis agvistosa da seqtemberSi Catarebul
4,7

temperatura (farenheiti)

dolberi (Dolbear)
besi (Bessey)

T=0.25N+40

T=0.21N+40.4

besiebis monacemebi

WriWinis raodenoba wuTSi

nax. 2.2.4

dakvirvebebs efuZneboda. dolberisa da besiebis modelebi warmoadgenen wrfiv

modelebs, ramdenadac F temperaturasa da N daWriWinebis sixSires (raodenoba
erT wuTSi) Soris kavSiri wrfivi funqciiTaa gamoxatuli. realurad es
damokidebuleba ufro rTulia, rogorc es nax. 2.2.4-dan Cans, sadac
horizontalur RerZze N-ia gadazomili, vertikalur RerZze ki _ F. Zmebis mier
Catarebuli dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom xalxuri formula maT formulasTan
SedarebiT naklebad zustia. unda SevniSnoT, rom temperaturis dadgenis es
meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes mxolod zafxulis bolos _ Semodgomis
dasawyisSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom WriWinebi mxolod RamiT WriWineben,
amasTan erTad roca temperatura 50 F -ze metia.

7. (-3,
-4.) .25
farenheitis Skala aris temperaturuli Skala, romelSic temperaturuli intervali yinulis dnobasa da wylis duRils Soris normaluri atmosferuli wnevis
dros (vercxliswylis svetis 760 mm anu 101325 pa) gayofilia 180 Tanabar nawilad _ farenheitis gradusebad ( F ), amave dros yinulis dnobis temperaturad
32 F , wylis duRilis temperaturad ki 212 F aris miRebuli. Skala SemoiRo 1724
w. germanelma fizikosma d. g. farenheitma (farenhaiti, Fahrenheit, 1686 _ 1736).
tradiciulad gamoiyeneba zogierT qveyanaSi (kerZod, aSS-Si).

celsiusis Skala aris temperaturuli Skala, romelSic temperaturuli intervali yinulis dnobasa da wylis duRils Soris normaluri atmosferuli wnevis
dros gayofilia 100 Tanabar nawilad _ celsiusis gradusebad ( C ), amave dros
yinulis dnobis temperaturad 0 C , wylis duRilis temperaturad ki 100 C aris
miRebuli. Skala SemoiRo 1742 w. Svedma mecnierma a. celsiusma (A. Celsius, 1701
_ 1744).
farenheitisa da celsiusis SkalebiT temperaturebs Soris kavSiris formula
SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas x1 , y1 da x 2 , y 2 wertilebze gamavali wrfis (2.2.4) gantolebiT, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom wyali iyineba farenheitiT 32 F -ze da
celsiusiT _ 0 C -ze, e. i. x1 , y1 (32 , 0) , xolo duRs farenheitiT 212 F -ze da
celsiusiT _ 100 C -ze, e. i. x 2 , y 2 (212 , 100) :
C 100 F 212

,
0 100 32 212
saidanac
100
100
5
C
( F 212) 100
( F 212 180) ( F 32) .
180
180
9

8. 2.3.1 (-3, -9) .26-27

Teorema 2.3.1. vTqvaT, A, B , C R . maSin
x 2 y 2 Ax By C 0
(2.3.2)
gantolebis amonaxsnTa simravle warmoadgens an wrewirs, an wertils, an
cariel simravles.
damtkiceba. gamoviyenoT srul kvadratamde Sevsebis meTodi (es meTodi cnobili
iyo jer kidev Zvel babilonSi):
2

2
A2
A
A2
A
A A
x Ax x 2 x x 2 2 x

x
.
2
2

4
4
2
4
analogiurad miviRebT
2

B
B

y By y
.

2
4
CavsvaT es ukanaskneli gamosaxulebebi (2.3.2)-Si:
2

A
A2
B
B2

y
C 0,
x

2
4
2
4
saidanac
2

A
B

x y D,

2
2
sadac
D

A2 B 2
C.
4

(2.3.3)

Tu D 0 , SemoviRoT aRniSvna r: D . maSin (2.3.3) iqneba r radiusiani wrewiris

A B
gantoleba centriT , wertilSi. Tu D 0 , maSin (2.3.3) gantoleba niSnavs
2 2
imas, rom ori arauaryofiTi ricxvis jami
2

A
B

x y 0.

