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electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of Schlumberger.
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fitness for a particular purpose.
Patent information
Schlumberger ECLIPSE reservoir simulation software is protected by US Patents 6,018,497, 6,078,869 and 6,106,561,
and UK Patents GB 2,326,747 B and GB 2,336,008 B. Patents pending.
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Contact information
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Contents
Table of Contents
Proprietary Notice ............................................................................ 2
Patent information............................................................................ 2
Service mark information ................................................................ 2
Trademark information .................................................................... 2
Contact information ......................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 15
1.1
Setting up ............................................................................. 15
1.1.1
Before you run setup ...................................................... 15
1.1.2
Running setup ................................................................ 17
1.1.3
Changing Options after quitting setup ............................ 17
1.2
Documentation..................................................................... 17
1.2.1
PIPESIM additional documentation ................................ 17
1.2.2
Case Studies .................................................................. 18
1.2.3
Online Help..................................................................... 18
1.3
PIPESIM overview................................................................ 19
1.3.1
Modules .......................................................................... 20
1.3.2
Options ........................................................................... 23
1.4
File Management.................................................................. 25
1.5
Security ................................................................................ 26
1.5.1
Stand-alone security (dongle)......................................... 26
1.5.2
LAN Security................................................................... 27
PIPESIM
Contents
1.6
1.7
1.8
What to do next.................................................................... 28
2.1
2.2
Starting PIPESIM.................................................................. 31
2.3
2.4
Fluid data.............................................................................. 32
2.4.1
Black Oil ......................................................................... 32
2.4.2
Compositional................................................................. 34
2.4.3
Steam ............................................................................. 35
2.5
Model components overview.............................................. 35
2.5.1
Model & Component limitations...................................... 39
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
How to build models............................................................ 41
2.9.1
Fluid calibration .............................................................. 41
2.9.2
Pipeline & facilities.......................................................... 42
2.9.3
Well Performance ........................................................... 45
2.9.4
Network Analysis ............................................................ 48
2.9.5
Production Optimization ................................................. 50
2.9.6
Field Planning................................................................. 50
2.9.7
Multi-lateral ..................................................................... 51
3.1
Black Oil ............................................................................... 52
3.1.1
Lasater............................................................................ 52
PIPESIM
Contents
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.1.10
3.1.11
Standing ......................................................................... 53
Vazques and Beggs ....................................................... 53
Glas .............................................................................. 54
Coning ............................................................................ 55
Liquid Viscosity............................................................... 56
Dead Oil Viscosity .......................................................... 56
Live Oil Viscosity ............................................................ 57
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity .......................................... 58
Oil/Water Mixture Viscosity............................................. 59
Gas Viscosity.................................................................. 60
3.2
Compositional...................................................................... 60
3.2.1
EOS (Equations of State) ............................................... 60
3.2.2
Viscosity model............................................................... 61
3.2.3
BIP (Binary Interaction Parameter) Set .......................... 63
3.2.4
Hydrates ......................................................................... 63
3.3
Pressure Drop Calculation.................................................. 65
3.3.1
Flow regimes .................................................................. 66
3.3.2
Single Phase Flow Correlations ..................................... 69
3.3.3
Vertical Multiphase Flow Correlations ............................ 70
3.3.4
Horizontal Multiphase Flow Correlations ........................ 76
3.4
References ........................................................................... 80
4.1
Vertical Completions ........................................................... 87
4.1.1
Liquid Reservoirs............................................................ 87
4.1.2
Gas and Gas Condensate Reservoirs............................ 89
4.2
Horizontal Completions ...................................................... 91
4.2.1
Effect of Pressure Drop on Productivity.......................... 91
4.2.2
Single Phase Pressure Drop .......................................... 94
4.2.3
Multiphase Pressure Drop .............................................. 95
4.2.4
Inflow Production Profiles ............................................... 95
4.2.5
Steady-State Productivity ............................................... 96
4.2.6
Pseudo-Steady State Productivity .................................. 99
4.2.7
Solution Gas-Drive IPR ................................................ 101
PIPESIM
Contents
4.2.8
4.3
4.4
Artificial Lift........................................................................ 104
4.4.1
Gas Lift ......................................................................... 104
4.4.2
ESP Lift......................................................................... 105
4.5
Tubing................................................................................. 105
4.6
Chokes................................................................................ 106
4.6.1
Ashford-Pierce.............................................................. 106
4.6.2
Omana.......................................................................... 107
4.6.3
Gilbert, Ros, Baxendall, Achong and Pilehvari............. 108
4.6.4
Poettmann-Beck ........................................................... 109
4.6.5
Mechanistic Correlation, ............................................... 110
4.6.6
API 14-B Formulation ................................................... 112
4.7
4.8
Reservoir Depletion........................................................... 113
4.8.1
Volume Depletion Reservoirs ....................................... 113
4.8.2
Gas Condensate Reservoirs ........................................ 115
4.9
5.1
Compressor........................................................................ 119
5.2
5.3
5.4
Multiphase Boosting ......................................................... 121
5.4.1
Multiphase Boosters Positive Displacement Type..... 126
5.4.2
Twin Screw Type Multiphase Boosters ........................ 127
5.4.3
Progressing Cavity Type Multiphase Boosters............. 129
5.4.4
Multiphase Boosters Dynamic Type .......................... 130
5.4.5
Helico-Axial Type Multiphase Boosters ........................ 131
5.4.6
Contra-Rotating Axial Type Multiphase Booster........... 133
PIPESIM
Contents
5.4.7
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.1
6.2
No operation....................................................................... 139
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Artificial Lift Performance................................................. 142
6.9.1
Well Performance Curves............................................. 143
6.9.2
Optimization module performance curves .................... 143
6.10 Gas Lift Design & Diagnostics ......................................... 145
6.10.1 Check for Gas Lift instability ......................................... 145
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
PIPESIM
Contents
7.1
Pipeline & facilities Case Study Condensate Pipeline 161
7.1.1
Task 1. Develop a Compositional Model of the
Hydrocarbon Phases .................................................................. 161
7.1.2
Task 2. Identify the Hydrate Envelope.......................... 162
7.1.3
Task 3. Select a Pipeline Size ...................................... 163
7.1.4
Task 4. Determine the Pipeline Insulation Requirement
165
7.1.5
Task 5. Screen the Pipeline for Severe Riser Slugging 167
7.1.6
Task 6. Size a Slug Catcher ......................................... 170
7.1.7
Data Available .............................................................. 172
7.2
Well Performance Case Study Oil Well Design............ 175
7.2.1
Task 1. Develop a Calibrated Blackoil Model ............... 175
7.2.2
Task 2. Develop a Well Inflow Performance Model...... 180
7.2.3
Task 3. Select a Tubing Size for the Production String 180
7.2.4
Data Available .............................................................. 182
7.3
Network Analysis Case Study Looped Gas Gathering
Network ...................................................................................... 7-184
7.3.1
Task 1. Build a Model of the Network........................ 7-184
7.3.2
Task 2. Specify the Network Boundary Conditions ... 7-189
PIPESIM
Contents
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.4
7.5
7.6
Multi-lateral...................................................................... 7-194
INDEX ......................................................................8-194
PIPESIM
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Conventions
Document conventions
<edit/copy> - used to denote commands enter into the computer from
either Microsoft Windows operating systems or PIPESIM
PIPESIM
Conventions
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PIPESIM
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Conventions
CTRL+W
CTRL+
CTRL+N
CTRL+O
CTRL+T
CTRL+S
ALT+F4
CTRL+T
CTRL+E
CTRL+Y
Simulation
Run model
Restart Model
Check model
CTRL+G
CTRL+R
CTRL+E
Windows
New Model Window
Close Active Window
Go to Next Window
Go to Previous Window
CTRL+W
CTRL+F4
CTRL+F6 or CTRL+TAB
CTRL+SHIFT+F6 or
CTRL+SHIFT+ TAB
Tools
Print
Access Help
CTRL+P
F1
Editing/General
Access Pull-down menus
Cut
Copy
Paste
Delete
Select All
Find
Sticky key mode
ALT or F10
CTRL+X
CTRL+C
CTRL+V
Del
CTRL+A
CTRL+F
SHIFT
PIPESIM
Conventions
Zoom in
Zoom out
Zoom Full View
Restore View
13
SHIFT+Z
SHIFT+X
SHIFT+F
SHIFT+R
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
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1 Introduction
Welcome to Schlumbergers PIPESIM - the integrated Petroleum
Engineer and Facilities package for Design, Operation and
Optimization.
1.1 Setting up
You install PIPESIM on your computer by using the program
SETUP.EXE. The setup up program installs PIPESIM itself, the Help
system, sample case studies, the necessary start icons and any other
components required from the distribution disk to your local hard disk.
Important
You cannot simply copy files from the distribution disk to your hard
disk and run PIPESIM. You must use the setup program. This will
decompress and installs files in the correct directory and register the
required COM objects.
1.1.1 Before you run setup
Before you install PIPESIM, please make sure that your computer
meets the minimum requirements and that the PIPESIM package
contains the required items.
This manual assumes that you have a basic working knowledge of
Microsoft Windows 95 or higher. If you are not familiar with Windows,
then you should refer to the Microsoft Windows User's Guide before
reading this manual or using the software.
1.1.1.1 Hardware and system requirements
To run PIPESIM you must have certain hardware and software
installed.
The minimum system requirements are:
Any IBM Compatible PC with an Pentium processor or
higher 200MHz
A hard disk
At least 100Mb of free space on the hard disk
A CD-ROM drive
A VGA display
PIPESIM 2000
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Field Equipment
A mouse
32Mb of RAM
Microsoft Windows 98 or higher
The PC system date is set to the current date. The security
system uses the current PC date.
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18
Field Equipment
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screen to jump to topics that tell you how to use PIPESIM, or to get
quick access to key reference topics.
1.2.3.2 Help Search
The fastest way to find a particular topic in the Help system is to use
the Search dialog box. To display the Search dialog box, you can
either choose Search from the help menu or click the Search button
on the Help topic screen. The keyword or phase to search for can
then be entered.
1.2.3.3 Context-sensitive Help
Many parts of PIPESIM are context-sensitive. That means that you
can get help on these parts directly without having to go through the
Help menu.
You can press F1 from any context-sensitive part of PIPESIM to
display information about that part. The context-sensitive parts are:
Items on the toolbar
Objects on a dialog box
Horizontal &
Multilateral module
Field Planning
Module
Optimization Module
Network Module
Well Performance
Module
20
Field Equipment
Field Planning
Multi-lateral well
Multi-zone wells
This release of PIPESIM does not have all modules fully integrated,
i.e. Production Optimization (GOAL), Field Planning (FPT), Multilateral well (HoSim).
1.3.1 Modules
PIPESIM consists of the following modules:
Pipeline & Facilities
Well Performance Analysis
Network Analysis
Production Optimization (GOAL)
Field Planning (FPT)
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
1.3.1.1 Pipeline & Facilities
A comprehensive multiphase flow model with "System Analysis"
capabilities. Typical applications of the module include:
multiphase flow in flowlines and pipelines
point by point generation of pressure and temperature profiles
calculation of heat transfer coefficients
flowline & equipment performance modeling (system analysis)
1.3.1.2 Well Performance analysis
A comprehensive multiphase flow model with "Nodal & System
Analysis" capabilities. Typical applications of the module includes:
Well design
Well optimization
Well inflow performance modeling
Gas Lift Design
ESP Design
Gas lift performance modeling
ESP performance modeling
Horizontal well modeling (including optimum horizontal
completion length determination)
Injection well design
Annular and tubing flow
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Field Equipment
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Field Equipment
SPPTS (for Shell users only)
Field Equipment
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Field Equipment
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Field Equipment
Tel
+44 1293 55 68 97
+1 713 513 2037
To offer the best and fastest support our preferred method for
support services is via email.
