Bitcoin: H thng tin mt in t mng

ngang hng
Satoshi Nakamoto
satoshin@gmx.com
www.bitcoin.org
Translated into Vietnamese from bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
by @pcdinh

Tm lc. Mt dng tin mt in t thun ty trn mng ngang hng s cho php cc
khon thanh ton trc tuyn c gi i trc tip t mt bn sang bn kia m khng i
qua mt nh ch ti chnh no. Cc ch k s l mt phn ca gii php nhng chng ta
buc phi hi sinh nhng li ch chnh nu nh vn phi cn n mt bn th ba c tin
cy ngn chn vic trng chi (ND1). Chng ti xut mt gii php cho vn trng
chi ny bng cch s dng mt mng ngang hng. Mng ny ghi nhn thi gian ln cc
giao dch bng cch bm chng thnh mt chui ni lin tc cc chng c x l (ND2)
da trn xu k t bm, to nn mt bn ghi m khng th thay i nu nh khng to li
chng c x l. Chui ni di nht khng ch ng vai tr nh l chng c v mt dy
tun t cc s kin ghi nhn c m cn chng nhn rng n n t nhm ln nht v
sc mnh tnh ton bng CPU. Chng no m phn ln sc mnh tnh ton bng CPU
c kim sot bi cc nt mng khng lin kt vi nhau tn cng ton mng, th cc
nt ny s to ra chui ni di nht v p o cc k tn cng. Mng ny bn thn n ch
cn mt cu trc ti thiu. Cc thng tin trao i c pht tn da trn kh nng ph
hp nht c th, v cc nt c th thot v tham gia li mng ty v chp nhn lin kt
chng c x l di nht nh l bng chng cho nhng g xy ra khi h khng trong
mng.

1. Gii thiu
Thng mi trn mng Internet ngy cng tr nn ph thuc gn nh hon ton vo cc
nh ch ti chnh vn ng vai tr nh l cc bn th ba c tin cy x l cc khon
thanh ton in t. Trong khi h thng ny p ng tt cho phn ln cc giao dch th n
vn gp phi mt s yu im c hu ca m hnh da vo nim tin. Cc giao dch hon
ton khng th o ngc thc s l khng thc hin c bi v cc nh ch ti chnh
khng th no n trnh vic tham gia vo ha gii cc tranh ci. Chi ph ca vic ha gii
lm tng chi ph giao dch, gii hn gi tr giao dch nh nht trn thc t v loi b kh
nng thc hin cc giao dch nh thng thy, v thc t l cn mt nhiu chi ph hn
khi khng c kh nng thc hin cc khon thanh ton khng th o ngc i vi cc
dch v khng th o ngc. c kh nng o ngc giao dch, ci cn phi c l
1

nim tin ln. Cc hng cung cp phi t ra cn trng trc cc khch hng ca h,
gy phin h cho khch hng khi i hi nhiu thng tin hn mc cn thit. Vic phi
chp nhn mt t l phn trm nht nh v gian ln l khng th trnh khi. Cc chi ph
v nhng s vic khng lng trc c trong thanh ton ny c th trnh c thng
qua vic c nhn s dng loi tin cm nm c, nhng li khng tn ti mt c ch
no nh vy khi thanh ton qua mt knh truyn thng m khng thng qua mt bn
c tin cy.
Th chng ta cn y l mt h thng thanh ton in t da trn chng c mt m
thay v nim tin, cho php hai bn sn sng tham gia tin hnh giao dch trc tip vi
nhau m khng cn phi c mt bn th ba c tin cy. Cc giao dch m v mt s
lng tnh ton l khng thc t nu mun o ngc s bo v nhng ngi bn trc
cc gian ln v cc c ch k qu bo lnh thng dng c th d dng c trin khai
bo v ngi mua. Trong bo co ny, chng ti xut mt gii php cho vn trng
chi bng cch s dng mt ng dng my ch nhn thi gian phn tn (ND3) trn mng
ngang hng to ra bng chng v mt x l tnh ton i vi trt t thi gian ca cc
giao dch. H thng ny an ton chng no m tp hp cc nt tun th ng lut kim
sot nhiu sc mnh tnh ton trn CPU hn nhm cc nt ca cc k tn cng phi hp
vi nhau.