2
2
es ki imas niSnavs, rom TiToeuli maTgani nuli unda iyos, e. i., (2.3.3)-is
amonaxsni warmoadgens erT wertils koordinatebiT
A
B
x , y .
2
2
Tu D 0 , maSin ar arsebobs namdvil ricxvTa ( x , y ) wyvili, romelic (2.3.3)-s daakmayofilebs. amdenad, amonaxsnTa simravle carielia.

9. ( -3. -9) .27-29

Teorema 2.4.1. vTqvaT, A, B , C R , B 0 , maSin
x 2 Ax By C 0
(2.4.1)
gantolebis amonaxsnTa simravle warmoadgens parabolas vertikaluri RerZiT.
damtkiceba. cxadia,
2

A
A2

By C 0 ,
x
2
4

saidanac

(2.4.2)

A
A2
A 2 4C

.
B y
x By C
2
4
4 B

(2.4.3)

SemoviRoT axali koordinatTa sistema, romelic miiReba sistemis paraleluri

gadataniT, rac gamoxatulia
A
A 2 4C
X , y
Y
2
4B
formulebiT. maSin axali saTavis koordinatebi Zveli sistemis koordinatebis
mimarT iqneba
x

A A 2 4C
,
.
4B
2
Tu davuSvebT, rom B 4 p , maSin (2.4.3) gantoleba miiRebs
X 2 4 pY
saxes, rac swored parabolis gantolebas warmoadgens.

10. ( - 6, -4)
.38-39
racionTa matricebi. vTqvaT, sakvebi Seicavs cxovelis sicocxlisTvis aucilebel nivTierebas, magaliTad, A vitamins*) da i -Ti aRvniSnavT am vitaminis raodenobas 1 kg i-ur sakvebSi (i 1,2, , n) . maSin veqtor-striqoni

a : 1 , 2 , , n
iZleva vitaminis ganawilebas sakvebebis mixedviT. vTqvaT, cxoveli Wams pirveli
sakvebis x1 kg-s, me-2 sakvebis x2 kg-s da a.S. n-uri sakvebis xn kg-s. rogor gamovTvaloT A vitaminis raodenoba, romelsac cxoveli dReSi iRebs?

cxadia, amisTvis sakmarisia, a veqtori skalarulad gavamravloT

x : x1 , x 2 ,, x n veqtorze

(a , x ) 1 x1 2 x 2 n x n .
skalaruli namravli SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc matricTa namravlis kerZo
SemTxveva, rogorc 1 n ganzomilebiani a matricis gamravleba n 1 ganzomilebiani
x1

x2

X



x
n
matricze. matricTa gamravlebis wesis gamoyenebiT gveqneba
x1

x2

1 , 2 ,..., n 1 x1 2 x2 xn n .



x
n
marjvena nawilSi miviReT erTelementiani matrici, e.i., ricxvi. misi elementis
sidide gviCvenebs A vitaminis raodenobas, rasac cxoveli erT dReSi miiRebs.
axla ganvixiloT ufro rTuli SemTxveva. vTqvaT, gvainteresebs sami A, B, C vitaminis cxovelis mier miRebis sakiTxi. vTqvaT, 3 n ganzomilebiani
1 2 n

M 1 2 n

1 2 n

*)

vitaminebi aris sxvadasxva qimiuri bunebis organul naerTTa jgufi. vitaminebis

erTeulia mg/kg (miligrami kilogramSi).

matrici gviCvenebs sakvebSi vitaminebis raodenobas. yoveli striqoni Seesabameba

calkeul vitamins, xolo yoveli sveti _ calkeul sakvebs. amrigad, pirveli
sakvebis 1 kg Seicavs 1 raodenobis A vitamins, 1 raodenobis B vitamins, 1
raodenobis C vitamins da a. S. vTqvaT, X matrici-sveti dRe-RameSi sakvebis
moxmarebis maCvenebelia. rom gavigoT cxovelis mier dRe-RameSi miRebuli
vitaminebis raodenoba, unda vipovoT M da X matricebis namravli.
1 2

