Chng 15:

BI CHN LP HP V SINH
15.1 GII THIU
V khng c qun l v kim sot rc nhng bi rc h:(1) lm pht sinh
nc rc v kh (c gi l nc r r v kh bi rc) c th lm nhim mi
trng, (2) c xem l ni sinh sn ca cc ng vt v vi sinh vt gy bnh
Ngoi ra , nu chn lp m khng c kim sot, cht thi rn cng s gy ra
nhiu nguy c khc i vi sc kho cng ng v i vi mi trng. V cng
ngh tng i n gin kh linh hot, chn lp hp v sinh c ngha l chn
lp cht thi rn kh kim sot, c xem l phng php qun l vic thi b
cht thi rt ph hp i vi cc nc ang pht trin. Chn lp hp v sinh
gip hn ch s tip xc ca con ngi v mi trng vi cc nh hng c hi
ca cht thi rn b b trn mt t.Thng qua chn lp hp v sinh, cht
thi c tp trung vo 1 khu vc c thit k cn thn sao cho s tip xc
gia cht thi v mi trng gim ng k.Nh vy, cho php kim sot cht
ch nc r r v kh bi rc, v gii hn kh nng tip xc ca cc sinh vt
truyn bnh( v d nh loi gm nhm, rui) vi cht thi [1-3]. Tuy nhin,
hot ng chn lp hp v sinh nn c thc hin cng lc vi chin lc
qun l cht thi rn hin i khc, ch trng gim bt lng rc thi, ti ch
rc thi v pht trin bn vng .
Hin nay tin hnh v hot ng chn lp hp v sinh cc nc ang pht
trin gp nhiu kh khn nghim trng do thiu ti liu chuyn mn ng tin
cy dnh ring cho hon cnh c th ca cc nc ny cng nh vn u t
khng ngun nhn lc c y kin thc chuyn mn.Trong chng ny,
tc gi c gng h tr mt phn kin thc chuyn mn bng cch a ra cc
l gii m t v cc cng ngh v quy trnh c thc t chng minh l thch
hp. Chng ny cng l gii nhng nguyn tc c bn v hng dn cch
thc p dng cng ngh vo thc t.Chng sch cung cp mt ti liu c bn
thit k v tin hnh mt bi chn lp hp v sinh y cc c im k
thut.Trong ch trng n cc cng ngh v cc hot ng vn hnh c bn
c th thc hin c v thch hp vi cc iu kin cc nc ang pht
trin.Tt c vn nu ra y khi qut cho php chng va ph hp vi
nhng iu kin cng nghip ho cao c th thy cc thnh ph ln, cng nh
iu kin cng nghip ho thp hn cc khu dn c nh v ln.
15.2 NHNG NGUYN TC C BN
15.2.1 nh ngha:
Tt c cc nh ngha bi chn lp hp v sinh(sanitary landfill) u ni s
tch ring rc khi mi trng cho n khi rc khng cn c hi thng qua cc
qu trnh sinh hc , ha hc, v vt l t nhin.S khc nhau ch yu gia cc
nh ngha khc nhau l mc v phng php c s dng tch ring
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rc thi, cng nh l cc yu cu trong quan trc v ng ca bi chn lp v

bo dng bi rc sau thi gian hot ng chn lp. cc nc cng nghip
mc cch ly yu cu hon ton hn so vi cc nc ang pht trin. V d
nhin, nu cc nc ang pht trin mun tch ring rc thi hon ton hn s
cn nhng bin php phc tp v tn km
tr thnh bi chn lp hp v sinh, bi rc phi tho mn 3 iu kin tng
qut nhng c bn sau:
Rc trong bi phi c m nn
Hng ngy rc phi c che ph( bng t hoc cc vt liu khc) trnh
khng b mi trng bn ngoi nh hng.
Kim sot v ngn nga nhng tc ng xu n sc kho cng ng v
mi trng( chng hn nh mi , lm ngun nc cp b nhim)
Tuy nhin, cc nc ang pht trin ,nu i hi bi chn lp hp v sinh
phi tho mn ht cc yu cu chi tit trn c th khng thc t v mt k tht
cng nh kinh t. Bi vy, mc tiu ngn hn l p ng n mc ti a c th
nhng yu cu quan trng trong iu kin kinh t v ti chnh cho php. Mc
tiu di hn l dn dn tho mn ht tt c cc yu cu c th trong thit k v
trong iu kin vn hnh. Ch n khi bi chn lp tho mn ht yu cu c th
th, cc li ch ca bi chn lp hp v sinh mi c th thy r.Trong yu
cu quan trng nht l ngn chn nhng tc ng xu n sc kho cng ng
v mi trng. Nhng vn v thit k c bn v hot ng vn hnh bi
chn lp hp v sinh th hin thng qua cc tc ng ra bn ngoi bi chn lp
v qua vic p ng 3 yu cu c bn c minh ho trong hnh 15-1

Hnh 15-1. Schematic diagram of basic aspects of a sanitary landfill

15.2.2 Quy hoch bi chn lp

Trong chng ny, quy hoch l tp hp cc thng tin v loi , khi lng , t
l pht sinh , v tnh cht ca cht thi c cho php chn lp bi chn
lp.Thu thp cc thng tin ny l iu kin tin quyt c c s thit k v pht
trin mt bi chn lp mt cch c hiu qu v c hiu lc.V d nh c kin
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thc v cc thnh phn rc thi d kin s c chn lp bi chn lp, s gip

nhn thc c kh nng c th thc hin c vic ti sinh v ti s dng mt
s thnh phn rc thi nht nh.Tht ra nn lu rng gi thit t ra y l
gii php gim bt lng rc thi v ti ch rc thi l cc la chn c a
thch hn , v chn lp ch thc hin khi 2 bin php va nu ra khng thc
hin c v chn lp c d kin l gii php dnh chn lp nhng cht
thi cn li sau khi thu hi, ti sinh v ti ch.
15.3 CC QU TRNH DIN RA TRONG BI CHN LP:
Cc qu trnh vt l ,ha hc v sinh hc s c ni n trong phn ny.Trong
3 qu trnh , qu trnh sinh hc c l l quan trng nht .Tuy nhin qu trnh
sinh hc li chu nh hng rt ln bi cc qu trnh vt l v ho hc.Trong
phn cui cng ca phn ny s bn thm mt s h qu ca c 3 loi qu trnh
15.3.1 Qu trnh vt l - physical :
Ni chung , nhng phn ng quan trng trong bi chn lp thng thuc 1
trong 3 dng chnh sau:nn p (compaction hay compression) , phn r
(dissolution) , v bm ht b mt (sorption) . Bi hin tng st ln
(settlement) lun i km vi nn p , nn hai hin tng ny thng c ni
chung vi nhau . Tng t , hin tng phn r v di chuyn n ni khc
cng c nhng lin quan cht ch nhau, mc d mi quan h chng khng cng
mt mc nh hin tng nn p v st ln . Ni chung tt c nhng thnh
phn trong bi chn lp u b chi phi bi 3 hin tng ni trn .
Nn p l hin tng din ra lin tc bt u bi 1 phng tin m nn, v
gim kch thc ca cc phn t, v vn tip tc sau khi rc nm trong bi
chn lp. Rc tip tc b nn l do ti trng ca rc v do trng lng ca lp
t che ph. m nn t v nhng ht nh khc phn no c tc dng c
kt do s p co ca t lm gim h s rng (Kehew 1998). Kt qu cui cng
ca hin tng nn p l s st ln ca bi chn lp hon thnh .Hin tng
st ln ny l hin tng st ln vt l, xy ra bn cnh hin tng st ln khc
b gy ra bi nhng loi phn ng khc( v d nh do s mt mt khi lng v
cc phn ng ho hc v sinh hc.
Lng nc xm nhp vo bi chn lp ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong
nhng phn ng vt l. Nc l mi trng phn r nhng cht c th ho
tan trong nc v gip vn chuyn nhng cht khng phn ng. Nhng cht
khng phn ng bao gm c nhng ht v sinh v hu sinh. Kch thc ht
thay i t kch thc siu hin vi trong cht keo n c tic din vi milimt.
Trong mt bi chn lp tiu biu, cht thi rn vi a dng cc thnh phn v
cc kch thc ht to ra nhng iu kin cho php qu trnh bm ht b mt
din ra trong quy m rng, s bm ht b mt hay cn gi l qu trnh hp ph
c hiu l s gn cc phn t ln mt b mt. L mt hin tng vt l, bm
ht b mt l mt trong nhng qu trnh quan trng bi v n gi c nh li
nhng cht hu c v v c c kh nng gy ra nhng tc ng c hi nu thot
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ra mi trng bn ngoi. Trong , n gi vai tr rt ln gip ngn chn cc

ngun gy bnh (viruses) v nhng mm bnh (pathogens) cng nh mt
s cht ho hc. Tuy nhin, hp ph c mt s hn ch nht nh, mt trong
nhng hn ch l vn lu gi cht b hp ph bao lu. C mt hoc vi
nhn t c th lm thay i thi gian lu gi cht hp ph. V d nh cc qu
trnh phn hu sinh hc v ho hc xy ra ni din ra hin tng bm ht b
mt.
Hp th (absorption) l mt hin tng vt l khc xy ra trong bi chn lp.
N rt quan trng v qu trnh hp th gi li nhng cht nhim ho tan bng
cch gi nc, cht vn chuyn nhng cht nhim v nhng ht l lng ra
khi bi chn lp. Qa trnh hp th l qu trnh cc cht c ly i thng qua
hin tng mao dn. Kh nng hp th ca rc thi th trong bi chn lp
phn ln l do hm lng cenllulose c trong chng. Tuy nhin, cn phi hiu
rng, tr khi bi chn lp c xy dng trn bi t kh cn, tt c cc bi
chn lp cui cng tt c cc cht c th hp th cht khc trong bi chn lp
u tr nn bo ho. Nh vy, s hp th ch c xem l mt cch tr hon
tm thi khi khng mong mun cc cht nhim thot ra bn ngoi.
15.3.2 Qu trnh ho hc :
xi ho l mt trong hai dng phn ng ho hc ch yu trong bi chn lp. D
nhin, mc phn ng xi ho rt hn ch, bi v nhng phn ng ny ph
thuc vo s hin din ca xi gi li trong bi chn lp khi xy dng v vn
hnh bi chn lp. Trong qu trnh xi ho , kim loi st l thnh phn c kh
nng b nh hng nhiu nht.
Dng phn ng ho hc th hai ch yu bao gm nhng phn ng xy ra do s
c mt ca cc acid hu c v cacbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) ho tan trong nc, c
tng hp t cc qu trnh sinh hc. Phn ng vi cc acid hu c v cacbon
dioxide ho tan thng l cc phn ng ca kim loi v cc hp cht ca kim
loi vi cc acid. Sn phm ca nhng phn ng ny phn ln l ion kim loi
v mui tn ti trong nc r r ca bi chn lp. Nhng acid gy ra s ho tan
v t y gii phng ra cc cht tr thnh ngun gy nhim. S ho tan
cacbon dioxide lm gim cht lng nc , c bit khi c mt ca Ca v Mg.
15.3.3 Cc qu trnh sinh hc:
ngha quan trng ca cc phn ng sinh hc trong bi chn lp l nh vo hai
kt qu nh sau ca cc phn ng.

n nh thnh phn cht hu c c trong rc thi v nh vy s loi tr

kh nng gy nh hng ca chng.
Chuyn ho phn ln cc cht c cha cabon v protein thnh kh, cho
php gim bt ng k khi lng v th tch thnh phn hu c.
im th hai, cn phi nh rng mt phn cc nguyn t dinh dng trong
cht thi c chuyn ho thnh cht nguyn sinh ca vi khun (microbial
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protoplasm). Sau cng , khi vi khun cht i cht nguyn sinh ny s b phn
hu v do vy n l mt ngun d tr cho s phn hu trong tng lai.
Thnh phn hu c d phn hu trong MSW gm loi thnh phn cht thi
c trong bi chn lp c kh nng b phn hu sinh hc. Chng bao gm rc
thc phm , giy , v sn phm ca giy, v cc loi si t nhin ( bao gm
si c ngun gc ng vt hoc thc vt). S phn hu sinh hc c th xy ra
trong tnh trng hiu kh hoc k kh. C hai qu trnh hiu kh v k kh thng
din ra tun t trc sau trong mt bi chn lp, trong qu trnh phn hu hiu
kh xy ra trc qu trnh phn hu k kh. Mc d c hai qu trnh phn hu
sinh hc ny u quan trng , nhng phn hu k kh gy ra nhng nh hng
ln hn v lu di hn th hin thng qua c trng bi chn lp.
15.3.3.1 S phn hu hiu kh- Aerobic decomposition :
Phn ln qu trnh phn hu xy ra ngay sau khi rc c chn l hiu kh
.Tnh trng hiu kh tip din cho n khi tt c oxi trong cc khe h gia cc
ht khng cn na. Giai on hiu kh din ra tng i ngn v ph thuc vo
m nn cht thi, cng nh ph thuc vo m v m chim ch ca
khng kh trong cc khe h ca ht.Vi khun hot ng trong sut giai on ny
bao gm vsv hiu kh bt buc v mt s vsv hiu kh tu nghi.
Bi v nhng sn phm c bn cui cng ca qu trnh phn hu hiu kh sinh
hc l tro ,CO2 v H2O, tc ng c hi cho mi trng trong sut giai on
phn hu hiu kh l rt nh.V mc d nhng sn phm phn hu trung gian
c th bay hi, v kh nng gy nhim thng thp.
15.3.3.2 S phn hu k kh- Anaerobic decomposition :
Bi v ngun oxy trong bi chn lp sm cn kit, hu ht cht hu c d phn
hu cui cng s b phn hu k kh.Qu trnh phn hu k kh sinh hc tng
t nh qu trnh phn hu k kh bn thi .Cc vi khun tham gia vo qu trnh
phn hu k kh bao gm : vi khun k kh tu nghi v vi khun k kh bt buc.
Khng may, nhng sn phm phn hu k kh c th gy ra tc ng bt li vo
mi trng nu khng c bin php qun l chng mt cch cn thn . Nhng
sn phm phn hu c th phn loi thnh hai nhm chnh: nhng acid hu c
d bay hi v kh .Hu ht nhng acid c mi kh chu v cc acid bo mch
ngn . Ngoi nhng phn ng ha hc vi nhng thnh phn khc acid cn l
c cht cho vi khun cho vi khun to ra kh mthane.
Hai kh ch yu sinh ra l kh mthan ( CH 4 ) v CO2 . Nhng kh dng vt l
hydrogen sulphide ( H2S ) ,hydrogen ( H2 ) v nitrogen ( N2 ) .Vn pht sinh
kh bi rc , qun l v thu hi chng trong bi chn lp c tho lun trong
phn khc ca chng ny.
15.3.3.3 Nhng nhn t mi trng - Environmental factors :
Bn cht, tc , v mc ca cc qu trnh phn hu sinh hc trong bi chn
lp b nh hng ln bi nhng nhn t mi trng c nh hng ln tt c cc
hot ng ca vsv . Bn cht ca qu trnh phn hu sinh hc quyt nh bn
cht ca nhng sn phm ca qu trnh phn hu trong nhng thng s , tc
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phn hu quyt nh khong thi gian cn thit phi gim st bi chn lp sau
khi chm dt hot ng v thi gian cn thit qu trnh phn hu n nh
hon ton trc khi a bi chn lp hon thnh vo s dng li cho d mc
ch s dng li l cho gii tr, lm nng nghip, xy dng hoc nhng mc
ch khc.
Mt trong nhng cch thc nh hng ca qu trnh phn hu n vic s dng
li bi chn lp hon tt l thng qua nhng nh hng ca n trn tc v
mc st ln (gim cao) , trong st ln l cn tr ch yu trong vic s
dng li bi chn lp hon tt. S st ln s tip tc cho n khi s phn hu
sinh hc bn trong bi chn lp xy ra hon ton. V vy, tc phn hu cng
cao v tr xy dng bi chn lp cng sm c s dng li. Rt nhiu cc
nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim c tin hnh t hn 5-10 nm qua
y nhanh s phn hy sinh hc ca cht thi bn trong bi chn lp.
Nhng nhn t chnh nh hng n s phn hu trong bi chn lp thng
thng l m , nhit , v hm lng cht dinh dng cho vi khun tiu th
v bn ca cht thi trc s tn cng ca vi khun . Nu m 55% 60% hoc thp hn , n s tr thnh yu t hn ch s phn hu trong bi chn
lp , bi v hot ng ca vi khun b c ch tng dn khi m ri xung thp
hn mc 55%.Trn thc t, hot ng ca vsv dng hn khi m 12%
vy.V vy,c th hiu rng qu trnh phn hu dn ra rt chm trong nhng bi
chn lp xy dng vng kh cn .
Hot ng ca a s cc vi khun tng khi nhit tng ti gii hn l 40 0C .
i vi mt vi lai vi khun gii hn trn ca nhit thm ch khong t
550C-650C .Bi v nhit trong nhng vng nhit i th thun li hn, qu
trnh phn hu cht thi din ra trong nhng khu vc ny c th ni l nhanh
hn v mc cao hn.
Ni v cht dinh dng , loi rc no c c tnh cha nhiu cht d b phn
hu c th xem l l tng v mt sinh hc. Rc d phn hu bao gm nhng
loi rc nh rc vn mu xanh ( green crop debris ) , rc t vic chun b
thc phm ( food preparation waste ) , rc ch , phn ca ngi v ng vt
.Rt d tm thy cc hn hp vt liu phn hu l tng nhng nc ang
pht trin trong khu vc nhit i m.
15.3.4 Khi lng ring cht thi trong bi chn lp v s st ln
15.3.4.1 Khi lng ring - Density :
Cc thng tin v khi lng ring ca rc th c tho lun trong phn
khc ca ti liu.Trong cc yu t nh hng hoc quyt nh khi lng ring
ca cht thi trong bi chn lp ( y dng t in-place ngha l khi lng
ring ca rc sau khi c xung v m nn trong bi chn lp ) gm c
thnh phn cu to ca rc v nhng quy trnh vn hnh. Din tin st ln ca
ton b khi chn lp xy ra nh l nhng h qu ca s phn hu v do ti
trng cht thi nng xung.
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Do nh hng ca s st ln , khi lng ring ca cht thi lin tc gia tng .

Trong mt bi chn lp vn hnh theo ng kch thc cht thi v tr tng
i su c th c khi lng ring mc 900 kg/m 3 trong khi i vi bi chn
lp c m nn s si th khong 300 kg/m 3 M , phm vi khi lng ring
thng thng ca cht thi ngay sau khi va m nn xong khong 475712kg/m3 [31].
15.3.4.2 S st ln - Settlement :
S st ln c biu hin bi vic lm gim th tch khi rc v theo sau l
lm gim bt cao .Vi nhiu l do cao khng gim ng u trn khp bi
chn lp..S st ln khng u c th l nhng cn tr nghim trng trong vic
s dng li bi chn lp hon thnh v chc chn, thnh phn hu c cng
nhiu bi chn lp cng su th st ln cng ln tc st ln ph thuc
phn ln vo s phn hu rc vo nhng yu t nh hng n s phn hu.
Bi v nhng yu t nh hng n s phn hu lun thay i v v c nhiu
khc bit rt ln gia nhng quy trnhh vn hnh bi chn lp hp v sinh nn
khng c g ngc nhin khi st ln trn thc t v st ln trong bo co
c s khc nhau rt ln trong ton b qu trnh st ln , thng khong 90%
xy ra trong sut nm u tin [31]. nhng vng kh cn , s st ln c th
ch 3% sau 3 nm hot ng , trong khi vng cn nhit i c th ti a n
20% sau nm u tin [32]. Lu rng mc d vi cht thi rn c khi lng
ring ban u bng hoc ln hn 1060kg/m3 l khng c s st ln vt l no
c th xy ra nhng v mt l thuyt, s st ln vn c th xy ra n 40% v s
phn hu rc tuy nhin vi cht thi rn c khi lng ring dao ng t 6501200kg/m3 tc st ln o c hng nm khong 0.55- 4.7%.
15.4 CC LOI CHT THI RN :
15.4.1 Tm quan trng khi phn loi cht thi :
Loi CTR s c a n chn lp l iu quan trng cn xem xt khi thit k
mt bi chnlp hp v sinh. Nhn chung, cc bi chn lp hp v sinh c
xem l bi rc dng chn lp tt c cc loi cht thi bt ngun t khu vc
dn c, khu thng mi v khu cng nghip. Khi lng v c tnh ca cht
thi rn xc nh phng thc vn hnh chung ca bi chn lp.Hn na, loi
cht thi v thnh phn cht thi chn trong chn lp gy nh hng n lu
lng v thnh phn ca nc r r v cc cht kh sinh ra trong chn lp.
Ngoi ra cn lu rng loi cht thi rn chn lp cn tim n nhng nguy c
v nhng mi nguy him n cuc sng cng ng bt ngun t tnh n mn,
cc c tnh nguy him hay cc c tnh nguy hi khc t mt loi cht thi c
th no
15.4.2 Nhng cht thi c chp nhn trong bi chn lp :
Hu ht nhng cht thi rn c pht sinh ra nhng khu dn c, khu thng
mi, khu cng nghip v nng nghip u c th chn lp vo bi chn lp hp
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v sinh c thit k hin i m khng gy nguy him trc tip hay gin tip
n cuc sng tt p ca cng ng v cht lng mi trng.
thun tin khi trch dn, tham kho, nhng cht thi nh va nh ngha
trn c xem nh l chp nhn c trong bi chn lp. Tri li, nhiu loi
cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip( khng phi nhng cht thi pht
sinh trong cc vn phng ca cc nh my cng nghip) khng nn thi ra bi
chn lp hp v sinh m nn thi b trong nhng bi chn lp thit k c bit.
Nhng cht thi ny c xem nh lnhng cht thi khng c chp nhn
trong bi chn lp. Nhng cht thi khng c chp nhn trong bi chn lp
ny nn c nh gi mt cch c bit c lng nhng ri ro c th khi
thi b chng. Thng thng, nhng dng cht thi trn c nhng loi phng
tin bi b sn c c thit k c bit s l chng, v nh vy chng ch
nn a n bi b nhng phng tin ny. Mt ngoi l c th cho php
chn lp nhng cht thi c bit vo bi chn lp hp v sinh khi cht thi th
hin l ph hp vi bi chn lp c sn hoc vi bi chn lp c cng sut thit
k c ci tin phhp v c nhng c tnh ho sinh thch hp .
Khng may mn l nhng quc gia ang pht trin, s phn loi cht thi thnh
2 loi : loi c th chp nhn c v khng th chp nhn c th khng thc
hin c, v thm ch trong mt tng li gn s phn loi cng khng chc
c th thc hin c. nhng nc ang pht trin, thc t thng thng l
bi chn lp c th kim sot mt mc no th phi chp nhn chn
lp tt c cc loi cht thi khng tr loi no. Hot ng mnh m chuyn rc
thi t bi rc h vo bi chn lp c s kim sot l i din cho bc tin
b vt bc, vt qua cc phng thc bi b cht thi ba bi hin nay cn
tn ti.
Nhng cht thi rn c tch nc (ngha l bn thi hay cn gi l cht
rn sinh hc) t nh my s l nc thi sinh hot v nh my s l nc cp
(ngoi tr bn ti cha qua mt qu trnh s l s b no) c th c xem
nh l nhng dng cht thi c th chp nhn c bi chn lp.
15.4.3 Cht thi khng chp nhn trong bi chn lp
Mt cch l tng, quyt nh cht thi no c cho l khng th chp nhn
v khng cho php chn lp trong bi chn lp hp v sinh, phi c a ra
trong sut qu trnh quy hoch bi chn lp, v quyt nh n nn c tin
hnh kt hp gia nhng c quan ca nh nc chu trch nhim chung v
nhng ngi iu hnh v thit k nhng bi chn lp, v cng nn xem xt
n kt qu kho st nhng ngun cht thi c s lng ln (ngun rc thi
cng nghip). V khi lng v c tnh ca chng. Nhng cht thi khng
c chp nhn trong bi chn lp nn c nh ngha r rng trong cc bng
quy hoch pht trin bi chn lp v nhng ngi thng xuyn s dng bi
chn lp nn c cung cp mt danh sch cc loi cht thi loi ny.Tiu ch
c t ra quyt nh th no l chp nhn c v nh th no l khng
chp nhn c nn bao gm tnh cht a cht thu vn ca ni xy dng bi
rc, nhng c tnh ho hc v sinh hc ca cht thi, tnh sn c ca nhng
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phng n thay th chn lp, ti s dng hoc ti ch khc, nhng ri ro i

vi mi trng, nguy c nh hng n sc kho v s an ton i vi nhng
ngi lm cng vic vn hnh qun l v i vi cng ng
Nhng loi cht thi phi c s ng c bit ca cc c quan c chc
nng mi c php chn lp trong bi chn lp bao gm nhng loi cht thi
chnh thc c xc nh l nguy hi hay nhng cht thi cha nhng cht liu
c xc nh l nguy hi, v d nh cht thi y t, cht lng v cht bn st,
bn thi vi m t do ( cho php tch nc lm kh t nhin khng cn xc
tc), cht d chy hoc d bay hi, phn ng vt ti, bn ti v bn trong b
t hoi, cht thi trong sn xut cng nghip. Cn lu rng mt s cht thi t
ng vt c th b nhim khun v chng cha nhng sinh vt gy bnh ng
vt c th ly nhim cho ngi.
C quan bo v mi trng M (USEPA) cng b mt nh ngha v cht
thi nguy hi ( hazardous wastes ) thch hp cho c nhng quc gia cng
nghip v ang pht trin. Theo nh ngha ny, mt cht thi c cho l nguy
hi nu n gy ra nhng nh hng nguy him tim n hoc nhn thy c rt
ng k lm nh hng n cuc sng con ngi hoc cc sinh vt sng, do
bi: cht thi khng phn hu hoc tn lu lu di trong t nhin, chng c th
chng to qa mc bnh thng v mt sinh hc, chng c th gy cht ngi
hay ngc li c th gy ra nhng nh hng tch lu c hi [4].
15.4.4 Nhng loi cht thi c bit :
C nhiu loi cht thi thng c gi l cht thi c bit nhng gii
thiu v tho lun chng hai.Trong , nhng cht thi nh rc thi y t (d
b nhim khun), v nhng dng bn thi khc nhau thng c pht sinh v
c chn lp ti chn lp ti cc quc gia ang pht trin, do nn c ch
c bit. Khi lng cht thi c bit cn li khc s c gim thiu mt
cch ng k thng qua nhng hot ng nht rc v ti ch trn quy m ln
nhng nc ang pht trin. Mt s loi cht thi ny bao gm nhng cht thi
cc cng ty, nhng rc thi trong xy dng, hoc ph hu nh ca, phn ng
vt hoc xc ng vt.
15.5 KHI LNG V THNH PHN CHT THI
Do vic qun l v quy hoch qun l cht thi rn ng mc ph thuc vo
mc chnh xc v mc c trng ca nhng d li v t l pht sinh v
thnh phn cht thi rn nn phi c mt chng trnh xc nh tnh cht ca
cht thi chnh xc v ng tin cy. Tuy nhin, khng may cho cc nh qun l
quy hoch cng nh cc nh qun l chuyn mn, khi lng v thnh phn
cht thi rn khng ch khc nhau gia cc nc m cn gia cc thnh ph, v
thm ch gia cc cng ng trong mt thnh ph [5,6].
Cc quy trnh o lng, tnh ton khi lng, thnh phn v tnh cht cht
thi c trnh by trong chng bn.
9

Kehew, A. E. (1998). a cht hc cho K s xy dng v cn b k thut mi

trng, P. M. H. Trnh Vn Cng, Phm Hu S, Nguyn Uyn, translator,
Nh xut bn Gio dc.

15.6 LA CHN V TR BI CHN LP

15.6.1.Gii thiu :
a im v nhng c im ca v tr xy dng BCL s quyt nh mc v
tnh cht ca cc tc ng ca mt bi chn lp hp v sinh ln sc kho cng
ng v cht lng ngun ti nguyn nc, khng kh, v t xung
quanh.Cc tc ng c hi c th hn ch c ng k hoc thm ch c th
trnh c nu v tr bi chn lp c la chn 1 cch thch hp gm c:1) S
nhim ti nguyn khng kh, nc v t bi cc cht ha hc, kh v cc sinh
vt do cht thi trong bi chn lp a n hoc lm pht sinh;v 2)S suy
gim cht lng thm m v gi tr thng mi ca cc khu t k bn. Thm
ch vi mt BCL c thit k tt nht, cng rt kh cch ly hon ton tt c
cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin vi cc cht gy nhim v tch chng ra
khi nhng tc ng s c cp n trong nhng phn sau. Trong trng
hp nh vy, s la chn mt v tr thch hp nht cng l mt ni dung v
cng quan trng. Mt iu kin tin quyt la chn v tr cho BCL l cn c
kh nng xc nh v tr no sn c c th p ng hu ht tt c nhng
tiu ch cn thit cho php n c gi l v tr thch hp nht [7]. Yu t
khc na phi c cn nhc l nhng vn lin quan n quyn s hu v
vic thu mn t.
S la chn v tr BCL, c bit trong nhng vng thnh th dn c ng c v
vng ngoi ca cc nc cng nghip, tr thnh mt quy trnh chnh tr-x
hi c tranh lun kh gay gt. Mt th tc in hnh dnh cho vic la chn
v tr bi chn lp cho d mc khu vc hay a phng mt s nc
cng nghip bt u vi vic phi xc nh c 5-10 v tr c th thch hp
(possible site). Sau tin hnh phn tch tin kh thi. Kt qu phn tch tin
kh thi s c s dng c 2 n 5 v tr thch hp t cc v tr c
ngh (candidate site). Bc tip theo ca qu trnh l lng nghe cc kin
gp ca ngi dn v nhng v tr c c. Cui cng, mt quyt nh
c a ra v mt v tr s c la chn xy dng BCL. Qu trnh la
chn mt v tr bi chn lp mt nc ang pht trin c th khc hn hay l
mt phin bn khc ca quy trnh thc hin cc nc cng nghip.
Bt chp tm quan trng ca vic la chn mt v tr bi chn lp ph hp
nht, hu ht cc nc ang pht trin(v nhiu nc cng nghip),nu
khng ni l tt c, s la chn thng b t sang 1 bn do sc p ln mc
ch s dng t bi mt dn s tng ln, do s m rng th mt cch
thiu hp l v do nhu cu thit yu i vi sn xut thc phm v thng mi.
Nu nhng iu kin ny l quan trng hn,kh nng duy nht chn la l
10

chn v tr bi chn lp xa trung tm thnh ph v phi s dng cc trm

trung chuyn rc. Hin nhin, nu quyt nh lm nh vy, phi tnh ton n
xu hng v chiu hng gia tng dn s ni chung v cc phng tin vn
chuyn rc thi t ni pht sinh n bi chn lp xa.
Mc d mt s tnh hung bt li c th khin qu trnh la chn v tr BCL
thch hp nht khng th tun th cc tiu ch v cc thng s d nh,nhng
hiu bit v nhng tiu ch v thng s ny rt c ch.V d nh nh nhn bit
c khong cch khc bit gia cc c trng ca v tr c la chn i vi
v tr l tng s l 1 nh hng c bin php bo v khc phc nhng tc
ng bt li ca bi chn lp gy ra v thiu cc iu kin l tng. V d th
hai l, nu nh mt BCL bt buc phi xy dng trn mt sn i tng i
gn vi ngun nc th c th o cc mng chn v mng chuyn hng
dng chy gia BCL v ngun nc gip dng nc ma chy trn khng
xm nhp vo ngun nc.
Cui cng, nh mt phn thit yu pht trin quy hoch s dng t di hn,
hiu bit v cc tiu ch la chn v tr c th c s dng xem xt s dng
li v tr BCL trong tng lai [66].
Nhng nhn t c bn la chn mt v tr chn lp s c bn n trong
phn ny.Nghin cu ng mc nhng nhn t ny s gip pht trin mt bi
chn lp bo v cht lng ngun nc ngm v ngun nc mt,v bo v
cht lng cuc sng ca cng ng khu dn c v ni ca h.
15.6.2 Din tch v thi gian s dng bi chn lp
Din tch v thi gian s dng c ch (lifespan) l nhng nhn t u tin
la chn v tr cho BCL.Nhng nhn t ny c quyt nh theo nhng thng
s sau: su BCL;khi lng, tc a rc n BCL v c im ca cht
thi rn;v cch thc vn hnh.V tr xy dng BCL nn c la chn sao cho
khong thi gian s dng c ch ca BCL thu hi vn u t .Ngi ta
ngh rng bi chn lp nn c thit k cho thi gian s dng c ch t nht l
10 nm.Kch thc ca 1 bi chn lp khi tnh ton phi bao gm 2 phn c bn
sau:din tch mt bng tng th (gross area) v din tch s dng c ch cho
chn lp (useful fill area).Din tch mt bng tng th l ton b din tch mt
bng c gii hn bng ranh gii ca khu t. Din tch s dng c ch cho
chn lp l phn din tch khng bao gm cc din tch dng lm vng m,
nhng con ng giao thng ni b v nhng kho d tr t dng che
ph.Din tch s dng c ch cho chn lp c th chim khong 50-80% din
tch mt bng tng th.Mt s ca mt bi chn lp c th hin trong hnh
2. Din tch hu ch cho chn lp trong 1 nm hot ng cng c tnh ton
theo dn s v khi lng ring ca cht thi c nn cht, th hin
ng cong c v trn hnh 3 v 4. Loi cht thi v quy trnh vn hnh(bao
gm c khi lng t dng lm vt liu che ph)quyt nh mc m nn
cht thi.

11

Hnh 15-2: Plan view of a landfill

Hnh 15-3: Land requirements for a landfill as a function of compaction

12

Hnh 15-4: Relationship between bulk density of waste and landfill volume
required

Phng trnh sau c th dng tnh ton thi gian s dng c ch ca mt

BCL hp v sinh:
L

VT
365 Q p 1 FQS

Vi:
L: khong thi gian s dng c ch (nm)
Vt :th tch ca bi chn lp c tnh ton (m3 )
Qp: lng cht thi rn trong 1 ngy (m3/ngy)
Fqs: lng vt liu che ph c biu din l 1 phn ca Qp(m3/ngy)
Khi lng cht thi c chn lp, tnh ton da trn s liu tnh ton v dn
s.Vic tnh ton khi lng cht thi c th thc hin bng phng trnh sau:
Qi Q p 1 r

Vi :
Qi : khi lng rc thi c thug gom trong nm i
Qp : khi lng rc thi c thu gom mi nm hin ti
r : t l tng dn s hng nm trung bnh ly phn s thp phn
n : s nm

13

Din tch mt bng yu cu cho mt dung lng chn lp c th gim khi

su bi chn lp tng ln .Din tch yu cu c th tnh ton bng phng trnh
sau :
A

VT
h

Vi :
A: din tch cn thit (m2)
Vt: tng th tch cht thi rn v vt liu che ph (m3)
h: su trung bnh ca bi chn lp (m)
Cn c vo phng trnh v biu trong hnh 4 , t trng nn ca cht thi v
ca t c nh hng nghim trng n tng th tch chn lp v do nh
hng n din tch chn lp cn thit.
15.6.3 a Hnh :
Bt k loi v tr a l no (v d nh m khai thc than b b hoang, h t
st , ch t trng t nhin), thng tin v a hnh l mt yu cu c bn
tin hnh thit k mt BCL sao cho hp l, y v tnh ton tc ng ca
bi chn lp.Yu t a hnh rt quan trng mt phn v trong thc t nc ma
s d dng to thnh vng trn mt khu vc c a hnh tng i bng
phng.Tri li, n c th gy xi mn mt v tr qu dc. Mt trong 2 trng
hp, a hnh s gy ra nhng kh khn khi vn hnh, thng dc ln hn
1% nh hn 20% l c th chp nhn c.
Thng tin v a hnh l cn thit b tr mt bng mt mng li thot nc
mt sao cho:1) Chuyn hng nc b mt ln quanh theo din tch bi chn
lp.2) Nc ma chy trn qua cht thi c ngn chn v trnh gy tc ng
bt li ln mi trng.
Hn na, thng tin v a hnh cn thit tnh ton chnh xc sc cha
(capacity) ca bi chn lp v loi h o, mc o cn thit nu cn o
h khi vn hnh chn lp.
Mt bn a hnh cho mt bi chn lp phi th hin y khong cch
gia cc mt bng khc nhau ch r kiu dng chy nc mt trong ton b
khu vc ni chung v trong mi khu vc BCL ang vn hnh ni ring.Nhng
bn a hnh c th c sn t nhiu ngun cung cp; ngoi ra, nu cn,c th
lp bn a hnh s dng mt trong nhng phng php kho st t ai.
Nhng thng tin c ch thu c t bn a hnh bao gm :
Din tch ng bng b ngp lt trong 100 nm qua. (Ghi ch: ng bng
ngp lt l vng c th tch nc v vt liu bi lng t nhin bi tch
ca h thng sng khi lu lng vt qu dng chy y b. L lt lin
quan mt thit vi s hnh thnh ng bng ngp lt. Nhng vn cng
trnh pht sinh c trong vic kim sot l nh k trn ngp vng lnh th
ln trong vic cng trnh phi chu th thch trn ng bng ngp lt .
14

Mc nc cao thng gy nn nhng iu kin phc tp. Hn na, s thay

i t ngt cc loi bi tch theo phng ngang v thng ng i hi
khi lng cng tc kho st v th nghim ln thit k nn mng
(Kehew 1998))
Nhng ngun nc mt.
Hin trng s dng t (ca nhng h gia nh gn nht )
Ging nc.
Ging quan trc.

Cc cng trnh ngn chn hay kim sot nc thi, l lt (nh iu).

Nhng bn th hin a hnh ca v tr trc khi xy dng bi chn lp, trong

sut thi gian hot ng, v sau khi ng ca bi chn lp nn c lp.Tt c
nhng bn nn c ch dn vi t l bn , ngy thng lp v cc hng.
15.6.4. t ai:
(Kehew 1998) C l khng thut ng no gy nhiu lng tng bng thut ng
t. Cc nh th nhng l cc nh khoa hc chuyn v t, th quan tm ti
t nh mt mi trng pht trin thc vt. V l do ny, cc nh th nhng
ch tp trung ch vo i phong ha giu cht hu c cn thit cho s pht
trin ca thc vt, l mt trn cng ngay di mt t (subsurface), v gi
cc vt liu gc bn di i phong ha l hay trm tch m.
(Kehew 1998) Cc k s xy dng, ngc li, thc hin 1 phng php nghin
cu t hon ton khc. Vi cc k s xy dng, t ng t bao hm loi vt
liu no , c th o bng xng. nh ngha ny r rng l khng c gii hn
v su, ngun gc, hay kh nng h tr cho s pht trin thc vt. S phn
loi t theo xy dng da trn c ht, thnh phn ht, v tnh do ca vt liu.
Cc c trng ny lin quan cht ch vi hnh vi ca t khi c ti trng tc
dng.
(Kehew 1998) Trong phng php nghin cu t th cc nh a cht c v tr
trung gian gia cc nh th nhng v k s xy dng. Cc nh a cht quan
tm ti t v cc qu trnh phong ha tm hiu cc iu kin kh hu qu
kh v mi quan h vi cc thnh to a cht hu ch t trm tch st, ti cc
qung kim loi. S phn loi t th nhng vi nhng ai khng chuyn mn l
qu phc tp, do vy cc nh a cht thng s dng cc phn loi c bn hn.
Nh a cht gi loi vt liu ri rc bt k di i pht trin thc vt l
trm tch (sediment) hoc vt liu cha c kt. Thut ng cha c kt
ny tri vi cch s dng thng thng ca cc k s xy dng, v thut ng
c kt chuyn dng ch s nn ca t bo ha trong xy dng.
i vi k s mi trng, trong xy dng v vn hnh 1 bi chn lp, ty vo
mc ch nghin cu v tr xy dng hay nghin cu k thut xy dng v vn
hnh m 1 k s mi trng ng vai tr l 1 nh th nhng, hay 1 k s xy
dng hay 1 nh a cht.
15

Tnh c sn t c nhng c tnh thch hp lm lp lt y bi chn

lp(BCL), lm h thng lp che ph pha trn hoc c hai l mt trong nhng
xem xt quan trng khi phn tch v la chn v tr xy dng BCL. Nu c mt
lng t ngay v tr BCL hoc gn l mt thun li trnh tn thi
gian v chi ph m bo c vt liu tng hp hay c t xa ni c th c
chn l BCL.
Trong trng hp v tr BCL khng c lng loi t cn n, th vt liu
(thay cho t ti ch) phi c a ti BCL. Nu vic a nguyn liu n
BCL l cn thit th BCL nn c khong khng cho kho lu tr t. Lng
t nn c lu tr tha mn nhu cu trong 5 n 7 ngy.
t v tr BCL nh hng n vic lan truyn cht nhim v cung cp nn
mng cho kt cu BCL. Nhng c tnh t quan trng l: phn b kch thc
ht (cp phi gradation hay kt cu t texture), cu to t (s sp xp cc
ht t - structure), bn (cng - strength) ca t, rng
(porosity), hot ng (activity), dy (depth), phn b khng gian
(spatial distribution), khi lng t (quantity), kh nng ha lng (hin
tng t hay bi bo ha nc chuyn sang trng thi lng di ng sut
nhanh hay chu k gy ra bi ng t, rung ng, hay n ph - liquefaction
potential), mi lin h gia m, trng lng ring, v tnh thm ca t, v
hnh vi (workability) ca t.
S phn loi v s phn tch nhng c tnh ca t l mt ngnh khoa hc c
uy tn . C nhiu h thng phn loi t. H thng ph bin nht l H thng
phn loi t hp nht ( Unified Soil Classification System, vit tt : USCS).
Mt danh sch nhng loi t ca USCS c trnh by trong bng 15-1, cng
vi nhng c tnh ca chng.
Bng 15-1: Mt vi c tnh ca cc loi t

Cc
k
hiu
nhm
GW
GP
GM
GC
SW

Cc tn in hnh

thm
(cm/s)

m
ti u
(%)

Trng lng
ring kh ti
a (kg/m3)

Si cp phi tt v hn hp
si ct t hay khng c ht
mn.
Si cp phi xu v hn hp
si ct t hay khng c ht
mn.
Si cha bi, hn hp si
ct bi .
Si cha st, hn hp si ct
st.
Ct cp phi tt v ct cha
cui, t hay khng ht min.