2. Cc giao dch
Chng ti nh ngha mt loi tin xu in t nh l mt chui ni cc ch k s. Mi mt
ngi ch s hu chuyn ng xu ny sang ngi ch tip theo bng cch ghi ch s
vo mt xu bm ca giao dch trc v cha kha cng khai ca ngi ch tip theo
ri a cc kt qu ny vo cui ca ng xu. Ngi nhn tin c th kim tra cc ch k
xc nhn chui s hu.

Vn ca hng x l ny l ch ngi nhn tin khng th kim tra xc nhn

rng mt trong cc ngi ch ca s tin gi i khng c tnh trng chi. Gii php
thng thy l cn n mt i din c tin cy c thm quyn ng gia, hay cn
gi l trung tm in tin, kim tra tng giao dch xem c du hiu c tnh trng chi khng.
Sau mi mt giao dch, ng xu cn phi c tr li cho trung tm in tin pht hnh
ng xu mi, v ch nhng ng xu c pht hnh trc tip t trung tm in tin mi
c tin cy l khng b trng chi. Vn vi gii php ny l s phn ca ton b h
thng tin t ph thuc vo cng ty vn hnh trung tm in tin ni tt c cc giao dch
phi i qua , ging nh ngn hng.
Chng ta cn mt cch thc ngi nhn tin bit rng nhng ngi ch trc ca
ng xu khng dng n trong bt c mt giao dch no din ra trc . p ng
c mc ch ca chng ta, giao dch din ra sm nht l giao dch c tnh, v do
chng ta khng quan tm n cc hnh ng din ra sau c lin quan n vic c tnh
tiu ng xu ny lm nhiu ln hay khng. Cch duy nht xc nhn mt giao dch no
din ra cha l phi bit trc tt c cc giao dch. Trong m hnh da vo trung
tm in tin, trung tm ny phi bit c tt c cc giao dch v quyt nh ci no n
trc. thc hin c iu ny m khng cn thng qua mt bn th ba c tin
cy, cc giao dch phi c cng b cng khai [1], v chng ta cn mt h thng cho
php ngi tham gia chp nhn mt lch s duy nht v trt t cc giao dch m h tham
gia. Ngi nhn tin cn chng c rng vo lc din ra tng giao dch, a s cc nt
ng rng giao dch y l giao dch c tin hnh ln u tin.

3. ng dng my ch nhn thi gian

3

Gii php m chng ti xut bt u bng mt ng dng my ch nhn thi gian. Mt

my ch nhn thi gian hot ng bng cch sinh chui bm cho mt khi (ND7) cc
mc d liu c ghi thi gian v cng b rng ri bm ny nh l trn bo hay bi trn
Usenet [2-5]. Nhn thi gian ny chng t rng d liu phi tn ti vo thi gian mt
cch hin nhin c a vo bm. Mi nhn thi gian li tnh nhn thi gian trc
vo bm ca n, t to ra mt chui ni, m mi nhn thi gian b sung vo
sau s gia tng sc nng thm cho cc nhn thi gian trc n.

4. Chng c x l
trin khai mt ng dng my ch nhn thi gian phn tn (ND3) trn c s ngang
hng, chng ti s cn s dng mt h thng chng c x l tng t nh Hashcash
ca Adam Back [6], ch khng phi l c ch ging nh cc bi vit trn bo hay trn
Usenet. Chng c x l tham gia vo vic d tm mt gi tr m khi mt khi c bm, v
d nh bm vi SHA-256, th bm bt u bng mt s cc bit 0. Lng tnh ton
bnh qun phi lm c quan h cp s nhn vi s cc bit 0 phi c v c th kim tra
c bng cch thc hin ch mt bm.
i vi mng nhn thi gian, chng ti trin khai chng c x l bng cch tng dn mt
con s dng mt ln (ND4) trong khi cho n khi tm thy mt gi tr gip to ra chui
bm ca khi vi cc bit 0 theo yu cu. Mt khi CPU c s dng tnh ton ra
chng c x l th khi khng th no thay i m khng tnh ton li chng c x l
ny. V sau, khi m cc khi khc ni vi khi trn th khi lng tnh ton thay i
khi s bao gm c lng tnh ton trn cc khi xut hin sau.