MX 1 2

1 2

x
n 1 1 x1 2 x 2 ... n x n

x
n 2 1 x1 2 x 2 ... n x n .

n 1 x1 2 x 2 ... n x n
xn

miviReT matrici-sveti, romlis I elementi aris A vitaminis, II elementi _ B vitaminis da III elementi _ C vitaminis saerTo raodenoba, rasac cxoveli dRe-RameSi iRebs.

11. (
3, () 2.) . 47-48
y x , R1 , saxis funqcias xarisxovani funqcia
ewodeba, sadac x fuZea, xolo _ xarisxis
maCvenebeli. am funqcias biologiaSi modelirebisas mravali gamoyeneba aqvs. magaliTad,
altmanisa da ditmeris*) mier dadgenilia Semdegi
miaxloebiTi formula

400
200

10

20

nax.5.1.5

30

1
4

P 200w ,
romelic ZuZumwovrebis P pulss (gulis SekumSvaTa raodenobas wuTSi) warmoadgens rogorc w wonis (kg-Si) funqcias. rogorc vxedavT, mcirewoniani cxovelebis pulsi ufro maRalia, vidre mZimewoniani cxovelebis (ix. nax. 5.1.5).

12. _ . 48-49 (10)

y a x , a const >0, saxis funqcias maCvenebliani funqcia ewodeba, sadac a fuZea,
xolo x _ xarisxis maCvenebeli. is gvxvdeba, magaliTad, malTusis diskretuli
modelis analizisas. vTqvaT, n-iT aRniSnulia aTwleulis nomeri raime droidan
(magaliTad, 1790 wlidan), xolo Pn -iT _ mosaxleobis raodenoba n-ur aTwleulSi. malTusma mogvca mosaxleobis raodenobis gansazRvris Semdegi modeli: mocemul aTwleulSi mosaxleobis raodenoba miiReba wina aTwleulSi
mosaxleobis raodenobaze am ukanasknelisa da r saSualo zrdis koeficientis
(tempis) namravlis damatebiT. maTematikurad es modeli ase Caiwereba:
Pn1 Pn rPn (1 r) Pn .
(5.1.4)
zrdis r tempi aSS-Si 1790 wlidan 1860 wlamde 0,349-is toli iyo. (5.1.4)-dan cxadia,
P1 (1 r ) P0 ,

P2 (1 r ) P1 (1 r ) 2 P0 ,
......................................

(5.1.5)

Pn (1 r ) Pn1 (1 r ) 2 Pn2 (1 r ) n P0 .
amrigad,
Pn (1 r ) n P0 ,
(5.1.6)
rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom mosaxleoba izrdeba rogorc maCvenebliani funqcia.
(5.1.6) formula SeiZleba ufro mkacrad damtkicdes maTematikuri induqciis principis gamoyenebiT, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
A mtkiceba, damokidebuli n naturalur parametrze (e. i. mas A(n) saxe aqvs),
damtkicebulad iTvleba, Tu samarTliania A(1) , da A(n) -is samarTlianobidan
gamomdinareobs A(n 1) -is samarTlianoba.
marTlac, is, rom (5.1.6) samarTliania n 1 -sTvis, cxadia (5.1.5)-dan. axla davuSvaT
misi samarTlianoba n-sTvis, e. i. vuSvebT (5.1.6)-is samarTlianobas da vaCvenoT,
rom is samarTliani iqneba (n 1) -isTvisac. (5.1.4) da (5.1.6)-dan naTelia, rom
Pn 1 (1 r ) Pn (1 r )(1 r ) n P0 (1 r ) n 1 P0 .