(2.71.3)x10

<13.3

>1908

<12.4

>1763

> 3 x 10-7

<14.5

>1827

> 3 x 10-7

<14.7

>1845

N/A

13.32.5

190880

(6.43.4)x10
-

16

SP
SM
SC
ML
CL
OL
MH
CH
OH

Si cp phi xu v hn hp
si ct, t hay khng c ht
mn.
Ct cha bi, hn hp ct
bi
Ct cha st, hn hp ct st
Bi v c, ct rt mn, bt
, ct mn cha bi hay st
St v c c tnh do thp
n trung bnh, st cha si,
st cha ct, st cha bi st
Bi hu c v st cha bi
hu c c tnh do thp
Bi v c, ct cha mica
hay cha to diatome, bi
n hi
St v c c tnh do cao,
st bo
St hu c c tnh do trung
bnh n cao

> 1.5 x 10-5

12.41.0

176332

(7.54.8)x10

14.50.4

182716

14.70.4
19.20.7

184516
165116

(32)x10-7
(5.92.3)x10
-7

173116
(83)x10

-8

17.30.3

N/A

N/A

N/A

(1.61)x10-7

36.33.2

131464

(55)x10-8

25.51.2

150732

N/A

N/A

N/A

Source: Reference 4.
t xem xt lm nn mng cho BCL (nn mng trn t BCL) c yu cu
c nhng s liu v bn ca t. Ngoi ra, nhng d liu v tnh thm ca
t v tr BCL cng rt cn thit (hay cn gi l tnh dn nc hydraulic
conductivity_ thng c n v l cm/s) bi v thit k BCL phi tnh ton n
s r r nc thm qua nn mng.
V l do v kinh t, t ti ch nn c s dng ti a lm lp lt bng t,
vt liu che ph v lp thot nc da trn khi lng v c im ca t c
sn v theo yu cu iu kin chung ca v tr BCL. Lng t c sn mt v
tr BCL ph thuc vo a th, a hnh (topography), su mc nc ngm
(groundwater depth), su ca h o (depth of trench excavation), chiu
cao cui cng BCL (ultimate height) v tnh cht ca t. M, th tch t
cn che ph tnh tng qut theo t l l lng t bng 1/3 hay 1/8 lmg
cht thi (tnh theo th tch) . Trong nhng BCL nh th t l ny c th cao
bng: 1 phn t cho 1 phn cht thi.
Hai vn cn xem xt chnh trong vic s dng t ti ch l d dng o
ca t (t c th d dng o ln hay khng) v s thay i hnh vi ca t
theo ma( vd nh ct mn cha bi hay st s khc nhau khi kh,m v ng
bng). V nhng c tnh k thut, t thot nc d dng th thch hp lm lp
thot nc trong h thng nc r r. t c hm lng hu c cao thng th
khng thch hp vi hu ht ng dng trong BCL v cng chu lc thp v
kh nng lm vic thp. Mt ngoi l l ta c th s dng sn phm compost
lm vt liu che ph hng ngy.
17

Nu vic thit k BCL cn lp lt y th kh nng c sn t ph hp v tr

BCL l mt li ch quan trng. Ni chung t c a thch hn l t c
thm thp hn 10-6 cm/s khi lm lp lt.
C ba kiu h thng bao ph thng c s dng trong vic xy dng BCL
hp v sinh. l: hng ngy, trung gian v kt thc.Ging nh trong trng
hp ca lp lt y, nu t v tr chn la xy dng BCL c sn v thch hp
vi xy dng h thng che ph l mt li ch nn l mt xem xt chnh khi phn
tch la chn v tr BCL. Nhng c im thch hp cho nhng h thng che
ph khc nhau c miu t sau trong chng ny.
15.6.5. a cht :
Thng tin v a cht ca mt v tr rt cn thit thit k xy dng mt cng
trnh mt cch thch hp. Thng tin a cht nh vy th hin 3 mc ch
chnh:1) Xc nh nhng qu trnh a cht nguy him ang hot ng. 2) Cung
cp thng tin cho vic thit k BCL. 3) nh gi tnh d b tn hi ca v tr la
chn xy dng BCL i vi vn nhim ngun nc ngm bi v tnh cht
a cht thy vn ca n (cu to a cht c nh hng trc tip n tnh hnh
thy vn, nh t ct d ngm hn t st (Kehew 1998)).
Nhiu thng tin a cht c ch thit k k thut c lin quan n lp
(bedrock). C th l: su ca lp , c im v tnh trng ca lp .
Thng tin ny c bit hu ch nu lp ngay hay gn mt bng s xy BCL
v s l mt phn nn mng ca BCL.
Tnh trng ca lp l c tc ng ln tnh n nh ca n trong vai tr l nn
mng. Nhng khe nt khi v nhng ch t gy khc c th cho php
nc i qua v to thnh nhng con ng cho s lan truyn cht nhim.
Trong trng hp BCL c lp lt tng hp (iu t xy ra nhng nc ang
pht trin), khi mc nc ngm ln cao, nhng khe h ny c th lm tng p
sut v dc thy lc cc b.
Thng tin a cht rt kh thu c khi a hnh khng n nh, phc tp. Nu
t thm mt cu trc trn nn t khng n nh th cng trnh c bit s
rt d b h hi trc cc hin tng gy ra bi con ngi hay t nhin nh: l
lt, ng t, hot ng ni la, l t, sp ln v t khng n nh.
15.6.6. a cht thu vn :
Kh nng lm nhim mc nc ngm ti v tr BCL ph thuc rt ln vo c
im a cht thy vn ca v tr BCL, chng hn nh:
su mc nc ngm (Ghi ch: mc nc ngm l mt bng nm ngang,
b mt ca khong rng vt liu cha y nc di t, c p sut bng p
sut kh quyn).
Bn cht v dy lp nc ngm (water-bearing formation) hay tng
ngm nc (aquifer) gn BCL.
18

 dng cao (upgradient) ca nc ngm ti v tr la chn xy dng

BCL.
a th a hnh v loi t.
Tc thm ca t ti v tr BCL.
nh hng ca ging bm gn ln nc ngm di v tr BCL.
Tnh dn nc v phn b dn nc ti v tr BCL hay gn BCL. (Ghi
ch: dn thy lc hydraulic gradient l 1 thng s rt quan trng trong
thy lc nc ngm. N lin quan ti h s thm ni ti primary
permeability kh nng ca mi trng rng, nh l ct trong ng thm,
cht lng di mt gradient thy lc cho i qua. C s khc bit gia
thut ng dn thy lc v h s thm hay tnh dn nc hydraulic
conductivity l do dn thy lc c xc nh bao gm c cc tnh cht
ca cht lng nh dung trng natural weight v nht viscousity
ca cht lng cng nh cc tnh cht ca mi trng trong khi h s thm
ch gii hn cc tnh cht ca mi trng (Kehew 1998))
su v bn cht t nhin ca lp .
Cc gi tr theo phng ngang v phng thng ng ca dc thy lc
(Ghi ch: hay cn gi l gradient thy lc, biu th hng chy ca dng
nc ngm) ca mc nc ngm.
Vn tc v hng chy ca dng nc ngm.
cc nc ang pht trin, s xc nh tt c cc c im a cht thy vn
tng ng ca mt v tr BCL c th l mt cng vic cc k kh. Tuy nhin
mt s s liu c th c sn t nhng bn , s liu kho st, s liu ghi nhn
nh k ca c quan qun l nh nc. Nu khng c s liu trong h s th tnh
cht i cht ca v tr BCL s cung cp mt s thng tin lin quan n thng
tin a cht thy vn. Nhng d liu khc c th thu thp bi vic phng vn
dn c a phng v l lt (thi gian ko di l lt, mc nc, tn sut l) .
nh gi v a cht thy vn nn bao gm vic phn loi nc ngm bn di
v tr BCL, xc nh mc v hng dch chuyn ca dng nc ngm, v
c lng kh nng lm nhim nc ngm. Kh nng lm nhim nc
ngm khi chn lp cht thi phn ln ty thuc vo mc kim sot nhim
ca cc c im ca v tr xy dng BCL. Mt iu hin nhin l nu c nhiu
hn mt v tr BCL c th c la chn th v tr thch hp hn l v tr c cc
c im a cht thy vn gip n ngn cn hu ht kh nng lm nhim
ngun nc ngm. Bt c vn no xy ra nh hng n mc cch li cht
thi ra khi ngun nc ngm nn c b p li bi cc bin php bo v
(chng hn nh s lp t nhng lp lt, khi ng quan trc cht lng ngun
nc ngm) ti a n mc c th, ph hp vi kh nng kinh t, k thut,
v ngun nhn lc c sn ca a phng.
Mt vi c im quan trng nht gip ngn cn nhim ngun nc ngm bao
gm iu kin a cht thy vn trn b mt v di b mt. Nhng iu kin
ny xc nh kh nng lan truyn cht nhim ti v tr BCL. Mt s c im
19

 l: c im a l t nhin (physiographic settings), v tr nhng ni ti

cp nc ngm (groundwater recharge area), c im i khng bo ha
(unsaturated zone), tnh cht lp nc ngm cao nht (uppermost aquifer),
su tng cha nc b chn (confined aquifer).
15.6.7. c im a l t nhin :
c im a l t nhin l s phi hp cc yu t kh hu, a th v a hnh,
mc phn b cc dng chy v kin trc a cht.Kh hu gi vai tr quan
trng trong thit k v vn hnh ca mt bi chn lp bi v tc ng ca n
trn lng nc ma c th thm qua i khng bo ha (Ghi ch: l i trn
cng di t, nc cng vi pha kh cha trong cc l rng ca v t.
Do cc khong rng khng hon ton y nc nn c tn gi l i khng bo
ha v cng c xem l i thng kh (Kehew 1998)) v i vo h thng nc
ngm. Mc thm ph thuc vo lng ma, th tch nc ng li trn mt
v nc chy trn, v tc ca s thot v bc hi nc (Ghi ch:
evatransporation l hin tng bc hi trc tip ca nc t t v hin
tng thot hi nc ca thc vt c cp chung vi nhau). Nhit
khng kh xung quanh v m tng i cng c tc ng n tnh thm, s
bay hi v s thot hi nc. Kh nng nhim bn ngun nc ngm t mt bi
chn lp c thit k v xy dng tt trong nhng khu vc kh hn (arid
area) v bn kh hn (semi-arid area) c th kh thp.Trong trng hp
nhng khu vc kh hn v bn kh hn (lng ma hng nm thp hn 10 cm)
c th khng cn thit lp t lp lt y, hay theo l khng cn h thng
qun l nc r r. Tri li, kh nng ny kh cao nhng khu vc m t.
Lng ma cng nh thi gian ma v cng ma l nhng im quan
trng cn cn nhc.V d, nu ma theo ma, lng ma trong ma ma c th
ln ti mc thm xung ng k mc d tng lng ma trung bnh hng nm
li c th tng i thp.
Khuynh hng ca nc ma l tch t trn nhng v tr bng phng v xi
mn nhng v tr dc, v vy v tr xy dng bi chn lp thng hn ch ch
chn nhng b mt m dc t nhin nm trong gii hn l cao hn 1%,
nhng thp hn 20%. Ni chung, nhng khu vc c v tr a l cao th t c
a thch lm v tr chn lp bng khu vc c v tr a l thp.n gin l bi
v nguy c vn chuyn cht gy nhim nhanh di b mt t v kh nng
chy nc nhanh trn mt t.
Trong mt khu vc m nhng dng chy nm tng i gn nhau, kh nng
nhim nc mt gia tng nhng v tr xut hin t ngt nhng ng ngm
ngn dn v thi nhng cht nhim vo dng chy. Tuy nhin ton b phm vi
ca 1 s nhim nc ngm bt k c th ch gii hn trong din tch ln cn
im b thi cht nhim. Nguy c nhim nc mt trong nhng khu vc
dng chy tha tht c th gim nh vo nng nhng cht bn gim khi i
qua mi trng trung gian di b mt. Nhng tri li, nhng ni nhng dng
chy c khong cch tha tht li c th dn n s pht trin nhng i
nhim nc ngm rng hn v trong thi gian di hn.Tuy nhin, khi mt
20

dng chy thp, u im nng cht nhim gim lm gim ri ro lm

nhim nc mt quan trng hn nhc im nguy c nhim nc ngm trn
din rng.Tm li, u tin chung l chn nhng v tr c mt dng chy thp
15.6.8. a cht v nhng tnh cht ca t
Kin thc v kin trc a cht v lch s ca mt vng cn d on nhng
tnh cht vn ng ca nc ngm. Nu c hoc nghi ng c trm tch (Ghi
ch: trm tch l lp cht nm su trong lng t, c tch t t nhin nh
ct,sn ,bn,, ly theo nh ngha ca nh a cht, nu trn), nhng
thng tin v lch s lng ng a cht ca vng c th cho thy chc chn s c
t gy trong nhng v tr c nhn thy l ng nht (v d nh nhng khe
h cho php nc thm qua trong mt lp a cht c tnh thm thp)
Tnh thm ca t v l mt nhn t quan trng trong vic nh gi mt v tr
c thch hp, c kh nng l bi chn lp hay khng. Mc d tnh thm c bn
(primary permeability) ca t thng dng ni ti dng chy len li gia
cc ht vt cht (dng chy theo trng thi rng s cp (primary porosity)),
nhng tc v hng thm b chi phi bi dng chy trong nhng khe nt,
nhng ch ni, mt bng lp y, nhng l rng cha nc (c gi l trng
thi rng th cp secondary porosity). Trng thi rng th cp c th chim
u th i vi nhng dng thm trong than bn, ha thch v bin cht v
nhng ni t gy ca trm tch. S tch t c th xy ra trong nhng khu
vc c trng thi rng th cp chim u th, bi v tnh thm thp ( trang thi
rng th cp) tn ti t vt cn tr cht nhim hn so vi tnh thm cao (
trng thi rng s cp).
Nu khng c bin php kim sat, v d nh khng thit k y lp lt v
h thng thu gom nc r r, tnh thm cao gn mt t s cho php nhng
cht nhim di chuyn tng i nhanh n ngun nc ngm. Ngc li, cht
nhim di chuyn chm nu tnh thm thp gn mt t. Do vy, c nhiu
thi gian hn cho php nng cht bn gim xung hoc tin hnh cc bin
php khc phc trc khi nc ngm tr nn nhim lan truyn trn din rng.
Tuy nhin, trong hon cnh nh th, chy trn nc b nhim c th lm gia
tng nhim nc mt v nc di mt t.
15.6.8.1. Ti cp nc ngm:
(Kehew 1998) u vo duy tr h dng thm nc ngm tun hon ng di
mt t l s ti cung cp nc (groundwater recharge) di dng ma ri v
tuyt tan thm t mt t xung mc nc ngm [29]. Khng c s ti cp
nc, mc nc ngm s st xung u n, cc ging s kh v cc bn nc
ngm ln ca Tri t s kh cn. Khi nc thm vo t th xy ra ngm
(infiltration) s hp th nc ca t. Kh nng ngm c gi tr gii hn l
dn thy lc ca t.
(Kehew 1998) S thot nc ngm (groundwater discharge) ngc li vi s
ti chp nc; trong vng thot nc, nc chuyn ng t i bo ha
(saturated zone i nm di i khng bo ha c khong rng trong vt
21

liu c cha y nc, mc nc ngm nm trong i bo ha) vo i

khng bo ha ri ti mt t.
Ti cp nc ngm thnh tng cha nc ln l mt trong nhng iu cn nhc
quan trng nht trong vic nh gi mt v tr c th l bi chn lp hay khng.
Buc phi trnh nhng khu vc ti cp nc ngm mt cch t nhin. Theo ,
xc nh v tr xy dng BCL phi i chiu vi h thng nc ngm ca a
phng,c bit l khi v tr trong hoc gn mt khu vc ti cp nc
ngm s cp. Nu mt cht nhim xm nhp vo trong mt khu vc ti cp
nc ngm nht nh c th s dn n s lan truyn cht nhim qua mt
on ng ng k v lu mt thi gian di trong tng ngm nc trc khi
n khu vc thot nc ngm.
Nhng khu vc ti cp nc ngm thng l nhng ni c v tr a l cao,
mc nc ngm c th tng i su. Ngc li, mc nc ngm gn hoc
ngay ti mt t ti nhng khu vc thot nc ngm.V nng lng tim tng
gim theo su, nn hng dng chy thnh phn c bn nhng khu vc ti
cp nc ngm trn cao l chy xung thp; trong khi, dng nc ngm cc
khu vc thp hn xung quanh khu vc thot nc ngm chy hng ln trn.
Trong h thng dng chy ch yu chy ngang, hng chuyn ng ca dng
nc ngm phn ln chy theo phng ngang nhng v tr nm gia khu vc
ti cp nc ngm v khu vc thot nc ngm. Hn na,qu trnh ti cp nc
ngm ng k c th xy ra v tr gia nhng khu vc ti cp nc ngm v
khu vc thot nc ngm quan trng. Cui cng, d an hng chuyn ng
ca lan truyn nhim v tnh tan kh nng ti cp ngun nc ngm pha
di v tr la chn xy dng BCL bao hm vic nh gi dc thy lc theo
phng ng ca ngun nc ngm ti .
Kh nng ngm nn c nh gi ty mi v tr c th. Khi nh gi phi tnh
tan hat ng ca t i vi nc trong trng thi t cha bo ha, c bit
l t nm gia y bi chn lp v tng ngm nc cao nht. S tnh tan ny
rt quan trng tnh tan kh nng bo v khng b nhim nc ngm do
chn lp ca v tr la chn xy dng BCL.
15.6.8.2: i vadose:
i vadose l vng nm gia mt t v mc nc ngm c bn ( hnh 15-5)

22

Hnh 15-5. Diagrammatic sketch of vadose and groundwater zones

Mc d i vadose thng c gi tn l i khng bo ha, trong 1 s i

vadose vn c th tn ti i bo ha. Th d nh nhng i vadose c mc
nc ngm cao v i mao dn trong i bo ha (tension-saturated zone
ngha l i bo ha nm trn mc nc ngm, c p sut cht lng thp hn p
sut kh quyn, trong i ny c xy ra hin tng dng cao mao dn trn mt
nc t do (Kehew 1998)). Nhng c im ca i vadose rt quan trng
nhng vng kh hn v trong nhng vng ny, mc nc ngm c th nm kh
su di mt t. c im ca i vadose t quan trng hn nhng khu vc
m t c mc nc ngm cn hoc trong khu vc m lp b t gy nm
gn mt t.
Di y l 1 vi trong nhng c im vt l, ha hc, v vi sinh vt ca i
vadose c mi quan h vi s di chuyn, gim bt nng ,hay phn hy nhng
cht nhim di b mt l:
Cht khang (cht v c).
Trng thi rng.
Hm lng cht hu c.
S phn b kch thc ht (cp phi).
Kin trc t v cc tng t.
Nhng c im ca nc di t.
23

 Kh nng trao i cation.

Nhit .
pH ca t ,v
Cc vi sinh vt tn ti trong t.
Mt i vadose c th bo v tt, khng cho nhim nc ngm nn c nhng
c im sau: dy ng k,c kh nng bm ht b mt v phn hy cht gy
nhim ln, c kin trc t ng nht, v trong c vt liu c tnh dn
nc thp
Kh nng hp ph cao ca a tng giu t st s lm gim u im bi
khuynh hng ca cht bn di chuyn xung quanh chng hn l di chuyn
xuyn qua chng. Khuynh hng ny lm gim n mc ti thiu kh nng lm
gim nng cht nhim. Nhng tri li, nhng cht hp ph km(ct) li
thng c thm cao.
15.6.8.3:Tng ngm nc cao nht;
Thut ng tng ngm nc (hay tng cha nc aquifer) ni n mt lp
a cht th hay t bo ha nc vn chuyn c lng nc ngm ti
ging hoc sui. Loi tng cha nc c phn loi theo s c mt hay vng
mt tng cch nc nm trn (ngha l tng khng thm impermeable
layer).Nu tng cha nc thiu cc tng cch nc nm trn v c mc nc
ngm nh l bin pha trn th l tng cha nc khng chn (unconfined
aquifer hay tng cha nc khng p). Tng cha nc b chn (confined
aquifer hay tng cha nc c p) th b cc tng cch nc gii hn pha trn
v pha di. Kt qu ca vic ngn chn ny gy s khc bit quan trng gia
2 loi tng cha nc, l chiu cao ct nc thy lc (Kehew 1998).
Tng ngm nc cao nht nn c gim st cn thn v l phn i bo ho
c kh nng b nhim cao nht. Nh phn loi trn, n c th b gii hn
hoc khng gii hn. Mt s tng ngm nc cao nht nht nh c th khng
l i din cho nhng nguy him i vi cht lng nc ngm, v d, trong
trng hp nhng ni khng c tng ngm nc khc nm di, khng
c s dng cp nc, cha nhng cht hp ph cho php lm gim nng
cht nhim tim n, nm su, hoc nm di i vadose c vt liu hp ph
15.6.8.4.Nhng tng ngm nc di:
S xut hin,tnh cht v hot ng s dng ngun nc ngm nm di tng
ngm nc cao nht l nhng nhn t c xem xt trong vic nh gi kh
nng gy nhim ca mt bi chn lp. Tng t nh i vi tng ngm nc
cao nht, cc iu kin cn xem xt cc tng ngm nc pha di khi la chn
v tr cho BCL l ging nhau. Nhng nhn t c bit quan trng l iu kin
tn ti v tim nng s dng,hng chuyn ng thnh phn, iu kin nc
xung quanh, dy v tnh cht ca nhng vt liu trong cc tng nm gia cc
tng ngm nc. Mt trong s nhng nhn t gip ngn nga hiu qu s
nhim ngun nc ngm l tng ngm nc c tch ring nh lp cch nc
24

rt dy bng vt liu c tnh thm thp,c tnh bm ht hay vt liu khng c

ng dn thy lc trc tip vi tng ngm nc cao nht.
15.6.8.5.Tm tt mi lin h gia a cht v nhng c im a cht thy
vn v s nhim nc ngm:
Tng hp cc c im c th gii hn ri ro nhim nc ngm nh sau:
Khong cch gia mt t v mc nc bin ca tng ngm nc khng
chn hay mt trn ca tng ngm nc b chn l ln hn 30m
Tc ti cp nc ngm thc s thp hn 5cm/nm
Tng cha nc chc, nng v khng t gy
t khng qu cng hay khng thm nc
dc thy lc ca a hnh dc hn 18%
i vadose gm nhng vt liu mt cao, v khng thm nc
Tnh dn nc ca tng cha nc thp hn 0.4m3/ngy/m2

Source: Reference 31.

Hnh 15-6: Interrelation between climatic, topographic, hydrologic, and geologic
factors in terms of leachate travel and groundwater contamination

Nguy c nhim nc ngm ln nht s xy ra nu xut hin cc tnh hung

sau:
su t mt t n mc nc ngm thp hn 3 m
Tc ti cp nc ngm ln hn 25cm/nm
Tng ngm nc v i vadose c kin trc vi khng ng nht hay
bazan b nt
dc thy lc ca a hnh thp hn 2%.
25

 Tnh dn nc ln hn 80 m3/ngy/m2.
nm vng mi tng quan gia cc nhn t a cht v a cht thy vn
khc nhau, vi hng chuyn ng ca nc r r v s nhim ngun nc c
th tham kho t tng hp trong hnh (xem hnh 15-6)
15.6.9.Thc vt :
Thc vt c quan tm n bao gm t cy c t nhin trong vng cho ti
nhng cy c trng chun b xy dng v bo dng bi chn lp. Cc
loi cy bao gm cc cy nh, cy bi, tho mc trng mi nm, cy lu nm,v
cc cy c trng che ph mt t.
Cy ni chung v cy bi c trng to thnh vng m nhm gim bi,
ting n, mi, cc vn d nhn thy khc ng thi to v p m quan. Cy
c trng che ph mt t gip gim hay thm ch loi b tnh trng xi mn
do ma gi trn lp che ph bi chn lp, lm ci thin m quan,v lm tng
vic thot hi m qua qu trnh bc-thot hi nc. S lng nc thot qua
qu trnh bc-thot hi nc l ng k. Cy che ph c bit quan trng bi
nhim v ca n trong vic bo m tnh bn vng lu di v hot ng ca h
thng che ph bi chn lp cui cng.
15.6.10. Vn chuyn v kh nng tip cn v tr bi chn lp:
Gi thnh chuyn ch rc thi ti v tr chn lp c th l mt xem xt quan
trng trong qu trnh xc nh v tr cho mt im thi b. Nu ch xem xt duy
nht yu t ny th v tr thun li nht s l v tr trung tm ca khu vc thu
gom rc thi. Tuy nhin cn xt ti nhng yu t khc, v khi , mt s yu t
s c th quan trng hn chi ph chuyn ch. Mt trong nhng yu t l vn
gim tnh sn c ca t do nhng s dng t khc cnh tranh mnh m v
lin tc.Cc vn v chnh tr x hi v mi trng cng l nhng yu t quan
trng ca qu trnh la chn v tr bi chn lp. L do cnh tranh c th l v tr
ca bi chn lp nu qu xa s phi cn xy dng mt hay nhiu trm trung
chuyn.
iu kin ng s dn vo bi chn lp c nh hng quan trng n chi ph
ca ton b h thng. Nu tip cn BCL kh khn s tr hon thi gian chuyn
ch v lm h hng xe c. Do ng vo BCL tt nhl l ng lt nha,
cn nu khng c lt nha phi m bo chy tt trong mi thi tit. Trong
trng hp s dng cc xe ti nng vn chuyn rc thi, th cu,ng v
cc cng trnh h tng tng t nn c thit k thch hp chu c ti
trng ca chng.
15.6.11. S dng t :
Trong qu trnh la chn v tr t cho bi chn lp cn xem xt hai vn s
dng t sau : 1) S dng v tr t lm bi chn lp phi cn i vi s dng
hin ti v tng lai ca cc khu vc ln cn.2) C sn t lm vt liu che
ph ( nu trn)
26

Khng k ti tnh trng pht trin kinh t ca mt quc gia, mun c 1 v tr

xy dng bi chn lp ph thuc rt nhiu vo s cho php ca chnh ph v s
ng ca ngi dn. Do , mc ph hp gia bi chn lp d tnh xy
dng vi s dng t d kin ca cc vng ln cn l mt c im chnh tr v
x hi quan trng.
Xy dng 1 BCL cn tr vic s dng mnh t khng ch sut thi gian
trc, trong khi v sau khi hon thnh chn lp, m cn nh hng n s dng
nhng mnh t xung quanh. Nhng cn tr ny gy ra bi nhng h qu k
thut, cn i s dng t, v cc chnh sch x hi. Khi chn 1 v tr lm
BCL khng th nhng hn ch ny nghim trng n ni BCL khng c
cho php t vo quy hoch tng th ca ton khu vc. S xut hin v s vn
chnh tr x hi khi cn phi thuyt phc cng ng yu cu c t
BCL vo quy hoch chung v yu cu c tin hnh xy dng BCL
S dng t cc khu vc ln cn trong tng lai c mi quan h quan trng
ti thit k v hot ng ca bi chn lp.V d, n quyt nh s lng rc m
bi phi chn lp v do n nh ra th tch cn thit ca bi chn lp. N
cng gii hn tnh cht ca rc thi c php thi b ti bi chn lp. S dng
trong tng lai v v tr BCL nh hng ti hnh dng cui cng, cao, v mt
bng bi chn lp.
Tri li, v tr ca mt bi chn lp, bao gm c vic xy dng ng vo hp
l, c khuynh hng thu ht nhng ngi c thu nhp thp n v xy dng nh
,V vy, phi tin hnh nhng bin php hp l hn ch mi s xm nhp
vo trong v xung quanh bi chn lp.
15.6.12 Xem xt vn kinh t trong vic la chn bi chn lp
Chi ph cho vt liu che ph ph thuc phn ln vo s c sn ca vt liu. Chi
ph s ti thiu nu vt liu c sn ti bi chn lp, nu khng th vic mua vt
liu cng vi vic vn chuyn n ti bi chn lp s c mt nh hng quan
trng n tng gi thnh ca chn lp. Chi ph cao kt hp vi vic bo m an
ton vt liu che ph v vn chuyn ti bi chn lp, trong nhiu trng hp,
khin nhiu khu dn c cc nc ang pht trin khng ph rc hng ngy
(hay ni cch khc l khng che ph thng xuyn)
Gi thnh ca vic chuyn ch rc t im thu gom ti bi chn lp cng tham
gia vo vic xem xt v tr bi chn lp. R rng, bi chn lp cng xa v tr
trung tm ca khu vc thu gom th gi thnh vn chuyn cng ln. Tht ra,
qung ng gia bi chn lp v im pht sinh rc c th qu ln n ni gi
thnh vn chuyn vt qu chi ph s hu t v chi ph chun b xy dng
BCL.
Khong cch thch hp nht ti v tr thi b nn c tnh ton da trn nhng
chi ph v li ch trn qung ng . Vd: v tr c qung ng t im thu
gom ti bi chn lp c th xa nht nhng nhng kh nng nh hng c hi ti
sc kho cng ng v cht lng nc, khng kh v ti nguyn t c th l
thp nht. Vic quyt nh khong cch thc s thch hp nht thng ty thuc
27

quan im ci no quan trng hn: Gi thnh vn chuyn nh hn v vic suy

thoi ti nguyn, hay gi thnh vn chuyn cao hn v cht lng cuc sng
cao hn v ti nguyn thin nhin t b suy thoi. Vn l c hay khng
ngi dn sn sng tr tin cho vic thu gom v chn lp rc ci thin cht
lng cuc sng. D nhin khong cch gia ni thu gom v chn lp mang li
nhiu c hi khc c th nh khong cch s b p chi ph s hu t xd
BCL, tc ng ln SK v cht lng mi trng. Qung ng c th gip h
thp chi ph mua t v gim mc nh hng xu ln SK v cht lng MT.
15.6.13 Cc bc chun b trc khi quyt nh mt v tr tr thnh ni
xy dng
Qu trnh ra quyt nh c ngh la chn v tr bi chn thch hp
mt nc ang pht trin gm 3 bc:
15.6.13.1 Bc th nht :
nh gi s b cho mt v tr c th thch hp bng nhng vic sau:
Xc nh nhng gii hn v dn s v t nhin.
Nghin cu nhng khu vc thch hp trn c s qung ng vn chuyn,
a hnh, a cht v iu kin nc ngm nc mt.
c nhng v tr thch hp (candidate site).
nh gi kh nng ti chnh da trn c s v qung ng vn chuyn, chi
ph s b hnh thnh 1 BCL v s gi thit b v nhn cng vn hnh BCL
trong mt tun.
Tin hnh kho st cc v tr: a im, s dng t, qung ng v l
trnh vn chuyn, a hnh, a cht thy vn, tnh cht t, din tch t.
Loi b nhng v tr khng thch hp.
Khi xem xt cc yu t bc 1 nn s dng nhng s liu c s ha m
t cc d liu dn s, x hi, t nhin trong 1 khu vc t nhin. Khai trin cc
d liu ny bng cch s ha cc loi bn (vd nh bn s dng t, cu
to a cht, khu vc iu tra dn s) v thm vo nhng d liu dn s.
15.6.13.2. Bc th hai:
Sng lc nhng v tr c c. Bc ny gm:
iu tra t 4-5 v tr c c v xc nh nhng vn c th tng
v tr.
nh gi v xp hng tng v tr.
Tham kho kin cng ng.
15.6.13.3. Bc th ba:
Bao gm:

28

 Chun b thit k s b cho mi v tr thit lp chi ph u t v hot

ng ch yu.
Xc nh v nh gi s dng ca mi v tr sau khi hon thnh.
nh gi chi ph hnh thnh v vn hnh BCL mi v tr, bao gm c chi
ph vn chuyn cht thi rn.
La chn 1 v tr v lit k nhng v tr thay th .
Xc nh v tr s c la chn.
Kehew, A. E. (1998). a cht hc cho K s xy dng v cn b k thut mi
trng, P. M. H. Trnh Vn Cng, Phm Hu S, Nguyn Uyn,
translator, Nh xut bn Gio dc.

15.7 CNG NGH CHN LP

15.7.1Gii thiu:
Cng ngh chn lp c nh hng rt ln trong mi hot ng xy dng v vn
hnh bi chn lp. V th trong phn ny, nhng ch bn c tho lun bao
gm khng ch cp n nhng vn lin quan n cc hot ng khi chn
lp, v d nh to nn cch thc lm cc cu trc t bo rc (cellular
structure) trong bi chn lp hp v sinh (sanitary landfill), m cn lin
quan n nhiu kha cnh nhng mt s vn k thut khc, trong c lp
lt (liner) v lp che ph (cover) c xem nh nhng thnh phn ca h
thng chn lp v xem xt nhng hon cnh tnh hung trng hp c bit
phi da vo tnh ton, ri v lin quan ti nhng loi cht thi khc nhau, c
th c kh nng c a ti, bi chn lp (disposal facility) nhng nc
ang pht trin bt buc phi c xt n. ng thi, phn ny cng bn n
vai tr ca cng ngh chn lp trong xy dng v vic s dng bi chn lp
hon thnh (completed fill) phi c bn lun.
15.7.2 Thit k v xy dng cc t bo rc
Kinh nghim cho thy rng khng mt phng php chn lp no hon ho
cho tt c cc a im bi chn lp v khng nht thit l ch c mt phng
php l tt nht i vi bt k 1 bi chn lp nht nh no . S la chn mt
phng php chn lp ph thuc vo iu kin vt l t nhin ca a im v
tr xy dng bi, khi lng v loi cht thi rn a n bi chn lp, v chi
ph tng i ca cc kh nng la chn khc nhau. C hai loi phng php
chn lp c bn l phng php o rnh (trench) v phng php tri trn
mt bng (area) (xem hnh). Phng php o rnh thch hp nht cho
nhng a im m v tr c b mt t mt bng phng hay hi nhp nh, mc
nc ngm thp v lp t dy hn 2 m.
29

Source: Reference 11.

Hnh 15-7: Trench method of sanitary landfilling

Phng php tri trn mt bng ph hp vi hu ht cc a hnh v c l l la

chn tt hn i vi cc bi tip nhn khi lng cht thi rn ln. mt s
bi chn lp khc, mt thit k kt hp s dng hai phng php ny li c th
l phng php thch hp nht

Source: Reference 11.

Hnh 15-8: Area landfill

Tt c nhng bi chn lp hp v sinh trong thc t u c nhng phn c bn

gi tn l t bo (cell). Mt t bo c xy dng bng cch ban rng cht
thi rn ra v sau m nn cht thi rn li thnh nhiu lp trong mt din
tch b gii hn. Lc kt thc mi ngy lm vic hoc trong sut ngy lm vic,
rc nn c che ph kn ton b (k c mt lm vic working face)
bng 1 lp t mng v c tri u. Lp t che ph cng c m nn.
Cht thi rn b m nn v lp t che ph hng ngy to thnh mt t bo
rc. Mt dy cc t bo rc k nhau cng mt cao hp thnh mt tng
(lift). Mt bi chn lp hon thnh c th bao gm mt hay nhiu tng.
30

Hnh 15-9: Cellular structure of a landfill

Thit k cc t bo rc phi da vo khi lng cht thi cn chn lp. Nhng

thnh phn cn bn ca mt t bo l: Chiu cao, chiu di, chiu rng mt lm
vic, dc ca cc thnh bn (side wall), v dy lp che ph hng ngy.
Chiu cao mt t bo ph thuc vo khi lng rc thi, dy lp che ph
hng ngy, tnh n nh ca cc dc, v m nn. Chiu cao thng thng
thay i trong khong t 2 n 4 m.
Chiu rng ti thiu ca mt t bo hay chiu rng ti thiu mt lm vic ph
thuc vo loi thit b c s dng. Thng thng chiu rng ti thiu ca 1 t
bo c ngh bng khong 2-2,5 ln chiu rng ca li nn (push-blade)
ca xe i t (bulldozer) dng xy dng t bo. Di y l cc chiu rng
ti thiu c ngh da vo t l rc thi a n bi chn lp: 8m nu lng
cht thi rn ln ti 50 T/ngy, 10m nu 51-100 T/ngy, 12m nu 101-225
T/ngy v 15m nu 226-500 T/ngy.
Chiu rng mt lm vic cng ph thuc vo s lng ti a cc phng tin
n bi chn lp vo gi cao im. Ngi ta c th tnh chiu rng mt lm
vic (tnh theo mt) bng cch nhn s lng ti a phng tin n bi chn
lp vo gi cao im vi 4.
Chiu rng mt lm vic l mt trong nhng nhc im ln khi vn hnh bi
chn lp cc nc ang pht trin. Nhn chung mt lm vic thng tht rng
iu tit mt s lng ti a cc phng tin v trnh nhng s tr hon di
ch i lu.Tuy nhin nu qu rng kim sot theo cch thc no cng s rt
kh khn . Trong thc t, khi iu hnh chn lp nn th dng din tch lm
vic ti thiu lm mt lm vic.
dc t bo l mt phng nghing m cht thi khi chn lp da vo.
nghing ngh ti a l 1:3 (chiu dc: chiu ngang). Nu nghing bng
hoc thp hn 1:6 s lm cho din tch mt lm vic qu ln.
Phng php o rnh ch c mt mt lm vic. Ngc li, phng php tri
trn mt bng v cc phng php kt hp c th c hai mt lm vic.
31

15.7.2.1 Phng php o rnh

Phng php o rnh (trench method) yu cu phi o 1 t. Sau khi o
xong, rc thi c vo , c ban ra v m nn (xem hnh). Rc thi
nm da theo thnh dc ca . t o ln t cc ny c dng lm vt
liu che ph. t khng dng che ph hng ngy c th c lu tr s
dng sau trong din tch chn lp tip theo, c th nm trn chn lp chn
lp y.
Tnh n nh ca thnh bn l mt yu t c xem xt k trong vic thit k
chn lp. S n nh ca thnh bn ph thuc vo bn (cng ) ca t,
su ca , khong cch gia cc , v dc ca thnh bn. Vi t st, t
st tng ln (glacial till) hay cc loi t c nn cht, t mn (finegrained), t cp phi tt (well-graded) khc, su v nghing ca dc
thnh bn c th t cc i. i vi t yu hn, nghing ca thnh bn s
thoi hn. Nhng nhn t khc c nh hng n n nh ca t v
nghing cho php ca dc thnh bn l nhng iu kin thi tit, v di thi
gian chn lp h.
Bi v nn duy tr mt khong cch thch hp gia y chn lp v mc nc
ngm, su ca chn lp b hn ch mc phi ph hp vi vic bo v
ngun nc ngm.
Theo l thuyt, chn lp cng hp cng tt v khi lng vt liu che ph cn
thit ph thuc vo chiu rng ca . Tuy nhin chiu rng phi cho
php rc xung d dng, cng nh c din tch cho cc xe m nn hot
ng; Thc t i hi chn lp phi rng c ch cho mt s lng
xe loi s dng bi chn lp. Ni chung, chiu rng cn thit nn gp i
chiu rng ca b phn ln nht ca thit b lm vic trong .
Da trn quy m ca bi chn lp, vic o chn lp c th c thc hin
lin tc theo 1 tc c iu chnh ph hp vi yu cu chn lp hoc o
nh k theo hp ng. Hng gi thi trong khu vc nn c xt n khi sp
xp v tr cc hng chn lp, v gi nh hng rt ln n lng rc b thi
bay. B tr cc hng chn lp hiu qu nht, c th gim c lng rc b gi
thi bay, l t hng chn lp thng gc vi hng gi thi.
m bo thot nc tt, y ca nn c to dc, hng dng nc chy
ra ngoi khu vc ang hot ng chn lp. Nc tch lu di y nn c
bm ra khi chn lp. Nc b mt c th c chuyn hng khng cho
chy vo bng cch xy dng nhng g chn tm thi trn cc cnh h o.
15.7.2.2 Phng php tri trn mt bng
Ngc vi phng php o rnh, phng php tri trn mt bng (area
method) khng cn phi o (xem hnh). Thay vo mt lp cht thi
c ban ra v m nn trn mt t (trn 1 mt dc nghing). Vt liu che ph
sau c tri ra v m nn bn trn lp cht thi. Phng php chn lp
tri trn mt bng nn c s dng nhng vng t bng phng hay hi dc.
Phng php ny c th c iu chnh thch hp vi cc m , m l
32

thin, khe ni, thung lng, hm ni hoc nhng vng trng khc v nhng h
o dnh cho chn lp.
15.7.2.3 Phng php xy dc
Phng php xy dc (ramp method) cn c gi l phng php
dc tng dn (progressive slope method), bao gm vic ban ra v m nn
cht thi rn trn mt dc nghing. Phng php xy dc tng t nh phng
php tri trn b mt. Tuy nhin, u tin chn lp c tin hnh nh phng
php tri trn b mt, nhng sau vt liu che ph c ly ngay t t b
mt ngay ng trc din tch lm vic - nh vy, s li nhng vng t b
o hi trng xung s c th bt u nhn rc mang ti vo ngy tip theo. Bi
v khng cn phi a vt liu che ph t ni khc n, phng php ny y
mnh v nng cao hiu qu dng t ti ch khi xy dng mt tng n l
15.7.2.4 Kt hp cc phng php chn lp
C th s dng phng php tri trn b mt v phng php o rnh trong
cng mt bi chn lp nu bi chn lp c b dy tng t mt khng c
nh v bi chn lp phi tip nhn mt lng ln rc thi. Phng php o
rnh c s dng nhng ni tng t mt dy nht. t o ln nu khng
s dng che ph h chn lp s c lu tr dnh cho chn lp tri trn
b mt. Sau khi h chn lp y, cng vi cc vt liu che ph c lu tr,
phng php chn lp tri trn b mt s c s dng tip tc chn lp rc
thi ln trn h o va y
15.7.2.5 Tnh n nh ca dc nghing
Tnh n nh ca din tch cht thi nm thnh dc nghing v ca giao din
gia cht thi v lp lt y trong bi chn lp rt quan trng c th gi chi
ph bi chn lp mc ph hp v c th bo v an ton cho cng nhn ca bi
chn lp cng nh nhng ngi c tr trn hoc gn bi chn lp. Cht thi c
th b sp l hoc trt xung nu khi cht thi c xy dng khng ph hp
v c dc qu ng. Khi khi lng cht thi ln v dc khng gi c
n nh, s di chuyn ca cht thi c th ph hoi cc cng trnh, gy chn
thng hoc thm ch cht ngi, v (nguy him hn) c th lm nhim
hoc ph hoi mi trng hoc c th cng lc gy ra tt c cc hu qu va
nu. Hin nhin, nu rc khng c kim sot dc ca khi rc s khng
n nh, c bit l trong trng hp mt khi lng ln cht thi b xung
mt cch hn n vo trong hm ni hoc ln trn mt thm . Tuy nhin,
bi chn lp c thit k k thut cng vn c nhng khi rc c dc
khng n nh nu khng c thit k ng. Nhng s c sp l nghim trng
cc bi chn lp tng xy ra M [86], Philippin, Th Nh K, Colombia
v [85], v mt vi ni khc. Nhng bin c y nhanh chuyn ng bt n
nh ca cc dc nghing gm c ng t v ma to, v 1 s bin c khc.
Thit k v xy dng thnh bn ca cc t bo rc trong cc chn lp v
dc ca bi chn lp hon thnh phi xem xt n loi v tnh cht k thut
ca cht thi chn lp trong bi chn lp v ca cc loi t, nhng vt liu
tng hp hoc c t v vt liu tng hp c s dng c lp rc thi vi
33

mi trng bn ngoi. Loi phn tch ny nn c thc hin bi nhng ngi

c kh nng v c kinh nghim trong hot ng chuyn mn, v thng
l mt k s a cht.
bn chng ct (shear strength) ca cht thi rn l mt tnh cht c hc
quan trng s dng trong phn tch v thit k dc ca cht thi (Ghi ch:
bn chng ct quyt nh kh nng chng ti trng xung t bn trn hay
duy tr n nh sn dc) [87,88]. m ca rc thi c th nh hng ti
bn chng ct v tnh n nh ca thnh dc ca rc thi
15.7.3. Lp lt y
Mt lp lt y (bottom liner) ( hay n gin gi l lp lt liner) l mt h
thng c thit k kim hm v kim sot s nhim mi trng nc v
t xung quanh khu vc vn hnh chn lp. Vic thit k lp lt y, trong
trng hp ca nhng nc ang pht trin, khng c nh, ph thuc vo mt
s nhn t bao gm: Kh nng gy nhim mi trng nc v t ca bi
chn lp, tnh cht a cht thu vn v kh tng ca a phng, v kh nng
c sn vt liu lt ph hp v ngun ti chnh. Nhng lp lt s c miu t
chi tit sau trong chng ny.
15.7.4 Nhng lp che ph hng ngy, trung gian, v cui cng
Cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh hin i bao gm cc h thng che ph ph kn
trn rc thi kim sot cc vn kh chu do chn lp gy ra, bo v mi
trng, v bo v sc kho, an ton ca cng nhn v ca cng ng. Ph
thuc vo v tr trong phm vi bi chn lp v giai on xy dng v vn hnh
m h thng che ph c dng l che ph hng ngy (daily cover), trung
gian (intermediate cover) hay cui cng (final cover). Nhng lp che ph
hng ngy v trung gian thng c t tip ni nhau trong sut giai on
hot ng vn hnh chn lp. Lp che ph cui cng thng c t nh k
trong sut giai on hot ng ca bi chn lp hoc c t thi im hon
thnh bi chn lp. Trong 03 loi h thng che ph, lp che ph cui cng l h
thng phc tp nht. Trong hon cnh ca nhng quc gia ang pht trin, vic
thit k xy dng hoc vt liu s dng trong xy dng mt trong 3 loi h
thng che ph gp rt nhiu tr ngi v nguy c do nhng ri ro ngn hn v
di hn gy ra bi hot ng vn hnh chn lp, v do ngun vt liu che ph
thch hp v ngun ti chnh c th c c khng chc chn. 3 loi h thng
che ph ca bi chn lp c miu t bn di.
15.7.4.1 Lp che ph hng ngy v lp che ph trung gian
Lp che ph hng ngy gip kim sot cc sinh vt truyn nhim gy bnh, rc
b thi bay, mi, ha hon v tnh trng m t. Bt k vt liu t no c th
khai thc c v c n nh cao (nh t st, si) u c th c s
dng lm vt liu che ph.
Nhng lp che ph trung gian kim sot s di chuyn ca kh bi rc v cung
cp mt ng cho hot ng chn lp. Nhng loi t c s dng lm lp
34

che ph trung gian phi c bn v chng thm cn thit. Thng thng,

ngi ta ngh lp che ph trung gian l t m nn cht c dy t 1520cm.
S dng lp che ph bn trn cht thi hng ngy gip kim sot nhng vn
kh chu pht sinh ra t chn lp v nhng mi nguy him cho ngi vn hnh
bi chn lp v cho cng ng. Tuy nhin, trong mt vi hon cnh, che ph
hng ngy khng chc l cn thit trong khi ngun vt liu che ph thch hp v
ngun ti chnh c th c c li khng chc chn. Nhng trng hp nh vy
thng bt gp nhng vng t kh cn c lng ma trung bnh khng ln
hn 10cm/nm v bc hi cng gn tng t. Trong nhng iu kin v
vi gi thit rng mch nc ngm khng b mt e da nhim no v nhng
ngi vn hnh BCL hoc cng ng khng b ri vo cc nguy c khng th
chp nhn no khc, c th quyt nh gim tn sut che ph xung thp hn
tn sut hng ngy. Khi , quyt nh tn s che ph cht thi, phi tin
hnh phn tch nhng iu kin ca a phng v phn tch tnh hung.
Thiu t ti ch che ph khng phi l mt l do thch hp khng
thng xuyn che ph rc thi. C mt s nhng vt liu khc thay th cho t
ti ch . V d nh phn ln cc cng ng trong nhng quc gia ang phat
trin c nhng khu ch rt ln l ni pht sinh mt khi lng cht thi hu c
ng k. Thng, nhng cht thi hu c ny b em i chn lp. Thay v vy,
chng c th c phi trn vi rc vn sn xut compost v sn phm
compost c th c s dng nh vt liu che ph. Ni chung, ngi ta c th
tm thy rt nhiu vt liu c th thay th t t nhin lm lp che ph sau
khi phn tch nhng iu kin ca a phng v, nu cn thit, sau khi s l
s b cht thi.
15.7.4.2 Lp che ph cui cng
L lp che ph c t trn b mt hon tt ca bi chn lp. Chc nng
ca lp che ph cui cng rt nhiu. N kim sot s thm ca nc (v nh
vy, gin tip kim sot s hnh thnh nc r r), kim sot s di chuyn ca
kh trong bi chn lp, l mi trng pht trin thc vt, h tr cho cc hot
ng sau khi ng ca bi chn lp (post-closure activities), v l lp ngn
cch gia mi trng bn ngoi v rc thi [8].
Mt iu quan trng cn c xt n khi thit k lp che ph cui cng l
bn ca lp che ph trc s ngm v thm m v s di chuyn i ln ca
kh pht sinh t rc thi c chn. bn ny c th nh mong i hoc
khng. Do , mt vi thit k lp che ph mong mun nc ma thm t do
qua lp che ph, trong khi , mt s khc yu cu lp che ph khng cho php
nc ma thm qua.
Trong mt s trng hp, tiu ch thit k lp che ph l phn ln nc ma
chy trn qua v thm phi mc ti thiu, tnh dn nc ca t s l mt
trong nhng tham s tht k quan trng gip kim sot s thm [8]. thm
gim khi s v dy cc lp trong lp che ph tng. Lp che ph bng t 2
lp c chng thm tt nht s bao gm 1 lp t mt nm trn 1 lp ngn
35

nc c to thnh bi hn hp gia t st v t ti xp theo 1 t l ha

trn thch hp.
Ngoi ra, thit k lp che ph cui cng cn phi xt n d kin s dng bi
chn lp sau khi hon thnh. Mt lp che ph bng vt liu t tng i ti
xp s cung cp 1 mi trng sinh trng tt cho thc vt, cho d thc vt ch
c trng v 1 mc ch duy nht l thc y s mt nc thng qua qu trnh
bc-thot hi nc . Tuy nhin, lp che ph bng vt liu t ti xp khng c
kh nng chu c ti trng tc dng. Nu cui cng mc ch l thu hi kh
bi rc, th phi ngn chn kh di chuyn ln v bay thot ra ngoi. Nu d nh
xy dng cng trnh trn mt bi chn lp hon chnh, phi xc tin ht ti a
kh bi rc ra khi bi chn lp. Cui cng, sau khi xem xt tt c cc vn
lin quan n s thm, nn nh rng lp t st c m nn cht s khng
cho nc thm qua, trong khi si hoc ct khng bn, hoc nu c rt t, trc
s thm nc.
Thit k n gin nht cho lp che ph cui cng cho bi chn lp hp v sinh
bao gm 2 lp: 1) Lp b mt, v 2) Lp ngn nc (hydraulic barrier layer).
Lp ngn nc c bn l lp che ph u tin c thit k c bit ngn
chn cht lng di chuyn vo trong cht thi.
Nu mt lp che ph c thit k v thc hin trong mt quc gia ang pht
trin, nn dng lp b mt c dy khong 60 cm v lp ngn nc nm bn
di c dy 30 cm. Thit k ny c chp nhn trong nhng khu vc c
lng nc b bay hi ln v lng ma nh (ngha l kh hu vi nhit cao,
m thp v ma t). Thit k lp che ph c miu t hnh 15-10

