Economic Long Span Concrete Floor Slabs

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A survey of 40 office buildings

with long-span concrete floors
P.W. Matthew BE, MSc, MIE(Aust)
and D.F.H. Bennett BSc, MSc, CEng, MICE
FOREWORD
This publication was commissioned by the Reinforced
Concrete Council.
The Group was set up in 1988 to promote better
knowledge and understanding of reinforced concrete design
and building technology.
Its members are Co-Steel Sheerness plc and Allied Steel
& Wire, representing the major suppliers of reinforcing steel
in the UK; and the British Cement Association, representing
the major manufacturers of Portland cement in the UK.
The authors of this publication are Peter Matthew, partner
with consulting engineers Powell, Tolner & Associates and
David Bennett, Senior Engineer in the Marketing Division
of the British Cement Association.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the following organizations for
their considerable help in providing the building data for
the survey:
Anthony Hunt/YRM Partnership
Beers
Bison Limited
Bunyan Meyer & Partners
Composite Structures Limited
DGI International plc
Ferguson & McIlveen
Frank Hodgson & Associates
James-Carrington and Partners
Jan Bobrowski and Partners
Ove Arup & Partners
Powell, Tolner & Associates
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Waterman Partnership
Thanks are also due to Brian Dyer of Tower Associates
for drafting the floor plans.
97.311
Published by the British Cement Association on behalf of

the industry sponsors of the Reinforced Concrete Council.
ISBN 0 72101386 4
British Cement Association

Telford Avenue, Crowthorne
Berks RG45 6YS
First published 1990

Reprinted 1994, 1995
Price Group F
Tel (01344) 762676

Fax (01344) 761214
@ British Cement Association 1990

All advice or information from the British Cement Association is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of
its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence] for any loss resulting from such
advice or information is accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publications are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore
ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NOTES ON SURVEY
DESIGN FEATURES OF SPECIAL INTEREST
CHOICE OF FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
Solid flat slabs

Ribbed slabs
Waffle slabs
One-way spanning solid slabs and beams
Precast slabs
Composite precast slabs
CONCLUSION
SURVEY DATA
Section 1:
Solid flat slabs

Reinforced - Buildings 1 to 7
Prestressed - Buildings 8 to 12
Section 2:
Ribbed slabs
Section 3:
Section 4:
Section 5:
15-19
20-22
23-29
Waffle slabs
Reinforced -Buildings 23 to 25
30-32
33-35
One-way spanning solid slabs

and beams
Buildings 29 to 33
36-40
Precast slabs
Buildings 34 to 36
Section 6:
8-14
41-43

Buildings 37 to 40
44-47
INTRODUCTION
Traditional concrete designs for office building have been
associated with either beam and slab or flat slab floors,
typically with 6 to 7.5 m spans. Occasionally, longer-span
floors have been designed using ribbed or waffle
construction. In recent times, changes in the requirements
of end-users and in developers specifications have led to
more open-plan offices and larger floors. This has
increased spans from 6 to 9 m, even to 15 m and more.
To verify the competitiveness of concrete long-span
floors, a survey has been conducted of concrete-framed
office buildings, the majority constructed in recent years.
Forty buildings of in situ, precast and composite
construction with long spans have been surveyed. In each
category, examples were found of floors designed in
reinforced and prestressed concrete to carry similar office
floor loadings.
For in situ structures, solid flat slabs and ribbed slab
designs were common, with spans varying from 6 to 15 m.
A number of precast structures with long spans, some
over 20 m, are reported, with composite in situ slabs acting
with precast ribs or other precast members.
(Figure 1) indicates a braced structure where the horizontal

forces are transmitted to shear walls by the floors acting as
diaphragms. In the case of an unbraced structure [Figure 2),
stability is provided from within the frame by the
interaction of columns and floors and referred to as frame
action.
All tables should be read in conjunction with the
corresponding floor plans and section details.
Shear walls
NOTES ON SURVEY
The survey data are presented in the second part of this
publication, beginning on page 7. The information has
been arranged according to structural floor types as
follows:
Section 1 - Solid flat slabs
Section 2 - Ribbed slabs
Section 3 - Waffle slabs
Section 4 - One-way spanning solid slabs and beams
Section 5 - Precast slabs
Section 6 - Composite precast slabs
The structural information and quantities of material
for each building surveyed are presented in tabular form
and are accompanied by a typical floor plan and floor
section.
For each building studied, quantities of concrete,
reinforcement and prestressing steel are expressed in
units/m2 of floor area. All quantities related to vertical
components, i.e. columns, walls, etc., have been excluded,
thus the effect of storey height and number of storeys is
eliminated.
The span/depth ratios given in the tables are based on
the maximum spans.
Notes on the design Code of Practice, concrete grade
and method of achieving frame stability have been added
to provide useful information on the design of the
structure.
The column headed Design loads gives the floor
loadings used in the structural design, i.e. imposed load,
finishes, partition and service loads: it does not include the
self-weight of the floor.
The method of achieving frame stability for each
building is indicated in the column headed Stability by
shear walls or frame action. The term shear walls
2
Figure
I:
Lateral stability provided by shear walls.
Figure 2: Lateral stability provided by frame action.
DESIGN FEATURES
Overall to suit column size