1.8 What to do next
Depending upon your needs the following is recommended;
New users
Familiarize yourself with the all PIPESIM modules, their function
and application.
Work through the case studies for your particular area of interest
Existing users
Read the Release Notes document to obtain an overview of new
features.
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2 Model Overview
2.1 Steps in building a model
The steps involved in building a PIPESIM model are slightly different
for each module but follow the same basic steps.
Select units
Set fluid data
Calibrate data (optional)
Define components in the model
Well components (completion, tubing)
Pipeline component
Field equipment
Set heat transfer options
Select multiphase flow correlation
Perform an operation
Analyze the results
Graphical
Tabular
Via schematic
2.2 Starting PIPESIM
The PIPESIM GUI can be run from the start menu <start/program
files/Schlumberger/PIPESIM>.
2.3 Units System
The built in units system allows you the flexibility to select any
variable and define the unit of measurement to be used. Thus you
can use this feature to modify the units system to match reports or
data supplied by a service company or to simply customize the units
system to suit your own personal preferences.
Two non-customizable unit sets are provided;
Engineering (oil field) and
SI.
In addition the customizable unit sets are available.
Any number of customized unit sets can be created and saved (each
one to a different external data file) under a new name. These
customized files can be provided to other PIPESIM users.
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Model Overview
The units system used for any particular model is saved with the
model data, thus allowing models to be moved easily.
Any unit set can be set as the default for new models or new
sessions of PIPESIM.
2.4 Fluid data
One of the first things that you need to do before using PIPESIM is to
decide what type of fluid system you are going to use.
PIPESIM can model the following fluid types:
Gas
Gas condensate
Liquid
Liquid & Gas
Steam
The fluid can be described by one of the following methods;
Fully Compositional
Black Oil correlations
Steam tables
The fluid model that you use will depend upon:
Properties of the fluids in the system
Flow rates and conditions (pressure & temperature) at which the
fluid(s) enter and leave the system.
Available data, etc.
For a quick screening study where the accuracy of the physical
properties is not essential, we advise the user to use a Black oil fluid
model specification.
2.4.1 Black Oil
Black oil fluid modeling utilizes correlation models to simulate the key
PVT fluid properties of the oil/gas/water system. These empirical
correlation's treat the oil/gas system as a simple two component
system - unlike the more rigorous multi-component compositional
model methods. The hydrocarbon is treated simply as a liquid
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Model Overview
Oil formation volume factor of saturated systems: Standing,
Vasquez and Beggs, or Glas.
Oil formation volume factor of undersaturated systems:
Vasquez and Beggs, or Glas.
Dead oil viscosity: Beggs and Robinson, Glas, or Users data.
Live oil viscosity of saturated systems: Chew and Connally or
Beggs and Robinson.
Live oil viscosity of undersaturated systems: Vazquez and
Beggs, Kousel, or None.
Viscosity of oil/water mixtures: Inversion, Volume Ratio, or
Woelflin.
Gas viscosity: Lee et al.
Gas compressibility: Standing, or Hall and Yarborough.
2.4.2 Compositional
For compositional fluid modeling of hydrocarbon fluids and
associated gas and water components, PIPESIM uses a PVT
modeling package.
Compositional fluid modeling is generally regarded as more accurate,
but also more expensive in terms of time and computer resources
than black oil modeling. It is justified for problems involving volatile
fluids needing rigorous heat transfer calculations. However, the black
oil modeling approach can often give satisfactory results with volatile
fluids.
Oil systems contain in reality many thousands of pure components,
consisting of a spectrum of molecules with different carbon numbers
and large numbers of different isomers. It would be impossible to
model the behavior of such systems by explicitly defining the amount
of each of these molecules, both because of the excessive computing
power needed and the fact that laboratory reports could not possibly
supply all this information.
Since the alkane hydrocarbons are non-polar and therefore mutually
relatively ideal, lumping them together in the form of a number of
'pseudo-components' results in fairly accurate phase behavior and
physical property predictions.
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36
Model Overview
Compressor
Expander
PIPESIM 2000
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Model Overview
Heat exchanger
Choke
Generic
Equipment
Injection point
Multiplier/Adder
Spot report
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Keyword tool
Internal
Node
Connector
Link
37
PIPESIM
38
Nodal analysis
point
Model Overview
Node
Network module
Component
Type
Description
Production well Boundary Models the source as a production well.
Node
The well is (normally) defined from the
sand face to the point where it joins
another object, i.e. well head, manifold,
etc.
Generic source Boundary The point where a fluid enters the
Node
system. Can be used when a well is
modeled from the well head.
Injection well
Boundary Models the sink as an injection well,
Node
including tubing and completion.
Generic sink
Boundary The point where the fluid leaves the
Node
systems. A model may have any
number of sinks.
Node
Node
A point in the system where 1 or more
branches meets
Branch
Link
Connects 2 or more nodes, sources or
sinks. Any combination of flowline, riser
or pieces of equipment can be used to
describe a branch. When connected
between a well and a node the
resulting branch has no physical
meaning
Re-injection
Node
Connects 3 branches;
node
1 - the incoming fluid stream
2 - the outlet stream
3 - the stream removed by the
separator. All the fluid removed from
the separator is re-injected. The re-
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
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50
1
1
4
101
Well Performance
Maximum number of completions:
Maximum number of sinks
Maximum number tubing coatings:
Maximum number of nodes for a tubing:
Maximum number of geothermal survey points:
Maximum number of tubing strings:
Detailed model:
Simple model:
10
1
10
100
100
20
4
Network
Maximum number of wells / branches:
Maximum number of nodes:
Maximum number of PVT files:
Maximum number of compositions:
Maximum number of Black Oil compositions:
Maximum number of PQ data points:
unlimited
unlimited
500
1,000
1,024
30
Field Planning
Maximum number of stored timesteps:
Maximum number of auxiliary properties:
Maximum number of Eclipse models:
Maximum number of network models:
256
1,500
1
5
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Model Overview
2,500
99
500
1500
50
500
400
1
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
Maximum number of multi-laterals:
500
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Insure that the most suitable correlation is then selected from the
horizontal flow correlation list for subsequent simulations.
2.9.2.2 Pressure/Temperature profile
The following basic steps are required to determine the pressure or
temperature profile along the system;
Build the well performance model.
Select the Pressure/Temperature profile operation
Determine the boundary condition to compute
Select any sensitivity parameters
Enter the sensitivity parameters
Run the operation
Save the model!
2.9.2.3 Equipment/Flowline sizing (1 parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size a flowline/riser or a
piece of equipment;
Build the pipeline and facilities model.
Include the flowline/equipment/riser to be sized.
Select the Pressure/Temperature profile operation
Select the sensitivity parameter
Enter the data for the sensitivity parameter
Run the operation.
Save the model!
2.9.2.4 Equipment/Flowline sizing (Multiple parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size a flowline/riser or a
piece of equipment;
Build the pipeline and facilities model.
Include the flowline/equipment/riser to be sized.
Select the System Analysis operation
Select the multiple sensitivity
Select the x-axis and sensitivity parameters
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Model Overview
Enter the data for the sensitivity parameters
Decide if the sensitivity parameters are permuted or change in
step.
Run the operation.
Save the model!
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Model Overview
Determine the inflow and outflow parameters.
Run the operation.
Save the model!
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48
Model Overview
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49
Each source can have it's own fluid description or use shared data.
2.9.4.2 Boundary Conditions
In order to solve the network model the correct number of boundary
conditions must be entered. Boundary nodes are those that have only
one connecting branch, e.g. production well, injection well, source
and sink.
The number of boundary conditions that are required for a model is
known as the models Degrees of Freedom. This is computed by the
total number of boundary nodes, i.e. number of well (production and
injection) + number of sources + number of sinks.
For example a 3 production well system producing fluid to a single
delivery point has 4 degrees of freedom (3+1) regardless of the
network configuration between the well and the sink.
Each boundary can be specified in terms of;
Pressure
Flowrate
OR
Pressure/Flowrate (PQ) curve.
To enable the system to be solved
1: the number of Pressure, flowrate or PQ specifications must
equal the degrees of freedom of the model.
2: At least 1 pressure must be specified
3: All each source (production well & source) the fluid
temperature must be set.
For example the above 3 well / 1 sink model could be specified as;
Well 1: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
Well 2: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
Well 3: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
Sink: Delivery pressure
OR
Well 1: Reservoir pressure, Flowrate, reservoir temperature
Well 2: reservoir temperature
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Model Overview
Well 3: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
Sink: Delivery pressure
OR
Etc.
2.9.4.3 Network model
The following basic steps are required to build a network model;
Select the units set of your preference
Develop the network model (wells and surface facilities). Prebuilt models of wells/flowline can be used.
Set the fluid properties
Set the boundary conditions
Save the model!
2.9.5 Production Optimization
The following basic steps are required to build an optimization
(GOAL) model;
Select the units set of your preference
Develop the surface network model
Set the outlet pressure
Develop individual well models
Create well performance curves for each well
Save the model!
See the GOAL Used Guide for details on;
building an optimization model
Calibrating the surface network
Calibrating the individual well models
Optimizing the field
Applying field constraints
2.9.6 Field Planning
The following basic steps are required to build an FPT model;
Decide upon the reservoir description to use;
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Model Overview
51
Tanks
Tables
Reservoir simulator
Set the name of the host UNIX workstation
Material balance program
Develop the network model (well and surface network) or
models.
Link the wells to the reservoir description.
Specify any flowrate constraints
Define the time dependent events.
Define the conditional based events.
Select any auxiliary properties that are to be stored during the
simulation and analyzed in the post-processor.
Set the convergence tolerance
Save the model!
See the FPT Used Guide for an example of building a Field Planning
model.
2.9.7 Multi-lateral
The following basic steps are required to build a multi-lateral well
model;
Select the units set of your preference
Add the necessary components to the model (horizontal well
section, branch, etc) and defined the necessary data.
Define the fluid specification (black oil or compositional).
Define the flow correlation to use.
Save the model!
See the HoSim Used Guide for an example of building a multi-lateral
well model.
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PIPESIM
56
PIPESIM
57
PIPESIM
58
B
1.000
0.931
0.884
0.811
0.761
0.721
0.660
0.615
0.578
0.548
0.522
0.498
59
where
m = 2.6p1.187 exp(-8.98x10-5 p - 11.513)
For dead oils at high pressures the Vasquez and Beggs correlation
overestimates the viscosity: Use Kousel.
3.1.9.2 Kousel method
Undersaturated oil viscosity is derived from the equation
Log(mp/ma) = p/1000(A + Bma0.278)
Where
A and B are parameters entered by the user.
Suggested values for A and B are 0.0239 and 0.01638 respectively.
m a is the viscosity of the oil at the same temperature and
atmospheric pressure.
3.1.9.3 No calculation
The undersaturated oil viscosity is assumed to be the same as the
saturated live oil viscosity at the same temperature and pressure.