13. (
-3, () 2.) .50
bavSvebSi H simaRlesa (sm-Si) da w wonas (kg-Si) Soris kavSiri moicema (ix. nax.
5.1.6)
H ( w) 49,5 ln w 34,14
formuliT. es formula miRebulia aSS-Si 5-dan 13 wlamde gogonebze dakvirvebis
Sedegad.
simaRle (sm)

wona (kg)
nax. 5.1.6

14. ( _2,
_4. 2.) .6465
y f ( x) wirisadmi mxebi gavlebulia
x 0 , y 0 wertilSi. radgan mxebi, rogorc

}
}

nax. 6.1.1
y
(x1, y1)

amrigad,

y1-y0

(x0,y0=f(x0))
b

wertilis

x0 , y0

wertilSi y f ( x) wirisadmi

gavlebuli mxebis
x1

y f x 0 f ' x 0 x x 0
gantolebas.
mxebisadmi marTobul wrfes

x0 , y0

wertilSi y f ( x) wirisadmi gavlebuli normali ewodeba. mis

gantolebas eqneba

nax. 6.1.2
y f x 0

x1 , y1

nebismierobis gamo miviRebT

x-x0
x0

wrfe, x 0 , y 0 da ( x1 , y1 ) wertilebze gadis, maT unda daakmayofilon wrfis

gantoleba, e. i.
y0 mx0 b ,
y1 mx1 b .
Tu meores gamovaklebT pirvels, miviRebT
y1 y 0 m x1 x 0 ,
saidanac wrfis m daxrisTvis miviRebT
y y0
.
m 1
x1 x 0
rac, (6.1.1)-is da nax.6.1.2-is
gaTvaliswinebiT, mogvcems
y y0
tg 1
f ' ( x0 )
x1 x0
.

1
x x 0
f ' x 0

saxe, ramdenadac urTierTmarTobi wrfeebis daxrebis namravli (-1)-is toli unda

iyos, marTlac Cven SemTxvevaSi daxrebis namravli

1
f ' ( x 0 ) 1 .
f ' ( x0 )

15. _ .65 (3)

vTqvaT, raime sagani Tanabrad da sworxazovnad moZraobs da erTi
wertilidan meore wertilamde s
manZili t droSi gaiara. Ganvlili
manZilis drosTan Sefardebas siCqare
ewodeba:
x
,
f(x
)
( 0 0)
s
v .
t
Tu moZraoba araTanabaria, maSin
gavlili manZilis amisTvis saWiro
x0
O
x
drosTan Sefardeba gvaZlevs
miaxloebiT (saSualo) siCqares:
st 2 s t1
v
.
nax. 6.1.3
t 2 t1
(6.1.3)
rac ufro mcirea moZraobis t 2 t1 dro, miT ufro zusti iqneba siCqaris
mniSvneloba. zRvari ki, roca t 2 t1 , bunebrivia, t1 momentSi `myisieri~ siCqaris
mniSvnelobad miviRoT.
y

16. _.66-67 (9)

katebi da simZimis Zala. kata evoluciis procesSi Camoyalibda, rogorc erTerTi saukeTeso ZuZumwovari mtacebeli. magaliTisTvis, zogan Sinaurma katebma
mgalobeli Citebis 60%-ic ki gaanadgures. Sinauri kata im kataTagan warmoiSva,
romlebic xeebze nadirobasTan iyvnen adaptirebulni, rac udides
moxerxebulobasa da siswrafes moiTxovs. aRniSnul katebs Zalian moqnili
xerxemali aqvT, rac maT msxverplze daxtomisas warmoqmnili dartymis
amortizirebis saSualebas aZlevs. amdagvari moqnilobis gamo katas aqvs
vardnis procesSi swrafad gadatrialebisa da miwaze yovelTvis fexebiT daxtomis unari.
vardnis procesSi tanis swrafad gasworebis katebis am unars adamianebi
yovelTvis aRtacebaSi mohyavda. katis vardnisadmi miZRvnili samecniero
naSromebis raodenoba mcirea. niu-iorkis binebidan katebis vardnis gamokvlevam
uCvena, rom maRali sarTulebidan gadmovardnili katebi ukeT ecemodnen miwaze,
vidre Sua sarTulebidan gadmovardnilebi. rogorc Cans, gadmovardnisas kata
tans swrafadve asworebs, Tumca misi sxeuli daZabuli rCeba, maSin, rodesac
didi simaRlidan gadmovardnisas vardnis mdgomareobaSi myofi kata dundeba da
fexebiT iRebs paraSutis formas, rac mciredad anelebs siswrafes da Sedegad