Hnh 15-10: Basic design of final cover syste

Trong vng kh hu m t v trong nhng tnh hung yu cu mc kim sot

cao hn c th cn phi bao gm thm nhiu kiu lp khc .
gi lng nc chy vo trong cht thi rn l nh nht, lp che ph phi
c thit k sao cho phn ln nc ma s c chy trn. C th lm c
iu ny bng cch to dc cho lp che ph t 1% n 5%. nghing ny
ca lp che ph cui cng thc y nc ma di chuyn nhanh ra khi b mt
che ph v ng thi hn ch xi mn mc chp nhn c. Cng c th
36

gim s xi mn bng cch trng thm thc vt. Thc vt cn c thm li ch

v n y mnh s bc-thot hi nc. Nh vy, dc v thc vt ng mt
vai tr quan trng trong hot ng ca lp che ph cui cng.
Trong trng hp lp t mt khng c thm thp ngn chn s thm
nc ma. Khi y rc s b nc thm vo, v nh vy, s hnh thnh nc r r
(leachate).C th lm gim s thm nc qua vt liu che ph bng cch b
sung 1 lp thot nc theo phng ngang nm trn lp ngn nc. S b sung
ny gip gia tng kim sot s hnh thnh nc r r v ng thi lm tng tnh
phc tp ca lp che ph cui cng cng nh chi ph xy dng n. S gia
tng tnh phc tp v chi ph c l l iu khng th chp nhn c cc quc
gia ang pht trin . L do l bi v nu lp thot nc hot ng ng chc
nng, n cn phi c bo v bi 1 vng lc ( filter zone) nm pha trn. Vng
lc l 1 lp t khng c kt c chn la cn thn. Vng lc, nh ngha tn
gi ca n, c mc tiu ngn cn nhng ht t nh di chuyn t lp pht trin
thc vt xung lp thot nc. Nu khng ngn chn, nhng ht t nh ny
dn dn s lm tc nghn lp thot nc
Cui cng, nu xc tin trng cy bi v nhng cy pht trin mnh trn lp
che ph cui cng v nu c cc ng vt o bi xut hin trong bi chn lp
th cn phi c 1 lp chn gi r cy v cc ng vt khng ph hoi lp che
ph. Lp chn ny c gi l lp chn sinh hc (biotic barrier). N thng
nm gia lp lc v lp thot nc.
Nhng yu t chnh khi thit k 1 lp che ph l cc lp thnh phn ca n. S
.. th hin hin trng thit k v xy dng cc lp che ph M. Nh
trong hnh biu din, lp che ph phc hp ca BCL hp v sinh hin i c
n 08 lp khc nhau

37

Hnh 15-11: Cc lp thnh phn ca h thng che ph cui cng phc hp ca

bi chn lp hin i hp v sinh

Mi lp trong tm lp trong hnh s c miu t trong nhng mc sau

a. Lp sinh dng (lp b mt)
Lp t ny (vegetative layer or surface layer) cn thit bo v lp
che ph khi s xi mn ca gi v nc chy. Lp sinh dng hay lp b
mt nn c cu to l lp t mt cht c nhiu cht dinh dng c th h
tr cho s pht trin ca thc vt. t ny c th c trn vi sn phm
compost t rc vn, bn thi hoc phn gia sc.
b. Nhng lp lc
Bt c khi no t cha ht mn nm bn trn t c ht th l xut hin
kh nng di chuyn nhng ht t mn vo nhng ch trng ca lp t ht
th. Hin tng ny c bit n nh l mt hin tng h thng nhiu
ng dn vn chuyn cht lng i (piping) vi kt qu l lp t c ht th
b bt kn. Nhng lp lc (filter layer) c s dng trong thit k cc lp
che ph ca bi chn lp loi b nhng ht t mn khng cho theo nc
thm v ng thi cho php kh bi chn lp bay ln. Nhng lp lc bng
cc ht t hoc khng bng vt liu t u c th c s dng. Trong
trng hp khng c sn t lm lp lc, c th s dng vi a cht
(geotextile).
38

Lp lc thng c t bn di lp nn mng ngn chn lp kim sot

kh b tc nghn.
c. Lp chn sinh hc
Nh trc y trnh by, cc lp ngn nc ng vai tr quan trng trong
s hot ng ca lp che ph. V vy, tnh trng nguyen vn ca lp ngn
nc phi c duy tr. Cc loi thc vt v ng vt c th c thng lp
ngn nc v, lm tn thng ti tnh trang nguyn vn ca n. Mt
phng php kim sot vn tim tng ny l thng xuyn ct xn
thc vt v thng xuyn s dng thuc dit cc loi gm nhm. Mt
phng php kim sot khc l s dng lp chn sinh hc (biotic barrier).
Lp ny l mt lp gm c nhng cht thi xy dng vn, nghin nt,
hoc nhng vt liu c kch thc tng t gip ngn ng s di chuyn ca
r cy v ng vt.
d. Lp thot nc
Nu lp che ph cui cng nm trong thit k bi chn lp, n nn c lp
thot nc (draindage layer). Ch c nhng ngoi l rt t (khng cn lp
thot nc) l trong nhng vng kh hn ni c lng ma rt thp. Mc
ch chnh ca lp ny l ngn khng cho nc ngm vo chy xung v
ly lng nc i trc khi n c th xm nhp vo lp ngn nc (mt
s ca lp thot nc c ch ra trong hnh 15-12. Nh c miu t
trong hnh, lp ny nn c dc, nghing v hng cc im thu gom
trong chu vi ca bi chn lp. Lp thot nc nn c cu trc bng cc vt
liu xp
e. Lp ngn nc
Lp ngn nc (hydraulic barrier) l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan
trng nht trong lp che ph cui cng. Chc nng chnh ca lp ngn nc
l ngn nga s ngm nc vo cht thi rn, v lm nh vy ngn chn
c s hnh thnh nc r rc.
nhng nc cng nghip, cc lp ngn nc c cu to bng vt liu
t c ht mn c m nn k. t c th c pha trn vi nhng vt
liu khc nh t st bentonite v tro bi t thm mong mun. Hot
ng thch hp ca lp che ph cui cng ph thuc vo vic duy tr tnh
trng ton vn ca lp ngn nc. lun hot ng hiu qu, lp ngn
nc bng vt liu t phi dy t nht l 30cm v c thm thy lc nh
hn 1x10-6 cm/s. Lp ngn nc l tng c dy 60cm v thm nh
hn 1x10-7cm/s
Tnh ton vn ca lp ngn nc c th b nh hng thng qua 3 c ch:
c hc, ho hc, mi trng. Nhng tc ng c hc chnh c bn lin quan
ti nhng thit hi do xy dng, nh l ti trng qu mc, m nn qu cht,
v s m thng. Nhng nh hng ho hc l nh hng t gy lo lng
nht , thng c lin quan ti hi nc v kh. Nhng tc ng mi trng
lin quan ti lm kh, thm t, v r cy pht trin xm nhp vo trong.
39

Nhng loi mng tng hp c th s dng thay cho t lm nhng lp ngn

nc. Chng c th rt t cho nhng p dng ny, t bit l trong nhng
khu dn c nh nhng quc gia ang pht trin. Nu vt liu tng hp
c s dng, chng nn c bo v trnh nhng ph hoi c hc (c
trong qu trnh xy dng v duy tr) bng cch lt nhng lp lt thch hp
v lp t mt lp bo v (nh ct) trn.
f. Lp nn mng
Nh tn ca n , lp nn mng (foundation layer) l lp m nm gia
lp che ph cui cng v cht thi. Lp nn mng gm 1 lp t nn t
trn cng trn tng cht thi cao nht.
Mt trong nhng lu chnh khi thit k lp che ph cui cng l s st ln
do s phn hu ca cht thi. Nh th, mt trong nhng phng php hiu
qu bo v lp nn mng, v ng thi bo v lp che ph cui cng l
phi m bo rng cht thi s c m nn k.
g. Lp kim sot kh (gas control layer)
Kh ca bi chn lp l sn phm ca s phn hu cc cht h c cho bi
chn lp. Kh ch yu l metan v CO 2. S lng v thnh phn ca kh bi
chn lp ph thuc vo mt s yu t nh: bn cht ca rc thi, kh hu v
m.
Nhng c ch kim sot kh bi rc tiu biu l s dng mt lp vt liu c
xp t cng st rc thi cng tt. Lp vt liu ny c th l mt b phn
ca h thng thu gom kh bi rc tnh hoc ng.
15.7.5 Nhng phng php xy dng v s dng bi chn lp sau khi hon
thnh c mc ch.
Thit k v xy dng bi chn lp hp v sinh co th nhm ti 1 mc ch no
sao cho va thi b an ton cht thi va c th s dng c BCL sau thi
gian hot ng. Mt vi v d ca nhng ng dng ny trong thc t v ng
vin cho a hnh, ci to mi trng nc, khi phc m l thin, quy hoch
li th, v thu hi kh. S dng bi chn lp sau khi chm dt hot ng chn
lp i hi phi c nhng xem xt c bit.
Hai kiu xy dng v s dng bi chn lp c mc ch c th c m t
bn di, bao gm: v ng vin cho a hnh v ci to mi trng nc.
Nhng ng dng tim n khc v nhng im thit k v bo dng bi chn
lp c lin quan c tho lun sau trong chng ny.
15.7.5.1 V ng vin cho a hnh
V ng vin trn 1 a hnh (topographical contouring) l xy dng mt
bi chn lp thnh hnh mt ci i. Phng php ny cho php s dng t
hiu qu hn bng cch tng sc cha ca bi chn lp trong 1 khu vc nht
nh. Mt bi chn lp sau khi hon thnh s bao gm mt chui nhng tng
rc quay thnh vng trn to thnh hnh bp mng gn ging nh nhng ng
vin ca 1 qu i. Trong trng hp ny, phng php b mt c s dng
40

 xy dng cc tng rc. dc ln nht ca qu i c xc nh theo

ngh ca lp che ph bng t khi t nghing, kh nng di chuyn ln cao ca
cc thit b, v mc b ng ln (t ti nghing lm cho trt v lt
nghing) ca thit b khi hot ng ti trng bnh thng. Nhng c im k
thut khi thit k bi chn lp dng ny l phi lm sao m bo nhng yu t
va nu c mt h s an ton y . nghing cc i phi l nghing
cho php tin hnh tt c cc quy trnh vn hnh (v d nh tri ra, m nn v
che ph ) trong 1 bi chn lp hp v sinh m khng gy nguy him cho s an
ton ca ngi cng nhn, v nghing cui cng c th to nn c
cnh quan 1 qu i. Cc nhn t khc phi c xem xt v lu bao gm s
n nh dc v s xi mn t gy ra bi ma.
15.7.5.2 Ci to mi trng nc
Trong mt vi trng hp, chn lp cht thi rn c th c s dng ci to
m ly v nhng khu t ngp nc c cht lng rt thp khc. Trong nhng
trng hp ny, ngi ta s tin hnh loi b ht nc hoc cho php nc bay
hi v phi tin hnh 1 s nh gi thch hp (nh gi v a cht, v khoa hc
nc v mt s nh gi khc). Khi tin hnh phi xem xt cn thn nhng iu
kin sinh thi ca khu vc. ci tin v duy tr sc kho v s an ton ca
cng ng, cht thi rn khng nn c b trong hoc gn trong ngun
nc tim tng hoc ngun nc hin hu c s dng bi con ngi cho
mc ch n ung, tm git hoc gii tr hoc trong nhng khu vc nhy cm v
mt sinh thi. Trc khi thi hnh mt d n ci to ven bin, tt c nhng hu
qu v mi trng c th xy ra phi c xc nh v phn tch k lng.
1.2.7.6. Chn lp chung cc cht thi c bit
Chn lp chung l trn mt loi cht thi vi mt loi khc v sau chn lp
hn hp . Mc d vic chn lp chung c miu t trong mc ny c th
c p dng trong hu ht cc loi bn phi cng nghip (non-industrial
sludge), ni dung c bn y ch yu ni ti vic lu tr, x l, v thi b
bn c lin quan n nhng cht thi t c th con ngi (ch yu l phn).
Nhng v d v cc loi bn thi lin quan n nhng cht thi t c th con
ngi l bn thi t cc nh my x l nc thi truyn thng, bn bm t cc
b t hoi, bn t cc hm ca nh x cng cng hay cc h thng cng, v
phn bc (phn ngi) ni chung.
D c nguy c nh hng ti sc kho cng ng v gy nhiu kh chu khi
lm vic vi n, nhng phn bc khng qua 1 qu trnh x l no thng xuyn
c b chung vi cht thi rn th trong nhng nc ang pht trin.
Trong trng hp b cht thi ch yu l h th nhng nguy c v phin
toi ny cng nghim trng hn. Mc d c th cha c tuyn b nhng cc
nguy c tng t cng s xy ra nu b chung bn ti t cc nh my x l
nc thi vo cc bi rc h. Nhng mi nguy him va nu c th c gim
bt ng k nu s dng bi chn lp hp v sinh.
Khi vn hnh chn lp chung trong bi chn lp, phng php l t bn (c t
l hm lng cht rn l 20-30%) ln trn mt cht thi rn ngay ti mt lm
41

vic ca bi chn lp. Bn thi v cht thi rn c ha trn hon ton. Hn

hp sau c ban ra, nn li, v c che ph ging nh chn lp cht thi
rn thng thng trong bi chn lp hp v sinh. Cht lng trong bn phi c
cht thi rn hp th. Bi v kh nng hp th ca cht thi rn th trong
nhng quc gia ang pht trin nhn chung tng i thp, trng lng nc ti
a trong bn thi phi thp cht thi rn gi ht nc ca bn thi khng
cho lng nc ny tc ng qu mc n s hnh thnh nc r rc. Nhng
ngi nht rc khng c php tip xc vi bn thi v cht thi rn trn
vi bn thi.
15.7.7 CHT THI NGUY HI: (chn lp an ton)
15.7.7.1 Li gii thiu:
Mc d vic qun l cht thi nguy hi khng phi l vn quan tm ca cun sch
ny, cng ngh cho vic x l nhng cht thi ny l che ph mt cch an ton hon
tt v nh mt vt lm nh li s quan trng trong vic qun l chng. Hn na, trong
hu ht cc quc gia ang pht trin, phn ln cht thi nguy hi pht sinh c thu
gom v thi b cng vi cht thi rn ca thnh ph.
Vic thi b cht thi nguy hi a phng c th to ra nguy c v nhim v quan
trng cho quc gia ang pht trin khi nhng nh ngha, nhng tiu chun, v nhng
thit b bo v khng pht trin hoc hot ng khng y .

15.7.7.2: nh ngha v nhng c im k thut:

Mt bi chn lp an ton l mt phc hp (khu lin hp), cc h t c thit
k c bit ngn cn cht thi nguy hi sao cho chng khng th r r vo
mi trng. Bi vy, mt bi chn lp an ton ch thc c nhng c im
sau:
Thi b cht thi trong bi chn lp an ton l ph hon ton bi mt
hoc nhiu lp hoc nhng tm lt bng nguyn liu khng thm nc.
Khon cch gia phn di cng (y) ca tm lt v nc ngm c kh
nng ngn nga s tip xc ca chng.
Nc r r v tt c cht lng khng c php tch ly bn trong hoc bn
ngoi cc lp ngn chn.
Cht lng nc ngm c gim st n mc m s r r t bi chn lp
c th c pht hin v x l.
Bi chn lp cn xc nh v tr sao cho n cch li vi ngun nc d tr
nc mt v nc ngm ; khng b nh hng ca kt qu t s chy trn,
s chn ng, hoc cc gin on khc; v v tr ca n khng cn cho
nhng chc nng khc sau khi nh xng ng ca [29].
15.7.7.3: Thit k:
Nh tt c cc bi chn lp hp v sinh, vic thit k mt bi chn lp an ton
phn ln ph thuc vo nhng c th v a cht, thy vn ca khu vc. Nh
th, nu nh xa ngun nc l rt quan trng v nhng lpt s khng b
thm, s c ng ca cc lp t ti khu vc kt hp vi vic sp xp cc
42

tm lt n , bao gm vt cht t nhin hoc tng hp, nu nh thch hp.

Trong trng hp nh vy, t hoc t st khng ht nc c th xem nh mt
tm lt bng vt liu t nhin v cht do c tnh dy t cao hoc cht do
c x l kt hp vi clo c th xem nh tm lt bng vt liu tng hp. Nu
nhng iu kin trn khng l tng, nhng tha mn nhng tiu chun ti
thiu th chp nhn c, lc ny t ti khu vc bi chn lp s c o ln
v thay th bng mt lp ct hoc si, tip theo l mt lp bn c nn li,
mt tm lt tng hp, v mt lp c bn bng t st c nn li. Trong tt c
cc trng hp, s chun b y c th to s ngn cn cc loi cht thi kt
hp vi nhau v chng s gy ra cc phn ng ha hc nguy him (VD: cht
thi rn n mn cao vi cht thi c tnh axit mnh). Ngn chn nhng phn
ng trn c thc hin bng cch phn ra nhng vng nh hng khc nhau t
mt loi bng cc cu trc th cp s dng rnh bng t. Vic b tr cn m
bo vic thu gom v vn chuyn ht nc r r c tch ly trong vng thp
nht( lu vc). Vic lm ny do mt mng li ng dn c thit lp trong bi
chn lp.Cht lng nc ngm c theo di bi thit b theo di ti v tr hp
l dc theo chu vi bi chn lp. Vic theo di nc ngm cn thc hin trc
khi cht thi bt u phn hy v tip tc cho n khi chuyn t dng nguy
him tr nn khng nguy him.
Vic thit k, vn hnh, v theo di mt bi chn lp an ton l qu trnh phc
tp , i hi mt phn kho lo ca nhng ngi chuyn nghip.
15.7.7.4 : ng ca bi chn lp:
Hot dng ca lp che ph c thit k sao cho m bo cn tr hon ton v
ton b s nh hng v mt bi chn lp hon thnh khng t ra s e do
cho s an ton ca cng ng v mi trng. t c iu ny phi tun
theo nhng iu kin sau:
Lp trn cng ca bi chn lp, che ph b mt ca bi chn lp hon
thnh bng lp t khng thm nc.
Bao ph lp ny bng mt lp lt tng hp (nu c th) m bo tnh
hiu qu ca n v lp rc bn di khi b thm nc ma.
Ph mt lp t ln trn lp lt tng hp v gieo ging trn lp t to
ra thm thc vt hon thin s hot ng ca lp che ph. Nc r v
kh c thu gom bng h thng ng c xy dng xuyn qua lp che ph
cui cng.
Cui cng, tao hnh lm cho bi chn lp hon chnh khng lm nguy hi
khi m cht thi nguy him nm bn di vn cn nguy him lu di sau khi
chn lp chng. Thc hin vic khai qut, nhng bi chn lp an ton c th l
mt s m ng nguy him.

43

Hnh 15-12: Typical layout of a secure landfill

15.8 CC CNG TRNH CHNH TRONG BI CHN LP:

Mc ny m t nhng bc tin hnh phc tp trong vic chun b mt khu vc
cho cng tc v sinh v ngn np.
15.8.1 Ci thin a th, a hnh:
Mt trong nhng bc u tin trong qua trnh pht trin mt bi chn lp hp
v sinh ko theo vic di chuyn tt c cc i tng khi m chung c th nh
hng n hot ng v s di chuyn ca phng tin chuyn ch v trang
thit b. Nh vy, cy ci, bi cy, v nhng thc vt khc c nh hng s b
dn sch trong khu vc , hoc gim din tch sinh sng ca chng.
Hai l, khu vc c chia thnh bc loi b s nh hng ca nhng ci
khng ph hp nm trn b mt n. B mt ca khu vc s c to cc ng
ni y mnh s kim ch nc chy trn v ngn nga s to ao. Nhng s
o t ph hp cn kim sot n mc nh nht cc vn lin quan n s n
mn, cc lp bi, v s ng cn. trnh s nguy him ca qu trnh n mn
v lm li lm mt t v tnh n vic gim st kn, nhng khu vc ln s
c dn dp trong cc giai on khc nhau.

44

15.8.2 Nhng con ng: ng s

ng s tng ln trong tt c cc ma t h thng ng cng cng n khu
vc cn c cung cp. Vi nhng khu vc ln, s gia tng s lng ng s
s c m rng t li vo ca khu vc n vng ln cn ca vng lm vic.
ng s c thit k phc v cho lu lng ngi i b v lu thng xe
c m c d on trc. Trc khi gia tng s lng ng c thit
k, mt vic quan trng l xc nh kch thc xe c v gii hn tc ca
chng, cng nh cc tiu chun phc v ti thiu c m bo. H thng cng
rnh thch hp ngn nga cho cc con ng khi b ngp lt trong nhng
ma m t. L tng hn, lng ng s gm hai ln ng (chiu rng ti
thiu 7m) cho hai li giao thng. Nhng th bc khng cn vt qu nhng
gii hn trang b c gii ha: nhng gii hn dc ln nh hn 7%; gii hn dc
xung, nh hn 10% [29]. Mc d gi thnh nhng con ng trong tng lai
c th cao hn nhng con ng tm thi, nhng gi c c n b dn bng
tin tit kim thit b, s bo tr, v thi gian. Cui cng, nhng con ng phi
c xy dng theo nhng tiu chun quc gia.

Hnh 15-13: Typical cross-section of access roada

Bi v, s xc nh v tr ca lnh vc kinh doanh l s thay i lin tc, nhng

con ng dnh cho vic vn chuyn cht thi t h thng ng lu di trong
lnh vc kinh doanh thng tm thi trong nhng gii hn ca t nhin v xy
dng. Nhng con ng tm thi c th xy dng bng cch o nhng ci
mng thot nc. Nhng con ng c th c ph ln trn bng mt lp
vt cht ma st, nh l si, c p cht, than chy ln, b tng b h, va
h, hoc gch. S dng vi, xi mng hoc nhng cht kt dnh nha ng c
th lm tng kh nng s dng ca nhng con ng tm thi. B rng ca con
ng l hot ng chnh yu ca cc dy ng v lu lng lu thng. Ngoi
ra, b rng c th ti thiu 3,5 m cho mt ln ng v 6 m cho 2 ln ung.
Nu lu lng xe ti d tnh l t 25-50 lt/ ngy, th xy dng lng ng
bng cch sp xp v nn cht t thng s m bo. Lu lng xe hn 50
lt/ ngy, vn s c khc phc bng cch s dng canxi clorua nh mt
vt ngn chn bi, hoc1 vt cht kt dnh nh ximng hoc nha ng. Lu
lng t 100- 150 lt/ngy s cn c 1 hp kim cng thm vo 1 cht kt
dnh. Nhng loi xe c s dng mt bi chn lp s bao gm cc xe ti hin
45

i ln cc loi th s chuyn ch, nh mt s miu t trong chng lu tr

v thu gom. Nhng loi xe c s dng trong mt bi chn lp phi c xem
xt khi thit k nhng long ng trong bi chn lp.
15.8.3 Trm cn:
Vn l cn c nhng nhn bit ng n v tm quan trng ca thit b o
trng lng v thit b o lu lng cht thi thi b ti khu vc m c
cp trong cc chng trc. Bi vy, s dn n mc kh thi cao, tt c
cht thi c thu gom s c bit khi lng. Trong mt s hon cnh, n
c th cn thit thit lp nhiu hn mt trm cn trong mt th t trnh
nhng hng di v ghi chp trng lng ca nhng xe trng khi chng ra khi
khu vc.
Cc loi cn gm cc trm cn in t ng cng ngh cao n n gin, cc
n cn c th mang theo. K hoc sn trm cn c th c xy dng bng g,
thp, hoc b tng, n ni m trm cn nm ngang v trn mt nn mng vng
chc. Trm cn c th cn xe ln khi chng n bi chn lp vi 1 th tc c
bn. Nng lc tip nhn t 30-60 Mg s c xem l thch hp. L tng hn,
k phi di cn tt c cc trc xe cng mt lc, mc d trng ti ca cc
trm cn ring r s cho cc hoat ng nh.

Hnh 15-14: Collection vehicle being weighed on a truck scal

15.8.4 Cc ngnh phc v cng cng C s h tng bi chn lp:

Trng hp l tng, in, nc, v nhng lnh vc ci thin v sinh s c
cung cp. Ngoi ra, s ph hp ca 3 lnh vc trn c hiu qu ti 1 khu vc
thi b trong 1 quc gia ang pht trin th khng c ngh n. in nng c
th s dng trong chiu sng v nng lng. Hai chc nng ny rt cn thit
46

nu trang thit b bo tr v sa cha khng c ti khu vc. in nng c th to

ra ti khu vc khi dng 1 my pht in di ng.Nc c gi tr cho vic ung,
p la, khng ch bi, v sinh cho cng nhn. Trong trng hp cn thit cng
rnh, thng gi nh x s c xy dng v bo tr.
15.8.5 Cc cng trnh kin trc xy dng bi chn lp:
Nu kh thi v c bit ti cc vng hot ng thi b ln, mt cng trnh xy
dng hoc b tr cc cng trnh xy dng s c xy dng cung cp khu
vc vn phng, trang thit b nh cho cng nhn, cung cp 1 khu vc bo v
cho vic lu tr trang thit b bo tr, v sa cha; v phc v cho mt trm
cn. Khu vc vn phng cn cho lu tr h s v nhng hot ng i hi nhn
vin vn phng(th k). Tinh thn nhn cng s tr nn tt hn v nng lc l
yu t c gi tr tht s, bng cch cung cp 1 cng trnh xy dng nh tnh
n: u tin l trang thit b ph tr, cung cp cho vic git gi v i li, tin
nghi nh v sinh, v c cn tin.S trang b nhng phc v ca cng trnh xy
dng nh nh xng v khu sa cha. Cc xy dng ny c s dng cho
cht thi hn 10 nm l cc cng trnh xy dng tm thi v c th di chuyn d
dng. Vic thit k v m hnh ca tt c cc xy dng s c t trong s cn
nhc v s di chuyn ca kh trong bi chn lp v s gii quyt khc ca bi
chn lp. Nu cc trang thit b ny khng cung cp ti bt k u nhng nhng
khu vc thi b nh nht, hot ng ca bi chn lp s b tr ngi hoc mo
him.
15.8.6 Vt liu chn: Tng ro
Li vo khu vc bi chn lp c iu khin 1 cch d dng bng cch xy
dng 1 tng ro bao quanh ton b chu vi ca khu vc hoc ti nhng im
nh nht, bao quanh nhng v tr khng an ton ca li vo cho thit b v cht
thi bng cc hng ring r. Mt hng ro c chc nng l gii hn li vo
vng rc thi khi ng vt, lm bnh phong cho bi chn lp, v th hin
ng ranh gii. Cc loi v chiu cao ca hng ro c xc nh bng nhng
phng k ng n v nhng iu kin rng buc bt buc tai khu vc. Chiu
cao hng ro l 1,5m v vi nhng khe h ti thiu l 5 cm thng thch hp.
Nhng hng ro ca bi rc s c xy dng trong vng gn nht ca khu vc
lm vic iu khin qu trnh gi thi giy v cc cht thi ba bn khc.
Mt hng ro thp (1m) thng cho mt con mng hot ng. Khi m,
chiu cao t 2 n 3 m c th cn thit ti ni gi thi, vng hot ng. Nhng
hng ro ca bi rc di chuyn c.

47

Hnh 15-15: Portable litter fence (2 m high, 3 m wide)

15.9 VN HNH BI CHN LP

15.9.1.Gii thiu:
Phn ny gii thiu mt phng php vn hnh hiu qu mt bi chn lp
cht thi rn. Theo , mt phc ha chi tit tt c hot ng chn lp hng
ngy s l c s ca mt k hoch vn hnh c hiu qu. K hoch phi linh
hot (mm do) khuyn khch s kho lo trong qun l t c nhng
mc tiu d nh v cng phi cng rn gi quy trnh vn hnh ng.
Mt k hoch vn hnh hiu qu c ngha l trang thit b s dng thch hp vi
c trng ca CTR, vi hon cnh v tr v phng php chn lp.
Trong phn ny, vn hnh mt bi chn lp c chia thnh hai phn:1) Nhng
quy trnh vn hnh khng ph thuc vo phng php chn lp.2) Nhng quy
trnh vn hnh c th i vi mi phng php chn lp.
15.9. 2. Nhng quy trnh vn hnh chung:
Vn hnh mt bi chn lp hp v sinh cn n mt lot cc hot ng, mt s
c tin hnh lin tc hng ngy, trong khi s cn li c tin hnh c nh
theo chu k. C 1 vi quy trnh vn hnh kh quan trng phi c xem xt k
cho tt c nhng phng php chn lp, bao gm:
S chun b v bo tr v tr (bi chn lp).
Kim sot cht lng mi trng.
Gi vn hnh.
Nhng quy trnh vn hnh trong thi tit khc nghit.
Nhng tho lun i vi tng quy trnh vn hnh quan trng k trn c trnh
by trong phn tip theo:
48

15.9.2.1 Chun b v bo tr v tr BCL:

a. Chun b v tr BCL:
Chun b v tr BCL l mt hot ng quan trng trong quy trnh vn hnh
chung mt bi chn lp hp v sinh. Sau khi hon thnh mt t bo rc,
nhng din tch mi phi c dn sch s, o h v c tin hnh lt
y (nu cn thit). Tng t nh vy, sau khi nhng din tch lm vic
c chn lp y, nn tin hnh che ph lp che ph cui cng cng nhanh
cng tt.
Nhng v tr phi c chun b v c xy dng ph hp vi nhng tiu
chun k thut trong thit k. S chun b v xy dng v tr BCL bao gm:
Dn sch s v nh b

o
ht c.

Lp t nhng h thng

o
kim sot nc r r.

Xy dng cc cng trnh

o
xy dng.

Lp t cc h thng

o
dch v.

Xy dng ng ni b.
S d tr t.

o
o
b. Duy tu, bo dng ng s :

Duy tu, bo dng ng vo v tr chn lp (ng ni b trong BCL) l

mt trong nhng hot ng nn c tin hnh lin tc. Nu thc hin
tt,duy tu, bo dng ng ni b thng l mt hot ng tn km. Bt
chp loi mt ng (t, si, nh hay trng nha), nhng con ng
phi c kim tra v sa cha thng xuyn. Nhng hot ng sa cha
thng gp l dn sch, thm hoc tri thm si,v t, lp h v qut
dn mng thot nc. Bi v vic bo dng ng s l mt hot ng
tn km, nn n thng b b l. Khng may, thiu s bo tr, duy tu ng
s thch hp khin cho cc thit b, phng tin d b h hng, vn hnh b
tr tr khng cn thit v gy ra cc vn v an ton. Nn duy tr mt vi
g gim tc c gn bng ch dn cn thn trn ng hn ch vn tc qu
cao ca xe c chy trong BCL.
c. Duy tu, bo dng chung:
Tt c nhng nh my x l cht thi v bi chn lp u i hi bo dng
lin tc. Ngi qun l BCL l ngi chu trch nhim chun b mt lch
duy tu bo dng chi tit. Nhng ngy c th dnh cho bo dng nn c
sp xp tin hnh nhng nhim v sau:
Thu gom v thi b rc

o
b thi bay.

49

t li nhng hng ro

o
chn rc qun l rc b thi bay.

Duy tu bo qun cng

o
ro, hng ro v nhng cng trnh xy dng.

Duy tu bo qun h

o
thng thot nc v lp che ph cui cng.

Chun b v cp nht

o
nhng bn BCL sau cng.

Khi nhng khu vc chn lp c hon thnh, mt lot cc bn ch r

nhng tnh trng ca cc giai on chn lp nn c cp nhp. Nhng bn
nn xc nh r nhng khu vc s dng chn lp nhng cht thi c
bit, su chn lp ca mi khu vc, loi rc thi c chn lp, cng nh
nhng c im khc ca v tr BCL .
15.9.2.2 Kim sot cht lng mi trng:
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc quy nh c thit lp i hi phi kim
sot cht lng mi trng trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp bo v
sc kho cng ng v mi trng trnh cc tc ng tiu cc tim n t bi
chn lp. Nhng dng kim sot cht lng mi trng thng c s dng
nht l nhng lp lt khng thm nc, nhng h thng thu gom v x l nc
r r, nhng h thng qun l kh thot ra bi chn lp v nhng h thng che
ph. Thit k v xy dng ng n nhng h thng kim sot va nu s c
tho lun trong sut chng ny. Kim sot cht lng mi trng rt cn thit
bo v mi trng trong sut qu trnh vn hnh bi chn lp v ng ca
BCL v cn qun l BCL sau khi ng ca. Nhng hot ng ny c m
t trong nhng phn sau:
a. S lng bn v s xi mn:
Nc chy trn c hm lng cht rn l lng tng i cao, thng xut
hin do dc khng thch hp. Mt bng vi dc t 2% n 5% nn
c duy tr, ni no c th, khuyn khch nc t chy trn b mt m
vn tc ca dng chy vn cho php kim sot c Nn hn ch nhng
din tch tr tri mc ti thiu trong sut qu trnh vn hnh v tr BCL.
Xy dng v duy tu,bo tr lin tc cc cng trnh kim sot bn lng (VD:
mng chuyn hng dng nc mt, x rnh, h thu cn) bt buc phi
hin din trong mt quy trnh vn hnh kim sot mi trng hon chnh.
Sut giai on ng ca BCL v sau khi ng ca BCL, dc cui cng
ph hp, loi cy trng che ph thch hp, v vic bo dng tt h thng
che ph cui cng s gip ngn nga nhng vn lu di gy ra bi s xi
mn v s lng bn.
b. Bn:
Ma ln v bng tan c th lm sinh ra bn. gim bt tc ng khng
mong mun ca bn ln nhng hot ng vn hnh hng ngy, ng vo
ni chn lp nn c nng ln cao hn so vi mt t xung quanh v c
50

trng nha hoc ri si. Mt gii php khc thi cng nn ng thng
xuyn c xe c lu thng l s dng t c cp phi ht ln nh si,ct ha
trn chung vi t st. Bn c th bm ln trn nhng con ng giao thng
bn ngoi BCL do cc thit b chn lp hoc xe thu gom di chuyn, v iu
ny s khin cho BCL to ra n tng khng tt vi cng ng [25]. Mt
cch l tng, nu bi chn lp c khuynh hng hay c bn, nn c khu
vc ra xe c t gn cng ra xe sch trc khi ri BCL. Nhng khu
vc c bit nn c tch ring c th s dng trong nhng iu kin
thi tit khng thun li hay khi nhng vng khc c kh nng y bn v
lm cho s vn hnh gp kh khn. Nhng khu vc phi hot ng trong
thi tit m nn c t cng gn cng chnh cng tt c th gim lu
lng lu thng trong BCL.
c. Bi :
Bi sinh ra bi chn lp bi 2 ngun chnh:1) Nhng xe thu gom v nhng
thit b nng chuyn dng chuyn ng trn ng kh v y bi. 2) Gi.
Bi c th pht tn ra khi bc d rc thi xung, vo ni chn lp v m
nn nhng loi rc thi qu kh hoc trong khi o v vn chuyn t kh.
gim lng bi sinh ra, cc ng ni b nn c ri si hoc trng
nha. Mt cch khc, l phun lin tc nc hoc cc cht ho hc khc c
th hn ch bi trong danh mc cho php ln nhng mt ng c bi.
nhng nc ang pht trin ngi ta cn phun du qua s dng gim
bi trn ng, tuy nhin khng nn s dng bin php ny bi v n tim
n kh nng nhim ti nguyn t v nc.Vic o v vn chuyn t khi
chng cn m t s hn ch s pht sinh bi. Tng t, khi nhng cht thi
kh c em n bi chn lp, chng nn c lm cho m trc khi em
i chn lp. Nhng cch khc gim hon ton lng bi pht sinh t tng
ni chn lp ring bit l ph xanh thc vt khu vc mi hon thnh chn
lp ngay khi c th. Nhng bi chn lp nn c trang b mt xe ti
ng hoc xe moc phun nc lm m t mt ng v nhng khu
vc lm vic hn ch bi.
d. Sinh vt gy bnh:
Rui, mui, chut, chim, ch v nhng ng vt khc l nhng sinh vt c
th xut hin bt k ti bi chn lp. Sinh vt gy bnh c th b hn ch nu
thng xuyn che ph t m nn trn cht thi hoc c th kim sot
chng bng phng php ho hc, v bng vic duy tr b mt lm vic nh
nht c th. Ngi ta chng minh rng lp che ph hng ngy 15cm bng
t t nhin c m nn c hm lng t st thp s ngn nga s pht
sinh rui. Tuy nhin, d tin hnh ngn nga tt nht v p dng nhng
iu kin chn lp tt nht th mt bi chn lp vn nn kim tra thng
xuyn v c k hoch hn ch rui.
Cch tt nht hn ch mui l ngn nga s hnh thnh nc t ng
mi ni trong bi chn lp (VD nh trong nhng lp xe c v nhng ch
trng). S tch t nc t trn b mt c th c ngn chn bng vic san
bng b mt, lp nhng ch trng v che ph t ln trn cht thi.
51

Thnh thong chut cng v chut ni chung c th c a n bi chn

lp km theo cht thi rn. Nu chng tm thy ch tr nhng khu vc gn
BCL hoc nhng ni t c ch trong bi chn lp, s phi cn n c
quan y t a phng tiu dit chng. Ngi lao ng trong bi chn lp
nn c tp hun nhn ra nhng hang chut v nhng du hiu c mt
ca chut a ra nhng quy trnh qun l thch hp.
Mc d chim c th khng c phn loi thnh sinh vt gy bnh theo
ng ngha ca thut ng, nhng chim c tho lun trong phn ny bi v
mt s loi nht nh c th tr thnh vt gy bnh khi xt trong hon cnh
l mt bi chn lp. Chim b thu ht ti bi chn lp tm kim thc n.
c bit l trong trng hp bi chn lp t gn b bin, mc d phn ln
nhng bi chn lp s thu ht mt loi chim no . Chim c th gy ra mi
nguy him nghim trng cho my bay v gy cn tr (kh chu) cho nhn
vin v nhng ngi xung quanh bi chn lp. M,nhng tiu chun phn
loi BCL v trong thc tin ch ra rng nhng BCL cht thi rn khng nn
t trong vng 3km ca mt sn bay c my bay phn lc [26]. Trong
nhng trng hp rt him, nhng loi nht nh (v d con mng bin) c
th tr thnh sinh vt gy bnh ly nhim theo phn chim, hay c th lm
vt ch truyn bnh i vi nhng mm bnh tn cng cn trng. Cng nh
i vi nhng loi truyn bnh khc, cch gii quyt vn do chim gy ra
l nhanh chng che ph kn ton b cht thi. Ngoi ra c th pht ra ting
n, pht nhng tn hiu m thanh kh nghe hoc mt s bin php tng t
hn ch chim tm thi mt phn no , nhng thng khng thnh cng
m mn.
Nn ngn chn hon ton nhng sc vt nh ln, b, cu v nhiu loi khc
tip cn vi cht thi bi v chng c kh nng truyn bnh trc tip hoc
gin tip cho ngi.
e. Mi hi:
C nhiu ngun c kh nng gy ra mi kh chu c th tn ti trong bi
chn lp. Mi c th pht sinh nhng tnh hung sau:
Ti thi im cht thi

o
c mang n.