c
OF SPECIAL
INTEREST
J--r
650
Notes on a few of the buildings surveyed are given below to

highlight certain construction and design features that
provide particular economic advantages for a given floor
tY Pe.
Building 5
310 mm reinforced solid flat slab, span 9.5 x 7-3 m.
Lightweight aggregate concrete with a compressive
strength of 30 N/mm2 was used in order to reduce the
self-weight of the floor and the cost of the foundations.
As the span/depth ratio exceeded the guiding limits in
the Code (CPllO), compliance with maximum deflection
in the serviceability limit state was proved by calculation.
The floor slab was designed as a beam supporting a
one-way spanning flat slab, all within the 310 mm depth of
construction. The beam, 2.5 m wide, spans longitudinally
from the interior column to the lift core. The one-way
spanning slab is simply supported at the perimeter and
continuous over the beam.
-A-
Plan
Building 7
255 mm reinforced solid flat slab, span 9.2 x 6-0 m.

The deflection of the 255 mm flat slab was checked by
finite element analysis, taking full account of edge
stiffening from the perimeter columns and beams in
addition to the internal columns and frame. A lateral
stability check was carried out on a three-dimensional
computer model of the structure. The inherent stiffness of
the perimeter beams and columns plus the internal frame
eliminated the need for shear walls.
Section
Figure 3: Detail of steel shearhead.
Building 10
300 mm post-tensioned solid flat slab, span 9.4 x 9.0 m.
Steel cross-bracing, in combination with the floor slab
acting as a diaphragm, provided the lateral stability. Drop
panels were eliminated by forming shearheads within the
slab depth (Figure 3). All external columns were connected
to steel beams, composite with the slab, to cater for
punching shear.
Building 13
450 mm reinforced ribbed slab, span 9.0 m.
The wide-rib profile, spaced at 1.5 m centres, provides
adequate flexibility to accommodate small and large
service openings in the floor. The rib profile made it
possible to use table forms with integral grp rib moulds to
ensure a fast building programme (Figure 4).
Building 14
425 mm reinforced ribbed slab, span 9.0 m.

The irregular floor plan of the building and the clients
requirement for minimum column sizes resulted in it being
inappropriate to provide stability by frame action. Shear
walls, with no returns and a minimum of cross walls, were
specified to facilitate rapid construction of walls.
Figure 4: Grp rib moulds fixed to table forms.

3
Building 26
500 mm prestressed/reinforcement waffle slab,
span 12.0 X 12-O m.
The solid beam strips were post-tensioned, with the waffle
section reinforced. This allowed the waffle section to be
reinforced independently of the beams, thus speeding up
construction, whilst maintaining an economical floor
depth.
Building 31
335 mm one-way spanning prestressed solid slab,
span 12.6 m.
The frame was designed as a stacked portal, with 160 mm
precast perimeter walls supporting a 335 mm
post-tensioned solid slab. An important benefit in
post-tensioning the slab was that the end moments
transferred to the precast walls, due to dead load, were
negligible. This in turn led to manageable transfer
moments in the wall under ultimate load conditions.
The structural solution proved both economic and fast
to build, with a maximum net to gross floor area.
Building 36
200 mm precast floor slab, span 7.7 m.
The precast columns were designed as vertical cantilevers
fixed at the base to provide frame stability. The precast
floor beams were simply supported and designed as pin
joint connections to the columns.
Building 37
560 mm double-T floor units with in situ topping,
span 14.5 m.
Stability was achieved by a combination of shear walls at
the ends of the building and frame action developed from
the precast perimeter H frames. The H sections are formed
by adjacent perimeter columns and the perimeter edge
beam (Figure 5a). The precast column joints are positioned
at mid-storey height, i.e. the point of contra-flexure, so a
full moment connection to the double-T floor beam was
possible (Figure 5b). The precast frame was erected in just
under ten weeks.
2400
-II/
(a) Elevation
Figure 5: Detail of precast H frame.