3.1.10
Oil/Water Mixture Viscosity
3.1.10.1
Inversion method
The inversion method assumes that the continuous phase changes
from oil to water at a given watercut cutoff point. This means that, at a
watercut below or equal to the cut-off value, water bubbles are
carried by oil, and the mixture assumes the same viscosity as that of
the oil. At a watercut above the cut-off value, oil bubbles are carried
by water, and the mixture assumes the same viscosity as that of the
water.
3.1.10.2
Volume ratio method
Mixture viscosity is calculated as follows
mm = mO Vo + mw Vw
where
mO = oil viscosity
Vo = volume fraction of oil
mw = water viscosity
Vw= volume fraction of water
PIPESIM
60
3.1.10.3
Woelflin method
The Woelflin option assumes that the continuous phase changes
from emulsion to water at a given watercut cutoff point. This means
that, at a watercut below or equal to the cut-off value, an emulsion
forms and the emulsion viscosity is given by the Woelflin equation for
emulsions. At a watercut above the cut-off value, oil bubbles are
carried by water, and the mixture assumes the same viscosity as that
of the water.
The Woelflin equation is as follows
mm = mO (1 + 0.0023 Vw2.2 )
3.1.11
Gas Viscosity
3.1.11.1
Lee et al. Method
Gas viscosity is calculated as follows:
mg = Kexp(Xr y)
where
K = (7.77 + 0.0063M)T1.5/(122.4 + 12.9M + T)
X = 2.57 + 1914.5/T + 0.0095M
Y = 1.11 + 0.04X
M is the gas molecular weight
r is the gas density
3.2 Compositional
3.2.1 EOS (Equations of State)
Equations of state describe the pressure, volume and temperature
behavior of pure components and mixtures. Most thermodynamic and
transport properties are derived from the equation of state.
The following equations of state are available: SRK (advanced and standard)
PR (advanced and standard)
SMIRK
3.2.1.1 Soave-Redlich-Kwong
The standard SRK equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V(V + b)))
PIPESIM
61
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
The advanced implementation of SRK contains additional nonstandard features. These include the ability to match stored values for
the liquid density (Peneloux correlation) and the saturated vapor
pressure and a choice of mixing rule.
3.2.1.2 Peng-Robinson
The standard PR equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V2 + 2bV - b2))
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
The advanced implementation of PR contains additional nonstandard features. These include the ability to match stored values for
the liquid density (Peneloux correlation) and the saturated vapor
pressure and a choice of mixing rule.
3.2.1.3 SMIRK
The Shell SPPTS package uses the SMIRK equation of state.
3.2.2 Viscosity model
The following methods are available to predict the liquid and gas
viscosity;
Pederson
LBC (Lohrenz-Bray-Clark)
These are not available when using SMIRK (SPPTS)
Preliminary testing has shown the Pedersen method to be the most
widely applicable and accurate for oil and gas viscosity predictions.
Both methods are based on the corresponding state theory.
PIPESIM
62
PIPESIM
63
3.2.2.5 Methanol
Neither the LBC nor the Pederson method can deal with polar
components with the Pederson method slightly worse than the LBC
method. This is not surprising, as both methods were developed for
non-polar components and mixtures. The Pedersen method works
best with light alkanes and petroleum mixtures in the liquid phase. It
performs as well or better than the LBC method in nearly all
situations.
3.2.2.6 Emulsion
The following options are available for handing emulsions;
Inversion method
Volume ratio method
Woelflin method
The methods are as described for Black Oil emulsions.
3.2.3 BIP (Binary Interaction Parameter) Set
Binary Interaction parameters (BIPs) are adjustable factors which Are
used to alter the predictions from a model until these reproduce as
closely as possible the experimental data.
BIPs apply between pairs of components. The SRK and PR EOS
(being cubic equations of state) require only a single BIP, kij, in the
model description. The closer the binary system to ideality the smaller
the size of kij, which will be zero for ideal systems. It is unlikely that
the value of kij will be greater than 1, although it is possible for it to be
negative.
3.2.4 Hydrates
Natural gas hydrates are solid ice-like compounds of water and light
components of natural gas. They form at temperatures above the ice
point and are therefore a serious concern in oil and gas processing
operations. The phase behavior of the systems involving hydrates
can be very complex because up to six phases must normally be
considered. The behavior is particularly complex if there is significant
mutual solubility between phases. The hydrate model uses a
modification of the RKS equation of state for the fluid phases plus
The van der Waals and Platteeuw model for the hydrate phases. The
model can explicitly represent all the effects of the presence of
inhibitors.
PIPESIM
64
Note: you must explicitly include water in the mixture if you wish to
do hydrate calculations. The amount of water may influence the
results of the calculations, particularly when inhibitors or watersoluble gases are present.
The main features of the model are:
The description of the hydrate phase behavior uses a
thermodynamically consistent set of models for all phases.
The vapor pressures of pure water are reproduced.
The following natural gas hydrate formers are included: METHANE,
ETHANE, PROPANE, ISOBUTANE, BUTANE, NITROGEN, CO2
AND H2S.
The thermal properties (enthalpies and entropies) of the hydrates are
included, permitting flashes involving these phases. The properties of
the hydrates have been fixed by investigating data for natural gas
components in both simple and mixed hydrates to obtain reliable
predictions of both structure I and structure II hydrates.
The properties of the empty hydrate lattices have been investigated
and the most reliable recent values have been adopted. Proper
allowance has been made for the solubilities of the gases in water so
that the model parameters are not distorted by this effect. This is
particularly important for Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide
which are relatively soluble in water. Correct thermodynamic
calculations of the most stable hydrate structure have been made.
The model has been tested on a wide selection of open literature and
proprietary experimental data. In most cases the hydrate dissociation
temperature is predicted to within 1 degree Kelvin.
Hydrate inhibitors decrease the hydrate formation temperature or
increase the hydrate formation pressure in a given gas mixture. The
model includes parameters for the commonly used inhibitors such as
Methanol, and the glycols MEG, DEG and TEG. A new mixing rule
has been developed for the SRK equation of state to model the
inhibitors' effects on the fluid phases.
PIPESIM
65
where
= friction factor
= fluid density
PIPESIM
66
The contribution from the major terms; elevational and frictional can
be summarized as;
In well
Elevation term (85-100%)
Frictional (0-15%)
In pipes
Elevation term (0-30%)
Frictional (70-100%)
For single phase flow the accelerational term is negligible and is
assumed to be zero. Thus the above equation reduces to an
elevational and frictional term.
In the simultaneous transportation of liquid (oil & water) and gas
along a single pipe (or well bore) the basic pressure drop equation is
the same as for single phase flow with mixture density and friction
factor specific to the correlation in which they are used.
3.3.1 Flow regimes
Flow Regimes Classification for Vertical Two Phase Flow
The general problem of predicting the pressure drop for the
simultaneous flow of gas and liquid is complex.
The problem consists of being able to predict the variation of
pressure with elevation along the length of the flow string for known
conditions of flow. Multiphase vertical flow can be categorized into
four different flow configurations or flow regimes, consisting of bubble
flow, slug flow, slug-mist transition flow and mist flow.
A typical example of bubble flow is the liberation of solution gas from
an undersaturated oil at and above the point in the flow string where
its bubble point pressure is reached.
PIPESIM
67
In vslug, both the gas and liquid phases significantly contribute to the
pressure gradient. the gas phase exists as large bubbles almost filling
the pipe and separated by slugs of liquid. In transition flow, the liquid
slugs between the gas bubbles essentially disappear, and at some
point the liquid phases becomes discontinuous and the phase
becomes continuous.
The pressure losses in vtrans are partly a result of the liquid phase,
but are more the result of the gas phase. vannular is characterized by
a continuous gas phase with liquid occurring as entrained droplets in
the gas stream and as a liquid film wetting the pipe walls. A typical
example of mist flow is the flow of gas and condensate in a gas
condensate well.
Vertical bubble flow
PIPESIM
68
Wavy
Slug
Elongated bubble/Plug
Annular/Mist
Bubble
PIPESIM
69
PIPESIM
70
71
PIPESIM
72
PIPESIM
73
momentum equations for the gas-liquid mixture in the core and for the
total contents of the pipe.
3.3.3.11 Gray
The Gray Vertical Flow correlation is used for pressure loss and
holdup. This correlation was developed by H E Gray of Shell Oil
Company for vertical flow in gas and condensate systems which
are predominantly gas phase. Flow is treated as single phase, and
dropped out water or condensate is assumed to adhere to the pipe
wall. It is considered applicable for vertical flow cases where the
velocity is below 50 ft/s, the tube size is below 3-in, the condensate
ratio is below 50 bbl/mmscf, and the water ratio is below 5 bbl/mmscf.
3.3.3.12
Hagedorn & Brown
The correlation of Hagedorn & Brown is used for pressure loss and
holdup. There is a choice of either Beggs & Brill, Duns & Ros or Taitel
Dukler flow regime determination. The Hagedorn and Brown
correlation was developed following an experimental study of
pressure gradients occurring during continuous two-phase flow in
small diameter vertical conduits. A 1,500 ft experimental well was
used to study flow through 1-in, 1-in, and 1-in nominal size tubing.
Tests were conducted for widely varying liquid flowrates, gas-liquid
ratios and liquid viscosities. All of the correlations involve only
dimensionless groups, which is a condition usually sought for in
similarity analysis but not always achieved. BJA consider the use of
the original correlation unwise, as it can grossly underestimate liquid
holdup. Users are advised to use the Hagedorn & Brown Revised
correlation.
3.3.3.13
Hagedorn & Brown, Duns & Ros map
As Hagedorn & Bown, but utilizing the Duns & Ros flow map
3.3.3.14
3.3.3.15
Lockhart & Martinelli, Taitel Dukler map
As Lockhard & Martinelli, but utilizing the Taitel Dukler flow map
3.3.3.16
Mukherjee & Brill:
The Mukerjee & Brill correlation is used for Pressure loss, Holdup and
flow map. Note: selection of alternative flow maps and/or holdups will
PIPESIM
74
PIPESIM
75
PIPESIM
76
PIPESIM
77
78
3.3.4.11
Lockhart & Martinelli, Taitel Dukler map
As Lockhard & Martinelli, but utilizing the Taitel Dukler flow map
3.3.4.12
Mukherjee & Brill
The Mukherjee & Brill correlation is used for Pressure loss, Holdup
and Flow Map. Note: selection of alternative flow maps and/or
holdups will cause unpredictable results. The Mukherjee & Brill
correlation was developed following a study of pressure drop
behavior in two-phase inclined flow. For bubble and slug flow, a noslip friction factor calculated from the Moody diagram was found
adequate for friction head loss calculations. In downhill stratified flow,
the friction pressure gradient is calculated based on a momentum
balance equation for either phase assuming a smooth gas-liquid
interface. For annular-mist flow, a friction factor correlation was
presented that is a function of holdup ratio and no-slip Moody friction
factor. Results agreed well with the experimental data and
correlations were further verified with Prudhoe Bay and North Sea
data.
3.3.4.13
NOSLIP Correlation
The NOSLIP correlation assumes homogeneous flow with no slip
between the phases. Fluid properties are taken as the average of the
gas and liquid phases and friction factors are calculated using the
single phase MOODY correlation. Note: selection of alternative flow
maps and/or holdups will cause unpredictable results.
3.3.4.14
OLGA-S 2000 Steady-State:
OLGAS is based in larger part on data from the SINTEF two-phase
flow laboratory near Trondheim, Norway. The test facilities were
designed to operate at conditions that approximated field conditions.