T s phn hu cht thi

o
ti bi chn lp.

T h lu tr v nhng

o
h thng x l nc r r.

Mi pht sinh ti thi im cht thi c mang n c th gim khi cht

thi c nhanh chng che ph v bo m rng lp che ph c duy tr
nguyn vn.
Thnh thong, c nhng khi rc c mi c bit kh chu (nh cht thi ch
bin thc phm c ti hoc rc ch) c th c a n bi chn lp.
Trong trng hp , nu c th, nn sp xp vn chuyn cc loi rc thi
52

ny sao cho c cng nhn v trang thit b sn sng che ph cht thi
ngay lp tc. Nu khng c, c th trn ln hoc che ph nhng rc thi
c mi kh chu vi loi cht thi khc hn ch vn . Trong mt vi
trng hp, c th s dng vi hoc cht ho hc b mt ri ln cht thi
hn ch mi 1 mc no .
f.

Ting n:

Ngun gy ra ting n ch yu ti bi chn lp l do vn hnh trang thit b

v xe thu gom. Ting n gy ra cng tng t nh ting n pht sinh bi
hot ng xy dng nng, v n ch gy n trong gii hn ca bi chn lp
n 1 s nhng con ng c s dng vn chuyn cht thi rn n bi
chn lp. gim hon ton s c nhn tip xc trc tip vi ting n, nn
c gng ht sc vch tuyn giao thng vn chuyn rc i qua khu vc t
dn c nht. Thm vo , bi chn lp nn c c lp hoc c bao
quanh bi vng m ting n khng quy ry nhng ngi xung quanh.
Vic lp t nhng vt cch m nh chn, tng v cy ci l nhng bin
php kim sot ting n hiu qu.
g. M quan:
gi nhng nh hng n mi trng mc thp nht v hot ng
ca bi chn lp c cng ng d dng chp nhn, bi chn lp nn c
thit k cng ph hp vi nhng cnh vt xung quanh n cng tt. Trong
sut giai on chun b bi chn lp, vn quan trng l li cng nhiu
cy cng tt chn tm nhn. chn cng c th c dng cn tr s
quan st. S dng hiu qu kin trc ti ng vo, khu vc chn lp c
thit k ring v s dng thit k cnh quan li cun s gip pht trin BCL
c m quan. Ngoi ra, cn c gng ht sc hn ch din tch lm vic l
nh nht.
h. Rc b thi bay:
Mt trong nhng s than phin thng xuyn ca nhng ngi sng gn bi
chn lp l vn rc b thi bay, c bit l nhng loi rc thi nh nh
giy v nha. C th gim ng k rc nh do gi thi bng cch:
Bc d cht thi xung

o
ti ch thp nht ca b mt lm vic.

Phun nc hoc tri rc

o
t ln rc thi c cha nhiu giy hoc nha.
o

Lp t nhng hng ro
chn rc di chuyn c hoc c nh ti khu vc lm vic.

Thm vo , nu c th che ph t hoc vt liu khc, vic che ph

thng xuyn v hon ton b mt t bo rc v phn t bo rc chn lp
xong c th gi vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot rc b thi bay.
Nhn chung, d cho nhng ngi vn hnh rt c gng v d cho s dng
nhng bin php kim sot tt nht, vic rc b thi bay l iu khng trnh
khi ti bi chn lp.Lp t nhng hng ro chn rc xung quanh bi chn
53

lp hay cui hng gi thi s gip cho vic gi li rc b thi bay v gi n

khng vng vi n cc khu vc khc gn . S thu dn hng ngy, c
bit lc kt thc cng vic trong ngy, cng c th gim lng rc c th
bay sang nhng ni khc.
i. Chy n
Nhng nguyn nhn c kh nng gy ra ha hon BCL bao gm: trong
cht thi c tro tn cn ln than hng cc tia la t cc phng tin, cc
trang thit b xy ra s c chy n v cc hnh ng ph hoi. T chc 1 k
hoch bo v an ninh cht ch v 1 h thng phng tin bo ng lun
hot ng tt c th gip kim sot hu ht cc vn . Nhng loi rc thi
nng v rt d chy nn c a n nhng khu vc ring trong BCL v
c phun nc hay dp la bng t trc khi chn lp. Tt c xe c hot
ng trong BCL nn c trang b cc bnh cha chy nhm hn ch thit
hi trong nhng s c ha hon.
Nu nh khng c ngun nc mt th tt c cc BCL, ngoi tr nhng
BCL qu nh, phi lun lun tc trc 1 xe ch nc c gn bm kh nn.C
rt nhiu cch cha chy BCL. Chy gn b mt chn lp c th
khng ch bng cch o ln v dp tt bng t hay nc. C th dp tt
la chy di su bng cch p t t ln b mt chn lp, hay bm
nc vo phn b chy bn trong chn lp, hay bng cch o ln v dp
la cht thi. La chy su trong BCL kh c th dp tt hon ton.
Nu trong BCL xy ra s c chy cht thi c tn ti cc h thng thu kh
bi rc, th chng phi c kim sot cht ch nu vn tip tc vn hnh.
Cc ging thu kh c th dn khng kh vo trong BCL v s l ngun b
sung oxy cho s chy. ng thi cc ging thu kh cng c th thu cc sn
phm ph ca qu trnh t chy c kh nng lm gim hot ng hay ph
hy cc ging v cc h thng ng, h thng iu chnh thu hi kh [90].
chy h cc loi rc thi chy c l iu tuyt i nghim cm cc
BCL. Mt s bin php t chy h thng thng gim th tch rc thi
hay thun tin cho vic nht rc (ngha l t chy tch ring nhm v
dy ng) khng nn cho php tin hnh bt c loi BCL no.
15.9.2.3. Gi hot ng
Gi hot ng BCL thng thng c sp xp theo thi kha biu thu gom.
Tuy nhin mt s trng hp, lch thu gom c th c iu chnh thch
hp vi hot ng vn hnh. Ni chung, cc BCL M bt u hot ng t 6h
sng n gia tra hay chiu. Gi hot ng ca c h thng thu gom ln BCL
phi c xem xt da trn tnh hnh giao thng ca mi khu vc.
Gi hot ng c th iu chnh theo lng rc thi sn sinh trong tng thi
gian nht nh trong nm. Trong trng hp bi rc khng hot ng lin tc
24h/ngy th thi gian ng cng nn sm, va c thi gian che ph cht
thi v dn dp bi rc ni chung. C th t cc thng ng rc bn ngoi,
ngay cng vo BCL tip nhn nhng lng rc thi nh a n sau gi hot
ng.
54

Nhng ngi tham gia vn hnh BCL nn n sm chun b sn sng cc

trang thit b v ni chn lp trc khi cc phng tin thu gom n. Mt vi
cng vic c th l: co tuyt (nu c), t li cc hng ro chn rc, bo tr
thit b, nhin liu y , chun b khu vc rc xung, v qut sch
ng vo bi.
15.9.2.4.Kh hu khc nghit
iu kin kh hu c th nh hng rt ln n vic vn hnh BCL. Nhng lc
ma ko di, nhit xung di nhit ng bng, hay nhit tng qu
cao, qu nng c th ph v hot ng vn hnh thng l BCL
Lng ma tng i trong sut giai on vn hnh BCL c tc ng trc tip
ln m ca t cng nh mc nc ngm. C 2 i lng ny rt quan trng
i vi bn v thm ca t trong sut qu trnh lp t lp lt y bng
t st hay bng vt liu t t nhin nn cht no khc. Nhit qu thp (lm
ng bng) trong thi gian xy dng BCL cng tc ng ln hnh vi v thm
ca t. Cc nhit khc nhau nh hng n vic lp t cc lp lt bng
mng (v d FML flexible membrane liner) c bit nh hng n cc iu
kin hn ni chng. Nhng iu kin thi tit cng tc ng n ng v
cch thc lm vic ca BCL . iu ny c bit chnh xc cc nc ang pht
trin c lng ma cao, thng khin ng vo BCL v khu vc tip nhn rc
y bn, lm cho hot ng vn hnh b tr tr sut qung thi gian di. Lng
ma qu cao cng c tc ng ln mc nc ngm. V mc nc ngm qu cao
c th lm tng p sut nc ngm ln thnh bn ca cc h o khi vn hnh
theo phng php o rnh, s gy bt n nh v trt t.
Mt trong nhng phng php hiu qu qun l lng nc ma qu ln l xy
dng v bo tr cc mng thot nc dc theo vnh ai ca BCL trnh
nc ma chy vo BCL. Trong trng hp v tr BCL tng i phng, mt
gii php l thit k nhng t bo rc tng i nh c m nn cht, c
dc thch hp cho php d dng thu gom nc ma thnh nc r r. Mt gii
php khc l lp t nhng h thng thu gom nc r r kim sot nhng vn
do lng nc ma qu d gy ra. Tuy nhin h thng thu gom nc r r
trong trng hp ny phi c kh nng vn chuyn lu lng nc ln, nu
khng p sut cht lng trong BCL s rt cao. lm cho nc v nc r r bn
trong BCL di chuyn ra khi chn lp. Lng ma qu nhiu c th lm cho
khi lng ring ca t gim, c th khin lp lt tr nn mt n nh. Tri li,
nu iu kin mi trng qu kh c th lm cho t kh o v kh m nn.
Hn na do thiu m, cc cht hu c rt kh phn hy. cc khu vc kh
hn, lng nc bc hi thng ln hn lng ma ri xung. Do vy, c rt t
hoc khng c lng nc r r no hnh thnh t rc thi sau khi chn lp.
BCL trong nhng khu vc kh hn hoc bn kh hn c th vn hnh khng
cn c cc lp lt y v h thng thu gom nc r r. Trong thc t, ngi ta
cho rng ni thch hp nht chn lp l cc khu vc kh hn. Tuy nhin t
che ph hoc lt di y b kh qu mc khi lp t c th dn ti s hnh
thnh cc vt nt khng cn thit lm tng tnh thm ca t.
55

Nhit gii hn ng bng lm cho t ang lu tr b ng bng v t

nh vy khng th dng c. Trong nhng trng hp qu lnh, nhit qu
thp c th nh hng n quy trnh vn hnh thit b thch hp cng nh quy
trnh vn hnh nhng thnh phn ca h thng thu gom nc r r vn cn iu
kin vn hnh nm trn gii hn ng bng. Mun vn hnh c hiu qu cn
phi d on trc nhng vn vn hnh c th xy ra do cc hin tng t
nhin v c k hoch d phng khc phc chng. Bng 15-2 lit k nhng vn
c th xy ra do thi tit khc nghit v cc phng php khc phc gip
qun l chng.

15.9.3. Cc n v t nhn vn chuyn cht thi

Phn ln cc BCL cho php tip nhn rc thi t cc n v vn chuyn t
nhn nh a n. Nhng n v ny c gi l nhng n v t nhn vn
chuyn cht thi. Thng thng, cc n v vn chuyn ny ch s dng phn
ln l cc phng tin giao thng va v nh. H (nhng ngi vn chuyn
cht thi ti) khng c hiu bit v cc quy trnh vn hnh ti BCL, c th lm
h cc trang thit b ti BCL, c th lm tr tr hot ng ti ni chn lp, v c
th gy tai nn.
Hin nay c mt s bin php ang c p dng qun l nhng n v vn
chuyn cht thi nu trn. C th hng dn h di chuyn n cc khu vc
ch nh, cch xa nhng xe thu gom v trung chuyn ln. Phng n khc c
th l s dng 1 vi phng thc trung chuyn. Thng thng nht l t nhng
xe moc ln rc vo . Theo nh k, nhng xe moc y s c
ko ti ni chn lp v xung. Cc gii php khc na c th l: dng xe ti
vn chuyn rc xung n ni chn lp, hoc dng cc xe moc trung
chuyn bn trong BCL. Thng thng, cn phi xy dng 1 mt bng thun
tin cho vic nhng khi lng rc nh a n vo cc thng cha to hn.
Bng 15-2: Cc phng php vn hnh trong thi tit khc nghit

Vn tr ngi
Thi tit m t
ng vo ni chn lp b ly li

Din tch rc xung ni chn lp

b lp y bn

Phng php qun l

ri thm x than, nghin, rc thi
xy dng nghin nt.
Duy tr mt khu vc lm vic c
bit lun c ng vo tt
Lu tr t thot nc tt v s
dng khi cn thit
Gi cc thit b m nn ngoi
khu vc b ly bng cch rc v
ly rc theo phng thng ng vi
din tch chn lp
San mt bng chn lp hi dc cho
56

nc chy

t t hay khng chu lm vic

thm/ khi lng ring ca t

khng ging vi thit k
H thng thu gom nc r r b tc
nghn do nc ma chy trn v lng
bn.
Thi tit kh
t kh khng o c v tnh
thm tng.
Thi tit lnh
t ng bng

Duy tr 1 phn t lu tr hi dc,

c m nn tt v/hay ph bng
vi bt
Khng nn t trong iu kin thi
tit m t.
Che ph t.
Thm lp lc ngn chn nhng
ht kch thc nh
Bo tr v lm v sinh nh k mng
li ng thu gom nc r r
Che li, trnh t b kh.
Lm m t.
Cch ly t lu tr bng rm, tuyt
hay l rng
Ri mui vo t
Lin tc o v xi t
Duy tr t/ct thot nc tt
S dng my xi thy lc xi t
b ng bng

im trung chuyn (hay l im tip nhn rc bn trong BCL) nn c t

bn trong cng BCLv cng gn ng vo ni chn lp tt nht cng tt . N
phi nm v tr thun tin nht cho php ngi iu hnh BCL c th quan st
lin tc. nhng khu vc pht trin nht ca cc nc ang pht trin, ngi ta
c th theo di trc tip bng 1 camera. Nu BCL tip nhn rc phn ln t cc
n v vn chuyn t nhn, nhng ngi iu hnh phi thng xuyn c mt
gim st v hng dn vn hnh. Nu c th gim st thm, c th xy dng
thm 1 trm nht rc thu hi rc ti ch (gi l drop-off centre). Trm
trung chuyn trong BCL l ni hay xy ra nhiu vn , c bit l hay b
nhng ngi a rc n lm dng rc. y rc thng hay b thi bay, v
trong cc thng cha c th c nguy c chy. Tuy vy trm trung chuyn vn c
1 gi tr nht nh v n lm cho hot ng vn hnh ni chn lp n gin
hn v an ton hn, ci thin cch nhn nhn ca cng ng v BCL v gim
bt chi ph sa cha duy tu ng n ni chn lp.
15.9.4: Nht rc v vic nht rc
57

Nht rc hoc cn gi l phn loi rc th mt cch t pht vic thu hi rc

thi c th dng li c l mt hot ng thng xy ra nhiu nc ang
pht trin. Hot ng ny tuyt i b nghim cm ni chn lp ti BCL
nhng nc cng nghip bi v ri ro gy chn thng cho ngi nht rc rt
cao v gy nguy him cho sc khe ca ngi nht rc. ni mt s ni, quy
nh cho php nht rc c qun l, hot ng ny c th c tin hnh 1 khu
vc khc nm ngoi khu vc chn lp, bi nhng ngi nht rc s c ni
chi tit hn phn khc) di s gim st trc tip ca ngi vn hnh BCL.
Hot ng nht v thu nht cht thi ti ch phi c hn ch trong mt khu
vc ring, c nhng k thun li ring s khng gy tr ngi cho hot ng vn
hnh BCL. khng gy ra nhng tnh trng phin toi, phi kim sot ht sc
cht ch loi cht thi cn c thu hi, ni v cch thc lu tr, v tn sut
dn sch cht thi. Nhng ngi lao ng lm vic ti ni thu lm rc cn
phi c cung cp ng phc, m bo him, khu trang, giy ng, v nhng
dch v v sinh cn bn. Cc thng tin thm v thit k nh my, thit b thu hi
ti sinh ti ch cht thi c trnh by trong chng trc.
15.9.5: Tip nhn cht thi v l trnh ca xe vn chuyn
Tt c cc BCL ch nn c 1 cng vo duy nht v cng vo ny cn phi c
kim sot ht sc cn thn. Cng vo duy nht c kim tra cn thn s cho
php nhng ngi iu hnh, vn hnh BCL: 1) Ghi nhn trng lng hoc th
tch cht thi c mang n 2) hng dn xe a rc thi n vo mt khu vc
c th v 3) loi b nhng cht thi khng c php chn lp trong bi.
ngay ti cng vo hoc gn nn 1 bng ghi r: nhng quy nh c s
dng trong BCL, gi hot ng, ph chn lp, nhng s in thoi trong trng
hp khn cp, nhng thng bo v nhng quy nh cho php, v 1 s thng tin
c lin quan khc.
Lun lun kim tra khi lng v loi rc thi c a n BCL cho php
ngi vn hnh nh gi hiu qu s dng t v hiu qu m nn khi vn
hnh. Nhng s liu ghi nhn ny cng cho php ngi vn hnh d on, vi
mt chnh xc nht nh, dung lng cn li ca BCL. Thi gian s dng
BCL cn li c th tnh ton vi s h tr ca cc kho st a hnh hoc cc
kho st bng khng nh. Nhng 1 s ni, kho st bng khng nh c khi
khng cn thit v qu tn km. Ngoi ra, kin thc v khi lng v loi rc
ch n BCL cn rt c ch gip cho vic tnh ton chi ph cho chn lp. C
nhiu phng php gim st khi lng rc m BCL tip nhn. Hu ht
nhng BCL hin i c quy m ln u s dng mt cn xe ti. Mc du ngi
ta thng dng cn theo di trng lng, nhng BCL nh c th la chn 1
cch n gin hn l ghi nhn s liu v th tch. Nu khng c cn xe ti, c
th cn o trng lng bng 1 cuc kho st, trong mt thi gian ngn, s dng
cn ch khc. Kt qu kho st c th c dng tnh ton chi ph chn lp
v tnh ton lng rc BCL tip nhn hng nm. Phng php ny b qua
nhng thay i tnh cht cht thi c a n BCL.
15.9.6 Nhng quy trnh vn hnh c th BCL hp v sinh .
58

C ba quy trnh vn hnh c bn, mi quy trnh c th thay i cht t ph

thuc vo 2 phng php chn lp c bn (phng php o rnh v pp tri
trn b mt), l: 1) chun b ni chn lp, 2) xe vn chuyn rc n v rc
xung, 3) che ph cht thi v m nn.
Trnh t v pp vn hnh 1 BCL hp v sinh b chi phi bi 1 s nhn t c th
mi BCL. Mt vi nhn t quan trng nht bao gm nhng tnh cht c im
t nhin ca v tr ni xy dng BCL, loi cht thi c chn lp, v tc
tip nhn rc .
Nh trnh by trc y, s khc nhau chnh gia 2 phng php chn lp
l: Phng php o rnh yu cu phi chun b 1 h o, v nh vy din tch
chn lp b gii hn gia 2 thnh bn. PP tri trn mt bng, tri li, khng phi
chun b mt bng trn quy m ln. Theo l thuyt th chiu rng din tch lm
vic trong pp chn lp tri trn b mt l khng c gii hn. i khi, c nhng
BCL dng c hai phng php, ph thuc vo tng hon cnh c th. Cho mt
v d, hot ng chn lp ban u c th l o h v ri sau pp chn lp tri
trn mt bng c th c s dng tip tc chn lp trn mt h o va
hon thnh. Ngoi 2 pp chn lp c bn, cn c nhng pp ci tin khc nh pp
dc tng dn (progressive slope), pp o h lin tc (progressive
trench), v pp x nh v che ph (cut and cover approach).
Nhng c im tnh cht vn hnh trong pp chn lp tri trn mt bng c
trnh by trc. Mt s c im tnh cht vn hnh ca pp ny cng tng t
vi pp chn lp o rnh, v 1 s pp chn lp t ph bin khc.
15.9.6.1 Phng php chn lp tri trn mt bng.
Nh trc y trnh by, pp chn lp tri trn mt bng thng c s dng
nhng vng trng t nhin, trn nhng mt bng c chun b sn sng
hay trn nhng h o y mt c chn lp theo pp o rnh. Mt bng
nm di lm y c th l t t nhin, hoc l 1 mt t bng c chun
b cc lp lt y hoc l t m nn k hoc nhng lp t b sung thm.
Vic s dng loi lt y no ph thuc vo cc quy nh ca a phng v
nhng yu cu thit k. PP chn lp tri trn mt bng thng s dng t hiu
qu hn pp o rnh. Tri li, nhng BCL s dng pp tri trn mt bng
chn lp s cn b sung thm t lm cc lp lt v che ph .
a. Chun b BCL
Mc tiu c bn u tin khi chun b 1 BCL s chn lp theo pp tri trn
mt bng l s dng ht tt c t c c ph hp vi yu cu thit k.
ng thi, chun b 1 BCL nn hn ch ti thiu nhng tc ng n cy
trng v t t nhin. t c nhng mc tiu ny cn tin hnh nh
gi ton din s lng v loi t c sn .
S dng t o ti ch phi sp xp trnh t o sao cho t o ln c
s dng ngay m khng cn phi lu tr. Quy trnh ny gip khng phi
gii quyt t 2 bc v loi b nhng chi ph gia tng km theo. Do ,
vn ln k hoch di di t c h tr bi 1 m hnh ton [27].
Tuy nhin, lu tr mt th tch t nht nh vn cn tn dng ht cc u
59

im ca cc loi t khc nhau. V d, t trn mt nn d tr tri

ng, lm lp che ph hng ngy . hoc xy dng nhng h thng thu
gom nc r r. hoc nhng h thng thot nc trn b mt. t st c th
c o 1 cch tuyn chn v c s dng nh mt lp vt liu lt, lm
chn, lm lp che ph trung gian v lp cui cng, hoc dng san
bng mt bng y .
t d tr phi c t 1 ni lu tr xc nh, c m nn, v c
to dc trn b mt thch hp m bo t cng kh cng tt. t nn
c lu tr ni cng gn v tr s dng t cng tt. Kho lu tr hay ni
lu tr khng nn t ti ni c th cn tr giao thng, khng nn trn lp
t che ph v lp che ph c th c nhng chc nng khc, hoc khng nn
cn tr chc nng ca h thng thot nc .
b. Vn chuyn rc n v rc xung .
Quy trnh qun l cht thi ti cng vo ni chung c tho lun
phn khc. Quy trnh ny l nh nhau i vi c 2 pp chn lp: o rnh
hoc tri trn mt bng .
Cc quy trnh ban rc ra, m nn rc v che ph c th d dng tin hnh
khng b cn tr bng cch iu khin v tr ca xe thu gom trong thi gian
rc xung. Nu nhng xe thu gom c hng dn n mt bng vn l
mt bng lm vic c chn lp xong trc , th nhng din tch ny
phi m bo l c m nn cn thn. Nu c th, nn t cc loi rc
xy dng hoc nha do c tn dng u im thot nc tt. ng n
ni chn lp phi c thit k v xy dng sao cho chng lm khng cn
tr lu tr v s dng t .
Din tch chn lp nn cng hp cng tt nhng khng c lm hn ch
nhng hot ng chn lp bnh thng . Chiu rng din tch lm vic lun
l mt vn khi vn hnh BCL ti nhng nc ang pht trin . ci
thin iu ny, ngi vn hnh chn lp cn phi ngay ti BCL trong sut
thi gian lm vic s dng ci hiu, loa cm tay , hoc c vy nh
hng cho cc xe vn chuyn rc n lu thng c trt t, v hot ng
nhng din tch nh trong din tch lm vic. Nhng hng ro chn, v
nhng du hiu cn phi c s dng vch ranh gii din tch c s
dng trong 1 ngy nht nh.
Nu c la chn, th ni rc nn nm phn ngoi vnh ai din tch
chn lp, v l ni c v tr thp nht (toes of working face). Bi v lc
no cng vy, ban rc ra v m nn t ni thp nht n ni cao nht d
hn v t hiu sut cao hn. Nu rc ni cao nht, th cn phi ht sc
ch khng rc b ln trn 1 mt bng qu nghing m khng m
nn hoc m nn rt s si, hoc m nn khng thch hp trc khi kt
thc ngy lm vic. Kiu vn hnh ny rt thng gp cc nc ang pht
trin. Trong mt vi trng hp, mt lp rc c trn 1 nh dc
nghing, c m nn v tri nhiu lp che ph ln trn. Cch vn hnh
60

ny to ra nhng iu kin khng n nh v c th gy l t nu trng

lng ca cht thi trn nh dc qu ln v dc qa ng .
rc xung ni thp nht trong din tch lm vic c bn c th gim bt
rc b thi bay. Ni rc xung cn phi c gi sch v tng i bng
phng khng gy nguy him hay lt xe. nhng BCL nh, din tch
rc c th c php ln hn din tch lm vic. Ti nhng BCL ln, hoc
ti nhng BCL nhn lng cht thi n rt ln trong mt thi gian tng
i ngn, mt phn din tch rc xung cn phi c dnh cho
nhng xe rc xung bng tay. Nu nh mt bng BCL khng rng
cho c qu trnh ny, cc xe rc bng tay c th chy thng ln nh ca
tng rc cao nht rc m khng lm cn tr s lu thng ca cc xe
khc.
c. Vic che ph v m nn cht thi rn.
m nn, v c bit l che ph cht thi l hai qu trnh vn hnh quan
trng trong mt BCL hp v sinh truyn thng nhng nc cng nghip.
Tuy nhin, nh ni trn, c 1 s iu kin vn cho php cht thi khng
cn phi che ph hng ngy.
Ni chung, khi tin hnh ban v m nn cht thi phi xc nh khi lng
ring ca cht thi trong t bo rc, v chiu cao, nghing, b rng ca 1
t bo rc mun t c sao cho thch hp vi mt ngy vn hnh.
T trng m nn cht thi rn tu thuc vo nhng nhn t sau: 1) dy
ca cc lp rc,2) thnh phn cu to v tnh cht ca rc thi,3) s ln thit
b nn di chuyn qua li,4) v hiu sut nn ca thit b. Hiu sut nn ca
thit b y c xc nh da trn tng khi lng ca trang thit b, sc
nn, v nhng tc ng va p c bit(nu c). Mc d cng di chuyn qua
li cng nhiu th hiu sut ca thit b nn cng tng ln, nhng nu di
chuyn qua li vt qu 6 ln th hiu sut nn s gim. Mt ngi iu
hnh c kinh nghim phi xc nh c l khi no th s di chuyn ca
thit b nn cn mang li hiu sut nn cao. Nhm trnh nhng v tr yu
trong khu vc chn lp v s st ln khng u, th nhng loi rc qu t
nn c tch ring v ha trn chung vi cc cht thi kh khc trc v
trong sut qu trnh ban cht thi ra. nghing ca b mt lm vic lun
c nh hng quan trng ti lc nn ln rc thi. Mt s v qu trnh nn
c trnh by hnh 15-16. Nh trnh by trong hnh, lc nn c hiu qu
ca thit b ln cht thi bng tch ca khi lng thit b vi cos ca gc
nghing. Vy th khi nghing tng th lc nn c hiu qu s gim v, s
c kh nng gy ra trt dc. C th c mt vi tnh hung rt kh trnh
c nghing cao,thc t l vo cui mi ngy lm vic, c th cng cn
mt nghing tng i ln gim s lng vt liu che ph cn thit v
gim cc s phin toi tim n. Trong nhng trng hp, mun m nn ti
ch k th lc ny nghing cng thoi cng tt. Nu cn nhiu vt liu
che ph hn v din tch lm vic ln hn th s cn phi tm cch c thm
61

vt liu che ph. Mt ngi vn hnh BCL c th tin hnh mt s thao tc

c bit t c t trng nn cao, v d nh kt hp rc thi kh, c
khi lng ring thp (nh giy hoc vi si) ,vi rc thi m t, c khi
lng ring cao( nh rc ch hoc rc thc phm t cc nh hng).

Hnh 15-16: Compaction of waste on a sloped surface

Mt trong nhng u im ca m nn l lm tng kh nng cha (dung

lng) ca BCL. Do vy, nu c d nh s dng ti u dung lng ca
BCL, th nn c bin php gia tng lin tc khi lng ring ca rc thi
cng nh m bo duy tr sc cha ca BCL. Thng thng phng php
hay c s dng xc nh m nn t c trong mt BCL l s
dng s liu c lng th tch cht thi a n BCL v so snh vi s liu
62

c lng hay o lng th tch rc thi nm trong BCL.T l m nn

bng t l gia th tch rc a n vi th tch rc nm trong BCL. Tuy
nhin vic tnh ton ny ch n gin l s c on v n khng th hin 1
cch chnh xc con s trong thc t. Khi khng gian dnh cho chn lp c
gii hn v mun xc nh thi gian s dng c ch ca BCL 1 cch chnh
xc, nhng ni t l m nn i hi tnh chnh xc cao . Cch tnh
chc chn nht xc nh khi lng ring ca rc trong bi l cn khi
lng rc a n BCL v chia chng cho th tch khng gian thc t m
chng chim ch.
C th tin hnh th nghim xc nh khi lng ring ca rc thi trong
BCL 1 BCL c th v xc nh cc thng s ti u gip t ti 1 t l m
nn no trong thc t. Nh trnh by trong bng 15-3 c nhiu yu t
khc nhau thay i tc ng n khi lng ring ca cht thi rn trong
bi.
Bng 15-3: Mt vi yu t khc nhau thay i tc ng n khi lng
ring cua cht thi trong BCL.

Tnh cht ca rc thi

dy ca khi tng rc trong BCL
nghing ca b mt lm vic
S ln i qua li ca thit b nn
Loi v khi trng lng ca thit b nn
Thit k bnh Loi thit k ca bnh xe ca thit b
nn
iu kin ca t bo rc trong chn lp
Kinh nghim ca ngi vn hnh
Loi cht liu bao ph vt liu dng che ph
Chiu cao cui cng ca mt tng rc (lift) trong BCL thng c xc
nh bi hoch nh mt bng ca BCL, vic s dng t,v nhng hn ch
trong vn hnh BCL. Trong trng hp BCL chn cht thi qu su vi mt
s lng tng rc rt ln, chiu cao ca mi tng rc c th b gii hn bi
cc trang thit b. V d, mt tng rc c th b gii hn chiu cao ti a ti
mc m my co (scraper) c th han thnh vic che ph ch vi
mt ln i qua Thng thng chiu cao ca tng rc nm trong khang
2-4m.
Mi quan h gia khi lng ring ca rc thi v s ln i qua ca thit b
nn,cng nh chiu cao ca tng rc, c gii thiu trong hnh 15-17.

63

Hnh 15-17: Tc ng ca s ln i qua li ca thit b nn v b dy tng

rc thi ln khi lng ring ca rc trong BCL.

nghing ca 1 t bo rc khng nn vt qu 20 o, hoc khong 3:1

(chiu ngang chia cho chiu cao) v khng bao gi nn vt qu mc ,
nu khng s to ra s mt n nh ca khi rc. nghing nn c thit
lp ngay t u vi nhng khi rc u tin v nn c duy tr trong sut
ngy lm vic.
Nh tho lun phn trc, c 3 kiu che ph bng t: hng ngy, trung
gian, v cui cng. Chiu dy ca mi loi che ph ph thuc vo thi gian
m chng b h, nh minh ha trong bng 15-4.
Bng 15-4:b dy ca lp t che ph v thi gian tip xc.

B dy ti thiu
Thi gian ha
(cm)
Hng ngy
15
0-30 ngy
Trung gian
30
30-365 ngy
Cui cng
60
>365 ngy
a
di thi gian m cht liu che ph tip xc vi gi v ma
Loi che ph

Lu tr t che ph v phng php s dng t phi c thc hin sao

cho lp che ph khng b bay i vi rc. Nhng mc tiu c th t c
bng cch lu tr vt liu che ph trn mt trn ca t bo rc hay bn cnh
64

b mt lm vic. Khi tin hnh che ph, my tri vt liu (spreading

equipment) ch nn di chuyn pha trn lp che ph. Thit b khng nn
di chuyn xuyn qua rc thi ri mi i ln lp che ph mi tinh bi v n
c khuynh hng mang theo rc ln trn lp che ph. Cc loi bnh xe cho
loi trang thit b khc nhau nn c lm sch rc trc khi c s
dng hay trc khi m nn cht thi.
Scraper v draglines l nhng thit b uc s dng nhiu nht cho vic
tin hnh che ph rc. Scraper (tm dch: my co) gim c 1 bc
trong quy trnh che ph, khng phi tin hnh 2 bc. Nhng khng may l
cc bnh xe ca cc thit b c th b ph hoi bi rc thi. Dragline (tm
dch: my xc c gu) cng c th c s dng thng xuyn che ph
cht thi. Tuy nhin s dng dragline i hi phi thm san bng v m
nn t. Bt k l phng php chn lp no th lp che ph cng nn c
m nn v lm bng phng. Thng thng ch cn 1 loi my thch hp i
qua li 2 ln l lp t che ph hng ngy t nn.
Mc ch chnh s dng lp che ph hng ngy l kim sot cc tc nhn
gy bnh, mi hi, khng cho thm nc, v mt mc no cn ngn
chn khng cho xy ra ha hon. Cht thi rn nn c m nn ngay
trc khi tin hnh che ph hng ngy. Vic m nn rc s lm bng phng
din tch chn rc v to iu kin thun li cho vic che ph v d nhin l
vn hnh cng tr nn d dng hn nh mt bng trn phng. Nu s dng
t lm vt liu che ph th b dy t m nn ti thiu l 15 cm s t hiu
qu tt. Chiu dy ny c th vt qu 15 cm nu su ca lp che ph
c yu cu su hn c th che ph ton b khi rc. Lp che ph phi
c tin hnh mt trn v cnh bn t bo rc nh 1 bc tip theo qu
trnh to thnh t bo rc [29]. Qu trnh che ph ny gip kim sot c
rc b thi bay v ng thi a n kt qu l ch cn che ph b mt lm
vic vo cui mi ngy hot ng. Kinh nghim cho thy nhng vt liu
khc ngoi t cng c th s dng che ph rc mt cch an ton, trong s
bao gm: rc vn phn hy thnh compost hoc mi phn hy mt
phn, rc thi xy dng hoc x bn c kch thc nh, t bn no vt t
lng sng, v mt s cc vt liu khc. Nhng ngi thit k v vn hnh
BCL hp v sinh nhng nc ang pht trin nn tin hnh nh gi ring
cho h cc loi vt liu che ph no c th ph hp lm lp che ph hng
ngy.
Lp t che ph trung gian phn no c chc nng tng t nh lp che
ph hng ngy. Tuy nhin lp che ph trung gian tip xc vi ma gi trong
thi gian di hn lp che ph hng ngy. Lp che ph trung gian c th l
mt bng tm thi cho xe c lu thng. Trn thc t, ngi ta ngh xe c
lu thng i li trn b mt lp ph trung gian tip tc qu trnh m nn.
su lp ph trung gian m nn ti thiu l 30 cm. Lp che ph ny
nn t trn mt tng rc cng sm cng tt, nhng cn gi mt khong
cch thch hp cch xa hot ng che ph hng ngy ngn cn rc b thi
bay t nhng thit b di chuyn trn .
65

Nhng din tch chn lp han thnh nn c che ph vi lp t cui

cng cng sm cng tt. Nhn chung b dy lp che ph cui cng c
ngh ti thiu l 60 cm. su v loi t s dng v yu cu t l m nn
ty thuc vo thit k v vn hnh BCL. Ngoi tr mt vi inch t trn
cng, tt c cc lp t cn li nn c m nn gi cho t cng t
thm cng tt. Nn ph thm 1 lp t mt ln lp che ph cui cng. Sau
nn gieo ht trng cy, ph rm, bn phn v iu chnh pH ngay sau khi
che ph cui cng. US.EPA ( US Environmental Protection Agency - c
quan mi trng hoa k) c xut bn 1 ti liu cung cp nhng kin thc c
ch hng dn quy trnh tiu chun trng cy trn lp che ph cui cng
ny[28]. phn trc ca chng ny ta tho lun v h thng che ph.
t dng lm lp che ph cui cng khng nn c s dng khi chng qu
t hoc b ng bng. Mt lng t nht nh nn c d tr sau khi
hon thnh chn lp c th san bng mt bng khi cn thit duy tr
mt mt phng. Trong giai on hon thnh, nn chm dt s lu thng ca
xe c ln im chn lp hon thnh ngay sau khi lp che ph cui cng
c xy dng xong.
15.9.6.2 Phng php mng rnh (phng php o rnh).
Phng php ny thch hp cho khu vc c b mt hi nhp nh hoc kh bng
phng vi mc nc ngm thp. rng v su ca h o c th rt khc
nhau gia cc a im vi nhau. Vn hnh theo phng php mng rnh
thng to ra mt lng t rt ln v to ra mt gii hn bn ti b mt lm
vic. t hiu qu cao, vn hnh theo phng php mung rnh ny c th
yu cu nhiu t v trang thit b hn l phng php b mt. Hn na, vn
hnh theo phng php mng rnh c th cn lu tr v s dng s lng ln
t.
a. Chun b a im.
Chiu rng v su ca h o thng thng c ghi c th trong k
hach thit k v vn hnh BCL. Lng t o t h o u tin v mt
phn ca cc h o tip theo c th cn c lu tr vi mt khi lng rt
ln. Lu tr t phi c tin hnh sao cho, t lun c sn lm lp lt
hay/v lm lp vt liu bao ph v khng nh hng n vic vn hnh
chn lp.
Nh gii thiu phn trn, kch thc ca din tch khng o gia hai
h o ph thuc vo chiu su ca h o v tnh cht ca t. Ni chung
t cng c kt v n nh, th khang cch yu cu gia 2 h o cng nh.
Tri li khi su ca h o cng ln th khang cch gia hai h o li
cng tng.
Khi lng t phi lu tr v s dng c th gim c theo hai cch thc
sau. Cch th nht gi l va chn lp va che ph. Cch ny s dng t t
mt h o ang c o cung cp lm lp che ph cho h o k bn
ang trong qu trnh chn lp. t o t h o u tin phi c lu tr.
Cch th hai gi l o rnh ly tin. Phng php ny s dng t c
66

o t cui mt h o lm lp che ph cho chn lp rc u h o cn

li.
b. Vn chuyn rc n v d rc xung
B mt lm vic trong phng php vn hnh theo mng rnh thng nh
hn rt nhiu so vi vn hnh theo phng php b mt. Trong phng
php mng rnh rc c th c xung t trn thnh h o (ngha l t
ming h) hoc trong lng h o. Quy trnh vn hnh phi ty theo phng
php rc thi xung. n nh ca thnh bn h o l rt quan trng
nu qu trnh bc d rc din ra trn ming h. Hn na cng cn nhng ch
dn gii hn trnh vic cc xe c b ri xung h o. Thng thng,
ngi ta cm nhng cc g hoc nhng cy chng thnh rnh. Mt ngi
gim st nn c mt trong sut qu trnh bc d rc thi.
Tt hn l rc thi nn c bc d bn trong h o i vi vn hnh theo
phng php mng rnh. Trong trng hp c th ny, nn xy dng mt
dc nghing dn n y ca h o v c duy tr mt dc hp l
cho xe c i li. Nhng k hach d phng nhng bin c bt ng cn c
sp t sn trong sut thi gian thi tit m t hoc trong nhng tnh
hung c th lm cho dc nghing nguy him hoc kh s dng.
Kim sot lu thng khi bc d rc thi trong vic vn hnh theo phng
php mng rnh cng ging nh phng php b mt. Cng tng t nh
vn hnh chn lp rc miu t trong phn phng php b mt, ch tr
mt vi tnh hung c bit. Thnh bn ca h o gip kim sot rng
v kch thc ca t bo rc. Tri li, n c th lm cn tr hot ng m
nn, nu nh nghing ca n qu ln, gy kh khn cho cac phng tin
lm vic khng th di chuyn ln trn thnh bn m ch c th s dng cc
li nn.
Vn hnh theo kiu rnh hp c th lm cho rc rt nhanh y vo lc cao
im. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy vic m nn khng th thc hin
hp l nu rc b bc d trn b mt. Nhm ngn cn tnh trng khng mong
mun ny, tt nht l nn rc khng cn nn cht trong h o v s ban
rc v m nn sau, ngay khi thi gian cho php.
c. Che ph v m nn cht thi.
t che ph nn c cng thi im v vi su chn c th nh
phng php b mt. Khi la chn tin hnh chn lp theo pp b mt trn
mt rnh chn lp hon thnh, qu trnh vn hnh nn chia thnh tng
giai an.sao cho chn lp b mt bt u cng sm cng tt ngay sau khi
han thng chn lp h o bng pp mng rnh. Quy trnh ny s gip
ngn cn s mt t v t c t l t i vi rc thi nh mong mun.
t dng cho vic che ph nn c s dng hp l trong vn hnh theo
phng php mng rnh cc tng rc chn lp theo pp b mt t trn
cc h o hon thnh s c che ph hp l.

67

15.10.QUN L NGUN NC.