4
4800
CHOICE OF FLOOR
SLAB DESIGN
In assessing the structural cost of a multi-storey building, it
is evident that the bulk of the cost is often for the floor slab
construction. Therefore, the overall economy of a structure
may depend on the efficiency and economy of the floor
slab system. While quantities of materials reflect the
efficiency of the design and structural layout, the actual
cost of the structure may also depend on such factors as
s p e e d o f construction, local market conditions,
competitive tendering, availability of labour and
equipment and cost of construction finance. Consequently
a structural design that has proved to be competitive in one
region may not always be competitive in another.
For a building to meet the needs of major financial
occupiers in todays market, the choice of floor design is
often determined by one or more of the following
considerations:
l
The need for long spans to provide floor space

uninterrupted by cores and columns.
0 A maximum floor-to-floor height which allows

adequate space for services and ducts, balanced against
planning pressure to limit overall building height.
0 An adaptable floor structure which can accommodate
future tenant alterations with maximum speed and
minimum disruption.
The wide range of floor construction in both
reinforced and prestressed concrete, highlighted in this
survey, demonstrates that concrete floors can be designed
economically to meet these requirements.
The types of floors and the reasons for choosing them
are given opposite.
I/
I I
I
I
2400
4,
(b) Section
Solid flat slabs (with or without

drops)
The principal feature of the dropless floor is its flush soffit
which requires only simple formwork and is easy to
construct (Figure 6a). The overall depth of this floor is a
minimum and it allows great flexibility for locating
horizontal services. However, the economical span range
of a reinforced floor is limited by shear in the vicinity of the
column supports and the need to control long-term
deflection.
The provision of drop panels at the column supports
(Figure 6b) avoids the need for shear reinforcement and
increases the stiffness of the slab and the economical span
range. Alternatively, a structural steel shearhead can be
incorporated to maintain a flush soffit to allow for easy
construction and efficient use of large forming systems
(Figure 6c).
Ribbed slabs
Providing ribs to the soffit of the floor slab can reduce the
quantity of concrete and reinforcement, and thus the
weight of the floor. The deeper, stiffer floor permits longer
spans to be used. Formwork complexity can be minimized

by the use of standard modular, re-usable formwork. When
flying form panels are used, the ribs should be positioned
away from the column lines. Ribbed slab floors are very
adaptable for accommodating a range of service openings
(Figure 7).
Waffle slabs
Waffle slab floors are commonly used when buildings are
subjected to heavy imposed loading. They are very
efficient in the use of materials and provide very
economical long spans, but the additional complexity of
formwork can often slow the construction. Where speed of
construction is critical, a ribbed slab or a shallow beam
solution is often preferred.
One-way spanning solid slabs

and beams
A wide, shallow beam profile is often preferred in order to
reduce the overall depth of the floor, whilst permitting
longer spans. The one-way spanning solid slab between
the beams facilitates the use of table forms for fast
construction (Figure 8).
1-2-1:::
1r-1
I--
~~-~~-l'-'
'-::-~J--,:-;:-:
:-,r-
Figure 7: Ribbed slab for flexibility to accommodate openings.
(b)
Figure 6: Solid flat slab: (a) without drop panels;

(b) with drop panels; (c) with shearhead.
Figure 8: Band beam and slab construction using tableforms.

5
Precast slabs
Precast slabs offer the advantage of off-site manufacture,

with a reduction in site labour and site formwork. When
the slabs are prestressed there are additional benefits of
longer spans and higher load capacity. A popular type of
precast floor is the hollow core slab (Figure 9). The
relatively lightweight units form a flush soffit when
placed. A shear key between units ensures load sharing
and the construction is commonly capable of developing
diaphragm action without the need for a structural
topping. The precast units are easy to remove and can
accommodate a wide range of floor openings.
Composite precast slabs combine precast floor elements

with in situ concrete in an economical way, eliminating
traditional formwork for floor construction, and providing
long-span floors. Thin precast concrete floor plates can be
combined with an in situ topping to form composite
one-way spanning floors up to 6 m long, or, in combination
with precast beams, to form a composite ribbed slab
(Figure lOa). For extremely long spans, double-T precast
beams and a composite in situ topping is preferred
(Figure 10b).
CONCLUSION
The buildings surveyed in this publication demonstrate
that reinforced and prestressed concrete floors with spans
ranging from 6 to 20 m, are technically feasible and
economically competitive.
This is a direct consequence of improved design and
analysis techniques, higher strength materials, better
construction methods and finally, more construction-led
design.
Figure 9: Precast hollow core planks:flexibility for alterations.
Figure IO: Composite floors: (a) precast ribbed floor;

(b) double-T beam floor.
6
SURVEY DATA
Section 1:
Solid flat slabs

Section 2: Ribbed slabs

Prestressed -Buildings 16 to 22
Section 3: Waffle slabs

Section 4:
One-way spanning solid slabs and beams

Buildings 29 to 33
Section 5: Precast slabs

Buildings 34 to 36
Section 6:

Buildings 37 to 40
SECTION 1
SOLID FLAT SLABS
7.2x7.2
mm
I
ratio
I
300
24
m3 1
0.30
Jr
kg
I
30.0
3600
Ji
1
I
6-O
Solid flat slab -reinforced
r ~~~~
Frame
action
3600
1"
GradeC40
Code BS 8110
7200
'i
3600
1"
3600
I-
300 slab
7
J
_I
No.
of
floors
10
Materials per m2
Design
of floor area
load
Depth Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar kN/,,$
Slab
Span
m
mm
ratio
7.5x6.1 3 0 0
Stability
Notes
Shear
walls
Grade C35
Code BS 8110
kg
25
0.30
45.0
6-O
300 slab
I
Typical floor plan
3000
3000
5 i(J 7500
A
i
8
2
400 slab
400 slab
mi
n
1
_L
1 /
Typical floor plan
10
No.
of
floors
7
Materials per m*
Design
of floor area
load
Depth Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar kN/,-,-,*
mm
ratio
kg
Slab
Span
m
65x45
250
26
0.25
29.0
5 0
Stability
Notes
Shear
walls
Grade C35
Code BS 8110
17 ccc 45
Typical floor plan
1`
No.
of
floors
4
Materials per m*
Design
of floor area
load
Slab
Span
m
Stability
Depth Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar kNirn2

mm
ratio
kg
9-5x 7.3 310
30.6
0.31
Typical floor plan
41.5
5.0
Shear
walls
Notes
(See page 3)
C30 lightweight
Code CP 110
Materials per m2
Design
of floor area
load
Depth Span/depth Co;;ete Rebar kN/r-$
mm
ratio
kg
Slab
No.
o
f
Span
floors
m
13
5800
8 0x7.2
275
3 irr 7200
275 slab
Typical floor plan
29
0.28
5800
40.7
5-o
Stability
Notes
Shear
walls
Grade C35
Code BS 81 10
Stability
I
9.2x6.0
7
I
I
I
255
II
0.26
36
Notes
(See page 3)
II
24.0
II
5.2
6200
5 ((I 6000
255 slab
Typical floor plan
14
Solid flat slab - prestressed
Span
m
Design
load
Depth Span/depth Con$ete Rebar Strand kN/r-$
ratio
mm
kg
kg
8.0x8-0 275
29.1
10-2
0,275
,.~- . .
Gl
Materials per m2
of floor area
Slab
No.
of
floors
10..0
Stability
Notes
Shear
walls
Grade C40
Code BS 8110
.j----
X
i..t
:*
x
x
x
Eico
Atrium
PI
P1
First-floor plan
Column head detail
15
Stability
7.2x 7.2 240
30.0
0.240
2.4
4.7
Notes
Shear
walls
6.5
* See Concrete Society TechnIcal Reports No 17 and No 25
3 ((I 7200
4800
0
0
cu
P-
Typical floor plan
:i,
950
I /
Column head detail
475
240
$ 50
i 250
Materials per m
of floor area
Slab
No.
of
floors
Span
m
Depth Span/depth Conx$ete

mm
ratlo
9 4x9-o 300
31 3
0 300
Design
l o a d
Rebar Strand kN/mz
kg
kg
14-l
78
50
Stability
Steel
bracing to
columns
Notes
(See page 3)
Grade C40
Code BS 8110
CS TR 17 & 25*
Steel c o l u m n s
with shearheads
* See Concrete Society TechnIcal Reports No 17 and No 25
45000
Typical floor plan
Cross-bracing
17
No
of
floors
Materials per m*
of floor area
Slab
Span
m
11 5 x 7 5 325
35 4
O-325
11
See Concrete Society TechnIcal Reports No 17 and No 25
Typical floor plan
Design
load
Depth Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand kN/mz
mm
ratio
m3
kg
kg
65
50
Stability
Notes
Frame
action
Grade C40
Code BS8110
CSTR 17&25*
Slab
Stability
7200
3600
Typical floor plan
Typical column head detail
7200
2400
*II
7200
3600
7200
Notes
SECTION 2
RIBBED SLABS
Ribbed slab -reinforced
Materials per m*
Rib
Beam
No.
Des
of floor area
,__ign
of
wad
floors Span Depth Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Concrc ?te R e b a r kN/m*
10
mm
ratio
mm
ratio
m3
kg
9.0
450
20.0
8.0
1200
x 450
13.3
0.23
39.5
7.5
Notes
Stability
(See page 3)
Frame
action
Grade C35
Code BS 8110
7 ((1 9000
Typical floor plan
Typidal rib section
20
Typical beam section
Ribbed slab - reinforced
No.
of
floors
11
Materials per m2
of floor area f$$ Stability
Beam
Rib
Notes
(See page 3)
Span Depth Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth ConcJete Rebar kN/m*

mm
ratio
kg
m
ratio
mm
m
9.0
425
9000
21 .l
9.0
1800
x425
6750
21.1
4 @ 7500
5.0
38.5
0.27
6750
Shear
walls
Grade C35
Code BS 8110
9000
5 (u, 9000
Typical floor plan
1500
_~~ __~
125
L
-t
T 1425
I I
l-l
7Ii
425
:
1800
250
Typical rib section
Ribbed slab - reinforced
floors Span Depth Span/depthSpan