The test loop was 800 m long and 8 inches in diameter. Operating
pressures between 20 and 90 barg were studied. Gas superficial
velocities of up to 13 m/s, and liquid superficial velocities of up to 4
m/s were obtained. In order to simulate the range of viscosities and
PIPESIM
79
PIPESIM
80
3.3.4.17
Shell SIEP Correlations
These correlations are provided by Shell International Exploration &
Production (SIEP) and are for Shell or Shell approved clients only.
Correlations available;
GZM
3.3.4.18
Shell SRTCA Correlations
These correlations are provided by Shell International Oil Products
and are for Shell or Shell approved clients only.
Correlations available;
SRTCA two-phase
STRCA two-phase slugging
STRCA two-phase slugging & slug DP
STRCA three-phase
STRCA three-phase & water-oil dispersion
3.3.4.19
GRE Mechanistic Model BP
This correlation is provided by BP and is available for general use.
3.4 References
Multiflash for Windows - User Guide. Infochem.
Aziz, K., Govier, G. W. and Forgasi, M.: Pressure Drop in Wells
Producing Oil and Gas, J. Cdn. Pet. Tech. (July-Sept. 1972) 38-48.
Baker, A., Nielsen, K., and Gabb, A.: Pressure Loss, Liquid-Holdup
Calculations Developed, Technology, Oil & Gas Journal (Mar. 14,
1988).
Beal, C.: The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and its
Associated Gases at Oil Temperatures and Pressures, Trans. AIME
(1946) 94.
PIPESIM
81
Beggs, H. D., and Brill, J. P.: A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined
Pipes, J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 607-617.
Beggs, H. D. and Robinson, J. R.: Estimating the Viscosity of Crude
Oil Systems, J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1975) 1140-1.
Brill, J. P. et al.: Analysis of Two-Phase Tests in Large Diameter Flow
Lines in Prudhoe Bay Field, SPEJ (June 1981).
Brill, J. P. and Beggs, D. H.: Two-Phase Flow in Pipes, 6th Edition,
University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, December 1988.
Brown, K.E.: The Technology of Artificial Methods, Penwell
Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1984.
Chew, J. and Conally, C. A. Jr.: A Viscosity Correlation for Gas
Saturated Crude Oils, Trans., AIME (1974) 23.
Dukler, E. A., et al.: Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines, I. Research
Results, AGA-API Project NX-28 (May 1969).
Duns, H., and Ros, N. C. J.: Vertical Flow of Gas and Liquid Mixtures
in Wells, 6th. World Pet. Congress (1963) 452.
Eaton, B. A.: Prediction of Flow Patterns, Liquid Holdup and Pressure
Losses Occurring During Continuous Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal
Pipelines, Trans., AIME (1967) 815.
Fetkovich, M.J. and Vienot, M.E.: Shape Factors, CA, Expressed as
a Skin, sca, JPT (February 1985) 321-322.
Flanigan, O.: Effect of Uphill Flow on Pressure Drop in Design of TwoPhase Gathering Systems, Oil and Gas J. (March 10, 1958) 56, 132.
PIPESIM
82
PIPESIM
83
PIPESIM
84
PIPESIM
85
PIPESIM
87
PIPESIM
88
Field Equipment
Field Equipment
89
4.1.1.8Multi-rate tests
In addition multi-rate test data can be utilized so that the modeled
inflow matches the actual measured inflow in the well. Two types of
multi-rate test are available;
multi-point - A 'flow-after-flow' test sequence. Static pressure is
taken as a constant throughout the test period.
Isochronal - This type of test is normally performed in reservoirs
with low permeability where the time taken to reach stabilized flow
conditions is unacceptably long (e.g. low permeability sands).
Isochronal testing is performed by periods of flowing followed by
shutting-in of a well (normally with increasing rate). The wellbore
flowing pressure is recorded during each flow period at a specific
time (e.g. if the time is 4 hours, then the test is referred to as a 4hour isochronal test). Due to the long stabilization time normally
associated with the isochronal test, reservoir conditions need not
return to the original static pressure. Hence a different static
reservoir pressure is recorded.
Multi-rate test data can be applied to the following;
Multi-rate Fetkovich
Multi-rate Jones
4.1.2 Gas and Gas Condensate Reservoirs
4.1.2.1 Back pressure / C and n
Developed by Rawlins and Schellhardt in 1935 after testing 582
wells. The equation is
Q = C(Pws2 - Pwf2)n.
4.1.2.2 Forchheimer
The Forchheimer equation is;
Pws2 - Pwf2 = FQ2 + AQ.
Where
F is the turbulence coefficient and
A is the laminar coefficient.
The coefficients must satisfy F => 0 and A=> 0.
4.1.2.3 Jones
The Jones equation is :
PIPESIM
90
Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
91
PIPESIM
92
Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
93
94
Field Equipment
Gravel packs are used in high permeability reservoirs. If the
well is completed with a slotted liner, the slots should be placed
as far apart as possible. Joshi (1991) states that "this will let
the gravel pack act as a choke and facilitate maintaining
minimum pressure drop across the well length".
where,
p
fm
q
L
d
(4.1)
For gas flow, however, the pressure drop calculations are more
complex. This is due to friction, which could change the temperature
of the gas as it travels through the wellbore. Moreover, density and
viscosity are strong functions of gas pressure and temperature. This
would result in a changing pressure drop per foot length of a well
along the entire well length. The Weymouth equation for dry gas is
the simplest equation to estimate pressure drop in a horizontal pipe
qg = 15320
where
qg
p1
p2
L
PIPESIM
( p12 p2 2 ) d 16 / 3
g TZL
(4.2)
Field Equipment
95
T
= average temperature, oR
Z
= average gas compressibility factor
d
= pipe diameter, in
g
= oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
Also, several multiphase correlations (Brill, 1988) are applicable for a
single-phase flow of either oil or gas.
4.2.3 Multiphase Pressure Drop
There is very little discussion on multiphase pressure drop in
horizontal wells. Folefac (1991) studied the effect of two phase flow
(hydrocarbon liquid and water are treated as one phase with identical
velocity but averaged properties). The pressure drop along the
horizontal wellbore was similar to that for single phase flow.
However, the pressure drop was higher than for single phase flow for
the same volume of fluid intake.
For a horizontal pipe, Brill (1988) has discussed numerous
multiphase flow correlations. Slip velocities between phases make
these equations more complex than single phase flow equations. In
general, Joshi (1991) states that, "different multiphase correlations
may give different values of the pressure drop". The various
correlations should be compared with actual pressure drop data.
However, measuring the pressure at both ends of a horizontal well
and calibrating the data is very difficult. There is a definite need for
further study on multiphase flow in horizontal wells.
4.2.4 Inflow Production Profiles
Horizontal wellbore pressure drops also depend upon the type of fluid
inflow profiles. Figure 4.3 shows some horizontal well fluid inflow
profiles. On the basis of well boundary condition and reservoir
heterogeneity, several profiles are possible. Joshi (1991) examined
the effect of different fluid entry profiles on the wellbore pressure
drop. Depending on the type of profile, Joshi concluded that the total
pressure drop varied from 6 psi to 14.5 psi but it was not large
enough to effect the wellhead pressure.
PIPESIM
96
Field Equipment
Steady-state
mathematical
experimentally.
results
can
be
verified
Field Equipment
97
0.007078k h hp /( o Bo )
(4.3)
a + a 2 ( L / 2 )2
h
ln[
] + ( h / L)ln[
]
L/2
2rw
and
(4.4)
where
qh
p
L
h
rw
reh
o
Bo
kh
= flowrate, STB/day
= pressure drop, psi
= horizontal well length, ft
= reservoir height, ft
= wellbore radius, ft
= drainage radius of horizontal well, ft
= oil viscosity, cp
= oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
= horizontal permeability, md
0. 007078k h hp /( o Bo )
r
ln[ eh ]
(L / 4 )
(4.5)
k eff = k v k h
PIPESIM
98
Field Equipment
kh
kv
h=h
(4.7)
a + a ( L / 2)
(h / 2 ) +
]
] + (h / L)ln[
2rw
L /2
where
=
kh
kv
(4.9)
and is the horizontal well eccentricity (offset of the well from the
center of the pay zone) in feet.
Productivity comparisons of a horizontal well to that of a vertical well
can easily be made by using equation (4.8). In converting the
productivity of a horizontal well into that of an equivalent vertical well,
an effective wellbore radius can be calculated, rw,eff
rw,eff = rw exp(-s)
(4.10)
The effective wellbore radius is defined as the theoretical well radius,
which will match the production rate. Joshi (1991) assumed equal
drainage volumes, reh=rev, and equal productivity indices, Jh=Jv to
give the following for an anisotropic reservoir
rw,eff =
reh (L / 2 )
a[1+ 1 ( L / 2 a )2 ] + [(h / rw )](h / L)
(4.11)
Field Equipment
99
khp / 141.2 o Bo
(4.11)
where
sm
khp / 141.2 o Bo
r
ln[( e ) - 0. 75]
rw
(4.13)
(4.14)
100
Field Equipment
well penetration.
where
b
sR
CH
kx
PIPESIM
0.007078b k x k z p /( o Bo )
A1
ln[
]+ lnC H - 0. 75 + s R
rw
(4.15)
Field Equipment
kz
A1
rw
101
= [1- V(
p wf
p
) - (1- V)( wf ) 2 ]n
pR
pR
(4.16)
102
Field Equipment
m( p ) = 2
p
dp
z
(4.17)
0.007027k h h(p e - p wf )
qh =
r
ln[ e ]ZT
rw,eff
(4.18)
where
qh = gas flowrate, mmscf/day
pe = pressure at external radius, psia
pwf = wellbore flowing pressure, psia
kh
= horizontal permeability, md
h
= reservoir height, ft
re
= drainage radius, ft
rw,eff = effective wellbore radius, ft
= average viscosity, cp
Z
= average compressibility factor
T
= reservoir temperature, oR
The pseudo-steady state gas flow equation can be written as follows
(Joshi, 1991)
2
qh =
D=
0.007027kh(p r - p wf )
r
[ln[ e ]- 0.75 + s + s m + s ca - c + Dq h ]ZT
rw
2.222x10 -15 ( g k a h )
pwf rw h
(4.20)
= 2.73x1010 k
-1.1045
= 2.33x1010 k
-1.201
(4.19)
(4.21)
or
PIPESIM
(4.22)
Field Equipment
where
qh
pr
pwf
s
sm
sca
c
k
h
re
rw
Z
T
pwf
g
hp
ka
103
Equation (21) and (22) are from Golan (1986) and Brown (1984),
respectively. The above equations are based upon circular drainage
area. The turbulence term, Dq, accounts for the extra pressure drop
in the near wellbore region due to the high gas velocity. This term
was neglected when dealing with oil flow. In addition, the term makes
the solution of equation (19) iterative.
4.3 Multiple Layers / Completions
Multiple layers can be modeled with PIPESIM. Each layer can have
the following, different, properties;
Static Pressure
Temperature
Depth
IPR specification
Fluid description
PIPESIM
104
Field Equipment
The IRR for each individual layer can be specified using any of the
standard completion options (described above).
Similarly, the fluid description for each individual layer can be
specified using the standard black oil or compositional fluid
descriptions.
PIPESIM performs the fluid mixing in the wellbore and also calculates
inter layer pressure drops.