Chng c x l cng gii quyt cch xc nh kt qu khi a ra quyt nh da trn a

s. Nu nh trc y nhm a s c xc nh bng 1-a-ch-IP-l-mt-phiu, th
ngi ta c th gian ln bng cch dng nhiu a ch IP. V bn cht chng c x l
chnh l mt-CPU-l-mt-phiu. Kt qu ca qu trnh quyt nh da trn a s c
th hin thng qua chui ni di nht, tc l chui ni c nhiu s lng tnh ton chng
c x l nht. Nu phn ln sc mnh CPU c kim sot bi cc nt tun th ng
quy tc th chui ni to bi cc nt ny s tr thnh chui ni nhanh nht v p o cc
chui ni cnh tranh. thay i mt khi trong qu kh, k tn cng s phi thc hin
li chng c x l ca khi v tt c cc khi xut hin sau n v sau phi tng tc
nhm bt kp v p o chng c x l ca cc nt tun th ng quy tc. Di y
chng ti s ch ra rng c hi mt k tn cng c tc chm hn ui kp c
gim dn cp s nhn khi cc khi sau c a thm vo.
cn bng vi tc phn cng ngy cng tng v s thay i trong qu trnh vn
hnh cc nt theo thi gian, kh (ND6) trong vic to cc chng c x l s c xc
nh da trn trung bnh ng ca s lng cc khi trung bnh c to ra trong mt
gi. Nu cc khi sinh ra qu nhanh, mc kh s c iu chnh tng ln.

5. Mng
Cc bc vn hnh mng ny nh sau:
1) Cc giao dch mi c pht tn ra tt c cc nt.
2) Mi mt nt thu thp cc giao dch mi thnh mt khi.
3) Mi nt tnh ton tm ra chng c x l phc tp cho khi trn.
4) Nu mt nt no tm ra c chng c x l, n pht tn khi ny cho tt c cc
nt.
5) Cc nt chp nhn khi trn ch nu nh tt c cc giao dch trong n l hp l v
cha c dng chi tr.
6) Cc nt th hin s chp nhn ca chng bng cch tip tc x l to ra khi tip
theo trn chui ni, bng cch dng bm ca khi c chp nhn nh l bm trc .
Cc nt lun xem chui ni di nht l chui ni hp l v tip tc x l m rng chui
ni ny. Nu hai nt mng cng lc pht tn i cc phin bn khc nhau ca khi tip
5

theo th mt s nt c th nhn mt trong phin bn no trc. Trong trng hp ny,

cc nt s x l phin bn u tin m chng nhn c, nhng lu li nhnh khc nu
nhnh di hn. S lin kt ny s b ph v khi chng c x l tip theo c tm
thy v mt nhnh s c di ln hn; cc nt ang hot ng trn nhnh ngn sau
s chuyn sang nhnh di hn.
Vic pht tn giao dch mi khng nht thit phi cn n tt c cc nt. Min l cc giao
dch c gi n nhiu nt th chng s sm c a vo mt khi. Vic pht tn
khi cng chp nhn vic cc mu tin gi i b hy ngang. Nu mt nt khng nhn c
mt khi, n s gi yu cu ly khi ny khi n nhn c khi tip theo v pht hin ra
n nhn thiu mt mt khi trc .