m
mm
9.0 3 0 0
Materials per m2
of floor area Dri,n Stability
Beam
Rib
No.
ratio
30.0
B x D Span/depth
mm
1800
7-2 x 4 0 0
ratio
18.0
0.32
6 ((I 7200
29.0
5.0
Shear
walls
9000
1800
Typical rib section
22
Notes
Conc;ete Rc??r kN/mz
Grade C35
Code BS 8110
7200
Ribbed slab - prestressed
No.
of
Rib
Materials per m*
of floor area
Beam
Design
load
Stability
Notes
Frame
action
Grade C35
Code BS 8110
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/&
m
mm
mm
ratio
m
mm
ratio
kg
kg
3
9.0
3 2 5
1200
27-7
1800
18-5
6.0 x 3 2 5
Pt
0 194
12 6 3.65
6.0
Prestressed
Typical floor plan
100
325
Typical rib section
ki!
23
No.
-I
of
floors
Materials per m*
of floor area
Beam
Rib
Stability
Notes
Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Con;;ete Rebar Strand kN/t-$
m
22
9.0
mm
mm
250
750
ratio
36.0
mm
ratio
2200
7.5 x 2 5 0
30.0
kg
Pt
0.186
kg
7 . 0 3 5.79
*Prestressed
10 @ 7500
Typical floor plan
2200
750
125
A -
-r
.250
250
I-
175
Typical rib section
24
Design
load
Column head detail
5.0
Shear
walls
Grade C40
Code CP 110
Materials per m2
Beam
Rib
NO.
Design
of floor area
of
load
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Con;;ete Rebar Strand kN/m*
mm
mm
ratio
9.8 400
725
24.5
ratio
mm
1 9 4 1200
x 800
24.2
Pt
0.354
kg
kg
16.9
9.76
6.0
Stability
Shear
walls
Notes
Grade C40
Code CP 110
Prestressed
I.
I.
I.
13000
9350
9350
I.
10000
Typical floor plan
725
75
725
725
Typical rib section
25
Materials per m2
Rib
Beam
No.
Design
of floor area
o
f
load
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/r-$
m
5
mm
10.85 450
mm
850
ratio
mm
ratio
24.1
12.5
1500
x450
28.0
Prestressed
Typical floor plan
Typical section
Pt*
m3
kg
kg
0.280
8.3
6-63
5.0
Stability
Notes
Shear
Grade C40
walls
Code CP 110
Materials per m*
Beam
Rib
Design
No.
of floor area
load
o
f
floor s Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Conc;ete Rebar Strand kN/m*
m
5
mm
135 475
mm
ratio
1500
28 4
mm
ratio
9 . 0 1500
x475
Pt*
18.9
0,285
kg
kg
15.0
4.93
Notes
Stability
Shear walls Grade C40

and frame
Code BS 8110
action
60
l Prestressed
I II II II
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II
II
II
II
II
I
I I
L J -JLJLJ LJLJLJL-ILJLJ
I
I
I
II
II
II
I
I
I
II
II
II
r -1 -1rir-i r Iririririrl
II
II
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
LJL~ILJLJLJLJLJLJLJ
n
riririririr
II
II
II II
II
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
II
II
I I
LA _ _J L A L A LJLJLJLJLALJ LJLJLJLJLJLJLJLJL.~J
II
II
10
ll~-lrlrl
-
Typical floor plan
1500
125
1500
1, J:
425
Typical rib section
27
Materials per m2
Rib
Beam
Design
No.
of floor area
of
load
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/m2
m
mm
14.4 650
mm
ratio
22.2
2400
mm
ratio
1200
7.2 x 6 5 0
R.C.*
0,268 1 4 . 7
Notes
Shear
walls
Grade C40
Code BS 8110
kg
kg
11 .0
Stability
4.33
7.0
Reinforced
B0
8 @ 7200
1
:
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
II
I II
I
II
I II
II
II
II
II
II
:I
II
jl
11
II
ll
iI
iI
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
ll
II
II
II
n
II
n
Ii
I7
II
11
II
r7
II
fl
II
I4
L L
M
-IL
I I - I I AIL u lb
/
Typical floor plan
2400
28
II
II
J
u
u
u
H
H
H
H
H
- u .-IL Al- u -IL ii- il -IL II_
Typical section
II
500
Materials per m
Rib
Beam
Design
No.
of floor area
load
of
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/m
m
mm
mm
ratio
m
mm
ratio
kg
kg
4
16.3 525
31 .0
850
6.3
275
X1000
R.C.*
6.3
0.225
9.8
5.66
Stability
Shear
walls
6.0
Notes
Grade C40
Code CP 110
Reinforced
7 @ 6300
Typical floor plan
100
850
0
%
850
Typical section
29
SECTION 3
WAFFLE SLABS
No.
of
floors
5
Column
spacing
m
Waffle slab - reinforced
Materials per m*
Design
of floor area
Depth Span/depth
load
Stability
mm
ratio
Con-v$ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m2
21.2
6.6 X 7.43 350
5835
0.245
kg
kg
24.0
7425
Frame Grade C35