4.4 Artificial Lift
Artificial lift is the process of assisting the production of fluids from the
reservoir by reducing the static head in the well bore.
There are a number of methods available for doing this;
Gas Lift
Electrical Submersible pumps (ESP)
Rod Pump
Given their wider operating range and wider established
application in the oil and gas industry, the modeling of artificial lift
in PIPESIM has been limited to gas lift and ESP.
4.4.1 Gas Lift
Gas lift can be described as a simple single injection point or by
defining the gas lift valves as equipment in the tubing description.
With the single injection point description, the user explicitly specifies
the injection gas flowrate (and no details of the gas lift valves or ports
are required). In this mode of operation it is assumed that the casing
pressure is sufficient to inject all the lift gas at the specified depth.
Alternatively, if gas lift valves are described as part of the tubing
description, then PIPESIM will calculate the injection gas throughput
for each valve (dependent on the casing, tubing and dome pressures
and valve temperature)
PIPESIM contains a database of gas lift valve details for most of the
commonly used gas lift valves from various manufactures.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
105
PIPESIM
106
Field Equipment
4.6 Chokes
The pressure drop through a restriction is based on the following;
Fluid properties computed from upstream pressure
Heat capacities of the two phases computed from the upstream
conditions
The sonic velocity if the fluid is then computed from the heat capacity
ratio, Cp/Cv.
If the actual throat velocity is greater than the sonic velocity then the
flow is critical. If it is less then it is sub-critical.
The correlations used in each regime can be selected.
Note: The downstream pressure can not be determined in the case of
critical flow. If critical flow is determined in the case where the outlet
pressure has been specified then the choke downstream pressure is
computed from the flowrate and the outlet pressure.
4.6.1 Ashford-Pierce
The correlation of Ashford and Pierce [1975] is valid for critical and
sub-critical flows.
qo = 351
. Cd e2
= ( Bo + Fwo )
n 1
n
n 1
=
1
T1 z1
( R Rs )e n 0 + 0.000217 g R + Fwo w
198.6 +
p1
where
qo
C
de
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
Fwo
Bo
n
p1
p2
R
Rs
T1
z1
e
g
o
w
107
Assumptions:
polytropic expansion of gas-liquid mixture
equal gas and liquid velocities at the throat
incompressible liquid phase
liquid dispersed in a continuous gas phase
negligible friction losses
Recommended values for discharge coefficient (C) are:
Choke size (64th in.)
32
24
20
12
8
C
0.95
0.95
0.976
1.2
1.2
4.6.2 Omana
The correlation of Omana [1969] is valid for critical flow.
The original equation is:
N qL = 0.263 N 3.49 N Pl 3.19 Qd 0.657 N D1.8
where
PIPESIM
108
Field Equipment
N qL
= 184
. q L
L
N =
N pl = 174
. 10 2 P1
Qd =
1.25
o
L
L L
1
1 + R1
N D = 120.872 Dc
L
L
NqL
ND
Npl
Qd
R1
Dc
P1
1.245
( L )1.545 (1 + R1 )
0.657
subscripts
G
- gas
L
- liquid
4.6.3 Gilbert, Ros, Baxendall, Achong and Pilehvari
The correlation proposed by Gilbert, Ros, Baxendall, Archong and
Pilehvari [Ghassan, Maha, 1991] are valid for critical flow.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
109
Correlation
Gilbert
Ros
Baxendall
Achong
Pilehvari
A
0.1
0.05747
0.10460
0.26178
0.021427
B
0.546
0.5
0.546
0.650
0.313
c
1.89
2.00
1.93
1.88
2.11
88992 Ac
where
R =
1
1
1
9273.6 P1 0.4513( R1 + 0.766)
.
V1 (1 + 0.5m1 )
R11 + 0.5663
0.00504T1 z1 ( GOR ) ( Rs )1
0
P1 Bo
PIPESIM
110
Field Equipment
1
m1 =
1 + R11
V1 =
1G
1L
m1
q
- oil flow rate (STB/D)
Ac
- choke cross-sectional area (ft2)
P
- pressure (psia)
- density (lb/ft3)
T
- temperature (oR)
z
- compressibility factor
subscripts
L
G
1
o
- liquid
- gas
- at upstream conditions
- oil
Superscripts
o
- at standard conditions
qL
p L =
2 g c 144 C L Ac
qG
p G =
2 g c 144 YCG Ac
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Field Equipment
111
p p1
d2
Y = 10
. 0.41 + 0.35 (1 / K ) 2
p1
d1
Cd
C=
d
1 1
d2
= p L 1 + G dL
YC dG
where
d 4
qm
p L = L 1 1
2
d 2 8083d1 CdL
G
- no-slip fraction of free gas in the stream approaching the
choke
- no-slip fraction of liquid in the stream approaching the
L
choke
qL
- liquid flow rate (ft3/sec)
qG
- gas flow rate (ft3/sec)
Ac
- choke cross-sectional area (ft2)
p1
- pressure upstream of choke (psi)
p2
- pressure downstream of choke (psi)
- density (lbm/ft3)
C
- flow coefficient
Cd - discharge coefficient
Y
- compressibility factor
d1 - upstream tubing diameter (same units as d2)
d2
- orifice diameter (same units as d1)
K
- ratio of specific heats (cp/cv)
Subscripts
L
- liquid
G
- gas
PIPESIM
112
Field Equipment
TP
1
2
- two-phase
- at upstream conditions
- at downstream conditions
= p L 1 + G dL
YC dG
where
d 4
qm
p L = N 1 1
2
d 2 8083d1 CdL
CG = 0.9
CL = 0.85
Using the above equations we get:
.
1121
p tp = p L 1 + G 2 1
Y
where
4
p L = N
PIPESIM
d
qm
1 1
2
d 2 6870.55d1
Field Equipment
113
PIPESIM
114
Field Equipment
Production =
(sc)
Un-produced Gas
(sc)
or
Gp = G
G
E
Ei
where:
Gp is the cumulative production expressed at standard
conditions
G is the gas initially in place at standard conditions
E is the gas expansion factor after cumulative production Gp
Ei is the gas expansion factor at initially un-depleted reservoir
conditions
For fields units at standard conditions of p=14.17psia, T=520R and
Z=1
E = 35.37
p
ZT
Z Zi
G
The initial conditions pi, Zi and G are input from the user
The cumulative production, Gp, can be computed from the flow rate
that the network module calculates, and the flowing time (time-step)
specified.
In the case of multiple wells in the tank Gp is simply the sum of the
flow rates from wells in that reservoir over flowing time.
The p/Z term can now be evaluated and correlations at reservoir
pressure for the specified fluid composition can now be used to
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Field Equipment
115
PIPESIM
116
Field Equipment
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Field Equipment
117
PIPESIM
118
Field Equipment
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Field Equipment
119
5 Field Equipment
5.1 Compressor
The basic compressor model uses centrifugal and reciprocating
compressor equations to determine the relationship between inlet
pressure and temperature, outlet pressure and temperature, flowrate,
power, and efficiency.
It is also possible to use built in, or user developed compressor
curves to describe the relationship between differential pressure,
flowrate, and efficiency for a range of compressor speeds.
If compressor curves are used, therefore, the compressor speed and
number of stages become a additional factors.
At least one parameter must be supplied. This could be:
outlet pressure
differential pressure
pressure ratio (Pout/Pin)
power (shaft power)
speed and number of stages (if using curves)
The remaining quantities will then be calculated using compressor
equations. If more than one value is supplied, then the parameter
which leads to the smallest compressor differential pressure will be
used, and all other supplied parameters will be discarded.
The main centrifugal compressor equations used are as follows:
Adiabatic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(k-1)/k))((Pout/Pin)((k - 1)/k) - 1)
where k = Cp/Cv
Polytropic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(n-1)/n))((Pout/Pin)((n - 1)/n) - 1)
where n = 1/(1 - ((Cp/Cv - 1)/(eCp/Cv)))
Mollier Route (compositional cases only)
Head (Hout - Hin)
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120
Field Equipment
where the values of Hout and Hin are obtained from isentropic
compression from Pin to Pout
5.2 Expander
The basic expander model uses centrifugal expander equations to
determine the relationship between inlet pressure and temperature,
outlet pressure and temperature, flowrate, shaft power, and
efficiency.
It is also possible to use built in, or user developed expander curves
to describe the relationship between differential pressure, flowrate,
and efficiency for a range of expander speeds.
If expander curves are used, therefore, the expander speed and
number of stages become a additional factors.
At least one parameter must be supplied. This could be:
outlet pressure
differential pressure
pressure ratio (Pin/Pout)
power (shaft power)
speed and number of stages (if using curves)
The remaining quantities will then be calculated using centrifugal
expander equations. If more than one value is supplied, then the
parameter which leads to the smallest expander differential pressure
will be used, and all other supplied parameters will be discarded.
The main expander equations used are as follows:
Adiabatic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(k-1)/k))((Pout/Pin)((k - 1)/k) - 1)
where k = Cp/Cv
Polytropic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(n-1)/n))((Pout/Pin)((n - 1)/n) - 1)
where n = 1/(1 - ((Cp/Cv - 1)/(eCp/Cv)))
Mollier Route (compositional cases only)
Head (Hout - Hin)
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121
where the values of Hout and Hin are obtained from isentropic
compression from Pin to Pout
5.3 Single Phase Pump
The basic pump model uses centrifugal pump equations to determine
the relationship between inlet pressure and temperature, outlet
pressure and temperature, flowrate, shaft power, hydraulic power and
efficiency.
It is also possible to use built in, or user developed pump curves to
describe the relationship between differential pressure, flowrate, and
efficiency for a range of pump speeds. If pump curves are used,
therefore, the pump speed and number of stages become a
additional factors.
At least one parameter must be supplied. This could be:
outlet pressure
differential pressure
pressure ratio (Pout/Pin)
power (shaft power)
speed and number of stages (if using curves)
The remaining quantities will then be calculated using centrifugal
pump equations. If more than one value is supplied, then the
parameter which leads to the smallest pump differential pressure will
be used, and all other supplied parameters will be discarded.
The main pump equations used are as follows:
Hydraulic Power
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122
Field Equipment
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Field Equipment
123
Traditional Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and exported
via the liquid export line.
Separated gas is compressed up to the
required pressure and exported via the
gas export line.
Alternative Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and separated
gas is compressed up to the required
pressure, before the two phases are
recombined and exported via a
multiphase export line.
Multiphase Boosting
The incoming fluid is directly boosted
up to the required pressure without
separation of the gas and liquid
phases, and exported via a multiphase
export line.
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124
Field Equipment
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125
6 0 .0
O u tflo w c u r ve
5 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 0 .0
T H P c u r ve
2 0 .0
1 0 .0
5 .0
1 0 .0
1 5 .0
2 0 .0
2 5 .0
Figure 5-3 Production system analysis: THP curve and outflow curve
From Figure 3.3, it can be seen that the system operating point
involves a tubing head pressure of 39 [bara] and production rate of 5
[kg/s]. We can however also see from the THP curve that the flowing
potential of the well is far greater than the production rate of 5 [kg/s],
should the back pressure on the well be lower than the 39 [bara].
Assuming we could install a booster that allows us to provide a
boost of 20 [bar] to the well fluids directly downstream of the
wellhead, the outflow curve shown in Figure 5-3 will change to that
shown in Figure 5-4. The new system operating point involves a
tubing head pressure of 24 [bara] and production rate of 10 [kg/s], i.e.
through the boosting of the well stream production has increased by
100%.