dacemac ufro msubuqia. saSualo simaRleebidan gadmovardnisas kata ZiriTadad

aRwevs saboloo siCqares (mizidulobis Zalisa da haeris winaaRmdegobis
balansis gamo), magram sxeulis daZabuloba da naklebi elastikuroba fataluri
an mZime dazianebebis albaTobas zrdis.
vardnisas haeris winaaRmdegobis modelirebis sirTuleebis analizi cdeba
kursis miznebs, magram Cven SegviZlia movaxdinoT vardnisas simZimis ZaliT
gamowveuli aCqarebiT miRebuli pirveladi dinamikis modelireba. Tu kata xidan
vardeba, moZraoba xasiaTdeba simZimis Zalis ZiriTadi kanoniT. niutonis*) meore
kanonis Tanaxmad, masisa da aCqarebis namravli obieqtze moqmedi yvela Zalis
jamis tolia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazogadod, siCqare ganvlili manZilis
warmoebulia droiT. SevniSnoT, rom aCqareba (siCqaris cvlilebis siCqare)
siCqaris warmoebulia droiT. TanabradaCqarebuli moZraobis dros siCqare
v v0 at ,
(6.1.15)
sadac v0 sawyisi (e.i. roca t 0 ) siCqarea, a const ki aCqarebaa, xolo gavlili
manZili (vgulisxmobT, rom sawyis t 0 momentisaTvis gavlili manZili nulis
tolia), romelic (6.1.15)-is integrebiT miiReba,
at 2
.
2
2
Tavisufali vardnis dros sawyisi siCqare v0 0 , xolo aCqareba g 9,8m/wm
-is
tolia. amitom vardnis dros t momentisaTvis gavlili manZili (1 futi 30,48sm-is
tolia)
s v0 t

9,8t 2
32t 2
m
futs 16t 2 futs.
2
2
Tu sxeuli (Cven SemTxvevaSi kata) vardeba h0 simaRlidan, maSin vardnis
dawyebis Semdeg Tu ra simaRlezea sxeuli drois t momentSi, moicema
h(t ) h0 s h0 16t 2
(6.1.16)
formuliT, radgan is gadmovardnis simaRles gamoklebuli gavlili manZilis
tolia.
vTqvaT, kata gadmovarda h0 16 futis simaRlis totidan. vardnisas drois t
momentSi Tu ra h (t ) simaRlezea, kata, (6.1.16)-is Tanaxmad, ganisazRvreba
s

h(t ) 16 16t 2
formuliT. cxadia, sawyis t 0 momentSi simaRle
h(0) 16 16 02 16 .
ismis kiTxva: ra xnis ganmavlobaSi vardeba kata da ris tolia misi siCqare
miwaze danarcxebisas? pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxi advili gasacemia, radgan
dacemisas kata nulis tol simaRlezea miwidan, e. i. Cven unda amovxsnaT Semdegi
0 h(t ) 16 16t 2
gantoleba, saidanac

16 16t 2 0 ,

16t 2 16 ,

t 2 1,

t 1 wm,

radgan dro dadebiTi sididea. amdenad, dacemisas siCqaris gamosaTvlelad unda

vipovoT vardnisas gavlili manZilis warmoebuli, roca t 1:
v (t ) s ' (t ) 16 2t 32t
da

ft
.
v (t ) 32

wm

17.y=sinx ( -9. -3) .76-82

y sin x
1. . y sin x funqciis gansazRvris area x ] ;[ .
-. f ( x) sin x . ganvixiloT

f ( x) sin( x) .
nax. 6.4.1-ze mocemulia r-radiusiani wre. I meoTxedSi gadavzomoT
toli kuTxe. sin -s ganmartebis Tanaxmad (ix. gansazRvra 6.1.5),
sin