6. ng c thc y
Theo quy c, giao dch u tin trong mt khi l mt giao dch c bit, nh du s
xut hin ca mt ng xu mi do my to ra khi s hu. S tin ny chnh l ng
c thc y cc nt tham gia mng v l cch thc a cc ng xu ban u vo
lu thng bi v khng c mt t chc trung tm no pht hnh chng c. Vic b sung
iu n mt lng c nh cc ng xu mi cng tng t nh vic nhng ngi o
vng tng my mc phng tin hay nhn lc khai thc thm vng. Trong trng hp
ny, my mc phng tin l thi gian x l trn CPU v tiu th in.
Ph giao dch cng c th to ra ng lc. Nu lng tin gi i ca mt giao dch nh
hn tin t ngun thu ca n, th s khc bit y chnh l khon ph giao dch, dng
b sung vo phn thng gip to ng c thc y vic to ra khi cha giao dch
. Mt khi ton b s lng xu c nh theo thit k c sinh ra ht th ng c ny
ph thuc ht vo ph giao dch v do h thng tin ny hon ton khng c lm pht.
ng c ny c th to ra s khch l cc nt tham gia mng mt cch trung thc.
Mt ngi tham lam c th tn cng vo mng bng cch huy ng lng CPU c sc
mnh ln hn tt c cc nt trung thc nhng anh ta s phi chn gia vic dng sc
mnh ny la ngi khc bng cch rt li cc khon chi ca mnh hoc dng n
to ra cc ng xu mi. Anh ta cn phi nhn thy vic tun th lut chi s mang cho
anh ta nhiu li nhun hn, cc quy tc chi ny s gip anh ta c nhiu ng xu hn
bt c ai cng li, ch khng phi l chc ph h thng v lm gim gi tr lng xu m
anh ta nm gi.

7. Ly li khng gian lu tr trn a

Mt khi giao dch gn nht nm trong mt khi m ni sau n l mt danh sch ln
s lng khi, th c th xa cc giao dch c dng chi tr gii phng a.
thc hin vic xa ny m khng gy tc ng ln tnh hp l ca xu bm ca khi, cc
giao dch c to bm lu trn mt cy Merkle [7][2][5](ND8), m bm ca khi ch gm
6

gc. Cc khi c sau c th c gii phng bng cch ct cc nhnh khi cy. Cc
bm pha trong khng cn thit phi gi li.

Phn u ca khi khng c giao dch ch chim tm 80 byte. Nu chng ta gii thit rng
cc khi c sinh ra mi pht mt ln, th chng ta c 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB
mi nm. Vi cc h thng my tnh thng c trang b 2GB RAM vo nm 2008 v
Lut Moore d bo mc tng trng 1.2GB mi nm, th vic lu tr khng phi l vn
ngay c khi phn u ca khi phi c lu trong b nh.

8. C ch kim tra thanh ton gin lc

Hon ton c th kim tra cc khon thanh ton m khng cn phi vn hnh mt nt
mng y . Mt ngi dng c th ch cn lu bn sao ca cc phn u ca cc khi
nm trn chui ni chng c x l di nht, m anh ta c th c c bng cch truy vn
cc nt mng cho n khi anh ta t tin l c chui ni di nht, v ly v nhnh Merkle
xc nhn mi lin kt gia giao dch cn kim tra vi khi m n c nhn thi gian .
Anh ta khng th t mnh kim tra giao dch nhng bng cch lin kt n vi mt ch
nm trn chui ni, anh ta c th thy mt nt mng chp nhn n v cc khi khc
c ni vo sau khi ny nh l cch xc nhn thm t pha mng.

Nh vy, vic kim tra ny l ng tin cy chng no m cc nt trung thc kim sot
mng, nhng ri ro s tng cao nu mng b tn cng bi mt nhm c sc mnh tnh
ton vt tri. Trong khi cc nt mng c th t kim tra cc giao dch th phng php
gin lc ny c th b qua mt khi nhm tn cng gi n cc giao dch gi mo vo
thi im nhm ny p o mng v sc mnh tnh ton. Mt chin lc phng v
trc kh nng ny l nhn cc cnh bo t cc nt mng khi chng pht hin mt khi
khng hp l, cnh bo phn mm ca ngi dng ti v ton b khi v cc giao dch b
cnh bo xc nhn phn d liu khng ng nht. Cc cng ty thng xuyn nhn
thanh ton s c th vn cn chy cc nt ca ring h c an ton mt cch c
lp hn v kim tra cc giao dch cng nhanh hn.