PIPESIM
126
Field Equipment
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
10.0
THP curve
0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Production rate (kg/s)
20.0
25.0
Field Equipment
127
128
Field Equipment
600
1500
400
1000
200
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Shaft power
[kW]
Flow rate
[m3/h]
Flow rate
Shaft power
70
600
1500
400
1000
200
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Shaft power
[kW]
Flow rate
[m3/h]
Flow rate
Shaft power
70
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
129
As can also be seen from Figure 5-6, pump flow rate is dependent on
GVF also, whereas the effect of GVF on pump shaft power is less
pronounced.
Whereas Figure 3.6 may suggest that an unlimited variety of twin
screw multiphase pumps is available to cover an unlimited amount of
(differential pressure / flow rate)-combinations, in practice however a
number of physical limitations applies:
pump differential pressure is typically limited to 70 bar to avoid
excessive deflection of feed screws and possible contact between
rotating screws and stator housing;
pump flow rate (total volumetric flow rate at pump suction) at
present limited to approximately 2000 m3/h per single pump;
gas volume fraction at pump suction typically limited to 95%
maximum (for GVF>95%, some form of liquid re-circulation is
typically required to maintain GVF-suction at 95% maximum);
pump inlet pressure and outlet pressures restricted by casing
design pressure and seal design pressure.
5.4.3 Progressing Cavity Type Multiphase Boosters
The progressing cavity type pump (also known as single-rotor screw
pump) operates on the basis of an externally threaded screw, also
called rotor, turning inside an internally threaded stator (see Figure
7); the most simple configuration is the one whereby there is one lead
on the rotor and two leads on the stator, commonly referred to as a
1:2 ratio element profile. Other configurations are also feasible,
provided that the stator has one more lead than the rotor [4].
130
Field Equipment
As with the screw type pump, as the rotor rotates within the stator,
chambers are formed and filled with fluid and progress from the
suction side of the pump to the discharge side of the pump conveying
the process fluid. The continuous seal line between the rotor and the
stator helix keeps the fluid moving steadily at a fixed flow rate
proportional to the pump rotational speed.
Application of the progressing cavity type pump for multiphase
boosting has been less widespread than the twin screw type
multiphase booster, and flow rates and differential pressures are
typically lower than those achievable with the twin screw type.
Claimed to be the largest progressing cavity type pump for
multiphase applications is Moynos R&M Tri-Phaze System,
capable of transferring multiphase flows up to 29,000 bbl/day (192
m3/h) at differential pressures up to 300 psi (20.7 bar).
Through the installations of various pumps in series/parallel
arrangement, higher flow rates and higher differential pressures are
achievable, however at the expense of complexity [4].
Given their wider operating range and wider established
application in the oil and gas industry, the modeling of positive
displacement type multiphase boosters in PIPESIM has been
limited to the twin screw type multiphase booster only.
5.4.4 Multiphase Boosters Dynamic Type
Dynamic type pumps work on the principle of pressure being raised
by adding kinetic energy to the fluid, which is then converted to
pressure. The actual increase in pressure is directly proportional to
the density of the pumped fluid, i.e. the higher the fluid density, the
higher the pressure increase. Because of this, dynamic type pumps
are more sensitive to fluid density than positive displacement type
pumps, and tend therefore to be used in applications with lower
maximum gas volume fractions than positive displacement type
pumps, e.g. in subsea applications.
The commercial development of dynamic type multiphase boosters
has concentrated on the helico-axial type, based on helico-axial
hydraulics developed and licensed by Institute Franois du Petrole
(IFP). For very high gas volume fractions (GVF>95%), there is also
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
131
PIPESIM
132
Field Equipment
PIPESIM
133
lin
Ma
spee
um
spee
ms
s pee
im u
M in
xim
90%
80%
ax
.D
Field Equipment
d
pee
PIPESIM
134
Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
135
5.5 Separator
Placing a separator in the model removes up to 100% (by volume) of
the gas, water or liquid (oil plus water) phase.
The % efficiency (or efficiency fraction) refers to the amount of that
material removed. For example, a 90% efficient water separator
removes 90% of the water. From that point onward, flow of the
remaining fluids will be modeled.
5.6 Re-injection point
Works in conjunction with a separator in a network model only. All the
fluid removed from the separated will be re-injected.
The following must be defined;
The incoming, outgoing and separated branches.
Separated stream inlet temperature if different from the
separator temperature
An estimate of the flowrate for the separated stream.
5.7 Heat Transfer
5.8 References
[1] How multiphase pumping can make you money
K.C.Oxley, J.M. Ward, W.G. Derks
Paper presented at Facilities 2000 Conference, New Orleans
1999
[2]
[3]
[4]
PIPESIM
136
Field Equipment
[5]
[6]
PIPESIM
Operations
THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY
137
Operations
139
6 Operations
The operations of PIPESIM available for each module are
Pipeline & facilities module
Check model
No operation
Run model
System analysis
Pressure Temperature profile
Flow correlation matching
Wax prediction
Well Performance module
Check model
No operation
Run model
System analysis
Pressure Temperature profile
Flow correlation matching
Nodal analysis
Reservoir tables
Artificial lift analysis
Well Performance Curves
Network module
Check model
Run model
Restart model
Abort run
6.1 Check model
Allows the model to be check for missing input data input before a
simulation is performed.
6.2 No operation
Allows a model to be built and saved with no associated operation.
This is mainly for use with Schlumbergers Production data
management software ProdMan.
PIPESIM 2000
140
Operations
Outlet Pressure
Watercut=30%
Watercut=60%
Watercut=90%
Flow Rate
Operations
141
PIPESIM 2000
142
Operations
Pressure
Inflow
Outflow
NA Point
Flowrate
Figure 6.2 Nodal Analysis Inflow/Outflow Curves
Main features of the Nodal Analysis operation
NA point can be at any point (between components) in the system
Inflow sensitivity can be on any inflow variable
Outflow sensitivity can be on any outflow variable
Future IPR (Vogel & Fetkovitch IPR's only)
User set limit to define the range of the result NA graph
Liquid Loading line
6.9 Artificial Lift Performance
This option allows the user to analyze the effects of artificially (Gas
Lift or ESP) lifting a production well.
This also allows the necessary well performance curves to be created
for the optimization model (GOAL), so that the complete field can be
optimized.
PIPESIM generates artificial lift (Gas Lift or ESP) performance curves
of either gas lift injection rate or ESP Power versus gross liquid
flowrate from the standard system model data with the additional with
artificial lift device in place. The performance curves are created by
sensitivity analysis on various parameters, such as wellhead
pressure, watercut, tubing ID and flowline ID.
PIPESIM 2000
Operations
143
PIPESIM 2000
144
Operations
Wellhead Choke
Manifold
Flowline
Wellhead
Well
As GOAL uses gas lift performance curves the individual well models
can be developed to model a well to either:
1. the wellhead, upstream of a well head choke or
2. the manifold that the well is connected to (including a
wellhead choke and associated flowline between the well and
the manifold).
It is normally recommended that the well performance curves are
modeled to the manifold, i.e. the choke is included in the well model.
However, if any of the following situations are to be studied in GOAL
then the well must be modeled to the choke.
A maximum liquid constraints into individual wells
Choke optimization
Pressure calibration
Method 1: GOAL model with wells modeled to the manifold
PIPESIM 2000
Operations
145
PIPESIM 2000
146
Operations
rv
2 rv
C1 = F 1. 1 + F 3.
. Fc
v
v
rv
rv
C 2 = F 1. 1 +
v Fc
where
F1 =
B f . g. q 2 go . J
(C
ApY
2
v
Fc =
rv =
(
Pto
Pco
Nomenclature
PIPESIM 2000
.Va . q fo
(q
(
+ CD ApY
v =
( zT ) t
( zT ) c
rch =
Pco
Pm
ch =
)
)
+ q go . At Pto
.
q fo
f g .g
fo
r ( 2 rv )
. ch
ch
v
ch
2 r ( 2 rv )
C D A p Y . ch
v
ch
C D A p Y
F3 =
( zT ) c
( zT ) m
Operations
At
Bf
CD
J
Va
g
Pco
Pto
qfo
qgo
Pm
Y
T
r
z
t
g
147
SUBSCRIPTS
v
gas lift vale
ch
gas injection choke
t
tubing
c
casing
m
manifold
In order to utilize this feature from the well model must be developed
with the following included;
Well IPR is modeled by the PI method
Casing inside diameter is set
Port diameter. The inside diameter of the Gas Lift injection
valve that is currently being used.
Surface injection pressure
From this additional data the well model will automatically calculate
the steady state casing and tubing pressures.
The (GOAL) Gas Lift performance curves should then be developed
as normal and the Alhanati factors will be automatically be generated.
PIPESIM 2000
148
Operations
The factors can be viewed graphically for any well by select the
Alhanati Criterion for the y axis from the series option within the
plotting utility PSPLOT. Both factors can be displayed on then same
plot, if required, by adding a second series.
1.
W e l l P A 1 3 - AL ilc h
a n a ti
e n se d to : B J A in h o u s e (K -
P IP E S IM P lo t A u g 0 9
1996
0001)
1.
Al
ha
na
ti
Cr
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
T o ta l In je c tio n G a s
P I P E S I M fo r W in d o w s B a k e r J a r d in e & A s s o c ia te s
Operations
149
VFP curves supply the simulator with the necessary data to define
bottom hole flowing pressures and tubing head pressures as a
function of various parameters such as flow rate, GOR, watercut,
surface pressure and the artificial lift quantity.
The reservoir simulator interface allows you to write tabular
performance data to a file for input into a reservoir simulation model.
Currently, the following reservoir simulators are supported:
ECLIPSE
PORES
VIP
COMP4
MoReS (Shells in-house reservoir simulator)
The effects of variations of up to five parameters can be investigated
and reported and all combinations of the variables entered by the
user are used to generate the tables. Tabular data is then created in
a format specific to the reservoir simulator selected.
Note: Users may wish to model flow networks in their reservoir
simulator, by generating VFP curves items of well tubing, flowline or
riser. This will not result in an accurate model of the surface network
as temperatures at network connections will not be modeled
correctly.
Schlumberger also has a dynamic link to reservoir simulators via the
Field Planning module (FPT).
6.13 Network analysis
The basic stages involved in developing a model of a field are:
Build a model of the field, including all wells and flowlines.
Specify the boundary conditions
Run the model
6.14 Production Optimization
The basic stages involved in developing an optimization model of a
field are:
Build a model of the field, including all wells and flowlines.
PIPESIM 2000
150
Operations
PIPESIM 2000
Operations
151
PROS:
An industry standard simulator simulates the reservoir.
Phase flowrates are dependent on current flowrates from all wells
and reservoir history.
Full account can be taken of the reservoir geometry and aquifer
behavior etc.
CONS:
Simulation time is significantly longer.
Need to set-up the communication link from the Eclipse simulator
based on a UNIX workstation to FPT based on a PC.
Need to purchase OpenEclipse from Geoquest and install it
properly.
It is much harder to converge on a solution between the network
and Eclipse.
Capabilities:
Can model deliverability systems that have pressure specified
sinks.
Can model blackoil Eclipse reservoir models in both Engineering
and SI units.
Can flowrate constrain all source wells.
Limitations:
Cannot model surface networks which have flowrate specified
sinks.
Cannot model compositional Eclipse models.