Hai loi ti nguyn nc cn bn c bo v khng b nh hng bi qu trnh
hot ng ca bi chn lp (BCL) l nuc mt v nc ngm.Nc mt c th
b nhim bi nc r r hoc nc ma chy trn t BCL; trong khi , nc
ngm c th b nhim bn t nc r rc. Mc tiu c bn l ngn nga trc tip
v gin tip khng cho BCL c nhng dng chy nh hng bt li n ti
nguyn nc. iu ny ch t c tt nht khi ngn chn mi th bt ngun
t BCL xm nhp vo cc ngun nc.
15.10.1 Ngun nc mt
Bc u tin trong vic qun l nc 1 cch ng n l gim n mc ti
thiu lng nc mt i vo BCL hp v sinh. H thng thot nc nhng
vng min ni c th trnh chy vo BCL bng cch t ng dn xuyn qua
BCL c xy dng trong cc khe, mng; trong cc khe ni v hm ni. Nc
ma chy trn nhng din tch xung quanh BCL c ngn chn khng cho
trn vo BCL bng cch o mt lot knh hay mng thot nc cn tp
trung v chuyn hng chy ca nc ma.
Tt c lng nc ma chy trn qua BCL v qua chnh ni chn lp phi c
tch ring khi ngun nc khng b nh hng. C th thc hin iu ny
bng cch o mng thot nc a nc ma chy trn n v tr thu gom
v lu tr, nc ma chy trn s c x l. Cui cng, tuy nhin, gii
php ng tin cy nht l tin hnh kim sot cht ch lng nc sau cng cn
li trn mt bng BCL v thi gian nc ma chy trn cn lu li BCL. Thi
gian lu nc cng lu th kh nng nc b nhim trc khi ri BCL cng
ln. Nc ma ch chy trn qua v ra khi BCL khi BCL nm 1 v tr cao
hn khu vc xung quanh, do vy1 bin php hiu qu gim thiu mc
nhim ca nc ma l rt ngn thi gian n lu li ti hay trn BCL. To
dc cho lp che ph ca BCL s lm tng hiu sut chy trn ca nc ma.
Tuy nhin dc cc lp che ph nn c xc nh da trn quy hoch s
dng bi chn lp sau khi hon thnh v kh nng chng li xi mn ca vt
liu che ph.
Nc mt chy trn qua vt liu che ph c lu tr khng nn cho php chy
thng vo ngun nc mt m nn c thu gom li v a n b loi b hm
lng cht rn lng c. Mt k hoch qun l nc mt hon chnh phi
c pht trin cng vi k hoch qun l bc u ca v tr chn lp.
15.10.2 Nc ngm
Tin c bn ca vic bo v cht lng ngun nc ngm l cht thi rn
b chn vo t v bt k nc r rc no pht sinh t cht thi khng cho php
c tip xc vi nc ngm v theo khng c lm nhim bn ngun
nc ngm. Nc r rc (leachate hay leakage) v s hnh thnh nc r rc
s c m t v sau trong chng ny. Ngn gn, nc r rc pht sinh bi
nc chy xuyn qua cht thi trong BCL. Nu trong BCL c 1 m nht
68

nh, n c gi l nc r rc s cp (primary leachate). Nu nc m ng

li do ma r vo v thm xuyn qua bi chn lp, gi l nc r rc th cp
(secondary leachate). Trong c hai trng hp, thnh phn nc r rc cui
cng u ph thuc vo loi cht thi trong bi chn lp, thi gian qua s
dng ca BCL v mt vi nhn t khc.
Mc yu cu cch li cht thi ra khi nc ngm c xc nh bi kh
nng ca nc r rc c th lm nhim ngun nc ngm. S ri ro do
nhim s ln nht khi m nc r rc cha ng nhng hp cht nguy hi v c
c t v/hoc khi lp vt liu lt bn di c thm cao. Mc cch li cn
thit bo v cht lng nc ngm cng tng khi kh nng nhim bn cng
ln. Khng nn c k hoch pha long nc r rc vo trong nc ngm bi v
thng thng dng nc ngm chuyn ng to thnh lp, cho php rt t s
xo trn xut hin tng ngm nc.
Bc s b bo v cht lng ngun nc ngm l m bo rng c mt lp
t va dy nm gia y BCL v lp nc ngm. t xen lp lt vo
gia cho php lm gim lng nc r rc thm xuyn qua lp . Tuy nhin,
trong nhng nm gn y, vn kin thc v trnh hiu bit v nc r rc v
nhng c tnh nhim ca n cho thy nhng hn ch trong kh nng lm
long t nhin xy ra cc lp t.
15.10.3 S cn bng nc v s hnh thnh nc r rc
Tc sn sinh nc r rc c th c tnh ton thng qua 1 m hnh cn bng
nc. M hnh cn bng nc dnh dng n tt c cc ngun nc i vo v ra
khi BCL, k c nc dng trong cc phn ng ho sinh v nc ri khi BCL
di dng nc bc hi trong kh bi rc. Lng nc r rc c th sinh ra l
lng nc vt qu kh nng gi m ca cht thi bn trong BCL.
15.9.3.1. M hnh cn bng nc
Cc thnh phn khc nhau ca 1 m hnh cn bng nc trong 1 BCL c gii
thiu trong hnh 19. Nhn vo hnh ta thy, nhng ngun nc c bn l: nc
i vo BCL xuyn qua lp che ph (nc ma), hi m ca lp vt liu che ph
rc thi, nc ngm chy vo BCL v m c sn trong CTR. Ngoi ra, cn 1
lng nc nh c to thnh nh mt sn phm th cp ca qu trnh phn
hy cht thi. Nc ri khi BCL trng thi hi nc bo ho trong kh sinh
ra BCL v bc hi ra bn ngoi. Phn cn li ca nc hoc l c gi li
bi rc thi hoc tr thnh nc r rc.
Lp thc vt trn lp che ph th dng nc pht trin cc m thc vt v
lm mt nc nh s thot hi nc (transpiration).
Tng lng hi m c th c gi li trong mt n v th tch t ph thuc
vo hai bin s: kh nng gi nc(FC) v im cn (wilting point) (WP) ca
t. FC ca t c nh ngha l lng nc cn li trong cc l rng sau 1
thi gian di thot nc di tc dng ca trng lc. WP ca t c nh
ngha l lng nc cn li trong t sau khi lp thc vt khng cn c kh
69

nng rt thm nc c na. S khc nhau gia FC v WP l lng ca hi

m c th c gi li trong tng loi t c th.
V thnh phn tham gia phn ln vo s hnh thnh nc r r l nc ma nn
vic tnh ton lng nc ma thm qua i vo lp che ph l mt vn quan
trng trong m hnh cn bng nc mt bi chn lp. Tnh ton lng nc
ma thm xung i vo lp che ph l mt trong nhng bi ton phn tch v
cng pha tp. Dng chy nc ma thm xung thng ng c th qua cc lp
che ph ri i xung di chuyn xung di tc dng ca trng lc) hoc mt i
do s thot hi nc. Mt m hnh my tnh c thit k thc hin
nhng tnh ton phc tp m trong cn phi d on tng lng nc xm
nhp hoc thm qua mt h thng cc lp che ph bao gm nhiu lp lt c
nhng c trng khc nhau. M hnh c gi l m hnh HELP (nh gi
tnh cht v s vn ng ca nc trong hot ng ca 1 BCL) (Hydrologic
Evaluation of Landfill Performance) [12]. Ngoi ra nhiu pp khc cng c
s dng nh gi lng nc c th thm qua trong mt BCL, bao gm c
vic s dng 1 m hnh cn bng nc truyn thng.
Cc thnh phn ca 1 m hnh cn bng nc trong mt BCL c th c biu
din bi phng trnh sau vi gi thit l s thm vo ngun nc ngm l
khng quan trng:
MC = Wsw+Wc+Wp-WRO-Wlfg-Wv-Wevap+Wleach
Vi:
MC=s thay i lng hi nc c gi li BCL (kg/m3)
Wsw= lng nc trong CTR khi n BCL ( m ca CTR dao ng
trong phm vi t 30% -60% nhiu nc ang pht trin, ph thuc
vo v tr BCL) (kg/m3)
Wc= lng nc trong vt liu che ph (kg/m3)
Wp= lng nc ma v 1 s nhng ngun khc t bn ngoi (kg/m3)
WRO= lng nc ma chy trn (kg/m3)
Wlfg= lng nc s dng trong phn ng hnh thnh kh BCL( mc
0.2 Kg/m3 kh)
Wv= lng nc nc mt i di dng hi nc bo ho trong kh
BCL( mc 0.04 Kg / m3 kh)
Wevap= lng nc mt do s bc- thot hi nc(kg/m3)
Wleach= lng nc ri khi BCL (th tch kim sot c) di tn gi
l nc r rc(kg/m3).
M hnh cn bng nc mt BCL c bn l tnh tng khi lng ca nc i
vo mt din tch n v ca mt lp lt c th ca 1 BCL trong mt thi gian
nht nh vi khi lng ca nc cn li lp lt sau ln nc i vo ln
trc v tr i khi lng ca nc mt i trong thi gian ang tnh ton.
70

Kt qu ca s phn tch l gi tr hi m sn c (available moisture) ca 1

lp lt c th no trong 1 BCL mt thi gian nht nh. bit chc chn
c hnh thnh lng nc r r no hay khng, so snh hi m sn c vi kh
nng gi nc (FC) ca bi rc. S c s hnh thnh nc r rc nu tng
lng nc hin hu (hi nc sn c) ln hn kh nng gi nc (FC)
ca bi rc.
FC ca BCL thay i ph thuc vo sc nng (ti trng ca cht thi) pha
trn xung cng nh nhng thay i khc nh nhng c trng ca cht
thi v t. FC ca BCL c th c c tnh gn ng theo phng trnh
sau[11,21]:

10000 W

FC 0.6 0.55

Vi:
FC = kh nng gi nc
W = ti trng ca cht thi c tnh ti im chnh gia tng rc
Mt cch khc, kh nng gi nc ca CTR nn, cng nh ca nhng lp
vt liu khc c th c xc nh bng thc nghim. Bt c khi no c th,
nn o c trc tip kh nng gi nc xc nhn v so snh vi cc thng s
tnh ton.
15.10.3.2. S di chuyn nc r r
Bt k 1 BCL HVS no hu ht cc nc CN th u c nc r rc di y
ca BCL. cc nc ang pht trin, do hu ht cc BCL khng c lp lt
y, th nc r rc s c xu hng di chuyn chuyn ng xung di v
ngm vo t. C rt t nghin cu v s vn ng ca cht lng xuyn qua
CTR. Cc gi tr theo l thuyt c ly trong cc ti liu cho thy tc cht
lng thay i t 10-2cm/s khi i xuyn qua CTR cha c nn, hoc CTR ti
(c khi lng ring trn 300 kg/m3) n 10-4 cm/s i vi CTR c m
nn[78,79]. Tu thuc vo kiu vt liu trong xy dng BCL, s c th c 1
lng nc nht nh di chuyn theo phng ngang.
Mt trong nhng vn ch yu c lin quan n s di chuyn thng ng
nc r rc thiu s kim sot l kh nng gy nhim cho nc ngm. Tc
di chuyn ca nc r rc c th c tnh ton bng nh lut Darcy:
Q KA

dh
dl

Vi:
Q = Tc di chuyn nc r rc (m3/ ngy)
K = H s thm (m3/m2 ngy)
A = Din tch mt ct nc r rc i qua(m2)
dh/dl = Gradient thu lc
71

 h = Tn tht p lc (m)
l = Chiu su thng ng ( m)
Du tr (-) trong phng trnh ca nh lut Darcy v trong thc t tn tht p
lc lun lun m. Cc gi tr in hnh ca h s thm ( dn nc) i vi
nhng loi t khc nhau c cho trong bng sau:
Bng 15-5:

Loi t
Ct th
Ct trung bnh
Ct nh(mn)
Ct pha bn
Ct pha st
t bn pha st
t st

H s thm, K (m3/m2
ngy)
407
102
4
0,09
0,005
0,0009
0,00009

15.10.3.3 S suy gim cc tnh cht nhim ca nc r rc trong t

S suy gim cc tnh cht nhim ca nc r r trong t l qu trnh bm ht
(hp ph), thng qua qu trnh ny cc cht nhim trong nc r r c loi
b khi nc r rc di chuyn thm qua t y l mt c ch quan trng cn
c xem xt khi thit k lp lt y bi hoc c bit quan trng khi BCL
hp v sinh khng d tnh thit k lp lt y. C ch lm suy gim tnh cht
nhim ca nc r rc l s bm ht cc cht nhim ln trn b mt nhng ht
t hot ng (v d nh cc loi khong st).Do c ch ny l 1 qu trnh hp
ph nn kh nng lm gim nhim ca t c gii hn. V th, s lm gim
tnh cht nhim ca nc r r khi n thm qua t ch l 1 bin php ngn
hn nhm hn ch s di chuyn ca cht nhim v bo v ngun nc ngm.
Ngoi ra, sau khi b nhim bi cc cht c hp ph t nc r r, t c th
tr thnh 1 ngun nhim khc, c kh nng lm nhim nc ma thm qua
n. Trong trng hp cn c cc bin php khc phc nhng thiu st ca BCL,
t b nhim do hp ph cht nhim t nc r r phi c x l
Trong s nhng tnh cht ha hc c nh hng n kh nng lm suy gim
tnh nhim ca nc r r ca t, gm c kh nng trao i cation, pH, hm
lng st trong t, hm lng khong va lng oxt st t do v nng vi.
Kh nng hp ph ca t thng thng tng thm khi t tng hm lng st,
tng lng oxt st t do, v c nng vi cao. Kh nng trao i cation phn
ln ph thuc hm lng st v khong st trong t. Kh nng trao i cation
c gi tr cng cao, th hiu sut phn cc ca t cng ln, khin cc ht t tr
thnh cation hp ph. Cc kim loi nng thng b t phn (t kim) hp ph.
15.10.3.4. S hnh thnh nc r r nhng khu vc kh hn)

72

Nu xem kt qu nghin cu Lima (Peru) l in hnh th c th kt lun tc

pht sinh nc r r t BCL nhng nc ang pht trin nm trong khu
vc kh hn c l l tng i thp. Cng trnh nghin cu ni trn c mc tiu
nh gi cc kh nng tc ng n mi trng ca BCL, bao gm s sn sinh
nc r rc, c lin quan n vic vn hnh 1 BCL. Trung bnh lng ma
Lima (v nhn chung ton b khu vc b bin ca Peru) l t hn 10mm/ nm,
do kt qu ny c th p dng c nhng khu vc t kh hn khc.
Nghin cu gim st v kho st 03 BCL nh c vn hnh nh kiu cc
BCL hp v sinh vi ct c s dng lm lp vt liu che ph trung gian v
cui cng v 1 bi rc c, n gin, c h. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy,
trn c s m v kh nng gi nc ca mu thu c th vi cng sut
500tn cht thi/ngy, BCL s pht sinh t 0,5-1,1Lnc r r/giy.
15.11CC LP LT
15.11.1 Lp lt bng t:
hnh thnh (xy dng) lp lt y BCL, c th s dng 1 lp t (ngha l
h thng lp lt n-single liner system) hoc kt hp s dng 1 lp t vi
nhng lp vt liu khc (ngha l h thng a lp lt multi-layer liner system
hay h thng lp lt phc hp composite liner system, trong s dng mt
hay nhiu lp vt liu khc). i vi rc thi nguy hi, v chng c nhng c
tnh nguy hi, i hi s c lp cht ch v nn c thi b nhng ni c
trang b h thng lp lt quy m gp i hoc h thng lp lt phc hp. Khi
ch s dng mt lp t nh mt lp lt n, n vn c kh nng lm gim hay
thm ch c th gi c nc r rc trong BCL v khng thm xung mi
trng di mt t. Trong trng hp m lp lt bng t c t pha
di 1 lp FML (flexible membrane liner - lp mng bng nha do cng c
tc dng ngn chn s di chuyn ca nc r rc) th lp lt t ng vai tr l
lp bo v lp FML nm trn. Hn na, lp lt t cng l 1 lp chn gia
tng ngn chn s di chuyn nc r rc. Lp lt bng t phi c thit k v
xy dng thch hp to nn 1 h thng nn lt c cu trc n nh c th s
dng lu di cho BCL nm trn n.
15.11.1.1. Loi t:
c th l mt lp lt thch hp, th lp t sau khi c m nn, di
nhng iu kin tng t nh iu kin ngoi thc t, phi c thm thp
(nh hn 10-6 cm/s). Sau khi c m nn, bn thn lp t phi c kh nng
chu c ti trng ca chnh n v ca c BCL nm pha trn. Lp t nn c
kh nng hot ng cho php cc thit b xy dng c th lm vic vi n. Cui
cng, lp vt liu lt y ( y l lp t) phi c kh nng chu ng, khng
b suy gim ng k tnh thm hay bn khi tip xc vi rc thi hoc nc r
rc t rc thi. Nu mt lp t khng t cc tnh cht nh yu cu th vn c
th lm cho n thch hp bng cch pha trn n vi loi t khc hoc thm
cht b sung cho t vo. Chng hn nh thm ximng betonite vo lm
gim bt tnh thm. Mt cch l tng, nhng tnh cht nn v thm ca lp
t nn c chn lm lp vt liu lt y bi th nn c xc nh bng cc
73

th nghim kim tra ti phng th nghim, cung cp nhng thng tin cn

thit v s tng quan gia m, t trng, sc chu nn v thm.
Trong tt c nhng loi t ph bin, hn hp t cho php m nn tt c cha
t st l mt trong nhng loi t thng c s dng lt y bi chn
lp. t st l t dng gi chung tt c cc loi t c kch thc ht nh
hn 1 kch thc c quy nh (in hnh l nh hn 2 micron). H s rng
ca t, nht thy lc, trng thi rng hiu qu, t trng ca loi cht lng
quyt nh tnh thm ca t st i vi cht lng . Lp t st thng c
xy dng dy t 0.3- 1 m. lp ny c tc dng l 1 lp lt y hiu qu, t
st phi c trn vi loi t c dng ht khc v c xy dng 1 m
thch hp. T trng ca lp lt c th tng ln thng qua qu trnh m nn vi
mc ch lm gim thm ca lp vt liu. Trong lc lp t ca mt lp
t st th nn ca t c kim sot bng cch o lng m v t trng
mi ln t 1 tng t ln. Nu ti ch khng c t st ng nh yu cu,
c th thm nhng t b sung dng st t nhin (vd: montmorillonite) vo hn
hp t st to thnh mt lp lt y c hiu qu. Vic s dng cc cht b
sung i hi c s nh gi xc nh c loi t b sung no v t l phi
trn no l ti u.
Nu lp t t nhin ti v tr BCL p ng c cc yu cu c im k thut
cn thit lm lp lt y BCL, th n s tha mn tt nht cc vn v chi
ph cng nh tnh thun li. Nu khng, lp t ng yu cu k thut phi
c a ti t ni khc. Hin nhin, lc chi ph phi c cn nhc cn
thn. cc nc ang pht trin, khong cch ti a c th cho php a t
t ni khc n s ph thuc vo nhng iu kin ca mi a phng. hu
ht cc trng hp, ch t i 1 qung ng qu xa l khng thc t. Lp vt
liu lt y, cho d l t c o ln ti ch hoc c a n t khc, cng
u nn c lu tr thnh ng tm thi ti v tr BCL.
15.11.1.2. Lp lt bng t
Cc phng php a k thut tiu chun iu chnh theo tnh trng a cht v
nhng yu cu vn hnh ti BCL c tin hnh thit k tng lp lt y
BCL. Lp lt y bng t phi nm di ton b BCL. Lp t ny nn c
thm thp ngn chn dng nc r rc v c dy lm cu trc nn
vng chc cho ton b cc cng trnh bn trn. Nu c thit k bn trn l h
thng thu gom nc r r vi cc ng v cc h thu nh trong hnh XVI-20 th
lp lt bng t nn gi nguyn dy. Tuy nhin, ti cc chn dc ca cc
thnh bn, lp lt t nn dy hn 1 cht ngn nga nc r r c th thm
qua v va hp nht cc lp lt y va cc lp lt thnh bn. Loi vt liu
lm lp lt nn ph hp vi tnh cht ca rc thi v theo l tnh cht d kin
ca nc r r pht sinh.
Nhn chung, cc lp t lt gm cc lp t c m nn cht, xp thnh
nhiu lp vi nhng dy c th. Mc d nu s dng nhng lp lt mng
hn (do , s nhiu lp hn) th nn d dng hn, nhng vic ny lm tng ga
thnh xy dng do s lng lp trn 1 n v dy th tng ln. Do vy ni
74

chung, dy ca mi lp lt ring r trong cc lp lt trc khi nn nn

mc 15 n 22cm.
15.11.1.3.Tin hnh xy dng lp lt
Lp lt c lp t (xy dng) bng cch tri vt liu lt (t) bng cc
phng tin nh my co xi t hay xe ti (scraper pans hay trucks). t
c tri bng phng trn ton v tr chn lp v sau b m nn thnh cc
ht t nh hn v ng u bng my ba (disk harrows), my xi (rotary
tiller) hay nhng dng c th cng. Nu c thm cht b sung cho t th
chng cng c tri u trn ton b din tch, v c cy xi v m nn 1
cch cn thn trn ln hon ton vi t.
Lp lt c th c xy dng thnh tng phn hay xy dng ton b mt ln
(thnh 1 lp lt nguyn vn trn ton bi chn lp). cc BCL nh, lp lt c
th c xy dng ton b mt ln trn ton BCL. Lp t tng phn c l s
thch hp hn i vi BCL ln hay BCL hot ng lin tc. Khi vn hnh lin
tc, th rc thi c chn lp ng thi vi vic lp t lp lt mi. iu quan
trng l gia cc phn lp lt c lp t khng cng thi im phi khng
b xy ra cc vt nt gy hay rch. iu ny c th gii quyt c bng cch
to nghing hay to bc mp ca mi phn lp lt ngay khi lp t chng
nhng phn lp lt k tip sau c th ni lin (gi chng ln nhau) vi
phn lp lt c lp t.
Bi v mun t m nn yu cu phi ph thuc vo m thch hp, nn
trc khi b tr lp lt t phi u tin tin hnh bt k bin php tng m
no nu cn thit. Nn cn thn dn tri hi m u khp din tch lt v xuyn
qua t. iu ny thc hin c bng cch thi gian va cn bng
nc sau khi thm nc. Thi gian ch i cho t m c khi hng nhiu
ngy, hay thm chi hng nhiu tun nu t qu kh hay i vi t c thm
cht b sung.
Cc phng php v trang thit b chuyn dng s dng trong cng tc o p
xy dng u ph hp tin hnh m nn lp lt t N lc m nn thnh
cng th hin ch cc lp t khc nhau b nn dnh cht vo vi nhau.
cc lp lt lin kt cht vi nhau c th xi nh u khp mt bng ca lp t
va c lp t trc khi tri lp k tip v bo m m 2 lp t k tip
nhau l nh nhau. Nu thnh bn th khng qua dc, cc lp lt ca thnh bn
c th c m nn thnh tng lp theo lp lt y. Nhng nu thnh bn qu
dc, chng c th c m nn theo nhng lp ngang bi my m nn khng
th hat ng trn thnh qu dc. Yu cu m nn lp t tht cht c bit
quan trng i vi tng dc bi v nu cc lp t ri nhau ra c th to thnh
nhng ng dn nc r r chy xuyn qua lp lt.
Bi v iu kin kh hu (ma, nhit ng bng, iu kin qu kh..) nh
hng mnh n cc hot ng xy dng cc lp t lt, nn phi c cc bc
gim thiu cc vn do nhng hin tng kh tng gy ra. V d, ma c th
nh hng n hat ng xy dng v c th lm xi mn hay ngp lt v tr
BCL hoc lm lp vt liu lt qu m. Ngc li, kh hu qu kh c th l
75

nguyn nhn lm nt gy hn hp t st, dn n hu qu l t lc s c

tnh thm nc cao n mc khng th chp nhn c.
15.11.1.4.Hn hp Bentonite t
Nghin cu phng th nghim cho thy bentonite c th c thm
10-8cm/sec. Do vy c th trn bentonit vi t lm gim bt tnh thm ca
t. Tnh thm ca hn hp ny s ph thuc vo khi lng bentonit b sung,
m nn v s phn phi kch thc ht ca t. Nu s dng hn hp t
v bentonit trong h thng lp lt khi ng bi ch nn dng khong 5%
bentonit (theo trng lng) v b dy lp khong 15-20cm. Ngc li, nu hn
hp ny d nh c dng nh mt lp lt y bi th nng bentonit
ngh nn cao hn 5% (theo trng lng) [20].
15.11.2.Lp mng bng nha do
Vt liu cu to FML (flexible membrane liner lp mng bng nha do) l
tm nha polyme lm sn. C th s dng tm nha ny theo nhiu cch. V d
nh c th ch t 1 lp lt nha do n trc tip ln lp t nn; c th nh l
mt lp ca h thng nhiu lp lt phc hp t trn lp t, hoc nh l mt
lp ca h thng kim tra r r nhiu nhn t trong BCL c lp lt kp. Nhn
chung, FML c th qu t khng th s dng nhng nc ang pht trin.
Tuy nhin c cn thit phi s dng n hay khng cn cn phi ch n
nhng c im k thut v gi c cng nh nhng iu kin cn thit cho lp
t.
Nhng bc quan trng cn tin hnh nu dng FML l la chn loi vt liu
lm FML, thit k nn bn di FML (subgrade) v ln k hoch lp t
FML. Bc cui cng bao gm c vic b tr nhng cng vic ph nh cc h
thng hn ni v neo FML v cc l thng kh. Nhng loi mng thng thng
c s dng lt BCL HVS l nha HDPE (high-density polyethylene, v
CPE (chlorinated polyethylene),v CSPE (chlorosulfonated polyethylene)
[4,13]. Tiu chun quan trong cn tun th la chn FML bao gm tnh cht
ha hc ca vt liu ph hp nh th no vi nhng thnh phn ca nc r r,
c nhng c tnh vt l ph hp nh dy, tnh do, bn v kh nng co
gin, kh nng chng chu vi thi tit v s tn cng ca sinh vt, kh nng
sn c v chi ph.
Nu khng c thit b kim tra vt liu, th s tng thch gia vt liu tng hp
vi rc v nc r r nn c nh gi da trn nhng c im k thut ca
vt liu c cung cp bi nh sn xut. Ni v nhng c tnh c hc th FML
c bn cao, co gin thp ph hp nht cho s dng ni c kh nng
phi nhn p lc cao (v d nh thnh bn, dc hn 2,5:1) . Nhng FML c
bn thp hn v co gin ln hn (v d nh chlorosulfonated polyethylene)
tt nht nn c dng cho nhng ng dng c lin quan n nhng ni c
bin dng ln nh do st ln khng u hay st ln cc b. Nhng tnh cht c
hc khc nn c lu l: Tnh do nhng nhit khc nhau, tnh bn
trc cc l thng, s co gin do nht, tnh cht ca mi ni, bn vi thi
tit v sc chng chu vi s tn cng ca cc sinh vt v cc iu kin mi
76

trng (v d nh nh sng mt tri, ozon trong khng kh). Thng tin v cc

loi FML c th tm hiu t nh sn xut. Mc d trong nhiu ti liu c
cng b c th c cc thng tin v FML, nhng nhng ti liu ny c th kh
tm c nhng nc ang pht trin.
X l lp nn cho lp FML l nhn t rt quan trng gip gi cho n c
nguyn vn. L do l lp nn ny ng vai tr nh 1 cu trc chng bn
di v hn ch s tch t kh v nc bn di lp lt (lp FML). Hu qu nu
tch t nhiu kh hay cht lng l c th to ra lc y hng ln v lm gim
bn ca lp t di. Ngoi lc b gy ra do s tch t kh v nc, cc lc
y c hc cn c th b gy ra do s st ln bn di lp lt v nhng lc y
khc do s vn ng khng ng u ca lp t nn bn di lp lt C th
ngn chn hay gim thiu nhng vn nu trn bng cch p dng thit k
nn mng thng thng ngn nga s st ln , s ln, dc khng hp l,
v nhng s c khng mong mun khc cng nh cn c nhng thit k k
thut khc i vi lp lt bng t v vt liu khc.
Nhng c im quan trng khi thit k cc lp bo v l c lp thot nc
trnh s tch t kh hoc cht lng v bo v lp lt khi b m thng. Lp
thot nc c th gm c ct, si hay nhng vt liu dng ht tng t khc.
Ngoi ra, c th s dng lp geotextile (vi a cht c cu trc c th nh
vi c th tri cng ra v ng vai tr nh mng lc). Lp thot nc dng ht
c kh nhiu hn ch bao gm nhng kh khn khi lp t v duy tr n nh
ni dc qu nghing v rt d hng do hot ng ca cng nhn v s xi mn
ca t hay nc trong qu trnh xy dng. Nhng vn va nu c th trnh
c bng cch dng geotextile. Hn na, geotextile cn bo v FML khng b
cc p lc c hc.
Vic chun b mt bng cho FML bao gm: 1. Dn sch cc ht (c kch
thc trn 25mm), r cy v nhng mnh vn khc trn b mt, v 2. Dn sch
nhng vt liu hu c gim thiu s st ln v sinh kh di lp lt. Trnh
dng t qu xp hay qu cng. Sau cng, lp t nn nn c m nn tht
cht c lp nn cng v vng vng cho lp lt pha trn. Do vic lp t lp
mng lt trong thc t rt phc tp v l cng vic i hi tin hnh cht ch,
n nn c tin hnh bi 1 cng ty xy dng c trnh v chuyn mn
vi s gim st ca nh sn xut hay k s ca nh sn xut.
15.12.THU GOM V X L NC R R
15.12.1 Gii thiu
Trong nhiu trng hp, nhng nc ang pht trin, vic xy dng 1 BCL
hp v sinh c km theo h thng thu gom v x l nc r r l vn rt kh
khn bi v n rt tn km. R rng, ch nn xem xt xy dng h thng thu
gom v x l nc r r trong trng hp thit k bi chn lp c lp lt y.
Nu quyt nh lp t h thng thu gom v x l nc r r th phi chun
b ngun ti chnh chi ph cho qu trnh u t v vn hnh h thng.
Trong trng hp phn tch k nn lp t lp lt y km theo h thng thu
77

gom v x l nc r r, phi tin hnh thit k mt h thng sao cho vic xy

dng v vn hnh h thng khng dn n vn nhim cc ngun ti
nguyn t v ngun cp nc ln cn. Tin hnh xy dng 1 h thng thu gom
v x l nc r r lin quan n nhng bc thit k sau:
La chn loi lp lt y cho BCL.
Chun b thit k h thng thu gom nc r r (tnh ton knh, ng ng)
Thit k h thng thu gom, vn chuyn, v lu tr (nu cn thit) nc r
r.
Xc nh, la chn v thit k h thng x l nc r r.
15.12.2 Nhng iu kin tin quyt
C hai bc quan trng phi c tin hnh trc khi thit k h thng thu gom
v x l nc r r. Bc u tin l la chn lp lt y. Bc th hai l nh
gi lu lng v cht lng nc r r.
15.12.2.1.Lp lt y
Nhng qu trnh la chn, thit k, v lp t lp lt y c cp phn
trc
15.12.2.2. Lu lng v thnh phn nc r r
Lu lng nc r r c th c tnh ton da trn m hnh cn bng nc
trong bi chn lp, nh c ni n phn trc.
Thnh phn nc r r t bi chn lp trc ht ph thuc vo loi cht thi
c chn lp, mc m nn, v thi gian chn lp. V d nh nc r r
thi ra trong giai on phn hy MSW u tin c pH c tnh acid do nng
acid hu c sinh ra trong giai on ny cao. Mt vi c trng ca nc r r
sinh ra t MSW c trnh by bang 15- 6. S dao ng ca cc gi tr trong
bng phn nh cht lng nc r r thi ra dao ng t giai on phn hy
acid n giai on phn hy to methane.
Bng 15-6: c tnh ca nc r r pht sinh do qu trnh phn hu cht thi rn
th

Thng s
pH

Gii hn gi tra (mg/L)

4,5-9

kim
(CaCO3)

300-11500

BOD5

20-40000

Ca

10-2500

COD

500-60000
78

Cu

4-1400

Cl-

100-5000

cng
(CaCO3)

0-22800

St(tng)

3-2100

Ch

8-1020

Mg

0,03-65

NH3

30-3000

N hu c

10-4250

NO2

0-25

NO3

0,1-50

N tng

50-5000

10-2500

Na

50-4000

SO42-

20-1750

TSS

6-2700

TDS

0-42300

P tng
Zn

0,1-30
0,03-120

Ngun: Tham kho 29 ( cng HD, tng cht rn ha tan TDS, v tng cht
rn l lng TSS); Cc gi tr cn li xem tham kho 80
a

Gii hn ca cc gi tr dao ng t giai on phn hy acid n giai on

phn hy to methane
15.12.3 H thng thu gom nc r r
Mc ch ch yu lp t h thng thu gom nc r r trong bi chn lp l
loi b nc r r v nc thm vo rc hoc tip xc vi chng.
Quy m ca h thng thu gom nc r r ty thuc vo lu lng nc r r
c th sinh ra. H thng nn uc lp t sao cho ph hp vi loi v hnh dng
79

ca lp lt y. Vic thit k h thng thu gom nn kt hp cht ch tt c cc

phng php gim hay ngn chn s tc nghn n mc thp nht.
Mt trong nhng thnh phn quyt nh ca h thng thu gom nc r r l
lp hay h thng that nc. Lp thot nc to nn ng thot nc r r
chy vo , do c th thu gom v loi b chng. Ngoi ra, lp thot nc
bo v lp lt y khng b tc ng bi cht thi v my mc chuyn dng
nng hot ng pha trn. H thng thot nc thng thng gm mt hn
hp nhng vt liu xp nh ct v si. vt liu dng lm h thng thot nc
nn c la chn cn thn v c cp phi ph hp sao cho chng khng lm
tc nghn nhng ng ng thu gom. Mt s h thng thot nc phc tp hn
s gm t 2 lp thot nc tr ln. Ngoi ra, s tc nghn gia cc lp lc c
th gim bng cch s dng 1 lp lc bng vi xen gia chng.
Hiu qu ca h thng thu gom nc r r phn ln b nh hng bi c trng
ca lp thot nc. Ni c th, dn nc ca h thng thot nc lm gim
hiu qu ca h thng thu gom. ng thi, nhng lp thot nc cng c
khuynh hng d b tc nghn. S tc nghn cc lp that nc (tc l dn
nc gim) dn n vic gim lng nc r r c loi b khi BCL.
15.12.4 Thit k h thng thu gom nc r r
C rt nhiu thit k c ngh i vi vic xy dng h thng thu gom
nc r r. Hai h thng thu gom ph bin nht l h thng to cc thm dc
(sloped terrace) v h thng lp t ng thu gom di y bi chn lp
(piped bottom). Chng s c m t bn di y.
Thit k h thng to cc thm dc bao gm thit k to dc y bi chn
lp thnh 1 lot thm. Thng thng nghing cho cc thm dc l khong
1%-5%. nghing ny gip y mnh s di chuyn nc r r trc tip vo
nhng ng thu gom v nhng knh thu gom. Trong nhng knh thu gom thng
thng c nhng ng thu gom c c l t trong lp si . Si nn c kch
thc t 3,5-5 cm. Bn thn si cng c th tr thnh yu t gy tc nghn, nu
nhng ht si c kch thc qu nh. Do thng si s c bao bc bi lp
vi lc a cht.Thng th nghing ca knh thot nc khong 0.5-1%.
Thit k h thng lp t ng thu gom di y bi bao gm thit k nhng
mng chn bng t st v nhng ng thu gom nc rc c c l. Thng
thng nhng mng chn c cu trc xc nh v c chiu rng tng ng
vi chiu rng ca 1 t bo rc. Mt mng a cht s c t ln trn mng
t st. Sau khi lp t xong mng chn bng t st, nhng ng c l s
c t ln pha trn lp mng a cht. Nhng ng thu gom nc rc thng
c ng knh khong 10cm v s lng l x trn ng thng chim khong
50% chu vi ng. Nhng ng thu gom c t cch nhau khong 10-20cm v
c bao ph bi mt lp thot nc bng ct v si. phng s tc nghn
nhng l x trn ng, c th lp t 1 lp vi lc pha trn lp thot nc.Vic
t cc ng thu gom tch ri nhau s gip kim sot ht lng nc rc tch tr
y chn lp.Trong qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng, lp ct v si c chiu
dy khong 60cm v c xp ln trn nhng ng thu gom mt vi tun trc
80

khi lp cht thi u tin vo chn lp. i vi lp cht thi u tin tri
xung BCL, khng nn m nn chng bo v ton vn mng li ng thu
gom. nghing ca mi h thng thu gom ny nn t 1-2% y mnh
nc rc di chuyn ti nhng im thu gom. Thit k h thng ny nn y
mnh vic thot nc bng trng lc [11,22-24].
15.12.5 Loi b v lu tr nc r r
Loi b nc r r t bi chn lp c th c thc hin theo hai cch:
Lp t cc tuyn ng dc theo cnh chn lp.
t ng thu gom c nghing bn trong chn lp.
Nu t cc tuyn ng dc theo bi chn lp th cng trnh xy dng nn c
tin hnh cht ch v phi ch cn thn trnh nhng tn hi n cc lp
lt.
Hu nh nhng h thng thu gom nc r r u s b tc mt s thi im
no .V vy nhng h ga, v nhng ging thm dng ng hoc nm ngang
nn c t nhng v tr thun li thun tin cho vic kim tra v duy tu
bo dng nh k.
Nu phi lu tr nc r r bi chn lp, th nn vn chuyn chng n cc b
cha, hm cha, hoc h cha. Loi v kch thc ni lu tr nc rc ty
thuc vo lu lng v c tnh ca nc rc, khong cch gia ni lu tr vi
khu dn c xung quanh v phng php x l cn thit.
15.12.6 Nhng gii php la chn qun l nc r r
Loi v mc x l nc rc t bi chn lp hp v sinh s c mt s nh
hng ti mc nhim ngun nc ngm v mi trng xung quanh.
Phng php tt nht trong qun l nc rc l trnh s pht sinh nc rc (ti
BCL). Tuy nhin iu ny thng ch thnh cng hoc ch c th tp cn c
di iu kin kh hu kh. Trong trng hp c nc rc sinh ra ta s c
nhng la chn qun l nh sau:
Lm bay hi (t nhin hoc nhn to)
Tun hon khp kn v ti s dng .
a nc thi n nh my x l nc thi nm ngoi BCL.
X l ti ch.
15.12.7 S bay hi
S bay hi nc r r t nhin l mt trong nhng gii php qun l nc r
r sinh ra trong BCL nhng nc ang pht trin ni c nhng iu kin kh
hu c v thch hp cho s bay hi. bay hi, nc r r c thu gom v
c vn chuyn ti h bay hi. H nn c xy dng bng nhng nguyn vt
liu khng thm nc v phi c th tch cha lng nc rc cng vi
81

bt k lng ma no ri xung. Nu h nh c th che ph mt lp ph ln

pha trn mt h thng xuyn hoc sut ma ma. T l bay hi ty thuc vo
iu kin kh hu tuy nhin t l ny c th c tng cng bng cch phun
nc rc ln trn h hoc phun ln b mt ca nhng chn rc hon thnh.
Qu trnh phun nc rc ln b mt c th dn ti vic pht sinh nhng mi kh
chu v nhng ht hi nc l lng c th cha nhng tc nhn gy bnh v to
ra nhng ht bi c kch thc rt nh, c th gy ra nhiu hu qu nu nh c
nhng i tng tip nhn nhy cm gn .
T l bay hi c th tng cng bng cch lm nng nc r r.Vic lm nng
nc r r c th lm tng chi ph, nhng mc du vy kh bi rc c th c
s dng lm cng vic ny.
15.12.8 Tun hon nc rc
Phng php tun hon nc rc tr li vo rc b chn lp c p dng
trong nhiu BCL trn khp th gii nh mt phng php qun l nc rc.
Nng BOD, COD v, trong mt vi trng hp c bit l kim loi nng,
tng i cao c tm thy trong nc rc ngay sau khi rc c chn trong
bi rc chn lp. Di nhng iu kin nht nh, nhng tnh cht c kh nng
gy nhim ca cc hp cht hu c trong nc rc c th c gim bt khi
tun hon nc rc tr li, do cc qu trnh sinh hc v ho hc trong bi chn
lp, v nh vy, tit kim ng k chi ph u t v vn hnh x l [76].
Cc kt qu nghin cu c cng b cho thy rng cht hu c trong
nc rc c th gim i ng k trong mt thi gian ngn nu p dng phng
php tun hon nc rc, mc d cng c nhiu bi rc c tc chn lp kh
cao khng cm thy bt k nh hng lu di ng k no khi tin hnh phng
php tun hon nc rc.
Mt s nhc im km theo phng php tun hon nc rc, gm c :
Tim n kh nng lm nhim mi trng xung quanh v s di chuyn ca
nc rc xuyn qua thnh bn hoc xung y BCL, v
S tch lu kim loi nng, mui, v nhng hp cht khng mong mun
trong nc rc cui cng phi em i x l.
Nu bi chn lp c 2 hoc nhiu tng chn lp rc v gia cc tng rc l
nhng lp che ph gn nh khng thm nc, vic p dng phng php tun
hon nc rc phi c cn nhc thn trng. Nguyn nhn bi v nhng lp
che ph tm thi c th hnh thnh nn nhng lp chn nc khng thm, dn
n s tch lu nc rc trn cc lp che ph. S tch lu nc rc nh vy qu
nhiu s hnh thnh nhng i rc b bo ho, hoc n 1 lc no to nn 1
mc nc ngm nm bn trong lng h rc[33,78]. Mt phn rc khi bo ha s
t n iu kin k kh v, do , lm thay i ng k c tnh ca nc rc
sinh ra. Hn na, vn to ra cc i rc bo ha trn cc lp che ph tm
thi cng c th lm cho nc rc di chuyn ngang v xut hin cnh bn bi
chn lp [33,78].
82

15.12.9 X l
Khi cc phng php khc nh gim thiu, cho bay hi, v tun hon nc
rc khng th thc hin c, th gii php k tip l tin hnh x l nc rc
bng nhiu phng php. Loi v cng sut ca h thng x l ph thuc vo
lu lng v thnh phn ca nc rc. Khc vi nc thi th, lu lng v
thnh phn ca nc rc bin ng rt ln qua thi gian. Hn na, nhng iu
kin kh hu cng nh hng n lu lng v thnh phn ca nc rc.
C rt nhiu phng php x l nc rc. Hu ht nhng phng php ny
u da trn nguyn tc c bn ca nhng phng php x l nc thi. Mt s
qu trnh x l nc rc gm c cc bc x l vt l, ho hc, v/hoc sinh
hc. cc nc ang pht trin c rt t h thng x l nc rc vi quy m
hon chnh. Thit k x l nc rc thng thng nhng nc cng nghip
nh sau:
X l s b;
X l c hc (vt l) hoc ho hc; v,
X l sinh hc.
Giai on x l s b, nh tn gi ca n, thng thng bao gm mt chui
quy trnh c thit k chun b cho nc rc vo nhng quy trnh x l tip
theo. X l s b c th gm c: song chn rc, lng ct, v iu chnh pH. Giai
on x l th hai gm mt s bc c thit k loi b kim loi nng,
cht rn l lng (SS), v mu. Nhng qu trnh ny c th thc hin bng qu
trnh keo t to bng, qu trnh lng, qu trnh lc ct, v nhng qu trnh khc.
Bc th ba v thng l bc cui cng l mt chui qu trnh x l sinh hc
c bn. Nhng qu trnh ny c thit k loi b cht hu c (BOD v
COD), cng nh l loi b amonia trong nc rc. Nhng qu trnh ch yu
l: h oxi ho, h lm thong, bn hot tnh, v nhng qu trnh khc. Di y
l 1 s m t s lc mt vi qu trnh va nu. Nhng m t y cc qu
trnh x l nu c th tm trong cc ti liu tiu chun v x l nc thi.
15.12.9.1. X l sinh hc
Nc r r c rt nhiu tnh cht thch hp vi vic s dng phng php x l
bng sinh hc. Trong ch yu l cc c tnh: ti trng hu c v v c
tng i cao, lu lng thay i bt thng, nng cht hu c khng n
nh, v ngoi ra cn nhng tnh cht khc. Phng php tng i n gin
nh gi kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca nc r r l kim tra t l
BOD:COD.Nu t l BOD:COD = 0,5 l c th x l bng phng php sinh
hc. Ngc li, nu t l BOD:COD < 0,5:1 th khng nn x l bng phng
php sinh hc. T l BOD:COD trong sut qu trnh phn hy MSW c th dao
ng trong khong trung bnh 0,6 trong sut giai on chuyn ha axit n
bng 0,1 trong sut giai on phn hy sinh kh metan[80].
Nc r r cha rt nhiu hp cht m 1 nng no chng s c nhng
tc ng xu n hot ng ca qu trnh x l sinh hc. 1 s hp cht l:
hp cht c cha Cl-, S-, amoni, kim loi,v 1 s cht khc.
83

