1.

nh ngha:
S nguyn A c gi l s chnh phng A = a 2 ( a Z )
2. Mt s tnh cht p dng khi gii ton:
( A, B ) = 1 v AB l s chnh phng th A, B l s chnh phng.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 0,1,4,5,6,9.
Nu A l s chnh phng th :
A 1( mod 8 ) nu
+Cn 1 s tnh cht v s d khi chia cho 5,6 ,7 cc bn c th t suy ra
bng cch t s ban u l nk+q (V d 5k+1,5k+2,5k+3).
S chnh phng khng tn cng bng 2 s l.
3.Mt s cch nhn bit s khng chnh phng:
A p v A / p 2 (p l s nguyn t)

B 2 < A < ( B + 1)2 vi B Z

A c ch s tn cng l 2,3 ,7 ,8.
4.Mt s iu cn lu :
>>>Khi gii cc bi ton v s chnh phng ta c th p dng phng php mun,
ngha l xt s d ca cc s chnh phng khi chia cho 1 s nguyn no .
Ta xt v d sau:
Tm k 4k + 3 = a 2 .
Gi s 4k + 3 = a 2
a 2 3 (mod 4) (1)
li c nu a l s chnh phng th
A 0,1(mod 4) (2)
T (1) v (2) v l
Vy khng k 4k + 3 l s chnh phng.
>>> S chnh phng c th dng gii ton v phng trnh nghim nguyn.
V d:Tm a N * phng trnh sau c nghim nguyn:
x 2 + 2ax-3a=0
'
Xt = a 2 + 3a
phng trnh c nghim nguyn th a 2 + 3a l s chnh phng
Li c
a 2 < a 2 + 3a < a 2 + 4a + 4
a 2 < a 2 + 3a < (a + 2) 2
Do
a 2 + 3a = a 2 + 2a + 1
a =1
Vi a = 1 phng trnh c nghim x = 1 hay x = 3.
5. Mt s bi tp v d:
Bi 1:Tm a 17 a + 8 l s chnh phng.
Theo bi y N 17a + 8 = y 2

 17(a 1) = y 2 25
17(a 1) = ( y 5)( y + 5)
y 517

y + 517
y = 17 n 5
a = 17n 2 10n + 1
Bi 2:Chng minh s 3n +63 khng chnh phng (n N , n 0, 4)
Xt n l .t n = 2k + 1.
C 32 k +1 (1)2 k +1 1(mod 4)
63 3(mod 4)
32 k +1 + 63 2(mod 4)
3n + 63 khng chnh phng
Xt n chn .t n = 2k ( k 0)
Gi s 3n + 63 l s chnh phng tc l
3n + 63 = y 2 ( y N * )
y3
t y = 3t ta c:
32 k + 63 = 9t 2
32 k 2 + 7 = t 2
t 2 (3k 1 ) 2 = 7
(t 3k 1 )(t + 3k +1 ) = 7
t 3k 1 = 1

k +`
t + 3 = 7
2.3k 1 = 6
3k 1 = 3
k =2
n = 4 (tri vi gi thit bi)
n
Vy 3 + 63 khng l s chnh phng n 0, n 4 .
Bi 3:Chng minh rng phng trnh x 2 + y 2 + 1 = z 2 c v s nghim nguyn.
n N * , ta chn x = 2n 2 ; y = 2n; z = 2n 2 + 1.
Ta c: x 2 + y 2 + 1 = (2n 2 ) 2 + (2n) 2 + 1 = (2n 2 + 1) 2 = z 2
Do phng trnh c v s nghim
Bi 4:
Cho p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin ( n > 1) .

Chng minh rng p 1 khng phi l s chnh phng.

Gi s p 1 l s chnh phng. Do p l tch ca s nguyn t u tin ( n > 1) suy ra

p 3 . Do p 1 1(mod 3)
t p 1 = 3k 1 .
Mt s chnh phng khng c dng 3k 1 .T y ta c iu mu thun.
Bi 5: Chng minh n7 + 34n + 5 khng chnh phng.
B : x 2 i (mod 7); i {0,1, 2, 4}
Theo nh l Fermat ta c: n7 n(mod 7)

n 7 + 34n + 5 35n + 5(mod 7)

n 7 + 34n + 5 5(mod 7)
Gi s n7 + 34n + 5 = x 2 , x N .
Suy ra x 2 5(mod 7) (v l)
Do n7 + 34n + 5 khng phi l s chnh phng.
Bi 6: Cho k1 < k 2 < k3 < ... l nhng s nguyn dng, khng c hai s no lin tip v
t S n = k1 + k2 + ... + k n , n = 1, 2,... .

Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng, khong [ S n , Sn +1 ) cha t nht mt s chnh

phng.
Nhn xt: khong [ S n , Sn +1 ) c t nht mt s chnh phng khi v ch khi khong

S n , Sn +1 c t nht mt s nguyn dng, tc l:

Ta c:
S n +1 S n 1
S n +1

Sn + 1

S n + kn +1

Sn + 1

kn +1 2 S n + 1
Theo bi r rng:
kn +1 k n + 2, n N *
S n nk n +1 n(n + 1)
Ta cn chng minh:
kn +1 2 nkn +1 n(n + 1) + 1
kn2+1 2kn +1 + 1 4nkn +1 4n(n + 1)
kn2+1 2(2n + 1)kn +1 + ( 2n + 1) 0
2

( k n +1 2n 1) 0.
2

S n +1 S n 1.

Bt ng thc cui cng l ng.

Do vi mi n khong [ S n , Sn +1 ) cha t nht mt s chnh phng.
Bi 7: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng m, tn ti mt s nguyn dng n sao
cho l s chnh phng v l s lp phng.
Chn n = m 2 + 3m + 3 th:
m 2 + n + 1 = (m + 2) 2
J
mn + 1 = (m + 1)3
6. Bi tp luyn tp.
a 2 + b2
a 2 + b2
Bi 1: Nu a, b Z v
Z th
Z l s chnh phng.
1 + ab
1 + ab
Bi 2: Tm tt c b s nguyn dng ( x, y , z ) sao cho
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 x( z 1) + 2 y ( z + 1) l s chnh phng.
Bi 3: Tm a 19a + 7 l s chnh phng.
Bi 4:Chng minh rng: 192 n + 5n + 2000(n N * ) khng phi l s chnh phng.
Bi 5: Tm n tng bnh phng cc s t 1 n n l s chnh phng.
Bi 6: Vi mi s nguyn dng n , hy xc nh (ph thuc theo n ) s tt c cc cp
th t hai s nguyn dng ( x, y ) sao cho x 2 y 2 = 102.302 n .
Ngoi ra chng minh s cc cp ny khng l s chinh phng.
Bi 7:Cho dy {an }n0 l dy s m a0 = a1 = 5 v an =
Chng minh rng

( an + 1)

an 1 + an +1
, n N * .
98

l s chnh phng , n N * .

6
Bi 8: Cho cc s
A = 11...11 ( 2m ch s 1)
B = 11...11 ( m + 1 ch s 1)
C = 66...66 ( m ch s 6 )
Chng minh rng: l mt s chnh phng.

Bi 9: Mt s c tng cc ch s l 2000 c th l s chnh phng hay khng.