PIPESIM 2000
152
Operations
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
PROS:
Cumulative liquid production [mmstb]
Very fast reservoir modeling
Pressure [psia]
GOR [scf/stb]
Watercut [%]
as no iteration is required
unless conditional logic in the field planning demands that a
timestep be run again.
Tables can be generated in other packages such as Excel, by
Eclipse, by MBAL etc. and then read into FPT.
This is the easiest form of reservoir modeling to set-up and use.
Everything is included in the FPT package, no third party software
is required.
CONS:
Phasic flowrate behavior is NOT dependent on total flowrate.
PIPESIM 2000
Operations
153
All wells linked to a decline curve have the same pressure, and
also the same watercut and GLR if that is defined in the table.
Capabilities:
Full FPT capabilities are available through look-up table reservoir
modeling.
A number of look-up tables can be defined.
Limitations:
No way to change watercut and/or GLR in a compositionally
defined Network model.
Running from look-up tables generally produces results of lower
fidelity than from a dynamically linked Eclipse simulation but generally
will significantly reduces simulation time and will be particularly useful
where:
i.
an Eclipse model is NOT available, or
ii.
to perform a preliminary screening of field plans before
performing a time-consuming high-fidelity simulation using a
true reservoir simulation package such as Eclipse.
6.15.3
Well
User supplied
composition, initial
volumetric
Aquifer
Here the reservoirs are modelled by defining the geometry of a
simple cylinder containing a user-supplied volume of fluid (either in
terms of liquid or gas). Given a user supplied composition, this tank is
then depleted via wells mapped to it, hence leading to pressure
PIPESIM 2000
154
Operations
Operations
155
PIPESIM 2000
156
Operations
6.17.2
Tabular data
Tabular data is in the form of text (ASCII) output files. These can be
viewed from with PIPESIM or via a standard text editor. They can
also be printed.
6.17.3
Onscreen data
The input and output data from any object can be obtained via the
screen schematic.
In addition results from the network module can be obtained via the
output report tool.
6.18 References
Alhanati et al. (1993)
B Wilkens, M Apte, G Broze (1999) User's Guide for the wax
Deposition Option in PIPESIM. Project R13-0511.000.
PIPESIM 2000
Operations
157
PIPESIM 2000
Case Studies
159
7 Case Studies
The PIPESIM software comes preloaded with a number of case studies
that demonstrates some of its capabilities, some of which are fully
documented here.
The full list of case studies is;
Pipeline & facilities Case Study Condensate Pipeline
Compositional
Phase envelope creation
Hydrate envelope
Pipeline sizing
Pipeline insulation
Slugging
Slug catcher sizing
Well Performance Case Study Oil Well Design
Black Oil fluid calibration
Well IPR
Tubing sizing
Network Analysis Case Study Looped Gas Gathering Network
Compositional
Network model
Boundary conditions
Establish field deliverability
Optimization
Field Planning
Multi-lateral
PIPESIM
Case Studies
161
162
Case Studies
button and enter the number of moles for C7+ under the "Component
Selection" tab.
Generate the hydrocarbon phase envelope by pressing the "Phase
Envelope" button. The following plot should be obtained:
PIPESIM
Case Studies
163
Note that hydrates tend to form in the region on or to the left of the
hydrate line. In this study, hydrate formation will be avoided by operating
the pipeline at temperatures above 75 F at all times.
7.1.3 Task 3. Select a Pipeline Size
Find the smallest pipeline I.D. that will allow the design flowrate of 10,000
STB/d of condensate to be transported from the satellite platform whilst
maintaining an arrival pressure of not lower than 1,000 psia at the
processing platform. The pipeline sizes available are 8", 10", or 12" I.D.
as described in the data section at the end of the case study. This can be
determined as follows:
- Use the pressure temperature profiles operation to calculate the
pressure drop for each of the three pipeline size options.
First it is necessary to add a source to the model. This is done by
pointing and clicking on the source button at the top of the screen and
then pointing and clicking in the work area. A source appears as shown
below. Alternatively the wizard feature can be used.
source button
source
To enter data relevant to the source double click on the object. Enter the
inlet pressure of 1,500 psia and the inlet temperature of 176 F.
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Now add a boundary node to represent the arrival point at the processing
platform.
boundary node button
boundary node
node
Connect the model together by pointing, clicking and dragging using the
riser and flowline buttons:
riser button
flowline button
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on "Riser_1" to enter the riser details i.e.
horizontal distance and elevation difference (length is automatically
computed), I.D., roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
temperature. Repeat this for "Flowl_1" and "Riser_2".
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and set
up the operation so that the calculated variable is outlet pressure. Set the
Inlet pressure 1,500 psia and the Liquid Rate to 10,000 STB/d. The
sensitivity variable is Pipeline ID with values of 8", 10", and 12", this
select the component as "Flowline_1" , the variable as "ID" and enter the
sizes. Press the Run Model button when all the data has been added.
The following plot should be obtained (the axis may have to be changed
to show Total Distance v's Pressure):
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Case Studies
165
It can be seen that a 10" is the smallest pipeline size that will satisfy the
arrival pressure condition of at least 1,000 psia.
Note: Don't forget to now set the flowline ID to 10" for all subsequent
simulations.
7.1.4 Task 4. Determine the Pipeline Insulation Requirement
Find the smallest thickness of thermal insulation that can be used to
insulate the pipeline and maintain an arrival temperature of not less than
75 F. This minimum arrival temperature is required to prevent the
formation of hydrates. The insulation has a thermal conductivity of 0.15
Btu/hr/ft/F and a thickness of 0.75" or 1". This can be determined as
follows:
- Use the pressure temperature profiles operation to calculate the
temperature profile for the design and turndown flowrate cases with
0.75" thermal insulation thickness.
- Re-run the model with 1.0" thermal insulation thickness and compare
the temperature profiles.
Double click on "Flowl_1". Select the "Heat Transfer" tab, and then select
the "Calculate U" sub-tab. Enter the heat transfer data given at the end of
the case study, and add a layer of insulation with a thermal conductivity
of 0.15 Btu/hr/ft/F and a thickness of 0.75". Press the "OK" button.
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and set up
the operation so that the calculated variable is outlet pressure, and the
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167
Note: Don't forget to now set the insulation thickness to 1" for all
subsequent simulations.
7.1.5 Task 5. Screen the Pipeline for Severe Riser Slugging
Severe riser slugging is likely in a pipeline system followed by a riser
under certain conditions. The elements leading to severe riser slugging
are:
1. The presence a long slightly downward inclined pipeline prior to the
riser.
2. Fluid flowing in the "stratified" or "segregated" flow regime (as
opposed to the usual "slug" or "intermittent" flow regime).
3. A slug number (PI-SS) of lower than 1.0.
The PI-SS number can also be used to estimate the severe riser slug
length from the equation:
slug length = riser height/PI-SS number.
Severe riser slugging is to be avoided in this case. The necessary
information can be extracted from the model as follows:- Configure the model output such that slug information, and flow
regime maps are printed for the fluid at the riser base.
Select the <setup/define output...> menu and check the "slug output
pages" box. Set "number of cases to print" to 2. Add a report tool to the
model in place of node "N2". This can be done by first selecting a report
tool and placing it in the work area.
report tool button
report tool
Then reconnect "Flowl_1" to the report tool by first clicking on the middle
of "Flowl_1". You will see that highlight boxes appear at either end of the
flowline. Move the mouse over the right hand highlight box, and the
mouse pointer changes to an "up arrow" shape (). The line can then be
dragged from "N2" and dropped onto the report tool as shown below.
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Case Studies
l
Modified model
Double click on the report tool and check the option "flow map".
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and re-run
the model.
Select the <reports/view output> menu and check the PI-SS number at
the riser base for both flowrate cases. It can be seen that the PI-SS
number is higher than 1.0 at the riser base in both cases. In the turndown
flowrate case the PI-SS number is 1.18 as shown below:
PIPESIM
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169
Check the riser base flow regime maps in the output file to see if the flow
is in the "stratified" or segregated region. It can be seen that flow is in the
intermittent (normal slugging) flow regime. The turndown case flow map
is shown below:
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It can be seen that the segregated region has been avoided and the
likelihood of severe riser slugging is reduced.
Note: Don't forget to save the final model!
7.1.6 Task 6. Size a Slug Catcher
Having established that normal slug flow is expected, it is now necessary
to size a slug catcher. The size will be determined by the largest of three
design criteria:
1. The requirement to handle the largest slugs envisaged (chosen to be
statistically the 1/1000 population slug size).
2. The requirement to handle liquid swept in front of a pig.
3. Transient effects, i.e. the requirement to handle the liquid slug
generated when the production flow is ramped up from 5,000 to
10,000 STB/d.
This can be achieved as follows:
- Review the simulation output to establish the slug catcher volume
required for each of the three design criteria and select the largest
volume.
Review the output file and it can be seen that the turndown case
generates larger slugs.
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171
.
As shown above, the 1/1000 slug length is 1,781.2 ft, which gives a slug
volume of 971.5 ft3.
Now select the <reports/view summary> menu and check the liquid
swept in front of a pig ("liquid by sphere").
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It can be seen that the turndown case gives the larger volume of 279.1
bbl or 1,567 ft3.
Now calculate the liquid generated when the flow is ramped up from
5,000 STB/d to 10,000 STB/d. This is the difference in total holdup
between the two cases, i.e. 692 - 623 = 69 bbl or 522 ft3.
Therefore the pigging volume of 1,567 ft3 is the determining design case.
7.1.7 Data Available
Layout:
Condensate flows down a 400 ft x 10" ID riser from the satellite platform
to the seabed, along a 5 mile pipeline, and up a 400 ft x 10" ID riser to
the processing platform.
Boundary Conditions:
Fluid inlet pressure at satellite platform
Fluid inlet temperature at satellite platform
Design liquid flowrate
Maximum turndown
Minimum arrival pressure at processing
platform
Minimum arrival temperature at processing
platform
Pure Hydrocarbon Components:
Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
Butane
Isopentane
Pentane
Hexane
Petroleum Fraction:
Name
Boiling
Point (F)
C7+
214
PIPESIM
Molecular
Weight
115
1,500 psia
176 F
10,000 STB/d
5,000 STB/d
1,000 psia
75 F.
Moles
75
6
3
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
Specific
Gravity
0.683
Moles
12
Case Studies
Aqueous Component:
Component
Water
173
Roughness (")
0.001
0.001
0.001
Pipeline Data:
Height of undulations
Horizontal distance
Elevation difference
Wall thickness
Roughness
Ambient temperature
Overall heat transfer coefficient
10/1000
5 miles
0
0.5"
0.001"
50 F
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F
50 Btu/hr/ft/F
0.15 Btu/hr/ft/F
0.75" or 1.0"
water
1.64 ft/sec
0 (half buried)
1.5 Btu/hr/ft/F
0
-400 ft
+400 ft
10"
0.5"
0.001"
50 F
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F
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175
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After starting PIPESIM use the <File/new/well> menu to open a new well
performance model and save this in your training directory (e.g.
c:\training\...).
Use the <setup/blackoil...> menu to enter the stock tank oil properties
and the bubble point properties given at the end of the case study. Help
on the definitions and valid ranges of these stock tank properties can be
obtained by selecting the
button from the dialog header bar and
clicking on the relevant data entry field. Press the "OK button and save
the model. Use the <setup/blackoil/advanced calibration data> menu and
press the "plot PVT data button (note: do not enter the advanced
calibration data at this stage). Use the <series> menu to plot the oil
formation volume factor on the y axis. The following plot should be
obtained:
The partially calibrated curve for a temperature of 210 F shows that the
predicted OFVF is higher than the measured value both above and
below the bubble point pressure. At 4,269 psia the predicted value is
1.52 compared to the measured value of 1.49 and at 2,000 psia the
predicted value is 1.41 compared to the measured value of 1.38.