(6.4.5)
radianis

y
.
r

cxadia,
sin( )

y
y
sin .
r
r

bolo tolobis ZaliT, (6.4.5) toloba Semdegi saxiT gadaiwereba

f ( x) sin( x) sin x f ( x) ,
e. i. y sin x funqcia kentia.
. funqcia periodulia da misi umciresi dadebiTi periodia 2 . marTlac, radgan

sin(2 x) sin 2 cos x cos 2 sin x sin x ,

amitom 2 warmoadgens erT-erT periods. vaCvenoT, rom is umciresi dadebiTi
periodia. Tu davuSvebT, rom 0 l 2 periodia, maSin

sin( x l ) sin x
nebismieri x-sTvis, maT Soris x 0 -sTvisac, rac imas niSnavs, rom

sin l sin 0 0 ,

rac marTebulia 2 -ze naklebi mxolod erTi l mniSvnelobisTvis. magram

ar warmoadgens sin x -is periods, radgan sin 1 , sin 1 .

2
2

amdenad, sakmarisia misi grafiki avagoT [0,2 ] SualedSi, xolo Semdeg

gadavitanoT marjvniv da marcxniv 2 periodiT.
2. .
3. X Y . y sin x funqciis grafiki x RerZs kveTs, roca
sin x 0 -s, e. i. x k , k 0, 1, 2,... wertilebSi, y RerZs ki (0,0) wertilSi,
radgan y sin 0 0 .
4. .
lim (sin x ) ar arsebobs.
x

5. -

f(x)=x2
> 0,
,

6.
f ( x) sin x .

f(x)=cosx < 0,

f ' ( x) cos x 0 , roca x

k , k 0; 1; 2; .

ganvixiloT f " ( x) :

f " ( x) sin x f " k sin k

2

0, roca k 2 j,
cos k
j 0; 1; 2; ....

0
,
roca
k

2
j

1
,

miviReT, rom x

2j , j 0, 1, 2,... , wertilebi funqciis maqsimumis

*)
*)
sin 2 2j 1 wertilebia, xolo x 2 (2 j 1) , e. i. x 2 2j ,

j 0, 1, 2,... , wertilebi _ funqciis minimumis sin 2j 1 wertilebia.

2
eqstremumis wertilebis Sesabamis wiris wertilebSi gavlebuli mxebi x RerZis
paraleluria.

7. , ;
f ( x) sin x .

0 , III da IV meoTxedebSi,
f " ( x ) sin x
0 , I da II meoTxedebSi,
e. i. funqciis grafiki Cazneqilia, roca x ] 2k ,2k[ , k 0; 1; 2; ..., kerZod,
] ,2 [ intervalze, da amozneqilia, roca x ]2k , (1 2k )[ , k 0; 1; 2; ..., kerZod,
]0, [ intervalze. cxadia, rom

f " (k ) sin(k ) 0 ,
rac imas niSnavs, rom x k gadaRunvis wertilebia, radgan k wertilis erT
mxares funqcia Cazneqilia, xolo meore mxares amozneqili.
gamovTvaloT gadaRunvis 0 da wertilebSi gavlebul mxebTa mier x RerZTan
Sedgenili kuTxeebi. wirisadmi gavlebuli mxebis gantolebis formulidan
Sesabamisad gveqneba (ix. $ 6.1)
y sin 0 sin' 0 ( x 0) da y sin sin' ( x ) ,

e.i.
y cos 0 x da y cos ( x ) .

saidanac, Sesabamisad,
y x da y x .

magram, radgan sakuTxo koeficienti (ix. $ 6.1) tg m f ' ( x0 ) , amitom tg 1 ,

roca x0 0 , da tg 1 , roca x0 . Sesabamisad

, roca x0 0 , da

3
, roca x0 .
4
8.
funqciis grafiks asimptotebi ar aqvs. marTlac,

an rac igivea

k lim

f ( x)
sin x
lim
0
x
x
x

magram
b lim [ f ( x) kx] lim sin x .
x

es ukanaskneli ki ar arsebobs, e.i., b ar arsebobs. amdenad, asimptotebic ar

arseboben.