9. Kt hp v chia tch gi tr
Mc d c th x l tng xu mt cch ring l nhng vic tch ring giao dch cho tng
xu l mi ln chuyn tin nh vy s rt cng knh, kh x l. gi tr c th tch ra
hay gp li, giao dch s bao gm nhiu khon thu (ND9) v khon chi. Thng thng s
xy ra mt trong hai trng hp, th nht l c mt ngun thu duy nht t mt giao dch
c gi tr ln hn din ra trc v th hai l nhiu khon thu cng gp cc khon nh
hn, v c nhiu nht hai khon chi: mt khon thanh ton v khon kia l hon li
phn tin d, nu c, cho chnh ngi gi tin.

Cng cn ch rng im cng gp nhiu ngun, ni mt giao dch ph thuc vo mt

vi giao dch khc v cc giao dch ny li ph thuc vo cc giao dch khc na, khng
phi l vn y. Chng ti cha bao gi c nhu cu trch xut mt bn sao nguyn
vn cha y lch s ca mt giao dch.

10. Tnh ring t

M hnh ngn hng truyn thng mt mc no cng m bo c tnh ring t
bng cch gii hn kh nng tip cn thng tin gia cc bn lin quan v bn th ba
c tin cy. S cn thit phi cng b tt c cc giao dch mt cch cng khai d i
ngc vi phng php ny nhng tnh ring t vn c th m bo c bng cch
ngt t lung thng tin mt gc khc: che giu thng tin v cc kha cng khai.
Cng chng c th nhn thy mt ai gi mt khon tin n mt ngi khc, nhng h
khng c c thng tin c lin quan n giao dch v bt c ai. iu ny cng tng t
nh mc thng tin c cng b bi cc th trng chng khon, m theo thi
gian v ln ca cc giao dch ring l, bng in bo, c cng khai, nhng li
khng ni r bn no tham gia.

Chng ti b sung mt lp tng la bng cch s dng mt cp kha mi cho tng

giao dch ngn chng lin kt vi ch s hu chung. Mt s lin kt vn khng th
no loi b c nu xut hin cc giao dch nhiu mc ngun thu, m theo s tit l
cc ngun thu y l cng mt ch s hu. Ri ro l ch nu ch s hu ca mt kha
b l danh tnh th s lin kt cng s tit l cc giao dch khc cng thuc v cng mt
ch s hu.

11. Cc tnh ton

Chng ti xem xt kch bn theo nhm tn cng c gng to ra mt chui khi khc
nhanh hn chui khi chnh thng. Ngay c nu vic ny xy ra, nhm tn cng cng
khng th ty thay i h thng v d nh b mt to ra s tin m cha bao gi do
nhm tn cng tng s hu. Cc nt s khng chp nhn cc khon thanh ton cha
giao dch khng hp l v cc nt trung thc s khng bao gi ghi nhn khi cha cc
giao dch dng ny. Mt nhm tn cng ch c th c gng thay i mt trong cc giao
dch ca nhm ny ly li phn tin m nhm chi tiu gn y.
Cuc chy ua gia chui khi chnh thng v chui khi ca nhm tn cng c th xem
nh l Bc Ngu Nhin Nh Thc (ND10). S kin thnh cng l khi chui khi chnh
thng c ni thm mt khi, tng khong cch dn trc ca n ln 1,v s kin tht
bi l khi chui ni ca nhm tn cng c ni thm mt khi, gim khong cch i 1.
Xc sut mt nhm tn cng thu hp khong cch t mt v tr xut pht sau cho
trc cng ging nh vn Bi ton st nghip ca ngi nh bc (ND11). Gi s
mt ngi nh bc c ngun tin khng gii hn bt u chi v th thua v c kh
nng chi khng gii hn s ln cho n khi ha vn. Chng ti c th tnh ton xc xut
m anh ta thng n khi b c ht thua l, hay trng hp nhm tn cng thu hp
hon ton khong cch vi chui ni chnh thng, nh sau [8]:

10

Chng ti gi s rng p > q, th xc sut gim theo cp s nhn khi s lng khi m
nhm tn cng phi ui kp ngy cng tng. Nu nhm ny vp phi s khng c mnh,
nu nhm khng gp may bt ng ngay t u, c hi thnh cng ca h tr nn nh
n mc v vng khi h tt li pha sau. By gi chng ti xem xt vic ngi nhn mt
giao dch mi cn phi i bao lu trc khi c t tin rng ngi gi khng th no
thay i c giao dch. Chng ti gi thit rng ngi gi l mt nhm tn cng, h
mun ngi nhn tin rng h thanh ton cho anh ta xong t lu ri v sau quay
qut hy giao dch ly tin v sau mt khong thi gian nht nh no . Ngi nhn
s c cnh bo khi iu ny din ra, nhng ngi gi tin hi vng rng cnh bo
s n qu mun.
Ngi nhn to ra mt cp kha mi v gi kha cng khai n ngi gi tin rt nhanh
sau khi k vo. Cch ny ngn cn vic ngi gi tin chun b mt chui ni cc khi t
trc bng cch xy dng chui ni ny lin tc cho n khi anh ta may mn i
xa, v tip n tin hnh giao dch ngay vo lc . Mt khi giao dch c gi i, ngi
gi tin gian ln bt u b mt to ra mt chui ni song song cha mt phin bn khc
ca giao dch ni trn. Ngi nhn i cho n khi giao dch c a vo mt khi v z
khi ni pha sau n. Anh ta khng bit chnh xc mc chun b m nhm tn cng
lm c, nhng gii thit rng cc khi chnh thng c to ra vi thi gian trung bnh
k vng cho tng khi, mc chun b tim nng ca nhm tn cng s l mt phn
phi Poisson vi gi tr k vng:

11

By gi c c xc xut m nhm tn cng c th thu hp hon ton khong cch,

chng ti nhn mt Poisson vi tng bc tin m nhm gt hi c vi xc xut
m nhm ny c th thu hp c nu xut pht t im :
Sp xp li trnh cng cc gi tr v hn phn ui ng phn phi ...

Chuyn thnh m C ...

#include <math.h>
double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z)
{
double p = 1.0 - q;
double lambda = z * (q / p);
double sum = 1.0;
int i, k;
for (k = 0; k <= z; k++)
{
double poisson = exp(-lambda);
for (i = 1; i <= k; i++)
poisson *= lambda / i;
12

sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));

}
return sum;
}
Chy ly kt qu, chng ti c th thy xc sut gim theo cp s nhn theo z.
q=0.1
z=0 P=1.0000000
z=1 P=0.2045873
z=2 P=0.0509779
z=3 P=0.0131722
z=4 P=0.0034552
z=5 P=0.0009137
z=6 P=0.0002428
z=7 P=0.0000647
z=8 P=0.0000173
z=9 P=0.0000046
z=10 P=0.0000012

q=0.3
z=0 P=1.0000000
z=5 P=0.1773523
z=10 P=0.0416605
z=15 P=0.0101008
z=20 P=0.0024804
z=25 P=0.0006132
z=30 P=0.0001522
z=35 P=0.0000379
z=40 P=0.0000095
z=45 P=0.0000024
z=50 P=0.0000006
X l khi P nh hn 0.1% ...