Code BS 8110
action
6-O
3 @ 4950
---*
Typical floor plan
Ribs at 900 crs
!
125
4;7
I
1600
Section at column head
30
Notes
No.
of
floors
3
Column
spacing
m
Materials per m2
Design
of floor area
Depth Span/depth
load
mm
ratio
Con;;ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m2
7.5x10 5 5 2 5
, 7500
typical
20.0
0.450
kg
kg
67.0
6-O
Stability
Notes
Frame Grade C35

action
Code BS 8110
Typical floor plan
Typical section
31
No.
of
floors
Column
spacing
m
10.18
x10.18
Depth Span/depth
mm
ratio
550
Materials per m*
of floor area
Design
load Stability
18-5
0.396
37.0
Typical section
9.0
Shear Grade C35

Code BS 8110
walls
3 @ 10180
Typical floor plan
32
Notes
Conc;ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m2
kg
kg
125 14
Waffle slab - prestressed
No.
of
floors
1
Materials per m2
of floor area
Design
Notes
Depth Span/depth
load Stability
(See page 4)
mm
ratio
Compete Rebar Strand kN/m2
kg
kg
Shear Grade C40
15.9
2.52
6.0
0.349
24.0
12.0x12.0 500
Code BS 6110
walls
Column
spacing
m
6000
4 @ 12000
CIOOOOOOO
rlnnnnnnrin
Typical floor plan
Typical section
125
33
No.
of
floors
2
Column
spacing
m
Materials per m*
Design
of floor area
Depth Span/depth
load Stability
mm
ratio
Cor?$ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m*
12.7x12.7 500
25.4
0.341
12700
Typical floor plan
Typical section
kg
kg
12.2
5.60
6.0
Shear
walls
Notes
Grade C35
Code BS 8110
Stability
Notes
~c~~~
Grade C40
Code BS 8110
CS TR No. 17*
*See Concrete Society Technical Report No 17
5 @ 15000
1
,;:j; ji
: : : _-:
::~:: ::p::-::-:,
;.:I.
-7..
:.::.
: ::
1
:.
li
ij
. -. .: ..-.. ~.i[:lI:
:.::..:..:.::.::
:~::..li:
::..LL
:
:~::z..
.I! j
:::.:
.::
a
:,
: .;_;;
1_~1;.1;.1;:1:.:1~1!_.
~..
:.~:.~::~
.,: :I..
.iilii:
:.!:~:.~I:.::.::.::.:!.:L.::!
!L :
:-::.::I:.,~ . . . . .
.~..~_.
,..,:
.,
: : ::r::
__,:
Lo:!
::~::
!!
.-..-.
:,
,,
:: :
::=::
,!
,I
: :, :
::-::-::.:,
,I
.,
,,
. . ..i.:
Atrium
Typical floor plan
Typical section
225
35
SECTION 4
ONE-WAY SPANNING
SOLID SLABS & BEAMS
One-way spanning
solid slab and beam
Materials per m2
Slab
Beam
No.
Design
of floor area
of
. load
floors Span Depth Span/depth Type Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/+
m
4
mm
ratio
7.43 200
37.2
m
Pt*
9.0 1 5 0 0
Prestressed
Typical floor plan
36
mm
x 500
ratio
18.0
m3
Pt*
0.261
kg
Stability
Notes
kg
1 4 . 0 4.11
4.0
Shear
Grade C35
walls
Code BS 8110
One-way spanning
solid slab and beam
Slab
Beam
No.
o
f
floors Span Depth Span/depth Type Span BxD Span/depth Type
m
mm
10.30 2 5 0
ratio
41.2
Pt*
mm
1500
6.0 x 4 5 0
ratlo
13.3
R.C.+
Materials per m2
of floor area
Design
load
Stability
Notes
Conc;ete Rebar Strand kN/m*