Mc d qu trnh x l sinh hc c kh nng c th chu ng c cc tnh

cht ca nc r r, nhng nu trong qu trnh th nghim quan st thy c s
c ch th nn c giai on x l s b trc khi bt u tin hnh ton b qu
trnh x l.
a. H lm thong kh
H lm thong kh thch hp vi bi chn lp pht sinh lu lng nc r r
tng i thp. Trong trng hp ny, nc r r c a n h, y
chng c lm thong kh bng phng tin c kh (bng my lm thong
kh b mt (surface aerator), hay l bng kh nn (air pump)). C 2 cch:
lm thong kh v o trn, u lm tng s thng kh, thc y s phn hy
cht hu c bng cch a thm oxy ngoi khng kh vo nc r r. Thi
gian lu nc khong 10 ngy c th lm gim nng BOD v COD
tng i ng k.
b. Bn hot tnh
Qu trnh c bit ny tng t nh h lm thong kh ngoi tr vn l
khi x l bng bn hot tnh, 1 t l % bn sinh ra nht nh c tun hon
s dng li. Nh vy phi b tr thm b lng trong h thng (sau b bn
hot tnh).
c. B ty nghi
B ty nghi c s dng x l rt nhiu loi nc thi khc nhau. B
thng thng c su khong 1-1,5m v khng c lm thong kh bng
my mc. Trong quy trnh x l, lp trn mt b hot ng nh trong b
hiu kh bi v c thng kh nh gi v c kh oxy sinh ra nh to. Ngc
li, tng di y b khng b tc ng bi cc iu kin nh trn b mt v
v vy tr nn k kh. B ty nghi c bn loi b c nit trong amonia
thng qua quy trnh nitrat ha.
H lm thong v b ty nghi c thit k ph hp c th thch hp x
l nc r r 1 s nc ang pht trin.
d. Cc qu trnh sinh hc khc
Ngoi cc qu trnh sinh hc c m t trn cn c rt nhiu phng
php sinh hc khc c th dng x l nc r r nh l: Phn hy k kh,
H k kh, phng php lc k kh.
Ni chung, quy trnh hiu kh cn c thi gian lu nc tng i di mi
c hiu qu. Quy trnh hiu kh loi b c nit trong amonia bng phn
ng nitrat ha hoc chuyn ha thnh sinh khi. Quy trnh x l k kh th
tri li c th ng dng nhiu nht nh 1 quy trnh x l s b bi v nhng
loi quy trnh ny khng loi b amonia v nc u ra thng thng c
c tng i cao.
15.12.9.2 Thm thu ngc ( Mng RO )
ng dng ca mng RO th tng i mi trong lnh vc qun l cht thi
rn.Trong quy trnh, cht lng c x l bng cch y cng bc chy xuyn
84

qua mng di p sut rt ln. Mng s gi li cc tp cht v nc u ra c

th thi ra ngoi. Bi v nhng tnh cht ca nc r r nn mng lc thng b
tt nghn. Nu d tnh x l bng 1 loi mng lc mi, cn phi lu tm n
vn ny. V nu s dng RO trong x l nc r r, nn tin hnh 1 s
phng php x l s b lm gim nguy c tt nghn mng v ko di thi
gian s dng ca h thng.
15.13. QUN L KH BCL:
15.13.1 Ngun gc, Thnh phn, v th tch kh
Kh BCL (thng c gi l kh biogas hay kh sinh hc 1 s ni ) l 1
trong nhiu sn phm c sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cc thnh
phn hu c trong cht thi trong BCL. Ti thi im cht thi c chn lp
v 1 thi gian ngn sau , trong khng kh c gi li trong cht thi cn
lng oxy cho php giai on phn hy sinh hc din ra ban u l giai on
hiu kh. Thnh phn chnh ca kh BCL trong giai on ny l CO 2 v hi
nc.
S m nn cht thi kt hp vi vic che ph BCL lm ngn chn khng
kh i vo cht thi. Kt qu l trong thi gian ngn ca qu trnh phn hy
u tin, lng oxy ban u cn gi trong cht thi b tiu th ht v qu trnh
phn hy sinh hc chuyn t hiu kh sang k kh. S chuyn i sang qu trnh
k kh c nh du bi s sn sinh methane (CH4) v carbon dioxide (CO2),
cng nh 1 lng rt nh (dng vt) rt nhiu cc hp cht sinh ra do phn
ng kh lu hunh v carbon. Cc nguyn tc sinh hc ca s hnh thnh kh
biogas trong 1 BCL l nhng tnh cht ca qu trnh phn hy k kh truyn
thng. Nhng nguyn tc ny ch khc bit ch yu tc chuyn ha cht
hu c thnh CH4 v t l CH4: CO2 sinh ra. H VSV tham gia vo qu trnh
phn hy cht thi rn th c bo co chi tit trong Tham kho 67
Thng thng, thnh phn kh BCL cha khong 40%-60%CH 4, 40%-50%
CO2, 3%-20%N2, 1% O2, v 1 lng vt hp cht ca lu hunh v 1 nguyn
t khc v acid hu c d bay hi. Cc hp cht c lng vt khc c th bao
gm: benzen, toluen, sulphur dioxide (SO 2), metylen clorua v mt s hp cht
khc c nng ti 50 ppm [15,16]
S thay i t qu trnh phn hy hiu kh sang phn hy k kh v hnh thnh
CH4 v CO2 di iu kin k kh din ra vi mt chui cc giai on nh sau:
Giai on u l giai on hiu kh, ko di t khong vi ngy n nhiu
tun l. Thi gian din ra giai on ny ph thuc vo m nn cht thi
v 1 vi nhn t khc
Giai on 2 bt u khi iu kin trong BCL thay i t hiu kh sang k
kh. ti thi im ny, cc VSV hiu kh bt buc cht dn v cc VSV
ty nghi s chuyn t hot ng hiu kh sang k kh. Trong sut giai on
2, CO2 v 1 phn nh H2 l sn phm kh ch yu.
Giai on 3 c th c nhn bit bi s xut hin t t ca CH4
85

 Trong giai on 4 v giai on cui, CH 4 sinh ra tr nn lin tc v bt u

gim khi lng CH4 t t l nh nu on trc ( 40%-60% CH 4 :
40%-50% CO2)
c nhng nghin cu c tin hnh xc nh h v s lng vi sinh vt
tiu biu c lin quan n qu trnh chuyn ha bn thi, thnh phn hu c ca
MSW v 1 s ph thi nng nghip thnh kh biogas (biogasification) [67-72]..
Qun th sinh vt a acid (acidogenic), chim n 90% tng qun th vsv
phn hy, l nhm vi sinh vt ln nht trong tt c cc nhm [73]. Tuy nhin
ngi ta bit tng i t v s lng v cc hot ng sinh l ca chng [74].
15.13.2. S sinh kh
Cc phng php tnh ton sn lng kh sinh ra theo phn ng phn hy
thng thng phi c iu chnh mt cch hp l phn nh c s khc
nhau gia qu trnh phn hy k kh trong BCL v qu trnh phn hy k kh
trong phn ng phn hy.
Thng thng , tng lng kh thc s thu c BCL nh hn nhiu so vi
th tch kh d kin sinh ra trn ly thuyt c tnh theo hm lng cht thi
hu c. Hn na , nu BCl khng c thit k lu gi v sau cng l thu
gom th tch kh sinh ra th sn lng kh thc t thu c s thp 1 cch ng
tht vng.
Trong MSW c rt nhiu thnh phn c kh nng b phn hy di iu kin k
kh. Tuy nhin thng tin v cu to ha hc ca cc thnh phn khc nhau ca
rc thi c chn lp trong BCL rt hn ch. Theo 1 s phn tch c thc
hin t nm 1984 n nm 1987 vi MSW c pht sinh Madison,
Wisconsin(M) cho bit rng cht thi cha khong 40%-51% xenlulloza
(cellulose), 12% hemixenlulloza (hemicellulose), 15% lignin v khng hn
4,2% protein [60-62].Cc thnh phn chnh ca MSW c hm lng cc cht
phn hy cao l: giy, rc vn v rc thc phm.
Cng vi hm lng cc cht hu c d phn hy , 2 nhn t c tc ng n
s sn sinh CH4 bi chn lp l m v pH. Nhng nghin cu c thc
hin trn cc mu th nghim thu c t 1 s BCL cho bit t l CH 4 sinh ra c
xu hng tng ln khi m ca cht thi tng ln bt k tui ca BCL , khi
lng ring v thnh phn cht thi [63]. Ngc li pH ti u cho hot ng
ca vi khun mtan t 6,8-7,4. Vic thu gom , trung ha v tun hon nc rc
c tc ng tt n s hnh thnh v tc sn sinh CH 4 trong cc th nghim
phng th nghim [64], v trong 1 s nghin cu ngoi thc t [81,82] .Cc
BCL c hot ng vi vic bm ngc tr li nc r rc nhm ci thin sn
lng v cht lng ca kh bi rc, i khi c gi tn l b phn ng sinh
hc BCL.
CH4 khng c sinh ra ngay lp tc sau khi cht thi c chn vo BCL.
Trong 1 s trng hp, c th mt nhiu thng hoc thm ch nhiu nm cc
qun th vi khun phn hy cn thit mi c thit lp v cc iu kin mi
trng thch hp cho s sn sinh methane trong BCL mi t n
86

Tc sinh kh thay i tng ng vi ng cong nhit trong hot ng

ca vi khun a m (mesophilic), ngha l ti thiu khong 5 o-10o, v ti
u khong 35o-40o. Gia 2 phm vi ny , tc sn sinh kh tng khi nhit
tng. Nh vy, nhit 3o-5oC tc sinh kh b chm li, bi v khong
nhit ny vi khun gn nh ngng hot ng .
Do , tt c cc vng ngoi tr cn nhit i v nhit i, nhit c th tr
nn yu t hn ch qu trnh sinh kh cc bi chn lp cht thi khng su
hoc cc BCL tng i nh trong sut ma ng, u ma xun v cui ma
thu. Trong sut c nm, gi thit rng cc iu kin khc u bnh thng, th
nhit khng phi l yu t gii hn cc khu vc nhit i hoc cc BCL
rng v su
Nh trc cp, tc v th tch kh sinh ra ni chung tng ln khi
m tng, k c trng thi bo ha. Ngc li khi m khng qu 60%-70%,
m cng gim, tc v th tch kh cng gia tng cc nh hng bt li. D
c nhng s liu bo co v s pht sinh kh trong 1 BCL c m thp
hn 40%, nhng thc t l thng thng nu khng c cc yu t hn ch th s
sinh kh l tt nht m cao hn
V tnh cht ca cht thi v cc diu kin mi trng thay i cn bn t khu
vc ny n khu vc khc , nn sn lng v tc sinh kh trong BCL c
ghi nhn c rt nhiu gi tr [15,17,18,83,84]. Do , theo cc bo co, sn
lng kh BCL cc nc cng nghip vo khong 0,06-0,4m 3/kg cht thi rn
c chn lp. Cng theo bo co, tc sinh kh khong 1-10m 3kh/ T cht
thi chn lp/nm.Phn ln s sinh kh vn cn din ra bi chn lp trong
sut 20 nm sau khi ng ca BCL. S sinh kh BCL din ra mnh nht trong
sut 5 nm u hay ngay sau khi trong cht thi khng cn oxy (thng thng
khong 1-2 nm ).S sinh kh , vi tc sinh kh ngy cng gim dn , c th
duy tr khong chng 50 nm.
15.13.3. Th tch (sn lng kh)
15.13.3.1. Tim nng
Do rt kh d on chnh xc tc sinh kh no th kh s sinh ra n nh
lin tc [75] nn rt hn ch nhng thng tin v ng lc hc ca qu trnh pht
sinh kh trong bi chn lp mt cch y . Php tnh gn ng sn lng kh
c th sn sinh trong BCL l bi ton c tin cy rt thp bi v chng bt
buc phi da trn nhng gi thit c th chng minh c nhng cng c th
khng chng minh c l c c s. Nu tnh ton theo hm lng cht rn bay
hi (volatile solids) th sn lng kh t ti a ( KTC) vo khong 0,4
m3/kg cht rn bay hi trong cht thi; cc sn lng kh c ghi nhn khc (
KTC) dao ng t 0,006 n 0,05 m 3 methane/kg cht thi (t) lc mi n
bi chn lp (as-received) [75,76]. Cc sn lng kh nu trn c ghi nhn
trong thi gian mt vi nm u hot ng ca bi chn lp. giai on ny, s
phn hy thng thng nhanh nht v sinh kh nhiu nht.
87

Rt nhiu m hnh tnh c xy dng d on tc sinh kh trong bi

chn lp. Tuy nhin hu ht cc m hnh i hi phi theo di v o sn lng
kh sinh ra trong thc t xc nh cc gi tr hng s ca m hnh. Gn y,
vic d on kh sinh ra t chn lp cht thi cng tr nn quan trng hn do
cc n lc ngn chn hin tng tri m nng dn ln. Mt trong nhng m
hnh dng d on sn lng kh sinh ra t BCL c da trn nhng gi
thit nh sau [55]:
Nhng thnh phn chnh ca qu trnh phn hyhay cn gi l c cht, vi
sinh vt, v nhng sn phm kh c bn (CO2 v CH4), c th tnh ton theo
nng carbon ca chng.
Chuyn ha n nh 1kg carbon c lin kt hu c ( KTC) trong BCL
s sinh ra tng th tch kh l 1,87 m3 bao gm ch yu l CH4 v CO2.
Khi tnh ton kh BCL, bao gm nhng iu kin c trng ti v tr chn
lp, ngi ta gi s 1 phng trnh tc bc 1. Hng s tc bc 1 ph
thuc vo nhit . C s ca m hnh ton l thit k nhng b phn ng phn
hy cc loi rau nhit i theo m. Phng trnh ton nh sau:
Ct =Cg(1-e-kt )
Trong :
Ct: lng kh sinh ra qua thi gian t
Cg: lng kh sinh ra ng khi t tin ti v cng

k: hng s tc bc 1, tnh theo t-1

gii phng trnh trn, t ra gi thit rng mi tng quan gia carbon
dng kh v carbon tng hp l tuyn tnh khi nhit thay i trong gii hn
vng m (mesophilic). Mi quan h c biu din nh sau:
Cg = CT (0,014T+0,28)
Trong :
Cg: tng s carbon c th chuyn ha thnh kh ng khi thi gian tin
ti v cng
CT: tng lng hp cht carbon trong c cht
T: nhit , tnh bng oC
Ly o hm cho Cg da trn gi thit rng hm lng carbon c lin kt hu
c trong cht thi l 200 kg/tn.
M hnh s dng phng trnh tc bc 1 ban u tng i chnh xc trong
gii hn iu kin ca cc tham s c gi thit v nhng gi tr ca chng.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng con s 1,87 m 3 kh bi chn lp/kg ca cht thi v 200
kg carbon/tn ca cht thi s hn ch phng trnh trn mt s v tr v vng
chn lp nht nh. Nhng gi nh gy hn ch ny c bit quan trng
nhng nc ang pht trin nhit i v cn nhit i, y cht thi c hm
lng hu c cao v thng khng c che ph.
88

Phng php tnh ton lng kh sinh ra trong BCL theo phng trnh phn
ng phn hy c m t trong ti liu tham kho thu hi( recovery), X l
( processing), v tn dng(Utilization) kh t bi chn lp hp v sinh [14].
Phng php ny chia rc thi thnh 2 loi cht phn hy sinh ra kh BCL. Loi
th nht l phn cht thi d phn hy sinh hc.( v d: rc thc phm hoc rc
nh bp, rc vn). Loi th hai l phn cht thi kh phn hy sinh hc hn.
( v d: giy, vi, t, si)
Cc bin s c cp trong cc on vn trc, cng nh nhng bin s
khc, c nh hng ln s chnh xc ca m hnh d on tc sinh kh
ca bi chn lp, nht l tc sinh kh CH 4. Mt trong nhng bin s nh
hng n tc sinh CH4 l th tch kh thot ra bi chn lp, t l % ca
carbon tham gia trong qu trnh ln men metanev t l % carbon chuyn ha
thnh cht nguyn sinh ca vi khun. Theo ch nn xem m hnh sinh kh l
m hnh biu din gn ng khuynh hng kh s sn sinh. Quan trc v o
thnh phn v sn lng kh thc t sinh ra trong BCL nn c ghp vo nh
mt giai on ca vic thit k v xy dng h thng thu gom kh bi chn
lp.
Mc d nhiu cht thi th nhng nc ang pht trin c hm lng cht
hu c cao, cht thi thng khng c che ph kn v nh vy kh s d dng
tht thot. Thm vo , c rt nhiu nhn t nh hng n sn lng v tc
sinh kh ti bi chn lp.
Mt s nhn t bao gm:
Thnh phn cu to cht thi( tc l: nng carbon, cht dinh dng v
cht gy c ch) v m.
Mc x l s b(nh ct gim kch thc, ti ch, sn xut compost,
ng p thnh kin).
Kiu v mc m nn, phng php vn hnh chn lp, loi v dy
ca lp vt liu che ph.
Khi lng cht thi, hnh dng hnh hc, tnh cht a cht thy vn v cu
to t ca v tr bi chn lp.
iu kin kh hu thi tit( nhit , lng ma, s bay hi, s cch ly).
Theo cc thng tin thc nghim, c th kt lun nh sau:
Nng ca carbon trong cht thi rn th c th bin i t 325 n
350 kg/tn (tnh theo khi lng kh). S lng carbon c th phn hy
trong khong t 56% n 70%.
Da trn kt qu ca 1 lot th nghim c tin hnh bi cc tc gi v
theo 1 s s liu khc, sn lng kh BCL ti a theo l thuyt l 300
m3/tn cht thi th( tnh theo khi lng t) [65].
tnh ton lng kh bi chn lp c th sinh ra t bi chn lp cht thi rn
th trong nhiu nc khc nhau, c th s dng mt m hnh nhiu thnh
phn. Trong m hnh s cn thnh phn ca cht thi rn v kt qu phn
89

tch c bn ( tc l: phn tch hm lng C, H, O, v N) ca mi thnh

phn( tc l: giy, rc thc phm,). Bng cch gi thit 1 phn ng k kh, c
th tnh ton kh sinh ra v CH4 theo hm lng thnh phn carbon trong tng
cht thi rn chn lp. Phng php ny c u im l cho php tnh c s
ng gp ca mi thnh phn vo ton b qu trnh hnh thnh v thnh phn
kh. Phng php cho php: 1) Pht trin v phn tch chin lc qun l
mi thnh phn cht thi trc khi a n bi chn lp, v 2) nh gi tc
ng ca thnh phn cht thi( k c m) n qu trnh sinh kh.
15.13.3.2. Kh nng thu hi kh thc s
Tnh kinh t, v do , kh nng thu hi kh bi chn lp trong thc t ph
thuc vo tc pht sinh, hiu qu chuyn ha, v th tch ca kh pht sinh b
gi li bn trong bi chn lp . Th tch kh gi li bn trong bi chn lp ph
thuc vo lng kh b tht thot ra khi bi chn lp trc khi bt u hot
ng thu hi, kh b tht thot do s di chuyn xuyn qua lp vt liu che ph
v cc mt bn ca bi chn lp trong sut thi gian thu hi kh, v lng kh
cn li trong bi chn lp sau khi ngng thu hi.
S di chuyn i lu xuyn qua lp vt liu che ph v s khuch tn phn t
qua cc mt bn ca bi chn lp l c ch ch yu ca s tht thot kh t bi
chn lp. Mc tht thot ph thuc vo tnh thm ca lp vt liu che ph,
mt bn, v ca t xung quanh mt bn ca bi chn lp. Nu cht thi c
m nn cht v t bao quanh l rt thm, s di chuyn i lu do gradient p
sut gy ra s l c ch chuyn ng ca kh.
S lng kh thu hi tng tng ng vi dy ca bi chn lp, v dy ch
th cho khi lng cht thi ti bi chn lp.
Sau khi bi chn lp c hon thnh, cc bin php tc ng nh hng n
tc v th tch ca kh BCL pht sinh thng khng thc t. Tuy nhin, c
th tc ng ln kh pht sinh bi chn lp( tc , sn lng, ) bng cch
ti li nc r r vo bi chn lp( nh trnh by phn trc) hoc s
dng nguyn liu khc, nhng h thng thng c lp t cng vi vic xy
dng bi chn lp. Sau khi hon thnh bi chn lp, kh sinh ra ph thuc vo
bn cht cht thi c chn lp, tui ca bi chn lp, phng php vn hnh,
v iu kin kh hu. Nu nh bi chn lp dng vt liu che ph khng thm
v cc lp t bao quanh v lt y l khng thm c, th tch kh c gi
li bn trong BCL l nguyn vn v sn sng thu hi [45].
15.13.4. S vn ng ca kh trong bi chn lp:
Kh sinh ra trong h chn lp nu khng c bt c s kim sot, chng c th
pht tn hoc di chuyn vt qua gii hn ca h chn lp, hoc l chng c th
c thu gom li. Kh c thu gom c th s dng cho 1 s mc ch, c th
em t, hoc n gin l thi vo mi trng. S thi kh vo mi trng c
th v tnh gp phn lm nghim trng hn hin tng tri t nng dn ln
(global warming). D nh th no, vic thu gom v s dng kh t bi chn
90

lp i hi gi thnh u t v gi thnh vn hnh ng k, buc d n thu hi

kh phi so snh vi cc ngun nng lng thay th khc.
Kh tch lu, phn tn hoc di chuyn khng c kim sot c th dn n
xut hin nhng iu kin khng mong mun hoc nguy him v chng c tnh
d chy, tnh gy ngt v c hin din cc thnh phn hu c dng vt. Trong
bi chn lp thng thng tn ti p sut dng mc d khng ng k nhng
cho php kh dch chuyn t nhin t h chn lp n ni c p sut thp
hn bng c ch i lu. ng thi, nu lp che ph c xy dng m khng
qun l thch hp, kh tch lu trong h chn lp c kh nng ngn cn, c ch
s pht trin r cy ca cc loi cy mc bn trn lp che ph .
Trong tnh trng khng c h thng kim sot kh thch hp, kh tch lu trong
h chn lp c th di chuyn vo kh quyn xuyn qua lp che ph ca h chn
lp hoc di chuyn theo phng ngang xuyn qua t xung quanh h chn lp
cho n khi chng gp phi phn din tch chng khng th di chuyn c
na, v s c tch lu. Chng no hm lng kh tch lu cn tng i thp
th kh ch gy ra mi hi v s kh chu, nhng khi nng kh t n mt
ngng no , kh mtan c th t n mc gy n (nng gy n ca
mtan l t 5% - 15% dung tch kh, ti nng cao hn mtan ch n gin
gy chy)
V kh nng kh c th b tch lu, nhng to nh xy dng trn hoc gn bi
chn lp khng nn c cc cng trnh ngm. Nu nh nhng ta nh hin ti
c cc cng trnh ngm th chng phi c tin hnh thng hi hon ton
v lin tc, ng thi phi quan trc s c mt ca kh mtan.
S tch lu ca kh trong bi chn lp c th c loi b bng cch s dng
lp che ph cui cng c xp, hay rng cao. Kh di chuyn ra khi BCL
v nhng mi nguy him c th xut hin trong h chn lp c th c ngn
nga bng cch to nhng din tch b mt c kh nng thm cao kh c th
thot ra kh quyn.
Kh s c dn n din tch thot kh c pha long trong kh quyn n
mc khng cn nguy hi. Vng thot kh c th l l khoan vo su trong
lng BCL hoc ging thu kh hoc ho chn o xung quanh vnh ai bi chn
lp. Mt phng php hu ch hn l thu gom kh v s dng n nh mt
ngun nng lng.
15.13.5. Thu gom, ci thin cht lng v s dng kh bi chn lp:
15.13.5.1. Thu gom
Nu mt s bi chn lp xy dng mi vi d kin thu hi mtan, chc chn
nhng thit k thu hi kh phi hin din trong thit k bi chn lp. Mt s chi
tit thit k h thng thu hi kh c th c sn trong thit k bi chn lp hin
i cho d c hay khng d nh thu hi kh. thu hi mtan bi chn lp
phi thc s c hn kn v c lp vi mi trng t v nc. Nhng bc
lin quan n vic to ra cc mi hn kn c m t phn trc.
91

Nhng bi chn lp c v nhng BCL hin hnh nn c hn kn n mc

no cn kh thi v kinh t v thc tin
Vic thu hi kh l thit k bi chn lp sao cho kh di chuyn bn trong c th
c kim sot v thu gom. Kh c thu gom hoc c th c s dng trc
tip nh l nhin liu c gi tr nhit lng thp, hoc c th c x l (tinh
lc) to thnh nhin liu c gi tr nhit lng cao. Vic thu gom kh c th
c thc hin bng cch thit k kt hp nhng ging thu kh c t
nhng khong cch c tnh ton v nhng vng c tnh thm cao cho php
kh di chuyn vo cc im thu gom. iu ny c lm bng cch lp t
nhng ng thot kh (c c l) bn trong BCL v bn ngoi v bc ca ng
thu kh c bc si, hoc ss dng nhng mng thu kh y si. Kh
c dn thot ra khi bi chn lp bng h thng ng dn hoc u thu vn
chuyn kh, v nhng qut gi (bm to lc ht chn khng) ht kh t bi
chn lp ln u thu. Mt s ging thu hi kh c biu din trn Hnh1521 [13-15].
H thng thu gom kh c bo m lm ng chc nng nh vic s dng
qut gi. Qut gi phi c vn hnh sao cho mt phn chn khng c to
ra nhng u thu v trong h thng thu gom, v kh s c ht ra khi bi
chn lp. Mc d mt s kh s di chuyn mt cch t nhin (khng cn qut
ht) vo ging thu kh nh p sut bn trong bi chn lp tng i cao, nhng
tc di chuyn ca chng qu thp, khng m bo thc hin chc nng thu
gom ng mc. Qut gi va lm gia tng lu lng kh c ht ra khi bi
chn lp va m rng din tch phc v hiu qu ca cc ging thu kh trong
bi chn lp. Nhng qut gi c th c iu chnh : (1) hoc l ht kh t
bi chn lp v thi b chng vo p sut kh quyn phn tn hoc t chy
hoc thiu hy; hoc l (2) nn kh n p sut cao hn phn phi hoc x l
thm na.
Nu bi chn lp lun c vn hnh tt trong sut thi gian hot ng, kh c
th c thu hi t bi chn lp mc d ban u n khng c thit k cho
mc ch thu hi kh, bng cch khoan mt s l trong bi chn lp nhng
im thu kh c chn. L khoan thu kh nn c ng knh 0,66m 1m,
chiu su ca chng nn chim t 50% - 90% chiu su bi chn lp. Cc l
khoan phi c xy dng v lp t ging nh nhng ging thu kh trong
nhng bi chn lp c thit k thu hi kh. Nhng ging thu ny c m
t nhng on vn pha trc.

92

Hnh 15-18: Hnh v m t ging thu kh

Nhng ging thu kh l nhng ging bc si c trang b c v bc ko di

xung tn y bi chn lp. Nhng v bc c c l phn tip xc trc tip
vi rc, nhng v bc phi c ni lng vo nhau gia nhng on ng sao
cho nhng mi ni vn gi nguyn c cho d BCL c tnh cht st ln khng
ng u v ng k.
Trong qu trnh xy dng nhng ging thu kh, xung quanh ng thu gom kh
c bc si dn dn. Lp si bc (hoc vt liu thay th dng ht th) ng
vai tr l lp thu gom kh c tnh thm cao, m nh c n, kh c thu gom
vo ng thu gom chun b c thu hi. Trn nh lp si c ph cht kn
bi lp t m cht ngn cn s xm nhp ca khng kh t bn ngoa vo
ging. Kh bn ngoi xm nhp vo ging thu kh (hay vo mt phn no ca
bi chn lp) s lm long kh c thu gom v do lm gim gi tr nhit
lng, v lm cho qu trnh tinh lc kh tr nn phc tp. Trong trng hp kh
93

c thu gom b lm long, N2 s l thnh phn kh c nng gia tng v cht

lng ca kh s b h thp v l . Th hai, v cng c th nghim trng hn,
vn s xy ra khi c s hin din ca oxy trong khng kh xm nhp vo.
Oxy s gy c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt hnh thnh mtan. Quan trng hn,
nng oxy c th gia tng n t l vi nng mtan c kh nng gy n.
B tr cc ging thu kh c sp xp theo kh nng thu kh ca mi ging thu
kh, cng nh l theo c trng ca lp t che ph v hng di chuyn d kin
ca kh trong bi chn lp. Din tch phc v ca mi ging thu kh (ngha l
phn din tch chn lp b nh hng bi ging thu kh) ph thuc vo tc
ht kh. V d: trong bi chn lp california c su 12m vi mt ging thu
kh su 6m v kh c ht tc 2,83m 3/pht s to ra 1 p sut m trong
phm vi t -5,1cm nc trong ging n thp hn -0,8cm ti im c khong
cch 30,5m tnh t ging. Tng tc ht kh ln 8, 5m 3/pht s to ra p sut
m t -17,8cm n -2,54cm [19]
trnh nhng vn lin quan n s tch lu kh trong bi chn lp. Mt s
khu dn c da vo nhng iu kin a phng iu chnh thit k ging
thu kh ph hp. Trong v d c biu din trong hnh 15-22, b phn thot
kh c thit k bi mt khun g, mt mt li v c nn cht.

94

Hnh 15-19: Gas removal unit made withlocally available materials

Hng t kh c lp t bng cch bt kn ming ca b phn thu gom v a

1 ng kim loi c ng knh 50mm vo trong . 1 lon kim loi 3-4 lit (thng
l lon ng thc n hoc l 1 b lc du s dng) c hn cht vo nh
ng nh ra bi chn lp, lon c th c c thng xung quanh lon, nh
biu din hnh 15-23.

Hnh 15-20: Low-cost gas burner

Bn knh nh hng ca ging ng thu kh:

Bn knh nh hng ca ging ng thu kh c bn l phn khng gian nh
hng tnh theo mi hng t ging. V l do ny, yu cu thit k ging l
trnh trng hp h thng ht kh qu mc, iu ny s khin khng kh t t
xung quanh xm nhp vo rc. thu kh u khp bi chn lp, cc ging thu
hi kh c b tr cc bn knh nh hng chng ln nha Bn knh nh
hng ca ging thu kh thng c tnh ton bng th nghim ht kh trong
mt trng trong nhng bi rc c khng c h thng thu hi kh.
Thng thng, ging thu kh c lp t cng vi mt my thm d kh t
cch ging 1 khong khng V ging thu kh b ng ch to ng dn c
thm cao hn dn dt kh i theo hng mong mun nn chn khng
trong bi rc cng c tnh ton vn hnh ging.
95

V th tch kh thay i v gim dn theo thi gian, cc ging thu hi kh c

thit k ng nht nh nhau v bn knh nh hng ca ging c iu chnh
bng valve chn khng trn ming ging.
Bn knh nh hng ca ging ph thuc vo chiu su chn lp v cu to ca
lp ph. C th tnh ton bn knh nh hng ca ging theo cng thc sau:
r = x /(2cos 30o)
Trong :
r bn knh nh hng ca ging thu kh th ng
x khong cch gia 2 ging thu kh
Ti liu tham kho: George Tchobanoglous et al. (1993). Integrated Solid
Wastes Management.
15.13.5.2.Nng cp cht lng v s dng kh BCL:
Tr khi kh n gin c s dng cho si m v nu nng, cn li n nn
c nng cp cht lng trc khi a vo s dng. Nng cp cht lng kh
BCL l cn thit nu kh c dng nh l nhin liu cho ng c t trong,
hoc d nh a n vo trong ng ng dn hin hnh (ngha l ng ng
dn kh thin nhin cung cp cho tiu dng).
Cht lng v thnh phn ca kh trong bi chn lp khng th so snh vi kh
t nhin. Hn na, thnh phn cu to v nhng c im khc ca n d thay
i hn. S d thay i th hin nhit lng, m v nng oxy trong
bi chn lp c th thay i n 50% gia ngy ny vi ngy khc v v gia
ma ny vi ma khc. Nhit lng ca kh ca bi chn lp dao ng t 750022000 KJ/m3, trong khi nhit lng thp nht ca kh t nhin khong chng
37300 KJ/m3 m ca kh BCL c th thp bng 5% v c th cao n mc
bo ho. S c mt ca oxy thay i t nng dng vt n mc c kh nng
gy n. Tuy nhin, rt him khi xy ra vn nng xy t n ngng gy
n. Cui cng, thng thng hm lng kh CO2 v N2 kh ln trong bi chn
lp lm cho nhit lng ca kh BCL thp hn v do nh hng n cht
lng ca kh
Li ch ca kh trong bi chn lp c th tng ln ng k khi cht lng kh
c ci thin. Kh sau khi c tinh lc c th c dng sn xut in s
dng ti ch hoc a vo ng ng dn kh chung hin hnh. C nhng
phng php v quy trnh c th c dng loi b nc (s kh nc),
CO2, N2 ra khi kh trong bi chn lp v bng cch , s gia tng ng k
nhit lng ca n.
i vi vn sn xut in s dng ti ch, kh c th c s dng cho ng
c t trong hoc chy tuabin kh. Trc khi t, mc cn tinh lc kh th
c quyt nh bi nhng yu cu k thut c t ra bi nh sn xut ng
c hoc tuabin. Hn na kh phi c phn phi n thit b t chy vi tc
di chuyn v p lc thch hp.
96

Si m v nu nng trong gia nh ch i hi khng c H 2S. H2S c th

c loi b bng cch a kh i qua thp lc ra kh theo phng php kh
vi lp vt liu lc l hn hp st II oxit v nhng v bo g (gi l xp bng
st). Kh nng loi b H2S ca lp vt liu m ny vo khong 105 Kg S/m 3
hn hp. Hn hp c th c ti sinh bng cch a ra tip xc vi khng kh.
Lm nh vy s bin i st sunfua c to thnh trong qu trnh hot ng
ca thp ra kh kh thnh st oxit v nguyn t lu hunh.
15.13.6. Vn S dng kh BCL mt s nc ang pht trin:
Ngi ta c thu c mt vi kinh nghim v vic thu gom, x l v s dng
kh BCL (cn gi l LFG landfill gas) mt s nc ang pht trin. Thm
vo , mt vi nghin cu cng c tin hnh v vn ny. ng tic,
phn ln kt qu ca nhng s n lc khng c ph bin rng ri v cng
khng c cng b trn cc tp ch khoa hc quc t. Di y s m t ngn
gn mt s nghin cu ban u c tin hnh v kh BCL Brazil v Chile.
15.13.6.1.Sao Paulo, Brazil
Cng ty kh So Paulo (COMGAS) l 1 trong nhng cng ty u tin kho st
kh nng thu gom v s dng kh BCL Brazil. Cng ty bt u vi hng lot
cc cuc nghin cu thu hi kh BCL vo nm 1975. Sau nhng nghin cu
ny, h tin hnh nhng cuc kho st thc t BCL (cy s 14,5 ca thnh
ph Rodovia Raposo Tavares) vo nm 1976. Cng vic kho st thc t c
ng h bi Hi ng du m quc gia. Sau giai on nh gi, trong k c
thu gom mu v phn tch mu, 1 h thng thu gom kh c lp t. H thng
bao gm 13 ging, 2 my nn (cng sut hot ng khong 1560m 3/h), v mt
mng li ng ni vi ng h o kh, thit b lc kh v bnh ngng. Kh c
thu gom t h thng c phn b n 31 h gia nh v tr gn BCL. Kh
c s dng thay th cho kh ho lng LPG (Liquifiel Petroleum gas) [56]
15.13.6.2. Riode Janeiro, Brazil
Mt d n thu hi kh quan trng khc c thc hin Riode Janeiro nm
1975 bi 1 cng ty v v sinh th ca thnh ph (COMLURB). Cng vic
c bt u bng cch xy dng BCL thc nghim cho php o lng cc
thong s quan trng ca qu trnh ln men. BCL thc nghim c vn hnh
trong 3 nm. Tc sinh kh c tnh ton dao ng t 0,06-0,19m 3/kg cht
thi. Trong sut giai on nghin cu, kh c lc, lm sch v b nn vo
trong xylanh. Kh nn c s dng nh l nhin liu cho ng c[57]. Nm
1984, COMLURB bt u h thng thu hi kh bi rc BCL ti Caju. K t
sau , nhiu cng trnh thu hi kh BCL c thc hin
15.13.6.3. Santiago,Chile:
Kh bi rc c s dng BCL hp v sinh ca La Feria Santiago, Chile.
Kh c thu gom t 70 ging ng. Kh ht ln c ha trn chung, khng
x l, v c s dng nh l nhin liu trong nh my ho cht. Nhng vic
khc lin quan n qu trnh thu hi kh c thc hin nhng thnh ph
Chile[46,59].
97

15.13.7. Cc nhn t kh thi v kinh t kt hp vi vic thu hi kh BCL

Nu ni n kh thi v kinh t , c rt nhiu nhn t phn no quyt nh n
d nh thu hi kh t BCL v a n vo s dng . Trong c nhiu nhn t
quan trng l : kch c BCL , tnh thm ca lp vt liu che ph v ca cc lp
t xung quanh v mc ch d nh s dng kh
Nu BCL hp v sinh oc thit k ng tiu chun , th tnh thm c ca
lp che ph v cc lp t xung quanh khng nh hng n s hnh thnh v
lng kh BCL
Lin quan n vic s dng , nu i hi kh cht lng qu cao, th gi thnh
ci thin cht lng kh c th ln cao ti mc khng th chp nhn v trnh
khoa hc k thut cng khng thc hin c
Kch c BCL (ngha l, khi lng cht thi ) phi ln m bo ton b
sn lng kh sinh ra cui cng em li li ch v kinh t v nng lng ln
hn khong u t thm vo hot ng chn lp truyn thng c th thu hi
kh. Theo , c th khng nn s dng BCL c chiu su khng qu 13m. Mt
BCL hon thnh nn c sc cha ti thiu 2 triu tn cht thi rn th[14] .
t l pht sinh kh th ti a, kh th c to thnh t BCL vi sc cha
khong 2 triu tn xp x khong 32m3/pht hoc l 760GJ/ngy[14]
D dng nhn thy rng mc ch d kin s dng kh l s nh hng c tnh
quyt nh n vn kinh t v nng lng . cc nc ang pht trin , s
dng an ton c th l lm ngun nhin liu to ra hi nc hoc dng cho
ng c t trong vi 1 qu trnh lm sch ti thiu. Bi v trong kh th cha 1
m kh cao v cc yu t n mn, cho nn ngi ta ngh nn s dng kh
ti BCL[1].
15.14. TRANG THIT B:
15.14.1.Khi nim c bn:
Xy dng 1 bi chn lp hp v sinh i hi trang thit b thch hp, ph hp
vi cng vic c lm, v thng thng yu cu vn u t ln. Trong , yu
cu trang b trang thit b chim mt phn ln trong vn u t ny. Hn na,
vn hnh v bo dng trang thit b thng thng cng chim mt phn ln
chi ph vn hnh. Trang thit b phi c la chn sao cho ph hp vi
phng php chn lp, v vi khi lng cng vic cng nh hiu qu s dng
my mc m bo cho vn hnh thnh cng, v quy trnh vn hnh c chi
ph thp nht. Cc trang thit b c yu cu phi bao gm cc phng tin
x l s b rc thi (handling), ban, tri t, cht thi, thit b m nn, v
che ph cht thi rn, cng nh xy dng cc t bo rc, v hon thnh cng
vic o p chung . Hot ng ny phi c tin hnh sao cho ph hp vi
trnh t lin tc ca lch trnh cng vic. Cc vn sau y cng cn c
quan tm l : 1) trang thit b thay th d phng ;2) trang thit b s dng a
nng ;v 3)bo dng v sa cha [2,3]
98

1. Trang thit b thay th d phng.T l a ra cng sut trang thit b d

phng l khong 30% . T l phn trm ny dng cho tng s lng gi
lm vic theo thit k qu trnh vn hnh chn lp, vi thi gian vn hnh
my mc chuyn dng ti a thng l 20 gi/ngy. Cho v d, nu trong
thit k c hai phng tin hay thit b vn hnh tng cng 36 gi/ ngy,
th c 30% cng sut d phng cn phi c 3 phng tin/bi chn
lp. Mc d vic mua cc thit b d phng s lm vn u t ban u tng
vt, nhng n s m bo dch v phc v lin tc v cc phng tin/bi
chn lp hot ng hiu qu.
2. Trang thit b a nng. Mt cch b vo chi ph cho trang thit b d
phng l s dng 1 trang thit b a nng. Mt v d l my m nn va
hon thnh c cng vic m nn, va c th tin hnh che ph cht
thi rn, cng va c th s dng xy dng ng s vn chuyn rc
thi. Khi mun s dng phng tin a nng i hi thi gian trang
thit b c th hon thnh tng cng vic phi c tnh ton mt cch cn
thn v lp thnh thi gian biu . S dng trang thit b a nng khng th
thay th nhu cu trang thit b d phng
3. Bo dng v sa cha. Bo dng v sa cha my mc i hi c k
hoch chi tit p ng nhu cu phc v lin tc. Cng vic ny nn
c thc hin ngay ti ni phng tin b h hng hay gp s c trnh
s bt tin v mt thi gian vn chuyn thit b/phng tin b h hng
n phn xng sa cha xa. Hng ngy cn phi lm v sinh cc b
phn c trc ln (nh bnh xe, lu) trong phng tin c s dng x l
cht thi rn ban u. Khi lm v sinh phi bao gm loi b ht t v rc
thi ra khi nhng b phn c trc ln v h thng truyn ti nhit ca
trang thit b, nh vy nhng vn ma st v nhit d s khng gp phn
lm h hi sm trang thit b. S kim tra, lm v sinh v ra sch b tng
nhit ca my mc nn c thc hin u n i vi tt c cc thit b
cn hay ln thng tip xc trc tip vi cht thi rn. Hot ng ny nn
c thc hin hng ngy tr khi v 1 l do no c th i hi tn sut
lm v sinh my mc thng xuyn hn. Cc hot ng bo dng khc,
c ghi r trong sch hng dn hay ti liu gii thiu s dng thit b,
phi c tin hnh y , theo ng lch trnh theo nh nhng yu cu
k thut ca nh sn xut. Nn c sn nhng dng c cn thit v nhng
b ph tng thay th nh ch dn ca nh sn xut ni bo tr v sa
cha thit b tin hnh nhng sa cha c kh nh v trung bnh.
15.14.2. Cc nhn t c lin quan:
Ngoi cc nhn t hin nhin nh nhn t i hi cc thit b phi thch hp vi
hot ng xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp, v nhn t xem xt kh nng s
dng thit b a nng, ba nhn t quan trng di y cn phi c cn nhc
cn thn la chn trang thit b:
1. Khi lng cht thi c chn lp v loi vt liu m cc trang thit b
s lm vic vi.
99

2. Kh nng kinh t; v
3. C cc phng tin bo tr v sa cha, v c nhn s c kin thc
chuyn mn iu khin phng tin hon thnh cc cng vic
Tuy nhin, nu khng m bo c mt trong ba nhn t k trn s lm cho
qu trnh vn hnh bi chn lp khng th thnh cng trong thi gian di .
Vic bo qun v sa cha phng tin/thit b c bit quan trng cc quc
gia ang pht trin. Ngoi tr nhng quy trnh vn hnh qu n gin, mt bi
chn lp lc no cng vn hnh vi mt khi lng ln nguyn vt liu (t ct
v cht thi rn ) cn c gii quyt, x l. Bi v quy trnh vn hnh trong
thc t gii hn nghim ngt vic gii quyt khi lng cht thi v t ct
bng th cng, nn hu ht hot ng chn lp phi da vo my mc c kh.
Bt chp s chc chn ca thit b, n vn s b h hi di s khc nghit ca
hot ng chn lp nu khng c bo tr chu o .
Nhu cu bo tr chu o cng c ngha quan trng hn cc quc gia ang
pht trin bi v ph tng thay th thng khng d c nhng nc ny. Tnh
hnh ny cng xu v thiu nhn lc c kinh nghim trong vic duy tu bo
dng cc trang thit b chuyn dng .
15.14.3. Cc chc nng ca cc trang thit b
Chc nng phc v c bn ca cc thit b chn lp c chia thnh ba loi sau
y
1. Nhim v lin quan ti t (o t, x l, m nn )
2. nhim v lin quan n cht thi (x l, m nn )
3. Cc nhim v h tr
Ph thuc vo quy m vn hnh, c th c nhng trang thit b c th lm c
nhiu hn mt trong ba chc nng trn.
15.14.3.1. Lin quan n t
o t , x l t, m nn t lm lp lt v lp vt liu che ph l nhng
cng vic c k ti khi xem xt chc nng ca trang thit b chn lp . Quy
trnh vn hnh v trang thit b thc hin nhng nhim v ny ch khc mt
cht so vi cc trang thit b s dng trong cc hot ng o p t. Theo ,
mc c gii ha v mc phc tp ca trang thit b thch hp cho bi
chn lp hp v sinh, trong mt hon cnh nht nh, s khng khc my vi
cc my mc hot ng o p t khc trong khu vc . Hn ch ny cn
ty thuc vo vic iu chnh trang thit b ph hp vi a hnh khu vc v
iu kin t . V d nh, thit b bnh lp (bnh hi) thng ch thch hp
o t ch yu c thnh phn l ct , si, t st nhiu mn , ph sa nhiu
mn. Ngc li, cc thit b c bnh xch nn dnh lm vic vi t km
hot ng.
15.14.3.2.Lin quan n cht thi
100

Nhng chc nng lin quan n cht thi bao gm hot ng rc, dn tri v
m nn. Vi qui m vn hnh nh, v trong trng hp c nhng tr ngi do
khng ngun ti chnh, thit b dng cho vic vn chuyn di p t c th
c dng x l cht thi khi chn lp. C th gii hn rc ra khu vc
trung gian gn mt bng lm vic v, bng cch y, phi hp vic rc v
tri rc. Hai chc nng ny c th c thc hin bng 1 phng tin xe i t
vn dng di t v i t, v cho m nn
Hot ng m nn cn phi c ch n mc ti a v n gy ra nhiu nh
hng di hn v ngn hn ln vn hnh chn lp v ln tc v mc st
ln, nhng ch yu v n l mt yu t quyt nh quan trng sc cha ca bi
chn lp. Trang thit b chuyn dng c trng thit k ring cho vic m nn
s hot ng c hiu qu v cho nng sut cao khi thc hin chc nng ny hn
l trang thit b ti trng nh thit k ch yu cho vic di p t. Tuy nhin
vic thiu ti trng my mc ng k ( hay, ni chnh xc hn, l p lc ng
dng) c th c b p ng k bng cch cho xe i qua li nhiu ln hn .
Trang thit b chn lp phi chc chn v iu kin vn hnh ti bi chn lp rt
khng l tng. B phn tn nhit d tr nn tc nghn v h hng, thn xe v
cc b phn vn hnh ca trang thit b c th hng hc bi cht thi chn p
hay ri ra. Lp, mc d c thit k thuc loi chu ti trng nng, c th b
m thng hay b ct t, kt qu l tui th ngn hn. S kt hp ca cc iu
kin khng thun li ny lm ni bt s cn thit ca vic duy tr cc ph tng
thay th v bo tr v sa cha y cc phng tin sao cho thun li cho
vic chn lp.
15.14.3.3. Chc nng h tr
Trong giai on xy dng ban u v cc giai on tip theo ca bi chn lp,
trang thit b h tr s cn thit cho vic lp t cc h thng kim sot mi
trng nh lp lt bng nha do (FML) v lp bao ph, nhng thit b thu
gom nc r r, v ng thot kh.
Nhng chc nng h tr trong sut qu trnh vn hnh bao gm s m rng v
duy tu bo dng nhng con ng ni b chy n b mt lm vic ca bi
chn lp, kim sot bi, v phng chy. Tr khi xe c thu gom v chuyn
ch c trang b vi h thng t bc d rc xung, thit b h tr c th cn
gip cho vic bc d. Nu nhn cng nhiu , bc d rc t xe xung c th lm
bng tay.
15.14.4. Cc loi trang thit b :hnh dng v c im k thut
15.14.4.1. Cc vn cn xem xt
Cc nhn t ny c xem xt trong phn ny lin quan cht ch n loi v
c im ca chnh cc my mc. Mt c im nn c cn nhc mt cch
cn thn khi la chn trang thit b l kh nng thc hin nhiu chc nng ca
thit b . Quan trng hn na l, vic la chn nn da trn chc nng chnh
ca trang thit b v kh nng thc hin nhng chc nng ca n di nhng
iu kin c th ca ni vn hnh.
101

15.14.4.2. Cc loi trang thit b cn hay ln

Phn tip theo s ni n cc chc nng chnh v c im ca cc loi trang
thit b khc nhau dng bi chn lp hp v sinh.
a. My ko bnh xch vi tm chn y pha trc (xe i t):
Chc nng
Nhim v ca my i t l tri u v m nn cht thi rn cng nh thc
hin vic chun b v tr che ph hng ngy v che ph lp ph cui cng,
v o p t ni chung . Mt hnh minh ha ca my i t c trnh by
hnh 15-21.