P < 0.001
q=0.10 z=5
q=0.15 z=8
13

q=0.20
q=0.25
q=0.30
q=0.35
q=0.40
q=0.45

z=11
z=15
z=24
z=41
z=89
z=340

12. Kt lun
Chng ti xut mt h thng phc v cc giao dch in t m khng cn da vo
nim tin. Chng ti bt u bng cch s dng mt khun mu thng dng dng cho
cc ng xu c to ra t cc ch k in t, rt an ton trong vic bo v quyn s
hu nhng li khng hon thin v thiu cch thc ngn nga khng cho vic trng chi
thc hin c. gii quyt bi ton ny, chng ti xut mt mng ngang hng
s dng chng c x l ghi chp li ton b din bin cc giao dch v cho tip cn
cng khai. Thng tin ny v mt s lng tnh ton ngy cng tr nn phi thc t nu
mt nhm tn cng mun thay i khi cc nt trung thc p o v sc mnh tnh ton
CPU. Mng ny cng rt vng chc v tnh n gin v phi cu trc. Cc nt tt c u
hot ng ng thi v c rt t phi hp vi nhau. Cc nt cng khng cn phi cng
khai danh tnh, bi v cc thng ip giao tip khng c nh tuyn n mt ni c th
v ch cn c truyn i trong kh nng tt nht c th m thi. Cc nt c th ri mng
hay tham gia li bt c lc no ty thch, chp nhn chui ni chng c x l nh l
phn nh s tht nhng g din ra trn mng khi cc nt ny khng c mt. H xc nhn
bng cch tnh ton trn CPU ca h, th hin s chp nhn i vi cc khi hp l bng
cch ni chng vo v t chi cc khi khng hp l bng cch khng x l chng. Bt
c quy tc hay ng c thc y no cng c th thc hin c thng qua c ch ng
thun ny.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998.
[2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service
with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the
Benelux, May 1999.
[3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of
Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991.
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[4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital
time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer
Science, pages 329-334, 1993.
[5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th
ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997.
[6]
A.
Back,
"Hashcash
a
denial
of
http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002.

service

counter-measure,"

[7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on
Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980.
[8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957.

15

Ghi ch ngi dch

Lch s sa i
Version 1.1 - 17/11/2015 (November 17, 2015)
- Sa mt s cu vn din t rm r
Version 1.0 - 12/11/2015 (November 12, 2015)
- Phin bn u tin
Cc thut ng trong bi
ND1. double-spending
trng chi
Ghi ch: chi tiu cng mt lng tin lm nhiu ln
ND2. proof-of-work
chng c x l
ND3. distributed
phn tn
Ghi ch: thut ng ca kin trc mng. Khc bit vi decentralized phi tp trung
ND4. nonce
s dng mt ln
ND5. chain
chui ni
Ghi ch: cu trc d liu cho php ghp cc khi giao dch hay cc ch k s thnh
mt danh sch tun t c lin kt. Satoshi khng a ra khi nim block chain (chui
khi) trong bo co nghin cu ny nhng ng a ra khi nim block v chain m v
sau ngi ta ghp chng li.
ND6. difficulty
kh
ND7. block
khi
ND8. Merkle Tree
Cy Merkle
Ghi ch: cn gi l cy bm, thng l mt cy nh phn c th t c xy dng t
mt dy cc i tng d liu (d1, d2,...,dn) s dng hm bm h. Cc l ca cy l cc
gi tr bm h(di) i vi 1 i n. Cc nt pha trn l bm ca cc con tng ng. Trong
Bitcoin, hm bm c s dng l SHA-256 2 ln. Cy ny cho php kim tra nhanh d
liu. V d trong mng ngang hng th mt nt mng c th dng Cy Merkle hay tng
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phn ca n nhanh chng pht hin xem d liu m n nhn v t cc nt mng khc
c b sa i hay tht thot trong qu trnh truyn hay khng.
ND9. input
khon thu, tin t ngun thu
Ghi ch: c quan h vi khi nim output (lng tin gi i, khon chi)
ND10. Binomial Random Walk
Bc ngu nhin nh thc
ND11. Gambler's Ruin problem
Bi ton st nghip ca Ngi nh bc
Ngun dch
1. Ti liu gc: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
2. nh minh ha: http://genius.com/Satoshi-nakamoto-bitcoin-a-peer-to-peer-electroniccash-system-annotated
Lin h gp
Phm Cng nh
Twitter: @pcdinh
Email: pcdinh AT gmail.com
Source: https://github.com/pcdinh/bitcoinwhitepaper

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