kg
kg
0.298
13.9
3.93
6.8
Shear
walls
Grade C30
Code CP 110
Prestressed +ReInforced
250 slab
Typical floor plan
37
One-way spanning
solid slab and beam
Materials per m2
Beam
Slab
Design
No.
of floor area
load
of
floors Span Depth Span/depth Type Span BxD Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/m2
ratio
m3
kg
kg
mm
m
mm
m
ratio
7
12.6 3 3 5
37.6
Pt*
Precast perimeter wall support
Prestressed
335 slab
Typical floor plan
38
0 335
11.8 8.25
6.8
Stability
Shear
walls
Notes
(See page 4)
C40 lightweight
Code BS 8110
One-way spanning
solid slab and beam
Beam
Slab
No.
of
floors Span Depth Span/dept Tyee Spnn BxD Span/depth Type
m
10
mm
6 75 220
ratio
30 7
R.C.* 10
mm
600x
0 6oo
Materials pe r m2
of floor area
Design
load
Stability
Notes
Shear
walls
C40 lightweight
Code CP 110
Conc;et e %??r StFgn d kN/m2
ratio
16.7
R.C.*
0.26
42-O
5 0
*ReInforced
E0
Typical floor plan
Main beam section
39
One-way spanning
solid slab and beam
No.
of
floors
Slab
Materials per m2
of floor area
Beam
Design
load
Span Depth Span/depth Type Span B x D Span/depth Type Con-$ete Rebar Strand kN/&
m
mm
m
mm
ratio
ratio
kg
kg
6.0
175
34.3
R.C.*
9.0
1500
x425
21.2
R.C.*
0.25
52.0
Reinforced
Typical floor plan
425
:
Typical section
40
5.0
Stability
Notes
Shear
walls
Grade C40
Code BS 8110
SECTION 5
PRECAST SLABS
Precast slab
Materials per m2 of floor area

Beam
Slab
Design
No.
In situ
Precast
load Stability
of
floors Span Section Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar Strand Conc;ete Rebar kN/r-$
m
12
7.0
mm
203
ratio
34.5
mm
ratio
300
6.0 x 6 0 0
10.0
kg
0.145
4.8
kg
kg
40
Notes
0,011
0.4
7.0
Shear
walls
C50, BS 8110
7% in situ
Hollow core
planks
No topping
6 @ 6000
Typical floor plan
Precast
yqFy=
:z
300
Centre beam section
41
Precast slab
mm
7.2
200
36.0
Design
load
B xD Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Conc$ete Rebar kN/m2
mm
7.2
600
x600
ratio
m3
ratio
12.0
Typical floor plan
Typical section
kg
o-193
7200
5400
kg
Stability
Notes
Shear
Grade C50
Code BS 8110
Hollow core
kg
3.0
7.9
7200
7200
42
Materials per m of floor area

In situ
Precast
Beam
Slab
No.
of
floors Span Section Span/depth Span
7200
planks
No topping
7200
5400
7.0
7200
Precast slab

Slab
Beam
No.
- Design
In situ
Precast
load
of
floors Span Sectlon Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Con$ete Rebar kN/m*
m
77
mm
200
ratio
38.5
mm
m3
ratio
7 . 4 3 ,$;o 1 2 . 4
0.157
kg
10.5
kg
Stability
Notes
(See page 4)
kg
2.55
- -
6.5
Frame
action
Grade C50
Code BS 6110
Hollow core
planks
No topplng
Typical floor plan
Typical section
43
SECTION 6
COMPOSITE
PRECAST SLABS
Rib
No.
of .
floors Span Depth Span/depth Span
mm
m
m
ratio
14.5
560
25.9
4.8
Composite precast slab

In situ
Precast
Beam
Design
load
Depth Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Concrete Rebar kN/m2
mm
ratio
m3
kg
kg
m3
kg
500x
1000
(Perimeter)
Stability
Grade C60
Code CP 110
any$$ar Double Tees, wrth
In situ topping
walls
Precast H frame
Frame
4.8
0.150
5.75
0.080
6.3
14500
2.2
5.0
4800 typical
47600
Typical floor plan
1200
, In s i t u t o p p i n g
-/
Typical section
44
Precast double-T beams
Notes
(See page 4)
f10 2 Span
16.7
22.0
4.9
600x
900
(Perimeter)
1.54
Frame
action
5.0
9 @ 4877
~f?~+kPl-rr~P~~~nn-n
II II II
I I
II
II II
II II Ii
II
Il l II II
I I II I
II II II
II II II
II II II
- + tit c- b !,
z
co
0,075
0,133 5 - 4 8 7 . 7 9
5.4
2438
i
*
111 1) 1
In situ
Notes
load Stability
Depth Span/depth Con;;ete Rebar Strand Conc;ete Rebar kN/m
mm
ratio
kg
kg
kg
Depth Span/depth Span

mm
ratio
m
785
Materials per m o
Precast
Beam
Rib
No.
II II I I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
2438
II
I I I I II
II
II
II
I I II II
I I I I I I I I II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I I I I III
I I II III
Ill
II lib
II III
II
III
II III
II II IIP
II II III
I I II III
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I I I I I I I II II II II I I I I II I I II II I I II II II I I II I I I I II I I II II II II II II I II III
L
km c hL c Lu,u--u-uLu~
u-u~u-u,u-u-uLu,
u u4 Ad 4 u Am11 4 4 44 -IF
Typical floor plan
1200
In situ topping
1
j-=-f
Precast double-T beams