9.

18. (-5, _9.) .84-86

Tu f uwyveti funqciaa Ria intervalze, romelic [a, b] segments Seicavs, maSin:
b

d
f ( x)dx f (b) ;
1.
db a

(7.2.1)
b

2. Tu f x F ' ( x ) , maSin

f ( x)dx F ( x)

b
a

F (b) F (a ) .

(7.2.2)

(7.2.2) formulas niuton-laibnicis formula ewodeba, romelic 7.1 paragrafSi

gansazRvruli integralis ganmartebad miviReT. F ( x ) funqcias, rogorc es 7.1
paragrafSi iyo aRniSnuli, ewodeba f ( x) funqciis pirvelyofili, primitiuli
funqcia. mas uwodeben agreTve antiwarmoebuls an ganusazRvrel integrals da
weren

formiTac.

f ( x)dx

damtkiceba. warmoebulis cnebis Sesabamisad

b b
b

d
f ( x ) dx lim
b 0
db a

b b

f f

f f

lim

b 0

b b

f
lim

b 0

vTqvaT, b 0 , maSin, 7.1.5 Sedegis Tanaxmad,

b b

b min f ( x)
b x b b

f ( x)dx b
b

max f ( x) ,

b x b b

e. i. b -ze gayofis Semdeg,

b b

f ( x)dx
b

max f ( x) .
(7.2.4)
b xb b
b
Tu (7.2.4)-Si b -s nulisken mivaswrafebT, miviRebT, rom
min f ( x)

b x b b

(7.2.3)

b b

f ( x)dx
f (b) lim

f (b)

b 0

saidanac
b b

f ( x)dx
b

f (b).
(7.2.5)
b
roca b 0 , maSin (7.2.4)-is analogiurad miviRebT, rom
lim

b 0

(b) min f ( x)
b b x b

f ( x)dx (b)
b b

max f ( x) ,

b b x b

saidanac, b -ze gayofisa da 7.1.3 gansazRvris gaTvaliswinebiT,

gamomdinareobs, rom
b b

f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx

b b
max f ( x) .
b b x b
b
b
aqedan, b -s nulisken miswrafebis Semdeg, miviRebT
min f ( x)

b b x b

b b

f ( x)dx
b

f (b).
(7.2.6)
b
radgan marjvena da marcxena zRvrebi tolia, amitom arsebobs
lim

b 0

b b

f ( x)dx
b

f (b).
(7.2.7)
b
(7.2.3)-dan da (7.2.7)-dan gamomdinareobs (7.2.1).
Tu (7.2.1)-s gamoviyenebT, gveqneba, rom x [a, b] -sTvis
lim

b 0

x
x

d
d
f ( t ) dt f ( x ) f ( x ) 0 .
F ( x ) f ( t ) dt F ' ( x )
dx
dx a

cnobilia, rom Tu raime intervalze funqciis warmoebuli nulis tolia, maSin

es funqcia raime C mudmivis tolia. amitom
x

F ( x) f (t )dt C .

(7.2.6)

Tu am ukanasknelSi CavsvamT
xa,
miviRebT, rom
a

F (a ) f (t )dt C ,
a

saidanac
C F (a ) .

(7.2.7)

amdenad, (7.2.6)-dan da (7.2.7)-dan davaskvniT, rom

x

f (t )dt F ( x) F (a) .

(7.2.8)

Tu (7.2.8)-Si CavsvamT
x b,
cxadia,
b

f (t )dt F (b) F (a) .

a

rac emTxveva (7.2.2)-s, radgan advili misaxvedria, rom integralis mniSvneloba

saintegracio cvladze damokidebuli ar aris.