102

Hnh 15-21: Xe i t

c tnh
Xe i t c trang b cc bnh xch kim lai c rng khc nhau ty
theo tiu chun. Nhng g ca bnh xch phi cao to iu kin gim
kch thc rc thi d dng v cung cp lc ko hiu qu trn b mt dc
BCL. Lc gy ra do ti trng ca phng tin ln cht thi rn hay nn t
thng vo khong 0,5 n 0,8 kg/cm 2 i vi cc u my ko vi cng
sut trong khong 100 n 230 kW.
m nn ca cht thi rn ph thuc vo p lc m nn. Cc phng
tin bnh xch khng hiu qu lm trong vic m nn cht thi rn bi lc
m nn ln mt t rt yu.
t c hiu qu cao nht t my lai bnh xch, nn trang b cho n 1
tm chn to p cht thi. Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn thp hn 3
ln so vi t. Do c th tng din tch hiu qu ca tm chn, c th
bng cch tng chiu cao ca n, v d nh s dng cc song chn bng
thp. Song chn ny gip trnh gy nhng tr ngi cho tm nhn ca ngi
iu khin phng tin. Kch thc ca tm chn khc nhau ty vo mi
model phng tin. V d, 1 my 100 kW thng thng s c tm chn c
kch thc rng 3,2 m, cao 1,8 m (c km song chn).
Tm chn p rc c iu khin thng qua c ch thy lc. c lng
hiu sut cho lai phng tin cng sut 100 kW, hot ng trn b mt
phng, l 50 Tn cht thi rn/ 1 gi hot ng. Trn b mt dc, hiu sut
gim, tuy nhin ch l dc ln nht l 30 o, hiu sut l 30 T/h i vi
my model 100kW tng t.
b. My m nn cht thi. Landfill compactors
Chc nng
My m nn cht thi lm nhim v san tri cht thi v m nn cht thi.
Hnh minh ha th hin trong hnh 15-22.

103

104

Hnh 15-22: My m nn rc

c tnh
My m nn c trang b ng c du diesel kiu tuabin hay tiu chun.
Cc bnh xe bng kim lai, c chc nng m nn rc, v thng thng
thc hin hot ng m nn thay phin tun t tng bnh xe mt, trn bnh
xe c bit thit k cc rng cho php chng tp trung ti trng trn nhng
din tch tip xc nh hn (ging nh loi thit b bnh xch) v tc dng 1
lc nn mnh hn ln cht thi rn. V d, my m nn trng lng t
16000 n 26000 kg c th tc dng 1 lc tng ng t 75 n 120 kg/cm2.
Lai thit b ny linh hot hn v nhanh hn my i. Loi model 110 kW
thng thng c hiu sut xp x 75 T/h khi hot ng trn b mt phng.
Hiu sut gim cn khong 50 T/h i vi hot ng trn b mt dc
khong 30.
My ko c trang b bi 1 tm chn c iu khin bng thy lc. Trn
tm chn c th gn thm cc song chn bng kim loi tng hiu qu x
l cho my m nn, hay cho php ngi iu khin nhn thy rc pha
trc tm chn, hay c hai. Tm chn thng c chiu rng 3m v cao 1,9m
k c song chn.
c. Xe xc bnh lp/bnh hi (Wheel loaders) :
Chc nng

105

Xe xc bnh lp (c thit k o t xp ngha l t c cht thp),

cht vt liu o ln xe ti, v vn chuyn hoc mang vt liu n 1
khong cch di 50 m n 60 m (hiu sut ti u).

c tnh
Xe xc bnh lp thng c trang b 1 ng c diesel v c 2 cu (fourwheel drive). Trc ng trc c nh v trc ng sau c th dao ng.
Cc kiu xe khc nhau th hin cng sut xe, trong khong 75 n 280
kW. Dung lng ca gu xc dao ng trong khong 0,8 n 6 m 3. Nhng
loi s dng thng dng nht c cng sut trong khong 75 n 110 kW, vi
dung lng ca gu xc khong t 1,3 n 2,7 m3.
Trn t xp, 1 xe vi cng sut 100 kW vi dung tch gu xc 1,9 m 3 c
th o v bc xp 1 toa rc vi tc khong 160 m 3/gi. Trn t cng
hn, hiu sut chc chn s gim
106

Xe xc cng c th hot ng kh hiu qu vi t st, v d nh trong vn

hnh che ph cc t bo rc v chun b mt bng cho bi chn lp.
d. Xe xc bnh xch (Track-type loaders):
Chc nng
Xe xc bnh xch hot ng tng t nh xe xc bnh lp. Xe xc bnh
xch cn c th o t cht. Khong cch ti u xe xc bnh xch vn
chuyn vt liu l khng qu 30 m.
Trong trng hp khn cp, xe xc bnh xch c th c dng x l
cht thi rn trc khi chn lp (thut ng x l y c ngha l ban tri
cht thi v m nn).
c tnh
Xe xc bnh xch c trang b 1 ng c diesel c cng sut trong khong
70 n 200 kW Xe c gu xc vi sc cha khong 1,3 n 2,5 m 3 v tc
dng 1 ti trng t 0,8 n 0,9 kg/cm 2,, c trang b lc (theo th t) bng
ng c t 70 n 140 kW.
Gu xc ca xe xc bnh xch vn hnh d v nhanh thng qua c ch thy
lc. Nu s dng gu xc a nng (multi-purpose bucket) s lm hot
ng ca xe tng tnh hiu qu v linh hot hn. Lai gu xc ny c 4 kiu
vn hnh khc nhau, theo v tr m gu xc c vn hnh. Vi gu xc a
nng, xe xc bnh xch c chc nng nh 1 xe xc (loaders) (khi m cng
ca gu xc (grapple), cc vt liu bn trong gu xc s hon ton c
ra), xe i (dozer), hay xe san tri (scraper). Thm vo , kh nng gi
cht ca gu xc a nng c th c dng nhc vt liu ging nh thn
v nhnh cy.
Dung tch o p v di t ca xe xc (loaders) v xe san tri (scraper)
th hin trong Bng 15-7.
Bng 15-7: Dung tch o p v di t xp x cho t trung bnh

Khong cch di i
Loi

Dung tch
0

30

60

90

120 150

80 60

45

40

35

180 240 300

Xe xc bnh xch

30

Xe san tri ko

12

165 145

125

100 75

Xe san tri t vn
hnh

14

250

240

210 180

107

e. My o bnh xch: Track-type (tracked) excavators

Chc nng:
Chc nng ca thit b tiu biu l o t, oh hay mng rnh chn
lp cht thi rn, cht vt liu ln xe ti, v lp t lp che ph ban u hay
lp che ph hng ngy ln cht thi rn my o bnh xch cng c th c
dng trong 1 s nhim v trong qu trnh o lp t. V d v loi my ny
c th hin trong hnh 15-23.

108

Hnh 15-23: Track-type excavator

c im:
My o bnh xch l thit b c ng c diesel v s dng h thng thu
lc iu khin hot ng ca cn o v gu xc. Thi gian cho chu k xc
t ph thuc kch thc thit b v hon cnh mi ni. Nh vy, khi o
m gp kh khn hay h o su th tin trnh xc s b chm hn. Thi gian
chu k o ph thuc vo chnh loi t v chiu su xc. i vi my o
c ng c c tnh trong khong 100-240 kW, theo th t , dung tch
gu xc v su ln nht c th o l trong khong 0,8-1,9 m 3 v 6,4-8,5
m, (c o tnh t mt t), ph thuc di ca cn o v loi t.
f. My i m t: (Motor graders)
Chc nng:
Thit b ny c dng trong xy dng v bo tr ng s vn chuyn rc,
chn t v cc rnh thot nc, v trong qu trnh nh hnh v san bng
lp che ph.
Cc c im:
My i mt c ng c diesel, bnh lp
v v thit b li bng in (power
steering). Thit b c trang b vi ng
c c sc mnh 60-160 kW v tng ti
trng khong 12000-18000kg. Tm chn
tiu chun cho cc loi my ny c chiu
di 4m v cao 0,7m. Tm chn c th
nghing ti a 1 gc 90o,v c th bin i
nhiu v tr khc nhau.
Cc my ny c th gn thm theo cc b phn thit b khc nh my bang
tri vt liu (scraper). My bang tri vt liu ny c cng dng xi t ti
su 0,1-0,3m.
109

g. Xe Lu: soil compactors

Chc nng:
Chc nng ca Xe Lu l m nn t v chn.
Cc c im:
Xe Lu c th t vn hnh bng ng c hay c ko bi 1 u my ko .
V c bn, thit b thc hin m nn bng cch di chuyn ti trng ln ca
n trn mt t vi 1 b phn lu v thit k mt lu (feet). Bn trong lu m
nn c th dn bng nc. Lc m nn trung bnh ph thuc vo thit k lu
v ca mt lu, v iu kin vn hnh. Trong trng c 2 lu hnh tr vi kch
thc sau y: ng knh 1,53m, rng 3,4m, 120 bc/1 vng lu, v ti
trng lu 12600kg v c dn bng nc. th lc tc dng ln t (cho nhiu
kiu thit k mt lu) s trong khong t 27-82kg/m2.
Nhiu My c c cu cho php lu dao ng, n gip d dng m nn u,
thm ch i vi tng t khng u.
h. My m nn bnh lp: Pneumatic tire compactors
Chc nng:
Cc my mc ny c thit k m nn lp t trn mt v cc lp
di, c bit l khi hin din loi t mn. My m nn loi ny c th
t c khi lng ring cao v u tt c cc im trong ton b b dy
ca tng dt.
Cc c im:
My m nn bnh lp c th t vn
hnh bng ng c hay c ko bi
1 u my ko. p lc ca ti trng
c truyn ln mt t thng qua
din tch tip xc ca lp xe, chnh l
phn din tch to nn b phn ln.
in hnh, nhng xe m nn c 7 lp
xe.
Ct t c dng dn thit b (vi
t trng = 2000kg/m3), c th gip
thit b c trng lng khong 13000-35000kg. qu trnh vn hnh c
tin hnh nh sau:
Ban u, s dng nhng p lc ca lp xe thp to ra din tch tip
xc ln hn v s chng chu m nn thp hn.
Trong sut qu trnh m nn, p lc ca lp xe c tng ln, lm
gim din tch tip xc v, v th, gim p lc m nn.
Nhng thit b ny c 1 thit b kim sot chnh xc p lc ca cc lp xe.
110

i. Xe lu rung t hnh: Self-propelled vibratory drum compactors

Chc nng:
Xe lu rung t hnh c thit k m nn t v lp che ph bng t t
nhin mt cch hiu qu, cho d t ny thuc dng ht hay t st.
Cc c im :
Xe lu rung t hnh c lu bng kim loi pha trc. kch thc ca lu xp x:
rng 2,15m; ng knh 1,5m. Xe lu c lp bng hi pha sau.
H thng rung c vn hnh bng ng c thu tnh trc tip kt ni vi
b phn rung, cho php bin v tn s rung thay i, khng ph thuc tc
ca ng c y ti. Tn s rung c th iu chnh cao nht hn 2000
rung ng/ pht. trng lng ca thit b thay i theo tng kiu (900012000kg)
15.14.5. S kim tra v bo tr:
Nh trc y cp, chi ph chung vn hnh v bo tr thit b chim phn
ln trong tng chi ph vn hnh BCL. Chng trnh kim tra thng xuyn v
bo tr h thng nn c thc hin trnh tiu tn do s hng hc ca thit
b. Chng trnh bo tr nn da vo nhng hng dn cung cp bi cc nh
sn xut thit b.
Cn cung cp cc phng tin thc hin nhiu loi quy trnh bo tr khc
nhau. Nhng tin nghi ny bao gm ga ra (nh xe, sa cha xe c), cc dng
c, thit b kim tra, v kho l tr b phn thay th. Nn yu cu cc nh sn
xut 1 danh sch nhng b phn thay th c bn, v tn v ni c th cung cp
cc b phn b sung khc. L tng, nht l cho bit r ni cung cp mi
quc gia.
Mt bn tm tt cc thit b in hnh cn cho hot ng chn lp hp v sinh
c a ra trong bng 15-8.
B ng 15-8. Cc thit b ngh cn c mi cng sut pht sinh rc thi

Rc thi pht
sinh
0 20
21 50
51 130
131 250
251 500

Thit b
S lng Loi
lng(1000kg)
1
TD,TL,LTR
1
TD,TL,LTR,LFC
1
TD,TL,LTR,LFC
1
TD,TL,LTR,LFC
1 hoc 2 TD,TL,LTR,LFC,
S,DL, WT

kW Trng
50 75
60 160
75 160
110 240
190 340

6-9
7 - 20
9 - 20
12 - 30
25 - 40

TD: xe i bnh xch; TL: xe xc bnh xch

111

 RTL = rubber-tired loader: xe xc bnh lp;

LFC = landfill compactor: my m nn bi chn lp.
S = scraper san trai;

DL = dragline: my xc c gu;

WT = water truck.
15.15 VN D THU HI TI SINH CHT THI RN TI BI CHN
LP CHT THI RN HP V SINH
15.15.1. Gii thiu :
Phn ny ch tho lun vic thu hi rc thi thc hin bi chn lp (nht rc
ti BCL), khng phi im pht sinh rc thi, trong sut qu trnh thu gom,
trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn hay trong mt nh my x l cht thi. Hin
nay, mt quy trnh nht rc thng thy nht mt bi chn lp tiu biu
nhng nc ang pht trin l nh sau: rc thi n c ra ti hay gn mt
bng lm vic, ngi nht rc phn loi ra nhng rc c th ti ch c t bi
rc , s dng thit b bang tri v m nn phn cn li sau hot ng nht
rc, ngi nht rc sp xp nhng rc thi thu hi lc ny vo nhng ni
c ch nh. Nhng rc thi in hnh c thu hi theo cch ny bao gm
chai l khng b v, kim loi, nha do, cactng, sn phm giy, cht sng, vi,
thy tinh.
15.15.2. Nhng vn v nht rc
Khi cho php vic nht rc bi chn lp phi c l l vng chc ng
u vi nhng kin phn i c th c a ra chng li vic nht rc.
Nhng kin phn i ny ny sinh chnh t s mt an ton ca ngi cng
nhn, ca c nhm nht rc ln cng nhn trong bi chn lp v cn do s cn
tr ca hot ng nht rc i vi vic vn hnh bi chn lp. Nhng nguy
him gy ra bi s va chm ca nhng hot ng nht rc th cng v cc hot
ng chn lp hp v sinh ch yu s dng my mc c gii s tng ln khi m
s lng v kch thc ca thit b tng ln.
15.15.3. Xy dng ni nht rc
Nhng kh khn ny sinh gia vic vn hnh bi chn lp v vic nht rc v
cn bn c th c gim bt hoc thm ch c loi tr bi vic xem hot
ng nht rc l hot ng u tin trong hng lot cc hot ng ca bi chn
lp. Cch lm ny cho php phn loi mt cch t nhin hai hot ng .
Khng may, s phn loi nh vy lm tng thm mt bc na trong ton b
hot ng ca bi chn lp. Bc tng thm bao gm hai phn: 1) nhng
rc thi a n vo nhng khu vc c ch nh nht rc ti bi chn
lp. 2) Chuyn ton b phn cn li sau khi nht rc n mt bng lm vic
(chn lp).
112

Nu khu vc nht rc c xy dng tng i gn mt bng chn lp th vic

vn chuyn phn cn li t sau qu trnh hot ng nht rc c th tin hnh
nhanh chng bng phng tin l xe i t. Cch b tr ny i hi khu nht rc
khng c nh. Thit k mt h thng theo loi ny s gip tch ring 1 cch
thch hp hai hot ng, m trong nhng ngi nht rc ny s khng gy
cn tr n vic vn hnh bi chn lp.
C th xy dng 1 trm nht rc thng xuyn, mc d vic b tr mt ni nht
rc hu nh s khng kh thi cng khng thch hp cho mt bi chn lp nh.
Hy sinh mt phn t c nh ca bi chn lp cho vic nht rc s t c
nhiu tnh cht v u im ca 1 trm trung chuyn. V d: lm vic trong mt
khu vc c nh c th trnh c nhiu yu t thi tit bt li nh (gi,
ma), bn thn vic vn hnh c th c sp xp ngn np hn v c
qun l cht ch hn, v nng sut c th c ci tin bi mt mc c gii
ha nht nh (nh., bng ti v sn lc). V trn ht, vi 1 trm nht rc c
nh, s va chm gia ngi nht rc v thit b chn lp c th c hn ch
hay trnh hon ton. Nhng thun li ny phi hp vi nhau lm tng nng
sut. Phng php ny cn cho php cung cp nhng nhu cu v sinh thit yu
v mi trng lm vic tt hn cho ngi nht rc.
Khu vc nht rc c th nm xa mt bng lm vic khong 1 n 2 km. Trong
trng hp ny, rc thi c thi b s c vn chuyn bng cc xe ti. Qui
m ca bi chn lp l nhn t quyt nh c nn hay c cn thit hy sinh 1
phn BCL ch xy dng mt trm nht rc hay khng. Ni chung, thi
gian hot ng BCL ti thiu khong 10 nm l kt hp hot ng ca
mt khu vc nht rc c nh vo 1 BCL. y l pp c thng qua qun
l mt phn rc thi sinh hot pht sinh thnh ph Mexic.
15.13.4. Qun l hot ng nht rc
Trong BCL, vic chn lp c xem l u tin hn vic nht rc v bi chn lp
l ni thi b rc thi. Bi vy, vic nht rc phi c qun l theo hng
khng gy tr ngi qu ng vi tt c mi hot ng chn lp chnh ca bi
chn lp. Tri li, cng phi cn nhc n tn tht thu nhp ca ngi nht rc,
cng nh mt i nhng vt liu th cp cho ngnh cng nghip v a phng,
nu vic nht rc b gin on. Trong mt vi trng hp, nhng nguyn vt
liu th cp ny gi mt vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t a phng[10].
Nu nh hot ng lu thng vn chuyn rc qua li t ni nht rc n ni
chn lp bi chn lp v ngc li khng c qun l mt cch cn thn th
n c th l mt trong nhiu nhn t ph v ranh gii gia vic nht rc v vic
chn lp. Trong s nhiu nguyn nhn lm cho vic nht rc v chn lp ln ln
vo vi nhau hin nhin nht l tng s lng phng tin s dng trn cng 1
con ng v nhiu phng tin vi nhiu model v nhiu tc khc nhau
c thu bi nhng ngi nht rc chuyn ch cht thi
Trong mt vi trng hp, vic bc d nhng vt liu ti ch t nhng phng
tin thu gom rc thi b tr tr kh lu. Hot ng chuyn ch rc thi thng
thng di chuyn vi tc nhanh hn nhiu so vi hot ng lu thng ca
113

ngi nht rc, trong thc t s b chm li ng k hn do s va chm vi hot

ng ca ngi nht rc v lm mt hot ng trn ng tng. Mt trong
nhng phng php tt hn tch ri cc hot ng lu thng trn ng ni
b l xy dng thm nhng con ng ni b khc nhau. Khng may, cch ny
hu nh l mt trong nhng gii php t hn ht. V th, khi la chn gii
php tch ri cc hot ng lu thng phi cn nhc cn thn kh nng v kinh
t.
15.15.5. S gim st hot ng nht rc v nhng quy nh nht rc
Mi hot ng nht rc nn c t di s hng dn ca ngi gim st m
trch nhim chnh l m bo cho nhng hot ng hot ng hiu qu v
hon ton, v trnh ti a nhng va chm vi vic vn hnh chn lp. lm
c iu ny (ti thiu nhng va chm vi vn hnh chn lp) ngha l hot
ng nht rc phi c s thng nht cht ch vi ngi qun l vn hnh chn
lp. Ngi chu trch nhim qun l vn hnh bi chn lp nn c giao
quyn gii quyt nhng vn lin quan n hot ng nht rc nh hng n
vn hnh bi chn lp. cng vic thu hi ti sinh t nng sut v an ton
i hi hot ng qun l phi c tin hnh ht sc nghim ngtMt qu
trnh tng i c nh cn c thit lp khi tin hnh hot ng nht rc. Quy
trnh nn bao gm nhng vn sau:1) Xc nh r din tch lm vic hay
khi lng rc phi nht cho nhng c nhn hay nhm lao ng nht rc r rng
2) Vn chuyn nhng vt liu c nht ra khi bi chn lp (ngha l tn sut,
cch thc cht ln xe ch, loi phng tin vn chuyn).3) Bn nhng vt liu
c thu hi.
Nhng ngi lm vic nht rc nn c cung cp ng phc v nhng thit b
an ton, nh v sinh, bung tm bng vi hoa sen, nh n, v phng tin s
cp cu.
15.16 .QUAN TRC CHT LNG MI TRNG
Mt cch c bn, quan trc l php hin ra nhng tc ng bt li ca bi
chn lp ln mi trng t, nc, khng kh xung quanh cng nh c th
tin hnh nhng bin php khc phc nh hng cn thit. Qu trnh ny gm
c:1) Lp d liu mi trng nn v xc nh bn cht, mc , v cng
tc ng. 2) Tin hnh bin php khc phc.
Cc tc ng c nhn ra v xc nh bi s khc bit v cht v lng gia
tnh cht ca mi trng t, nc v khng kh trc v sau khi xy dng
BCL, cng nh tnh trng thay i dn tnh cht v cht v lng ca ti
nguyn vng gn bi chn lp. Chng trnh v phng php quan trc c th
dao ng v mc , tnh phc tp, loi, v chi ph t Loi ti thiu n kh ln
.Loi ti thiu c l s ph hp cho tnh hung m nhu cu quan trc khng cn
mt chng trnh quan trc vi qui m ln.
15.16.1 Nc ngm
114

Theo cc nguyn tc chung c cp cc phn trc, tc ng n cht

lng nc ngm c th c nh gi trn c s ca s khc bit gia cht
lng nc ngm (v d nh ch tiu: pH; nng cht rn ha tan; thnh phn
ha hc; v s hin din, chng loi, v nng VSV trc v sau khi xy
dng v hon thnh BCL). S tc ng ca mt BCL hin hnh ln nc ngm
chy bn di y bi v quanh BCL cng c th c nh gi bng s khc
bit gia cht lng nc ngm trc khi n n vng ln cn ca BCL v sau
khi di chuyn xuyn qua BCL. Nhng kt qu tnh ton ph thuc vo dng
chy nc ngm cn xc nh trc hng chy v vn tc ca dng chy.
Kh nng tc ng ln cht lng nc ngm c th nh gi da trn c s
thnh phn v khi lng nc r r sinh ra t BCL. Kin thc v thnh phn
nc r r v tc sinh nc r r c s dng nhn bit cht gy nhim
c xc nh l do BCL gy ra v d bo cng nhim bn. t c s
hiu bit nh vy, th BCL cn thit phi c mt h thng thu gom v ly mu
nc r r. Vn l cc nc ang pht trin, nhng h thng nh vy rt
him khi c lp t v c rt t ngun s liu tch lu di nhng iu kin
c kim sot. Khi s dng cc s liu nc r r thu thp BCL cc nc
cng nghip bt buc phi phn tch trc khi xem chng l i din cho 1 a
im nht nh 1 nc ang pht trin. Nu c sn mt h thng thu gom
nc r r , th qu trnh quan trc bao gm o tc sn sinh ra nc r r v
phn tch nhng ch tiu nc r r quan tm. V d nhng ch tiu nh l tnh
cht vt l, loi v nng cht c ho hc v thnh phn ho hc c hi n
cht lng nc v nhng sinh vt gy bnh .
15.16.1.1 Ging Quan Trc
Bi v vic ly mu (bao gm thu thp v phn tch mu) l yu t chnh trong
chng trnh quan trc cht lng nc ngm, nn phng php ly mu phi
c xem xt cn thn. i vi vn ny, cc mng li ging quan trc gi
mt vai tr quan trng. Qui m v tnh phc tp ca mng li ny c quyt
nh 1 phn bi mc ch ca chng trnh quan trc v bi kh nng kinh t
v k thut khu vc d nh xy dng mng li quan trc. Do mc ch s
dng, 1 mng li ging quan trc quan trc tng cc ch tiu cht lng
nc ngm c s khc bit rt ln vi nhng ging c s dng pht hin
cc hp cht hu c c hi v cc kim loi nng. Cc ging phi c lp t
v tr ngang v ng thch hp gn bi chn lp.
Nhng phng php thch hp lp t cc ging quan trc c xc nh
trn c s bn cht ca vt liu a tng nc ngm mch nng, kh nng ca
nc ngm tip cn v tr BCL, mc s dng nc ging khoan, ng knh
v su yu cu ca ging, bn cht ca cht gy nhim lp di b mt
v nhng tr ngi v thi gian v kinh t. (Danh sch cc phng php v nh
gi nhng phng php ny c th tm thy trong ti liu Hng dn chn lp
CTR) [8]
Trong tt c nhng tiu chun ng dng khc nhau, buc tt c cc loi ging
phi tho mn t nht l 2 tiu chun sau:1) Nc phi chy t do vo trong
115

ging. 2) Phi ngn chn nc mt di chuyn xung v nc ngm khng

mong mun dng ln, xm nhp vo im ly nc ca ging
Nhng thnh phn c bn trong thit k ging quan trc l v bc (casing),
lp lc (filter pack), mi hn bt kn, lp si, v va lp kn
Nhng thnh phn ny c nu trong bng XVI-27 .
lp t ging phi m bo 2 cng vic :
Trong ging khng c cc vt liu ngoi lai(Ging c lm sch trong qu
trnh khoang (khng cc cn ri vo trong ging)
Cc lp a cht t nhin gn mng lc ca ging c m bo t nhin
(khng b tc ng).
Khi hon thnh ging quan trc phi tt nc, bm dng nc ln, ht kh, v
kt hp va thi kh va tt nc.
Cc phng php khoan 1 ging quan trc gm c khoan bng mi khoan tay
hand-augured boring, mi khoan auger drilling, my khoan quay bn
mud-rotary drilling, my khoan kh air-rotary drilling, v cable-tool
percussion drilling [29 Trong nhng phng php ny, khoan bng mi
khoang tay l t tn km nht.Tuy nhin, n thch hp vi nhng l khoan cn
( su <4m) ng knh ch t 5 n 15 cm. Khoan bng mi khoan thch hp
vi su t 45 n 50 m.
15.16.1.2 Cch Thc Ly V Phn Tch Mu
S dng ging khoan c lp t v xy dng hon tt cho php xc nh mu
nc th hin tnh ho hc ca nc trong ging. Do ,phi ch ti:
Cch ly nc ra khi ging ng phng php .
Gi nguyn thnh phn ho hc ca mu nc trong qu trnh a n ni
phn tch.
t c kt qu phn tch xc ng v chnh xc cao.
Cc phng tin thu mu t ging gm c: cc thit b nh: down-hole
collection devices (s dng l khoan); suction-lift (ht), positive displacement
(dch chuyn dng), gas-lift (nng kh), and gas-drive methods (dn kh); gas
squeeze or bladder pumps (bm chn khng); and jet or venturi pumps (bm
vi phun) [31].
Nhng thng s cht lng nc sau y c ngh phn tch v quan trc
bi v s hin din ca chng l du hiu nc ngm c kh nng b nhim
nc r r t bi chn lp.
pH

o
o

dn

ring (specific conductance)

o
o

kim
BOD
116

o
o

COD

o
o
o
o
o
o

Nit tng (pp kjeldahl)

N NO3 / N NO2

Cl

St
Natri
Mn
SO42

pH v dn ring nn c xc nh thc t (ti ni ly mu), trong khi

vic phn tch nhng thng s khc c th tin hnh phng th nghim cc
trng i hc hoc nhng phng th nghim phn tch tnh cht mu nc.
Tn sut thu mu v phn tch mu c ngh t nht 2 ln /nm.
Ngoi cc thng s cht lng nc c lit k trn, phn tch v quan trc
cc kim loi khc v mt s hp cht hu c nn c cn nhc k v chng
trnh kim tra cht lng nc ngm ph thuc vo kh nng ti chnh v kh
nng lm th nghim phn tch. Cc thng s b sung c th thm vo bao gm:
As
Ba
Cd
Cr
Hg
Pb (ch)
Se
Tng phenol C6H

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
OH

Cc hp cht hu

o
c d bay hi.

Nhng thng s ny c th c quan trc t hn 2 ln/nm tu thuc nhng

iu kin c th ca mi BCL.
15.16.2. Nc mt
Nhu cu quan trc cht lng nc mt ph thuc vo:1) bi chn lp gn
ngun nc mt hay khng, 2) kiu thot nc gia bi chn lp v ngun
nc mt.
Phng php la chn im ly mu, dng c ly mu, v quy trnh ly mu
nn ging nh phng php dng trong qu trnh quan trc cht lng nc
ngm. im ly mu nn c nh v nhng vng m kh nng nhim bn
l ln nht. Nhng vng ny bao gm c nhng ng nc m nc r r c
th lu thng n ngun nc mt. Kiu ca dng chy v s bin i theo ma
117

phi c xt ti. Dng c ly mu nc mt v phng php phn tch mu

nn ph hp vi quy trnh c la chn ly mu nc ngm.
15.16.3.Kh bi rc v s di chuyn ca kh
Nh ni trn, kh bi chn lp c th thot ra do di chuyn theo phng
ng v phng ngang. Hin nhin, nu lp che ph bi chn lp l thm c,
th kh c th thot theo phng ng ,ngha l xuyn qua lp che ph. Nu lp
che ph l khng thm c (th d, lp che ph thm nc ma bo ho, c
trng kn li, hoc bng t st, hoc bng lp mng che ph tng hp) th
ng thot ny b chn li. Do b chn, s di chuyn ngang tr thnh li thot
kh duy nht. on ng kh di chuyn c theo phng ngang c th rt
ln, nht l khi bi chn lp gn a tng thm qua c.
Thit b ly mu nn c t v tr gn ranh gii BCL v nu ngoi BCL
nn t bn mt bn hng v BCL nm trn on ng d kin l nu c,
kh s di chuyn theo hng . Cc my thm d kh n gin (gas probe) c
th tr thnh my ly mu kh. K thut ly mu tu thuc vo kiu v loi thit
b d kh. Kh methane thng c quan trc bng cc dng c o xch tay.
Nng d CH4 trong cc cng trnh trong v ngoi BCL khng nn vt qu
25% ca ngng di ca gii hn c th gy n.(gii hn gy n l 5%
methane).
lm gim s di chuyn ca kh BCL, phi c bin php phng nga trc
khi cho php ngi ta i vo nhng cn hm hay nhng khng gian kn khu
vc gn BCL. Trong khng gian , nn quan trc s hin din v nng ca
CH4. Khng c cho php bt k ai n gn hay vo trong nu nng
methane >10% ngng di ca gii hn c th gy n.
15.17. VIC S DNG BI CHN LP HON THNH
Mt BCL v sinh hon thnh (completed fill)l c hi thu li ngun ti
nguyn ( kh BCL) hoc xy dng nhng cng trnh. Vic thu hi kh BCL
c m t trong phn khc. Vn xy dng nhng cng trnh ln trn BCL
sau thi gian hot ng s c m t trong nhng phn sau y. Bi v mi
nguy him chy n l kt qu s tch lu kh BCL trong nhng khong
khng gian kn, vic xy dng nh v khu thng mi trn BCL ch nn gii
hn nhng BCL n nh hon ton nu nhng phng php c bit khng
c p dng v cc bin php phng nga khng c thc hin.
Bi v rt thng xy ra nhiu tr ngi v hn ch ln lin quan vi vic xy
dng v s dng nhng cng trnh c xy dng trn BCL, vic s dng BCL
hon thnh lm ni xy dng v c bit pht trin th ni chung th
khng c khuyn khch nhng nc cng nghip[35]. Tuy nhin, mt vi
ni thiu t vn thc y xem xt tim nng s dng li nhng ni .
nhng nc ang pht trin li khc, c bit nhng ni c s di c dn s t
vng nng thn n trung tm thnh ph ng k. Do s di dn, tt c t
khng c ngi u tr nn hp dn. Trong trng hp , phng php duy
nht l p dng, ti mc ti a c th, nhng bin php phng nga c
118

thit k lm gim cc mi nguy him lin quan. Nhng v d v nhng ng

dng ngh cho BCL hon thnh c m t trong 2 bo co ca World
Bank: 1) khi phc m ly vng gi ma nhit i bi hot ng chn rc
thch hp: nhng nh gi trng hp c th Thi Lan[36] v; 2) nghin
cu BCL v thu hi li ti nguyn khu th Colombo[37].
Nhng tr ngi chnh l nhng vn lin quan n vic s dng 1 v tr t.
Do , phn ln nhng vn ny c ngun gc v bn cht a k thut.
Quan trng tng ng l mt nhm nhng vn c phn loi nh nhng
nguy him tim n (potential hazards).
15.17.1. Nhng vn a k thut:
S st ln, mt tnh cht vn a k thut ch yu ca tt c BCL rc,
c cp n ni khc trong ti liu. Khng c tho lun phn trc,
tuy nhin, l vn gy ra bi kh nng chu ti trng tng i thp ca 1
BCL hon thnh. Mc d s khc nhau trong cc loi t, trong tnh cht ca
rc BCL, v trong mc st ln, thc t rng nhng gi tr c bo co ca
kh nng chu ti trng cho thy kh nng chu c ti trng ca BCL thng
l rt thp. Nhng gi tr c bo co nm trong gii hn t 2,440 to 2,910
kg/m2. Nhng gi tr kh thp ny rt hin nhin, s gii hn nhng to nh xy
dng trn BCL hon thnh phi c ti trng nh, cu trc 1 tng.
15.17.1.1Cc bin php gii quyt :
Gii php tt nht l mng xi mng chng sunfat.(xi mng l loi 4 hoc
5(BRE 1981)) sn nh. Nu nn mng c lm t nhng vt liu khc
ngoi btng, chng nn c bo v chng n mn trnh vn do nhng
sn phm phn hu c kh nng gy n mn trong BCL gy ra. Nhng to nh
1 tng nh c thit k chu c st ln c th khng cn c mng. Tuy
nhin, khi lm nn nh nn cng c, lp nhng ch t gy to thnh do s st
ln xung khng u. C th s dng nhng tm lt cng c nhng lp sn
lin tc. ng s, bi xe v nhng ng dnh cho ngi i b nn c
xy dng bi vt liu linh hot v d sa cha.
15.17.2. Nhng nguy him tim n
Mt c im quan trng c nguy him tim n ca cc BCL l tht t rng kh
nng gy nguy him s lun lun tip tc tn ti chng no m qu trnh phn
hu cn tip tc. Khng may, qu trnh phn hu vn tip din di sau khi BCL
ng ca.
C 03 kh nng gy nguy him l s sinh kh BCL, s nhim ho cht, v
s n mn. Ngoi nhng lu trnh by trong phn ny, vic sinh kh cn
c nu rt chi tit trong phn khc. S nhim ho cht cng c ni n
u trong chng ny.
15.17.2.1. S sinh kh BCL:
119

Nh trnh by trc y, s mt nhanh chng O 2 trong cht thi b chn lp

s dn ti s thay i nhanh chng trong thnh phn ca kh BCL t ch yu
l CO2 thnh ch yu l CH4. ngha quan trng ca s thay i ny l vn
gy ra do methane d chy v, di mt vi iu kin, n c th gy n. Bi v
tc hnh thnh CH4 v cng chm, s sn sinh methane, thc cht, khng to
thnh mi nguy him. Nh vy, methane tr thnh mt mi nguy him gy
chy n ch khi khi kh b tch lu trong mt khong khng b hn ch bn trong
chnh BCL hoc bn trong mt cu trc cng c xy dng trn BCL hay
gn BCL. Trong mt vi trng hp, p lc tc dng do s tch ly kh BCL
cao y kh thm qua c a tng st bn BCL khng c lp lt.
Mc du khng nht thit gy nguy him, bn cht gy mi kh chu ca cc
kh BCL dng vt c th mnh lit to nn vn . V d nhng cht gy
mi hi l nhng hp cht este v nhng cht c ngun gc sunfua. Tuy nhin,
nhng nhn t c th pha long kh cao v t l hnh thnh kh chm c th
thnh thong, nhng khng thng xuyn, kt hp li vi nhau gi nhng
kh gy mi hi gy ra vn khi s dng BCL hon thnh.
15.17.2.2. S n mn :
Mi nguy him do s n mn tc ng ch yu ln nhng vt liu xy dng,
nhng c s h tng dch v nh in(nhng ng dy dn), v nhng vn
khc lin quan n xy dng. Vn n mn th hin vic c rt nhiu sn
phm c kh nng phn hy ha hc 1 cch tch cc cao c tm thy trong
s phn hu rc th. V d nh, nhng c ch tn cng vo btng bao gm
s r r ca nhng vt liu ho tan c, s lm gim kh nng kt ni ca xi
mng bi s thay i ho hc, s ph v gy ra bi nhng sn phm phn ng
tng ln, v s kt tinh ca mui trong cc l hng ca b tng. V kha cnh
nhng c s h tng dch v, kim loi l i tng d b tn cng bi nhng
acid c pht sinh bn trong BCL vn l nhng sn phm ca s phn hu k
kh.( tt nhin, nhng thanh thp trong btng ct thp l i tng d b n
mn acid ging nh trn.)
15.17.2.3. Nhng bin php gii quyt:
Nhng quy trnh ngn nga s sinh kh khng tr thnh mi nguy him trn
BCL v nhng vng xung quanh n c m t trong phn khc. Nhng bin
php c m t trong mc ny c trng p dng cho BCL hon thnh
mun s dng xy dng v pht trin th. V vic xy dng trn BCL, nhng
phng php sau nn c thc hin:
Lp t lp sn cn thn ngn nga s t gy v gi cho b tng
khng tr nn xp.
khng cho php c l hng di lp sn.
lp t mt lp plastic khng thm nc bn trong hoc lt di sn.
t lp sn trn mt lp si hoc nghin. Lp c th thng gi ch
ng hoc b ng.
120

 xy dng cng trnh trn b mt BCL v kt hp cht ch thng gi tt

vng di sn lt. Thng gi ch ng bao gm vic s dng bm m
bo s chuyn i khng kh lin tc/gi. Thng gi b ng( ngha l " xy
ra t nhin") s dng trong tnh hung m t l kh sinh ra thp.
Khng lp t nhng c s h tng dch v vi thao tc m hay khoan
xuyn qua lp sn. Theo , h thng ng dn, cp in, v.v.. nn c a
vo cng trnh xy dng, nm bn trn mt sn.
Lp t mt thit b bo ng kh methane nhng v tr thch hp trong
cng trnh xy dng.
15.17. 3 Nhng ngh xy dng trn BCL hon thnh :
Nhng ngh c a ra da trn cc tiu ch c bo co trong ti
liu[38]:
Vic xy dng v ti pht trin th khng nn cho php trn bi chn lp
mi hon thnh c khi lng rc thi cng nghip em chn lp ln hoc
khi lng cht thi hu c ti va mi c chn lp ln .
Bi chn lp nn c hon thnh 10 nm trc khi ti quy hoch
Bi chn lp hon thnh khng nn su hn 10 m
V tr bi chn lp nn c mc nc ngm thp, n nh .
Nhng bi chn lp khng nn chn lp cc cht thi c hi, cht nguy
hi, v cht lng c bit
Vic pht trin BCL nn ph hp vi iu kin xung quanh .
Vic u t pht trin nn ph hp vi nhng d nh s dng khi pht
trin .
Ti pht trin khng nn tin hnh xem xt ch cn c trn hiu qu chi ph.
Yu t mi trng cng phi c cn nhc cn thn tng ng. Nh vy,
cc bin php an ton phi c xem khi thit k cc cng trnh
15.17.4 Nhng kh nng s dng
Nh nu cc phn trc, tt c cc vn s dng bi chn lp hon thnh
lc no cng c nhng tr ngi v hn ch cho ti khi rc c chn lp phn
hy hon ton ,v cc qu trnh vt l v ha hc din ra nhng bi chn lp
t c mc tng i n nh c ngha l t trng thi cn bng . Mt s
tr ngi quan trng pht sinh t :
Kh nng chu ti trng thp ca lp che ph
St ln xy ra rt ln, v thm ch khng u
S c mt cc kh gy n, kh gy chy
Tnh n mn ca mt s sn phm phn hy trong bi chn lp v tc ng
n mi trng bi chn lp
121