Typical section
n~nn~n~n-nn~~n~~n~nLr~~n111141ild 11111Vfb
II
75 (average)
Grade C60
Code CP 110
Double Tees, with
in situ topping
Precast H frame
;710
Rib
No.
of
floors Span Depth Span/depth Span
m
mm
/ 12.0 1
ratio
610
Design
. load
Stability
Notes
Depth Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Concrete Rebar kN/m*

ratio
mm
m3
kg
kg
m3
kg
750x
j 9.0 1 ,in;FU, 1
19.7

Precast
In situ
Beam
14.8
1 0.134 (13,751 - 1 0.111 110 721
5.7
Frame
action
In situ C35
Precast C45
Code BS 8110
55% In situ
r iririr i r i r i r
I
I
II
II
II
irir
II
II
II
II
II
II II
II
II
II
ir iririr irwirlir ir
II II II II II II II
II II II II II II II II
II
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II II II II Ii II II II II II II II II II II II II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Typical floor plan
55 precast soffit plank

Precast rib
Typical rib section
46
Typical in situ beam section

Precast
In situ
Beam
No.
o f
floors Span
Design
load
Depth Span/depth Concrete Aebar Strand Concrete Rebar kN/m
mm
ratio
m3
kg
kg
m3
kg
21.2
750
Precast
28.3
0,123
4.9
7.6
0.060
2-28
5.0
Stability
Shear
walls
Notes
Grade C62
Codes CP 115,
CP 116
40% In situ
72000
8
cv
i;
_
~n-=-rt-~n--~-un~~~~nn~~~~h~~n~n~n~~~~~nnnunu~~~=-n~~n~~~~
,, ,, II Ii II I II II II II I I I II 1 II II II II il II II II II I I II II II I II II II II II II
I II II II II I, II II II II II
,, ,,
1,
II
11
II
II
II
II
II I ~:I~_:~
11,
AlI
!I,
I,
JIl
II
II
II
I!
II
II
II
II llr
:! Id
II lli:
II I Nt ~ I I I I
II
II
II
~~11R#
II- 11~;
II
II
II
II
II
II v
,I
Ii
;~
II t
II II!
II IIL
IlL
II IIL
II II
II IIL
II II II II II II II 1: 1: I II I I! I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II !I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
vYv-Y~~Y~4_yu~~~L-L_-v~y~.~_yu_u_y-y-y _ y--y-y4~-y~y-&icy~~ 4 y u y~y-y~y--y~yy-yy
Typical floor plan
Beams @
Precast soffit planks
Precast beam
Typical section
1500 crs.
Economic long-span concrete floors

P.W. Matthew and D.F.H. Bennett
BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 9 7.3 11
CI/SfB
I
(13)
q4
(Y6)
UDC
624.073.012.4.003.1

Economic Long Span Concrete Floor Slabs

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Economic Long Span Concrete Floor Slabs

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A survey of 40 office buildings

Published by the British Cement Association on behalf of

British Cement Association

First published 1990

Tel (01344) 762676

@ British Cement Association 1990

DESIGN FEATURES OF SPECIAL INTEREST

CHOICE OF FLOOR SLAB DESIGN

Solid flat slabs

Solid flat slabs

One-way spanning solid slabs

Composite precast slabs

(Figure 1) indicates a braced structure where the horizontal

Lateral stability provided by shear walls.

Figure 2: Lateral stability provided by frame action.

Overall to suit column size

Notes on a few of the buildings surveyed are given below to

255 mm reinforced solid flat slab, span 9.2 x 6-0 m.

Figure 3: Detail of steel shearhead.

425 mm reinforced ribbed slab, span 9.0 m.

Figure 4: Grp rib moulds fixed to table forms.

Figure 5: Detail of precast H frame.

The need for long spans to provide floor space

0 A maximum floor-to-floor height which allows

Solid flat slabs (with or without

spans to be used. Formwork complexity can be minimized

One-way spanning solid slabs

Figure 7: Ribbed slab for flexibility to accommodate openings.

Figure 6: Solid flat slab: (a) without drop panels;

Figure 8: Band beam and slab construction using tableforms.

Composite precast slabs

Precast slabs offer the advantage of off-site manufacture,

Composite precast slabs combine precast floor elements

Figure 9: Precast hollow core planks:flexibility for alterations.

Figure IO: Composite floors: (a) precast ribbed floor;

Solid flat slabs

Section 2: Ribbed slabs

Section 3: Waffle slabs

One-way spanning solid slabs and beams

Section 5: Precast slabs

Composite precast slabs

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Typical floor plan

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Typical floor plan

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Depth Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar kNirn2

9-5x 7.3 310

Typical floor plan

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Typical floor plan

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Typical floor plan

Solid flat slab - prestressed

Column head detail

Solid flat slab - prestressed

7.2x 7.2 240