19. ( -6,
-4) .36-37
matricebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT epidemiologiaSi pirveli da
meore rigis kontaqtebis amocana. vTqvaT, 3 adamiani daavadda infeqciuri daavadebiT da mimdinareobs 6 adamianisgan Semdgari jgufis gamokiTxva avadmyofTa
(pirvel) jgufTan kontaqtebis dadgenis mizniT. garda amisa, xdeba 7
adamianisgan Semdgari mesame jgufis gamokiTxva maTi meore jgufTan
kontaqtebis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, igulisxmeba, rom pirveli da mesame jgufSi
Semaval pirTa Sexvedra gamoricxulia. SemoviRoT 3 6 ganzomilebis A aij
matrici Semdegnairad: Tu meore jgufis j-ur adamians hqonda kontaqti pirveli
jgufis i-ur adamianTan, maSin CavTvaloT, rom aij 1 , winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi (e.
i. maT kontaqti ar hqoniaT) CavTvaloT, rom aij 0 . analogiurad SemoviRoT 6 7
ganzomilebis B bij

matrici da CavTvaloT, rom bij 1 , Tu mesame jgufis j-ur

adamians hqonda kontaqti meore jgufis i-ur adamianTan, xolo winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi CavTvaloT, rom bij 0 . es ori matrici aRwers pirveli rigis
kontaqtebs jgufebs Soris. magaliTad, vTqvaT, A da B matricebs aqvT Semdegi
saxe

0
0 0 1 0 1 0
1

A 1 0 0 1 0 0 , B

0
0 0 1 1 0 1
0

0 1 0 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1
.
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0

gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi a24 1 niSnavs, rom meore jgufis meoTxe adamians

hqonda kontaqti pirveli jgufis meore avadmyofTan. b33 0 niSnavs, rom mesame
jgufis mesame adamians ar hqonia kontaqti meore jgufis mesame adamianTan.
Tu Cven gvainteresebs arapirdapiri kontaqtebi (e. w. meore rigis kontaqtebi),
e. i. mesame jgufis adamianebis kontaqtebi pirveli jgufis sam avadmyofTan,
maSin pasuxs miviRebT A da B matricebis gamravlebiT:
C cij AB .

elementi
6

cij aik bkj

k 1

gvaZlevs mesame jgufis j-uri adamianis pirveli jgufis i-ur avadmyofTan arapirdapiri kontaqtebis ricxvs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi
1 1 0 1 0 1 1

C AB 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 .

2 0 1 1 0 2 1
c23 elementi gviCvenebs, rom mesame jgufis mesame adamians hqonda meore rigis 2
kontaqti pirveli jgufis meore avadmyofTan. SevniSnoT, rom mesame jgufis meeqvse adamians pirveli jgufis pirvel, meore da mesame avadmyofTan hqonda Sesabamisad 1, 1 da 2 meore rigis kontaqti, e. i. pirveli jgufis avadmyofebTan,
saerTo jamSi, hqonda 1 1 2 4 meore rigis kontaqti. mesame jgufis mexuTe
adamians ki meore rigis kontaqtebi avadmyofebTan saerTod ar hqonia.


1.

( - 3 , - 4 .) _ . 18-19 ......... 1

2.

2.2.1 ( - 3, - 9.) _ .19-22 .. 1

3.

2.2.2 ( - 3, - 4.) _ .22-23

4

4.

2.2.3 ( - 3, - 5.)
4

5.

( -3. -4.) . 23-24 ............ 5

6.

_ . 24-25 ............................................................................................ 5

7.
(-3, -4.)
.25 6
8.

2.3.1 (-3, -9) .26-27 .......................... 7

9.

( -3. -9) .27-29................................................... 8

10.

( - 6, -4) .38-39 . 9

11.
( 3,
() 2.) . 47-48................................................................................................................................. 10
12.

_ . 48-49 (10) ................................................................ 11

13.
( -3,
() 2.) .50 ....................................................................................................................................... 12
14.
( _2,
_4. 2.) .64-65 ...................................................... 13
15.

_ .65 (3) ..................................................................................................... 14

16.

_.66-67 (9)........................................................................................ 14

17.

y=sinx ( -9. -3) .76-82 ................................... 16

18.

(-5, _9.) .84-86 .................. 19

19.
( -6,
-4) .36-37 .............................................................................................................. 21