Therefore further calibration is required.
Apply OFVF calibration above the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.49 @ 4,269 psia and 210 F. The following plot should be
obtained:
PIPESIM
Case Studies
177
Apply OFVF calibration below the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.38 @ 2,000 psia and 210 F. The following plot should be
obtained:
Calibration of the oil viscosity requires two dead oil data points. The
uncalibrated default approach is to use the Beggs and Robinson
correlation which gives values of 1.561 cP @ 200 F and 23.27 cP @ 70
F. The Beggs and Robinson correlation uses the oil API gravity to
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Case Studies
predict two dead oil data points based upon data obtained from around
2,000 data points from 600 oil systems. Plot the un-calibrated oil
viscosity. The following plot should be obtained:
In this case it can be seen that the predicted oil viscosity value at a
temperature of 70 F and 14.7 psia is 23.27 cP as specified by the Beggs
& Robinson correlation. This is significantly different from the measured
dead oil data and would lead to errors in the prediction of pressure loss.
Open the <setup/blackoil/viscosity data> menu and select the correlation
option "user data. Enter the two measured values of 0.31 cP @ 200 F
and 0.8 cP @ 70 F. The following plot should be obtained:
PIPESIM
Case Studies
179
180
Case Studies
Proceed to calibrate the gas viscosity and the gas compressibility using
the calibration data given earlier.
7.2.2 Task 2. Develop a Well Inflow Performance Model
A straight line productivity index (PI) method is considered adequate in
this case because the fluid flows into the completion at a pressure
considerably above the bubble point and no gas comes out of solution at
this stage. This applies throughout field life and the productivity index is
not expected to change. The PI will not be affected by changes to the
reservoir pressure because the reservoir pressure is to be maintained by
water injection. The PI will not be affected by changes to the watercut
through field life because the oil and water have similar mobilities in this
reservoir structure. The following step is to be carried out:
- Use the drill string test data to obtain a representative productivity
index.
First it is necessary to add a vertical completion to the model. This is
done by pointing and clicking on the vertical completion button at the top
of the screen and then pointing and clicking in the work area. A vertical
completion appears as shown below.
vertical completion
Double click on the vertical completion in the work area to enter data
relevant to that item. Enter the static reservoir pressure of 4,269 psia and
the reservoir temperature of 210 F. Press the "calculate/graph button
and enter the drill string test data given below. Press the "plot IPR
button and this will calculate a productivity index to be used throughout
the analysis work.
7.2.3 Task 3. Select a Tubing Size for the Production String
Find the smallest tubing size that will allow this production plan to be met
on the basis that the production string will not be replaced during field
life. The tubing sizes available are 3, 4 or 5 for which the I.D.'s
are 2.992", 3.958" and 4.892".
This can be determined as follows:
- Use the systems analysis operation to generate a plot of oil flowrate
against watercut for each of the three tubing sizes.
PIPESIM
Case Studies
181
- Overlay the production plan data and identify the smallest size that
allows this plan to be met.
First it is necessary to extend the model to include a tubing string. Add a
boundary node to the model by pointing and clicking on the boundary
node button at the top of the screen and then pointing and clicking in the
work area:
boundary node button
boundary node
Then use the tubing button to connect the well to the boundary node:
tubing button
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on the tubing to enter the well depth and the
tubing thickness, roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
thermal gradient.
Select the <operations/systems analysis> menu and set up the operation
so that the calculated variable is liquid rate. The x axis variable is
watercut with values of 0, 12, 20, 35, 40, 47, 54 and 60%, representing
the various stages of field life. The sensitivity variable is tubing I.D. with
values of 2.992", 3.958" and 4.892".
Configure the output to give the water cut against the stock-tank oil rate
at the outlet (this is achieved via the series option of PSPLOT):
PIPESIM
182
Case Studies
It can be seen that 4 tubing is the smallest size that will satisfy all of
the production plan conditions.
Note: Don't forget to now set the tubing ID to 3.958 to reflect the 4
tubing for all subsequent simulations.
7.2.4 Data Available
Reservoir Conditions:
Reservoir pressure 4,269 psia, Reservoir temperature 210 F
Stock Tank Oil Properties:
Watercut 0%, GOR 892 scf/STB, Gas SG 0.83, Water SG 1.02, API
36.83
Bubble Point Properties:
Pressure 2,647 psia, Temperature 210 F, Solution Gas 892 scf/STB
Blackoil Calibration Data:
OFVF (above bubble point
pressure)
OFVF (below bubble point
pressure)
Dead oil viscosities
Live oil viscosity
Gas viscosity
Gas compressibility (Z)
PIPESIM
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183
Deviation Survey:
The well is vertical from the well head on the sea bed. Mid perforations
are at a depth of 9,500 ft from the well head. The ambient temperature
varies linearly between 210 F at mid perforations and 60 F at the
wellhead. The minimum casing inner diameter is 10. The generally
accepted overall heat transfer coefficient of 2 BTU/hr/ft2/F for wellbores
can be used throughout.
Minimum Pressure Allowed at the Wellhead:
300 psia
Multiphase flow correlation
Beggs & Brill revised
Production Strings Available:
I.D. (")
Wall thickness (")
2.992
0.5
3.958
0.5
4.892
0.5
Drill String Test:
Oil Flowrate (Q), sbbl/d
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Roughness (")
0.001
0.001
0.001
PIPESIM
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Case Studies
production well
PIPESIM
Index
7-185
You will see that Wells 2 and 3 have adopted the data of Well 1.
Double click on Well 3 and modify the completion and tubing data.
Double click on the vertical completion to enter the inflow
performance data. Enter a gas PI of 0.0005 mmscf/d/psi2. Double
click on the tubing, and define a vertical tubing with a wellhead TVD
PIPESIM
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Case Studies
PIPESIM
Index
7-187
branch button
branch connected
Double click on the arrow in the center of "B1" to enter data for that
branch. Now double click on the flowline to enter data.
Close the "B1" window to return to the network view. As the looped
gathering lines are all identical, the data for branch "B1" can be
propagated to the other looped gathering lines. Select "B1" by
clicking on the arrow in the middle of the branch and using the
commands <edit/copy> and then <edit/paste> copy "B1" to "B2",
"B3", and "B4".
Position the new branches as shown below:
PIPESIM
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Case Studies
Now enter the components and data for branch "B5". Branch "B5"
comprises a liquid separator with an efficiency of 100%, a
compressor with a pressure differential of +400 psi and an efficiency
of 70%, an after-cooler with an outlet temperature of 120 F and a
delta P of 15 psi, and flowline sections.
The equipment is located at "B5" as shown below:
PIPESIM
Index
Note: You should use the connector
together.
7-189
to join the equipment
PIPESIM
7-190
Case Studies
- Specify all the fluid inlet pressures and the delivery pressure.
Use the <Setup/boundary conditions> menu to specify the boundary
conditions below:
Node
Well_1
Well_2
Well_3
Sink_1
Pressure
2,900 psia
2,900 psia
3,100 psia
800 psia
Temperature
130 F
130 F
140 F
(calculated)
PIPESIM
Index
7-191
When the network has solved you should get the message "pn01 Finished OK". Press the "OK" button.
Press the report tool button
simulation.
PIPESIM
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Case Studies
Wells 1 & 2
0.0004
mmscf/d/psi2
0
4500 ft
4500 ft
2.4"
60 F
130 F
Well 3
0.0005
mmscf/d/psi2
0
4900 ft
4900 ft
2.4"
60 F
140 F
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F
0.2
Btu/hr/ft2/F
Index
7-193
Isobutane
Butane
Isopentane
Pentane
Hexane
Petroleum Fraction (Wells 1 & 2):
Name
Boiling
Molecular
Point (F)
Weight
C7+
214
115
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
Specific
Gravity
0.683
Moles
12
Moles
73
7
4
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
Specific
Gravity
0.683
Moles
10.5
Data for Looped Gathering Lines (B1, B2, B3, and B4):
Rate of undulations
10/1000
Horizontal distance
30,000 ft
Elevation difference
0 ft
PIPESIM
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Case Studies
Inner diameter
Wall thickness
Roughness
Ambient temperature
Overall heat transfer coefficient
6"
0.5"
0.001"
60 F
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F
Liquid
100%
400 psi
70%
120 F
15 psi
10/1000
10,000 ft
0 ft
8"
0.5"
0.001"
60 F
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F
Boundary Conditions:
Node
Well_1
Well_2
Well_3
Sink_1
Pressure
2,900 psia
2,900 psia
3,100 psia
800 psia
Temperature
130 F
130 F
140 F
(calculated)
7.4 Optimization
See the GOAL User Guide for optimization case studies.
7.5 Field Planning
See the FPT User Guide for Field Planning case studies.
7.6 Multi-lateral
See the HoSim User Guide for Multi-lateral case studies.
8 Index
PIPESIM
Index
Alhanati instability criteria ... 146
Artificial Lift
ESP Lift ........................... 105
Gas Lift ........................... 104
Performance ................... 142
Back pressure IPR................ 89
Bit lock...... See Security Device
Black Oil
correlations ....................... 52
fluid type ........................... 32
Building a model ................... 31
C and n IPR .......................... 89
Chokes ............................... 106
Compositional
EOS .................................. 60
fluid type ........................... 34
Compressor ........................ 119
Coning .................................. 55
Darcy IPR ............................. 90
Dongle ...... See Security Device
Expander ............................ 120
Fetkovich,liquid IPR............. 87
Flow correlation
Multiphase - horizontal...... 76
Multiphase - vertical .......... 70
Single Phase..................... 69
Flow regimes ........................ 66
Fluid calibration .................... 41
Black Oil............................ 41
Compositional ................... 42
Fluid data.............................. 32
Forchheimer gas, IPR........... 89
Gas Lift
Design............................. 145
Diagnostics ..................... 145
instability ......................... 145
Horizontal Completions ........ 91
How to ...
Analyis a field over time .... 50
8-195
Analyse artificial lift
requirements ................. 47
Analysis a production well. 45
Calibrate a fluid ................. 41
Create GOAL curves......... 47
Create reservoir tables...... 48
Design a Multiphase Booster
...................................... 44
Develop a pipeline & facilities
model ............................ 42
Find the optimal completion
length ............................ 48
Match data to a flow
correlation ..................... 42
Model a multi-lateral well .. 51
Perform a field wide
optimization ................... 50
Perform a Nodal Analysis . 45
produce a pressure /
temperarture plot ........... 43
Set boundary conditions ... 49
Size equipment ................. 43
Inflow Performance .............. 87
Jones gas, IPR ..................... 89
Jones liquid, IPR .................. 87
Limitations of Model &
Component ....................... 39
Model components overview 35
Multiphase Boosting ........... 121
Contra-Rotating Axial...... 133
Dynamic Type ................. 130
Helico-Axial ..................... 131
Positive Displacement Type
.................................... 126
Progressing Cavity.......... 129
Twin Screw ..................... 127
Multiple Layers / Completions
........................................ 103
Multi-rate tests
gas IPR ............................. 90
PIPESIM
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PIPESIM