 Nhng qu trnh v nhng tr ngi do chng gy ra tip tc ko di sau khi

bi chn lp hon thnh. Khong thi gian ca thi k ny l ph thuc
iu kin kh hu (ma, nhit ), bn cht ca rc thi trong bi chn lp,
cc c im thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp.V d, thi gian c th ngn
t 2 n 3 nm nhng quc gia nhit i ang pht trin, kh hu nhit
i v s lu hn 10 nm ni iu kin kh cn .
Vic s dng BCL hon thnh c th c chia thnh 3 loi ch yu: lm
khng gian m , tin hnh lm nng nghip, v ti pht trin th .
15.17. 4.1 Lm khng gian m v khu gii tr :
Mc d vic lm khu gii tr v lm khng gian m c th c xem nh 2
cch s dng t khc nhau, nhng vn c th xem xt chng trong mi tng
quan tng tc vi nhau. C rt nhiu nguyn nhn ni rng lm khu gii
tr l kh nng s dng c ch li nht cho nhng bi chn lp hon thnh.
Trong mt s trng hp, nhng bi chn lp hon thnh cung cp v tr thun
li duy nht cho hot ng gii tr trong mt tng lai gn. Cch la chn th
loi sinh hot trong khng gian h v khu gii tr phn ln phn nh vn
ha ca a phng (v d nh chn chi mn th thao no), mc d ni n
khng gian m l i hi khng gian rng. Cn ht sc ch rng tt c nhng
tr ngi c th c trong xy dng v s dng cng trnh xy dng u xut hin
cng trnh xy dng bi chn lp hon thnh .
15.17. 4.2 Tin hnh hot ng nng nghip
Nhng bi chn lp hon thnh c th dng lm nng nghip nu nh c s
chun b dnh ring s dng cho hot ng nng nghip. S dng BCL hon
thnh cho hot ng nng nghip bao gm:trng c, trng cy, lm nng tri,
vn cy Trong tt c trng hp, lp che ph cui cng bi chn lp nn
su r cy khng m ti v tip xc trc tip vi rc thi. S thm nhp
xuyn qua lp che ph nh vy , khng nhng c ch s sinh trng ca cy
trng m n cn c th l ng dn a cht nguy hi i vo chui thc
phm,v mi trng.Cc bin php khc phc tr nn c bit nghim trng khi
lin quan n vic trng trt cy thc phm. (Cc v d su ca r cy nh
sau: c - 0.7 m; cy bi ,thc vt - 1,3m; cy vi r mc ngang 1,3m n
2m ,cy vi r nhnh - 4m ).
15.17. 4.3 Xy dng v pht trin th
Mc d vic xy dng v pht trin th t c u tin, n c th ph hp
nhng quc gia ang pht trin, c bit nhng vng th ha nhanh .
nhng vng ny, khng gian trng cho nhng vng dn c v hot ng thng
mi rt khan him .Mt v d, Cairo, nhng cn h c xy dng cho nhng
ngi dn ngho c t trn bi chn lp Cn c gng ht mc gim st
nhng tr ngi c th xy ra v tin hnh nhng bin php khc phc , cho
php s dng an ton.
15.17. 5 Ci to cc BCL hin hnh
122

 nhng quc gia ang pht trin, phn ln nhng bi chn lp th khng c
trang b lp lt. Do , hu ht nhng bi chn lp khng c h thng thu gom
v x l nc r r. Nhng BCL nh vy c th chp nhn c nhng vng
kh cn v bn kh cn , nm cch xa ngun nc mt v nc ngm. Tuy
nhin ,c nhng khu dn c nm trong vng c lng ma cao,v do ,c th
ang nhim, hoc dn dn s lm nhim ti nguyn t, v ti nguyn nc.
Mt bi rc h tiu biu quc gia ang pht trin thng c vn hnh
khng c nhng k hoch v quy trnh nht nh. Khu vc chn lp khng c
qun l cht ch, do s dn n s c mt ca nhng ng vt tm ngun
thc n t rc thi. Vic rc trn nhng dc nghing (v d nh nh
ca khe ,dc thng ng) l nhng thi quen tiu biu. Trong trung hp nh
vy, khng th c b mt lm vic v dc nghing ca khi cht thi qu ng
khng th m nn cht thi (v d chn lp pp mng rnh hm ni) cng
nh khng th to nhng cu trc rc n nh
Vic ci to nhng bi chn lp khng c kim sot nu trn c rt nhiu li
ch, lin quan ti sc khe cng ng, v cc vn mi trng. Thm vo ,
vic ci to c th c tin hnh cc khng gian c gi tr c th c phc
hi. Trong mt s trng hp, c th tng sc cha ca bi chn lp bng cch
o h v x l cht thi hay m rng theo chiu thng ng nhng ni chn
lp c ci to.
C rt nhiu hot ng nn c tin hnh trong bt k qu trnh ci to hay
ng ca nhng ni rc h. Nhng bc quan trng hn c th kt hp vi
cc bc sau:
Nghin cu v nh gi s b
Chun b cho cc cng vic cn thc hin ngoi thc t
Tin hnh cc bin php ci to
ng ca BCL h
Bt u vn hnh bi chn lp hp v sinh
Nghin cu s b thng lin quan n hot ng nh gi hin trng, ni
rc, kim tra ranh gii bi chn lp, v tr mi trng nhy cm, khong cch
ti h dn gn nht, cht lng v loi ng ni b vo n bi chn lp, quy
trnh vn hnh thng thng , nhu cu tng thm sc cha ca bi chn lp, v
nhng nhn t khc .Nhng quy trnh ci to nhng bi chn lp m rng
trong tng lai hay ng ca th c bn ging nhau. S khc bit chnh gia
hai la chn ny l c hay khng c cng vic chun b mt bng nhn thm
rc thi .
Mt khi nghin cu s b hon thnh v cc vn chnh c nhn ra,
bc k tip i hi vic vch ra v chun b cho nhng vic cn thc hin
trong thc t. Nhng cng vic ngoi thc t lin quan ti vic khoan l t cc
ging thu, xc nh v nh gi cht lng ngun nc ngm, nh gi s di
chuyn nc r r v kh bi chn lp, v nhng hot ng khc.Nhng kt qu
kim tra th nghim nn c phn tch bi nhng nh chuyn mn nhng
123

lnh vc chuyn bit (nh thy hc, a cht hc) .Da vo nhng phn tch
c bn, hng lot cc kin ngh s c trnh by hnh thnh k hoch ci to .
Khi s di chuyn ca nc r r c xem l 1 vn , c 2 cch qun l nn
c thc hin. Mt l kim sot s pht sinh thm nc r r ,hai l ngn chn
vic di chuyn ca nc r r .
Kim sot s pht sinh nc r r c th thc hin c thng qua vic kim
sot nc ma chy trn b mt bi rc,thng qua vic lp t lp che ph
khng thm c .
Nc ma chy trn trn bi chn lp c th kim sot c bng cch xy
dng cc chn, g chn, hoc cc cng trnh tng t .
C th kim sot nc ma thm xuyn qua bi chn lp bng cch lp t
nhng lp che ph khng thm nc vi 1 nghing thch hp cho php
nc ma d dng thot i . Lp che ph hay nhng np bt y s ngn
nga vic hnh thnh thn nc r rc do n ma pht sinh. B dy np
y ph thuc vo tng a im cng nh ty d nh s dng ci to bi
chn lp .S st ln v cc qu trnh khc cng nn c xem xt nu k
hoch l s m rng BCL sau khi ci to theo phng thng ng.
Ngoi nhng phng php c trnh by nhng on trc, cn ht sc
lu n vic qun l nc r r sinh ra trong bi chn lp cng nh kim
sot kh bi chn lp .
kim sot nc r r s thm qua thnh bn bi chn lp, c th lp t lp
t mt thot nc ngn s di chuyn ca nc. Nhng lp ny c th lp t
cn hay su di t. Nhng lp t khng su, tt nhin vic lp t r
hn,nhng n khng gii quyt ton b vn v n ch gi c nc r r r
ra vo ma ma .Nhng lp chn lp su th c thit k nh lp chng thm
t nhin c th ngn nga qu trnh thm ra khi bi chn lp .Vic chn la
gii php thay th thch hp nht ph thuc vo a im, kh nng nh hng
tiu cc ln sc khe cng ng, v nh hng mi trng, chi ph v cc nhn
t khc. Ni cho cng, phi c cc bin php qun l kh bi chn lp, cng
nh kim tra quan trc bi chn lp[77]. .
Nu vn nhim tr nn rt nghim trng v d nh lm nhim ngun
nc cp hin ti), th tip , nhng bin php hnh ng mnh phi c tin
hnh. Nhng hot ng ny c th l o ,v di chuyn ton b rc thi, ci to
BCL chun b chn lp kiu mi ,hay ng ca ,v vn chuyn rc ti bi
chn lp v sinh. Gii php khc c th l o v x l rc thi , phc hi li
nhng vt liu ti sinh ,lp t nhng lp lt ,hay sa cha nhng lp lt hin
hnh ,v vic rc vo phn BCL uc ci to sa cha .Qu trnh ny
c gi tn l ci to v khai thc BCL (landfill mining and reclamation LFMR).
15.18. KINH T:
15.18.1. M u:
124

Chi ph ca tng hot ng vn hnh chn lp thnh phn v c bn thay i t

nc ny sang nc khc v trong mi nc. S thay i ny b tc ng bi
tnh hnh v nhng quy nh ca a phng, cng nh cc nhn t khc khng
lin quan trc tip n vic chn lp ( vd: nhng nh gi cung cp tin cho
cc chng trnh ti ch v.v). Vn c tho lun trong phn ny gii hn
trong vic xc nh tng hot ng vn hnh ph bin ca qu trnh vn hnh
chn lp v chi ph ca chng.
Chi ph ca hot ng chn lp ph thuc thnh phn ca loi rc c chn
lp, quy m vn hnh, kh nng tm c bi chn lp v vt liu bao ph, v
vic xy dng BCL c phn chia lm nhiu giai on xy dng hay khng. Xy
dng bi chn lp tng giai on thng r hn so vi xy dng ht mt ln.
Nhng thay i cc iu kin ti v tr BCL v nhng iu chnh quy nh th
tc a im xy dng l yu t quan trng lm thay i chi ph xy dng bi
chn lp.
xc nh chnh xc chi ph bi chn lp trong mt khu vc c th, phng
php tt nht, khi c th, l kho st vn hnh chn lp trc kia v hin nay
khu vc . Trong mi khu vc, chi ph cho vic thi b rc bng cch chn lp
ph thuc vo gi t m trn h tng c s c xy dng, cch thit k bi
chn lp, chi ph nhn cng v nhng quy nh php l cn phi tun th.
Chi ph chn lp khng ch trc tip tc ng n tng chi ph qun l rc thi,
n cn lin quan ti mc v loi ca quy trnh x l rc trc khi chn lp
sau cng. Ni mt cch khc, cch thc m rc c qun l bi ngi pht
sinh rc b quyt nh kh ln bi chi ph chn lp loi rc ny. Vd: nu chi ph
ca t chn lp rc thp, vic gim bt thi b rc v chn la gii php ti
ch rc thng t c quan tm hn l khi nu chi ph ca chn lp cao. Bt k
mc pht trin kinh t ca mt nc, th chi ph xy dng bi chn lp v
vn hnh thng ch l mt phn tng i nh trong tng chi ph qun l rc
trong trng hp ti thi im v a im c chi ph cho c s h tng ph hp
vi vic chn lp v cc chi ph xy dng khc thp. Hin nhin, trong hon
cnh , vic chn lp rc cha x l trc thng c chi ph thp nht so vi
cch qun l rc khc, mc d y khng nht thit l s la chn tt nht
qun l rc thi. Tri li, mt s hnh thc x l rc nhm gim s lng v th
tch ca rc c d nh a i chn lp c chng minh hp l v mt
kinh t trong nhng khu vc m t mc, khan him v khng ph hp vi vic
chn lp. Nhng o nh, ng dn i din cho mt v d ca mt hoc tt c
cc tr ngi gy ra bi khng c t.
Trong hu ht nhng cng ng dn c cc nc cng nghip, chi ph cho
vic vn hnh bi chn lp c ly li bng cch thu ph ca ngi s dng
(user fee). Loi ph tiu biu c bit n l ph thu da trn khi lng rc
c chn lp (tipping fee). Nhn chung cc loi ph thu da trn khi lng
rc c chn lp ny thay i da vo khi lng, loi rc v kh nng tm
c ni chn lp.
15.18.2. Chi ph chn lp so vi tng chi ph thi b cht thi rn:
125

Tng chi ph thi b cht thi bng cc chi ph mi thnh phn ca vn hnh
chn lp rc cng li. Hot ng thi b bt u bng vic thu gom rc t
nhng ni pht sinh nh nh dn hoc khu cng nghip v kt thc bng s
qun l cui cng ca ni chn lp sau khi ngng hot ng (tc l, ng ca
v sau khi ng ca bi chn lp). Tng chi ph mi thnh phn ca hot ng
thi b rc bng cc chi ph c bn (hay chi ph u t) v chi ph vn hnh ca
n cng li.
Ba hot ng qun l rc quan trng l thu gom, chuyn ch v x l. X l
khng bt buc phi c. Thu gom lin quan n vic nht nhng vt liu b
vt b t cc khu vc thuc nh dn v thuc khu cng nghip. S chuyn ch
l s vn chuyn rc c thu gom n bi chn lp hoc im thu gom tp
trung hoc ni x l. Hin nay vic chn rc ti bi chn lp c gi l thi b
bng cch chn lp. cc nc ang pht trin, s thu gom chim phn ln chi
ph qun l rc.
15.18.3. Tc ng ca vic x l n chi ph chn lp rc:
Nn rc thnh kin l mt phng php x l rc m mc ch l tng khi
lng ring rc c thu gom, do lm gim th tch rc c chn lp. Cch
ny c dng tng sc cha ca bi chn lp. Hn na, lm gim lng t
che ph cn thit. Tng sc cha ca bi chn lp v lm gim nhu cu t bao
ph th hin nhin chi ph ca bi chn lp s thp hn.
Vic ly li cc vt liu c th ti ch c ( nh nht rc, sn xut sn phm
compost) l mt dng x l rc lm gim th tch rc a i chn lp.Vic
thu hi cc vt liu c th ti ch c c th c tin hnh trc, trong v sau
khi thu gom. X l rc trn quy m ln, nhm ti ch v gim lng rc c
d nh a i chn lp, c th hp l trong nhng khu vc m sc cha ca
bi chn lp thp v nhng v tr thay th khc nm rt xa (c th hn 50 km).
Mt cch x l rc khc c th lm gim chi ph hn cch lm gim th tch rc
l ci thin tnh cht rc n mt mc m do vy khng cn nhng yu cu
k thut chn lp c bit. Nhng v d ca nhng yu cu k thut c bit
c m t trc y. Nhng phng php ci thin tnh cht rc l:
Kh c nhng cht thi c hi.
S thu nh hoc ho rn nhng cht thi nguy him v c hi.
Loi b nhng dng rc thi ra c bit kh chu (nh rc ch).
15.18.4. Nhng chi ph c bn v chi ph vn hnh:
Nhng chi ph c bn ch yu l chi ph t, nh, xy dng v xe c. Nhng chi
ph ny thng l chi ph c nh bi v, theo nguyn tc, chng c c mt
trong bt c qu trnh vn hnh bi chn lp. Nhn lc vn hnh v bo tr,
chi ph nhin liu v chi ph vt liu ph trong sut qu trnh vn hnh ca bi
chn lp tt c c xp vo loi chi ph vn hnh. Nhng chi ph vn hnh c
th thay i ty thuc vo t l v khi lng rc cn chn lp.
126

15.18.5. Nhng m hnh tnh ton chi ph ca bi chn lp:

Kh khn ch yu trong vic xy dng m hnh tnh ton chi ph ca bi chn
lp, ph hp vi nhng iu kin v chi ph ca nc ang pht trin, l t s
liu v tin cy ca s liu thp. Trong trng hp ny, phng php l lun
logic c p dng nhm c lng chi ph da vo nhng d liu c th v
nhng d liu khc c lin quan. Vic ny c th c lm d dng bng cch
tun theo mt m hnh ph hp tnh ton nhng chi ph lin quan n vic
chn lp hp v sinh. Nh bng hng dn hoc m hnh c xut bi
L.E.Joyce [39] v c tm tt trong bng 15-9. Nhng dng bin th ca m
hnh ny, k c nhng m hnh phc tp vi nhiu bin hn thng c dng
bi nhng nh qun l rc thi cc nc cng nghip c tnh nhng chi
ph cho bi chn lp.
Mc d m hnh da vo nhng iu kin v tnh hnh thc t M, nhng n
c th iu chnh li cho ph hp cc nc ang pht trin, bi v n c da
vo nhng nguyn tc xy dng m hnh c bn hn l nhng nguyn tc c
th. Nhng chi ph c nu trn bng c xem l ch th v nhng chi ph
lin quan, v con s c t ra cho cc loi chi ph kh tiu biu cho chi ph
ca bi chn lp hp v sinh hin nay M. Cc loi chi ph chi tit trong mi
loi chi ph c bn c lit k trong bng 15-9, m t chi tit trong bng 1510. Cc loi chi ph trong bng 15-10 c th dng nh mt bng lit k nhng
mc cn kim tra trong sut qu trnh xc nh v chun b nhng chi ph cho
bi chn lp mi ni trn th gii.
Bng 15-9: M hnh nh gi chi ph ca bi chn lp v nhng loi ph dch v
(i vi BCL c cng sut 180 tn/ ngy)

Nhng loi chi ph chnh

a) Tng chi ph chun b xy dng
b) Tng chi ph xy dng c bn
c) Tng chi ph vn hnh mi nm
d) Chi ph ng ca/ sau khi ng ca mi nm
Tnh ton tng chi ph mi nm
e) Nhng chi ph c bn (a+b)
f) Tin li tr dn chi ph c bn
(gim tuyn tnh trong 20 nm khong 9%)
g) Chi ph vn hnh mi nm (c)
h) Chi ph ng ca v sau khi ng ca mi nm (d)
i) Tng chi ph mi nm (f+g+h)
Tnh ton chi ph n v v nhng loi ph dch v
j) Mi nm tn /nm (180 tn /ngy* 6 ngy/tun
*52tun/nm)
Chi ph n v (US$/tn)
k) Chi ph/tn (i:j)

$887000
$2812000
$1323000
$70000
$3699000
$401000
$1323000
$70000
$1794000
56200tn/nm
$32/tn
127

l) Chi ph ca cng ng ti ch u t ci thin

BCL (Host community fee for capital improvements)
m) Chi ph h tr ca tiu bang v a phng (State or
local fee)
n) Tng ph chn lp rc (k+l+m)
Chi ph /h gia nh/thng
o) Chi ph mi nm (i)
p) Dn s
q) Chi ph /ngi (o:q)
r) Ngi /h gia nh
s) Chi ph/h gia nh (q* r)

--$32/tn
$1794000
100000ngi
$18/nm/ngi
$1,50/thng/ngi
4
$6/thng/hgia nh

Ngun tham kho 39

Nhng chi ph c c tnh trong bng 15-9 l chi ph theo l thuyt ca m
hnh bi chn lp hp v sinh hin i vi cng sut 180tn/ngy, c thit k
phc v khu dn c khong 100000 ngi M. C s h tng t v tr
c din tch khong 100 ha, m 40 ha s dng lm ni chn lp rc v 60 ha cn
li l vng m. su trung bnh ca h o l khong 3 m. Chi ph bao gm
mt h thng lp lt y bi chn lp kp v h thng pht hin v thu gom
nc rc. Bi chn lp c thit k vn hnh 6 ngy/tun, 52 tun/ nm
[40,41]
Bng 15-10: Xc nh cc loi chi ph trong nhng loi chi ph c bn c nu
bng15-9.

Nhng chi ph chun b xy dng

Chn a im xy dng (k thut, ph lin quan n php lut, kho st
a cht s b)
Lp bn ni xy dng (a hnh /kho st cc gii hn) v kho st a
cht ln cui
Thit k k thut v lm n xin php theo lut nh
Nghe phn nh t php lut v cng ng
Vic mua t
Ph giy php theo lut nh
Nhng dch v h tr hnh chnh
D phng
Chi ph xy dng c bn
ng vo bi chn lp v ng ni b trong bi chn lp
Dn sch h o v t
Cc cng trnh kim sot xi mn v st ln
H thng lt y v nn mng bi chn lp
H thng thu gom nc rc v kh rc ca bi chn lp
H thng x l nc rc
To phong cnh cho bi chn lp
128

H thng cn
Trm cn v vn phng
Trm bo tr cc thit b my mc
Khu vc ngh ngi cng cng
Trng mt bng cc iu kin khc nhau
Nhng th linh tinh khc ( n, ca cng, k hiu hng dn v.v)
Th nghim kim tra cht lng v k thut cng trnh
Chi ph vn hnh hng nm
Qun l nhn s
B phn qun l bi chn lp ( v d: bo tr nh v bi chn lp)
Vn hnh v bo tr thit b my mc
Nhin liu v in
Tin thu thit b
Bo tr ng s
Quan trc cht lng mi trng nh k (vd: cht lng nc mt v kh
bi chn lp)
Nhng dch v k thut
Chi ph hp ng bo him / ng ca bi chn lp v thit b
Chi ph u t pht trin lin tc
X l nc rc cc h thng x l nc thi ca thnh ph
X l s b nc rc trc khi thi vo h thng thot nc thnh ph
Nhng chi ph d phng
Chi ph ng ca v sau khi ng ca bi chn lp
Ph k thut lp quy hoch ng ca bi chn lp
S chp thun, thng qua v mt php lut bn k hoch ng ca bi
chn lp
San bng bi chn lp v trng cy li
Bo tr cc cng trnh hn ch xi mn v st ln
Bo tr h thng thu kh bi rc
Vn hnh v bo tr h thng thu gom nc rc
X l nc rc
Nhng chi ph c tnh ton thm vo vic chn lp c cung cp bng1511. D liu trong bng c a ra cho nhng bi chn lp c tng din tch
100, 200, 300, 400 ha [40,43].
Nhng chi ph c tnh ton m t trong bng 15-9 v 15-11 cung cp cho
ngi c phng php c tnh chi ph v kin thc chung v mc ti a
ca nhng chi ph cho vic chn lp hp v sinh hin nay.
Trung tm lin chu M v cc k thut v sinh v khoa hc mi trng
(CEPIS), ca t chc sc kho lin chu M (PAHO), pht trin chng
trnh my tnh gip ngi s dng trong vic quyt nh nhng chi ph ca
tng giai on khc nhau ca qun l rc.

129

Bng 15-11: Nhng v d v chi ph chn lp hp v sinh, da vo nhng iu

kin v tnh hnh thc t hin nay M (US$)

Khon
Chun b
xy dnga
S chun b
ni xy dng
t st
(ly ti ch)
t st
(ly t ni
cch 16 km)
Mng /
t st (ly
ti ch)
Mng /
t st ( ly
t ni cch
16 km )
Vn
hnh (mi
nm)
ng
cab
Sau
khi ng
cac

Din tch bi chn lp hot ng

100ha
200ha
4300000
520000

300ha
610000

400ha
700000

8700000

18300000

29500000

42200000

10600000

21800000

34600000

49300000

11900000

24400000

38500000

54400000

12900000

26400000

41700000

58600000

220000

380000

530000

580000

14000002300000

28000004600000

42000007000000

57000009300000

170000340000

240000480000

350000700000

4600009200000

Nhng khon k c chi ph chun b xy dng: bn phn tch /bn bo co

tc ng mi trng, bn bo co kh thi, thit k v k hoch vn hnh,
qun l. Chi ph t c b qua.
b

Nhng khon trong chi ph ng ca bi chn lp: o p, trng cy, thu

gom kh.
c

Nhng khon trong chi ph sau khi ng ca: quan trc ( kh, nc mt,
nc rc), x l nc rc, bo tr bi chn lp, hp ng bo him trch
nhim php l, trng cy, thu gom kh.
15.18..6.Chi ph trang thit b ca bi chn lp:
130

Chi ph u t ca my mc chuyn dng c dng cho vic chn lp rc thi

chim phn ln chi ph xy dng bi chn lp. Mt bng hng dn v chi ph
ti a ca trang thit b c th tham kho nhng s liu trong bng 15-12. Do
chi ph chn lp hp v sinh, vic t c mt s trang thit b thch hp
vn hnh bi chn lp c hiu qu khng c tin hnh nhng nc ang
pht trin.
Trong han cnh ca U.S, thi gian s dng thit b chn lp c ng thng
c c tnh l khang 5 n 10 nm.
Trong mt nc cng nghip, chi ph hng nm ca vic bo tr my mc
chuyn dng ( tra du m, sa cha lp xe, cc b phn,..) c c tnh
khang t 15% n 20% chi ph u t ca thit b. Chi ph tht nhng nc
ang pht trin ph thuc mnh m vo thi gian s dng ca thit b, lai thit
b, v phng thc bo tr, cng nh da vo nhng nhn t khc nhau ring
bit tng nc. Tuy nhin, t l gia chi ph bo tr v chi ph u t gia
nhng nc ang pht trin vi cc nc cng nghip c th tng ng
nhau.
Cng nh vi chi ph bo tr, chi ph nhin liu thay i theo lai v tnh trng
ca thit b. R rng, chng cng ph thuc vo gi nhin liu tnh theo tng
a phng. Nhng nh hng v vic tiu th nhin liu c th tham kho
trong bng d liu c trnh by di y. Cn c vo nhng s liu ny, vic
tiu th nhin liu trung bnh l t 25 n 45 L nhin liu trong 1 gi
Bng 15-12:Chi ph u t ca mt s thit b chn lp

Cng
Lai thit b sut
kW)
Xe i t c
bnh xch

< 60

Gi
Ti
trng gn chng
bng
(US$)
8
-10

67
-97

12
-16

104
-130

14
-20

186
-209
Xe ch rc
c bnh xch

26
-34

< 68

9
-11

75
-97

12
-16

75
-97

12
-16

119
-142

16
-22

62,000
-140,000
88,000
-205,000
160,0005,000
385,000
-485,000
75,000
-100,000
118,000
-200,000
118,000
-200,000
260,000
-415,000

Ghi ch
Tm chn chun/tm
chn chn lp
Tm chn
tiu
chun/chn lp
Tm chn tiu chun
Tm chn chn lp
GPBc 0.8 m3
GPB: 1.5 m3
MPBd 1.3 m3
GPB: 2.3 m3

131

119
-142
Xe ch rc
dng lp cao su

20
-24

< 75
< 75

141
to 161
224
to 235
250
to 392

GPB: 1.3 m3

125,000

MPB: 1.1 m3

8
-11
9

89 to
Xe m nn

110,000

-10

-12

257

MPB: 1.9 m3

89 to
119

260,000
-415,000

-13

-32
-46

150,000
-235,000
10
150,000
-23312,000
230,000
< 21
-00,000
29
325,000
-490,000
31
400,000
-600,000

GPB: 3.0 m3
MPB: 1.7 m3
Tm chn chn lp
Tm chn chn lp
Tm chn chn lp

Ngun: Tham kho 7 v CalRecovery,inc

a

Thit b c bn cng vi nhng tm che c ng; b tn nhit bo v; qut o

chiu; trc ln v c tm chn chn lp, gu xc hay gu xc lt
b

2002. Gii hn ca chi ph phn nh s khc nhau v thit b c cung cp

bi nh sn xut v v c im k thut ca thit b v chi ph thu, l ph
nhp khu.
c

Gu xc

Gu xc lt

15.19. S THAM GIA CA CNG NG:

15.19.1.Gii thiu:
Do mi trng c ngha quan trng trong cuc sng tt p ca cng ng, v
vc thi b cht thi ba bi gy thit hi n cht lng mi trng, cng
ng thng yu cu c mt vai tr ch ng trong qun l cht thi. Theo ,
ngy nay ngi ta ang ch n cc hot ng v c ch gip cho s tham gia
ca cng ng ph hp v c chp nhn. V vy, l tng nht l lp nn mt
k hach khuyn khch s tham gia ca cng ng khuyn khch ngi dn
tham gia tch cc trong tt c cc giai an pht trin cc phng tin qun l
cht thi, bao gm cc giai on la chn v tr, thit k, vn hnh, han thnh
v c vic s dng sau khi ng ca trong trng hp chn lp.
Nhiu nc ang pht trin khng c c ch cho php s tham gia tch cc ca
qun chng. Tuy nhin, cng ng nn tham gia vo vic hnh thnh cc
phng tin qun l cht thi hay t nht, c cung cp thng tin y v k
hach x l. Nhng nhm khng c thng tin y c th lm tr ngi cho
vic xy dng qun l cht thi, v c th gy ra nhng tc ng bt li n
tan b h thng qun l cht thi.
132

15.19.2. Nhng nguyn tc s tham gia ca cng ng:

Mt phng thc hiu qu m bo s tham gia cng ng vo d n bi
chn lp l thu ht s quan tm ca cng ng. Bt k kin chng i no tn
ti nn c gii quyt. Tri li, khng th ch i cc kin chng i t n
gim dn ri bin mt, v thc cht n ch l s lng xung tm thi v th
hay thiu quan tm. Mc d i vi 1 d n bi chn lp, vic th hay khng
c th c ngha l khng chng i, nhng n cng c ngha l khng c
s h tr tch cc khi a d n vo thc hin. Chnh do iu ny m cc ng
c thc y (motivation) v bin php khuyn khch (incentive) th hin
tc dng.Chng to thnh ng lc thc y rt cn thit ci thin thi
ca cng ng i n s tn thnh.
Cc hat ng tham gia ca cng ng nn c t di s hng dn ca
nhng ngi chuyn nghip c o to trong ngnh quan h cng ng v
thng tho cch gii quyt cc xung t.
15.19.3.Xua tan nhng kin chng i:
Trong phn ny cng ng c chia ra lm 3 nhm, da vo v tr ca h trong
h thng cp bc kinh t v s nh hng tng i ca h ln qu trnh a ra
quyt nh i vi nhng vn lin quan n cng ng v vic chn lp cht
thi rn. Ba nhm l :1) Kh khn v ti chnh ( ngho ), 2) Thu nhp trung
bnh ( trung lu ), 3) m bo v ti chnh ( giu c ).
thun tin cho vic trnh by tho lun tip theo, chng ta quy c tng lp
u tin c gi l ngho, tng lp th 2 l trung lu, tng lp th 3 l
giu.
15.19.3.1.Tng lp ngho:
Tng lp ngho ch yu quan tm ti nhng iu kin tn ti c bn. Do ,
nu h nhn thy bt c s e da no n iu kin tn ti ca mnh u s
lm ny sinh s chng i i vi nguyn nhn ca mi e da.
i vi nhng c nhn c ngun thu nhp chnh l nht rc, vic pht trin mt
bi chn lp mi l mt mi e da, v do h s chng i nu bi chn lp
ngn cm hoc tc i cng vic nht rc ca h m khng chu qun l n.
Cch c th lai b mi e da i vi h gm 2 bc:
ng ngn cm hon ton vic nht rc ti bi chn lp. Qun l n, hn
ch n trong khu vc c ch nh r, v p t nhng quy tc cn c
bo m ngn nga tai nn v ngn nga s cn tr vn hnh hiu qu bi
chn lp.
m bo cho ngi nht rc rng, bn cnh nhng quy nh cn c bo
v s an ton ca nhng ngi cng nhn v cng ng ni chung v
vn hnh c hiu qu bi chn lp, khng bin php no s c a ra
ngn cm vic nht rc.
133

C th kh khn xua tan s nghi ng thng trc ca cng ng i vi

nhng quy nh ca chnh quyn. Nhng s h nghi c th c xua tan bng
cch cho ngi nht rc xem nhng k hoch v nhng bn thit k, v/ hoc
ngh s h tr t ngi ng u on th ca h. Li ha m bo c th
c a ra bng 1 li tuyn b; bi on th ca nhng ngi nht rc, ngi
i thng lng, v nhng ngi khc trong ngnh kinh doanh rc; bng nhng
tin tc c loan truyn trn i pht thanh, v nhng thng bo chung (chnh
thc ); v trong 1 chng mc no , bi nhng phng tin truyn thng bng
vn bn v nhng chng trnh gio dc cng ng.
V mt a im chn lp mi thng c t gn ngun pht sinh rc, nn
khi chn nhng vng ven lm BCL th ni ca ngi ngho c th cnh tranh
vi t d tnh xy bi chn lp. Bt chp s khng ph hp ca nhng khu t
km phm cht, chng vn l s trng cy cui cng cho ngi ngho sinh
sng . Tuy nhin, rt thng khi ngi ngho ginh t vi BCL. Do khng
c g l khi c nhng kin chng i mnh m d n xy dng bi chn lp
trong nhm i tng ny.
Xua tan nguyn nhn c bn a n s chng i c th l 1 nhim v kh
khn. Mt phng php khc kh thi hn l ti nh c nhng c nhn b tc
quyn s hu (t). Mt phng php khc i ph vi vn l thit k v
vn hnh bi chn lp sao cho ngay khi hon thnh, khu vc c th cung cp
ni sinh sng v gii tr, mc d bin php khc phc ha hn ca n b tr hon
li n 1 tng lai xa. V vic buc ngi dn b nh hng phi chp nhn
nhng bin php khc phc va nu s l 1 nhim v kh khn, mc d c
nhng thnh cng nht nh i vi nhng phng php truyn thng ny.
Cch gii quyt tt nht l gi cho kh nng gy nh hng l nh nht. Nhng
ng c a ra thc y ngi ngho nh l: hy sinh cho nhng hng ha
cng cng, s bo v sc khe cng ng, lng yu nc, v nhng th tng
t l khng quan trng v i vi h nhng iu kin tn ti n thun l vn
cp bch nht.
15.19.3.2.Tng lp trung lu:
Tng lp trung lu, c xc nh rt r rng cc nc cng nghip, c th
khng tn ti hoc c th ch l 1 nhm tng i nh trong 1 nc ang pht
trin. Trong phn ny thut ng Tng lp trung lu c dng cho thun tin
v ch nhng i tng khng ph hp trong tng lp ngho m cng
khng c kh nng v mt ti chnh c phn loi nh ngi giu. V
th, phm tr ny bao gm nhng c nhn v nhng nh chuyn mn, nhng
ngi v tr qun l v/ hoc v tr a ra quyt nh trong c quan h lm
vic. V d ca nhng c quan c th l nhng cng ty kinh doanh nh v hu
ht nhng b phn ca chnh ph. Ngoi ra bao gm trong loi ny l 1 vi c
cu trong h thng gio dc ( ch yu l nhng trng tiu hc v trung hc ),
ca nhng ngnh ngh chm sc sc khe, l nhng ngi dn quan tm v c
thng tin v cc vn QLCT, v nhng ngi khc.
Nhng l do nhng ngi ny chng li d n xy dng bi chn lp th khng
c bn nh nhng l do m ngi ngho a ra cng nh khng xy ra trn
134

din rng. Nhng mi quan tm khng c coi l c bn v chng khng lin

quan ti iu kin tn ti c bn. Tuy nhin, nhng mi quan tm quan trng c
th lin quan ti vic mt ni sinh sng v cht lng ca ni sinh sng- khi
vic c ch sinh sng cc k him. a s nhng nguyn nhn l t nhng
mi e da d thy i vi :1) sc khe thng qua s nhim cc ngun ti
nguyn v to iu kin pht sinh cn trng v ng vt truyn bnh, 2) cht
lng cuc sng v 3) nhng gi tr ti sn.
Vic pht sinh kin chng i ny sinh t mi quan tm v sc khe v cht
lng cuc sng c th l ng k nu khng c loi b hon ton bng vic
chng minh rng bi chn lp hp v sinh c thit k v vn hnh 1 cch
ng n s khng l mi e da.Tuy nhin, vic e s v s gim bt ni sinh
sng v lm gim gi tr ti sn s khng d dng lng xung. Vn gim bt
ni sinh sng c th c x l trong 1 chng mc no bi nhng phm vi
tng t thi hnh cho ngi ngho. Cn vn tc ng bt li trn gi tr ca
ti sn xung quanh s rt kh lm du. D nhin, nhng kh khn s gim bt
ng k nu vn hnh chn lp kn c xut thay th cho vn hnh 1 bi rc
h hoc bng cch a ra 1 vi loi bi thng[54]. Vic bi thng khng cn
thit phi l v mt ti chnh. Vic bi thng c th c vic xy dng trng
hc, cng vin hoc trung tm sinh hot cng ng.
Phng php hnh ng tt nht l cng khai li ch ca 1 bi chn lp hp v
sinh. V phn ln tng lp trung lu c hc thc, vic tuyn truyn s d
dng hn i vi tng lp ngho. Cc phng tin truyn thng bng vn bn
nh bo chi, cng nh i pht thanh v v tuyn, cng c th c dng.
15.19.3.3.Tng lp giu c:
kin chng i trn b phn ngi giu c th s khng c ngun gc su xa
m cng khng mnh m bng 2 tng lp kia. Hn na, c hi c bt c s
tip xc trc tip no vi 1 bi chn lp ca ngi trong tng lp ny cng lun
lun s rt nh. Bt c kin chng i no cng s pht sinh t 1 mi quan
tm chung chung v s lm gim gi tr ca cht lng ti nguyn nc trong
khu vc, v s e da i vi sc khe cng ng ( ngha l, khng gii hn
din tch xung quanh bi chn lp), hoc v vic lm gim gi tr ca bt c ti
sn gn no, m c th thuc quyn s hu ca h. Nhng ngi trong tng
lp ny s sng ti nhng khu vc pht trin v kinh t, ni m cht lng
ca mi trng s tng t nh trong 1 nc cng nghip. V nhng nt c
trng vn ha (v x hi v quan im) s cng tng t nh 1 quc gia
pht trin, nhng phng php c a vo thu ht s sn sng tham gia
ca h hoc khuyn khch nhng vn lin quan n bi chn lp hp v sinh
cng tng t.
15.19.4.Mc tiu ca s tham gia cng ng:
Mc d mt vi trong s nhng mc tiu ny c th kh t c nhiu nc
ang pht trin, chng c ni n y hng dn nhng nc ang pht
trin tin tin hn v dng nh 1 m hnh cho nhng nc t pht trin hn.
Trong s nhng mc ch ca chng trnh tham gia ca cng ng cho nhng
135

nc ang pht trin tin tin ny v, trong 1 chng mc no , cho nhng

nhm nc ang pht trin mc trung bnh s l nhng mc tiu sau y:
Cng ng nn c c hi hiu nhng chng trnh ca chnh quyn cng
nh nhng chng trnh hnh ng c chnh quyn xut t c
nhng li ch cho cng ng.
Nhng quyt nh quan trng ca nh nc nn c s phi hp vi nhng
b phn cng ng quan tm v b nh hng.
Cng ng phi c c hi tham gia vo qu trnh a ra quyt
nh.Thm na, s tham gia ca cng ng phi c khun khch v ng
h.
Tt c nhng mc ch c a ra trn c th t c thng qua nhng
bui trao i ci m gia nhng ngi nghin cu quy hoch bi chn lp,
nhng ngi thit k v nhng ngi iu hnh v cng ng.
15.19.5 u im ca s tham gia ca cng ng:
Thm vo nhng u im c cp trc , 1 chng trnh tham gia ca
cng ng c thit k tt bao gm nhng li ch sau:
Cung cp nhng d liu hu dng cho ngi a ra quyt nh.
m bo rng tt c cc vn c xem xt 1 cch y v cn thn.
Bao gm xem xt trong qu trnh a ra quyt nh nhng vn bn ngoi
BCL nhng c nh hng trn BCL.
Rt bnh thng, s tham gia ca cng ng cng c 1 vi iu bt li. Trong
s chng l :1) Lm tng chi ph ca d n khi mi lin h vi cng ng lng
lo, v 2) Kh nng chm tr trong d n v kin chng i ca cng ng v
s dnh lu ca nhng ngi tham gia vo.
Khng c nhng bt li no trong danh sch bn trn l c kh nng lm gim
gi tr ca rt nhiu li ch t 1 chng trnh tham gia ca cng ng c hiu
qu. Nhng li ch nh l chng to iu kin thun li lp ra mt qu trnh
ra quyt nh c hiu qu rt cn thit c c 1 BCL c cng ng chp
nhn.
15.19.6.Nhng ngi tham gia:
Trong nhng ngi tham gia c th c ch cho d n, cc nhm v c nhn c
kh nng b nh hng mt cch trc tip bi bi chn lp l nhng i tng
quan trng. H c nhng c lc rt mnh m v h c quyn li c nhn nu
d n thnh cng. Nhng ngi tham gia c li khc l nhng ngi biu l s
quan tm c bit n vn mi trng. Trn thc t, s tham gia ca h nn
c khuyn khch trong qu trnh lm d n.
Cc t chc v c nhn nn tham gia vo qu trnh chn a im chn lp gm
c:1)ngi dn trong cng ng; 2) i din ca t chc (hi) ngi tiu dng,
t chc mi trung, v nhng t chc an th ca nhng c nhn c v tr thp
136

trong x hi; v 3) i din ca cc t chc thng mi, cng nghip, nng

nghip, lao ng, v ngi dn.
Vic sm nhn bit v t c s ng h ca cng ng trong qu trnh chn
a im chn lp l rt quan trng qu trnh chn a im ng thi gian
v v tr d nh v tip theo cng c th gip ch cho hat ng qun l cht
thi rn. C th th ch ha tham gia ca tt c hay hu ht cc c nhn v t
chc c lin quan thng qua mt ban c vn ca ngi dn. y l mt thnh
phn quan trng ca nhiu chin lc la chn a im[51].
15.19.7. Phm vi h tr ca cng ng trong cc giai an pht trin d
n:
D qu trnh tham gia ca cng ng c hiu qu trong tt c cc giai an ca
qu trnh pht trin mt chn lp v sinh, s h tr ca cng ng c th l
quan trng ti mt s giai an nht nh. V d, ti giai an u tin, qu
trnh lp k hach, l giai an c bn m s tham gia ca cng ng l cc k
quan trng bi v s h tr ca cng ng to ra c hi ln nht nh hng
cho vic quy hoch BCL cui cng. Nh tham gia ngay t u, cng ng c
vai tr tin phong (hay c vai tr xy dng) hn l vai tr th ng trong qu
trnh a ra quyt nh. Nhng c ch thch hp nh hng v tn dng s
tham gia ca cng ng l lng nghe kin cng ng, nhng bui gp g cng
ng v cc hi tho.
Giai on chn la v tr v thit k l giai an quan trng tip theo[47].
Phng php b sung c th truyn t thng tin trong giai an ny cc
phng tin nghe nhn v s hnh thnh nhng lc lng nhm c nhng th
tc v thit k trong nhng khu vc c s quan tm ca ngi dn Hnh thc
lng nghe cng ng l cn thit trong giai an ny.
Mt giai an quan trng th ba l giai an xy dng v vn hnh. D s h
tr thch hp t cng ng l c hn trong giai an ny, tuy nhin vic h tr
ny l phi c, do n l mt phng tin quan trng kim tra cht lng xy
dng v vn hnh.
15.19.8.Kt lun:
Nhng vn khi la chn v tr ca bi chn lp (hay bt k hat ng x l
cht thi khc) xy ra do nhng chi ph thc v nhng c nhn sng gn v tr
c chn lm BCL khng c ch n (b l i) trong qu trnh chn la
a im. Nu ngi thit k bi chn lp khng ch (l i) chi ph chp nhn
ca nhng ngi ny (perception cost), h s lm ny sinh nhng chnh sch
khng hi lng bi nhng ngi trong nhng cng ng b nh hng. V vy,
vic chn a im chn lp rt c kh nng s b phn i bi ngi dn m
chu nhng chi ph ny[48].
Kinh nghim M v cc nc khc (c nc cng nghip v nc ang pht
trin) ch ra rng s chp nhn ri ro ca con ngi s b thay i bt c lc no
khi m bi chn lp cht thi rn c xy dng. Tnh trng ny thm ch c th
137

xy ra nhng cng ng m BCL c th gim chung chung nhng nh hng

MT bt li cho ngi dn. Mt cch gii quyt c th thc hin trong han cnh
ny l s dng phng php li ch cho cng ng lm ch ti v tr xy dng
bi chn lp (hos tcommunity benefits _HCBs). HCBs l mt phng php
c chng minh l kh thnh cng trong vic la chn a im cho nhiu loi
cng trnh thng khng c chp nhn bi phn ln cng ng ( nh my
pht in quy m ln, nh t ,.). HCBs bao gm nhng bi thng ti chnh
(trn l ph t ngui thi ra, l ph da trn khi lng rc) n vic xy dng
cng vin, ng, trng hc, v cc bi chn lp khc gip ch cho c cng
ng. Vic p dng HCBs, v mt bn cht, l ng nht chi ph thit hi do
quyt nh xy dng BCL vo ngi b thit hi[48,52,53]..
Thm vo , nu li ch kinh t cho cng ng ln v mc nguy him
ca d n thp, hnh ng chng i pht l (not-in-my-backyard_NIMBY) l
1 kin phn i rt yu[49]. Tuy nhin, s n b nn c tin hnh vi
nhng gii php phi ti chnh nh s quan trc v chia s qun l[50,54].
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