ON I'HE COMPARATIYE STADY OF MATHEMATICAL

MODELS FOR EARLIEST VISIBILITY OF THE

CRESCENT MOON AND THEIR MODIFICATION

Cdndidare:

M UI IA MMA D SITA H ID QURESH

lo

SupeNisor
(D..) N.sidddh Khan
Prcfesso.. Depadmenr ofMarlEma
cs
Unive$ity of Karachi

Prcscntcd in

prrtiatfulfitme ofrhe

requircments for rle deerce

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
ptder&, Aslrophysics

Ar Insliruk ofSpae &

unlversity of Kamchi, Kamchi

September, 2007

CIiII-TIFICA'TE
welcc.pllhe lhcsh

as

cortunrjns to the rcq0iEd $afttnrd

CERTIFICATE

c.

incd thn th. ..ndidltc hr! @mplcr.d $c rh. T undr ny supervision

a-w"*
,/U*sql

.',.hs la' t r- aanh,d$

Ur/

,{' \4{t
6{"
iii

The

md

tnU'onaneofAltah

3}.'d/tul

ard t to rno8t D3''cficent

Dedicated to my late mother

Anwer Sultana
whose patient struggle in life and passion for mathematics
motivated me to study

I am d.cply graleful to Prolcssor Dr. Nasituddin Kndn, my SrDervisol aor his patience.

inkluble sriNlla(on
*hen I

.n

and counlloss sugg6tions dsht from the bcSinning rill rhG poirrt

ablc ro complerc lhis $ork.

I sould ole lile lo

expess Dy CFlilude for tne valuble suSgestions polided by

Prcfessor Dr. Roshid Kadal Ansli of IcdeEl Urdu UniveBily. Karachi_ in rhe bcginnnrs
ol tlis prcjed My spccial

$hks

for Prcfcssor Dr. Mtrhamn)ad Ayub Khar you$rlzai

ol

Urne6nj ofKonchi$no Emincd a nofiaror tor mc nbuglour rhis \ork I mus,tso

suhnrit nry hunblc tanks lo Prolcser Dr. Muhannad ltoys of rjnilcGny of Kuata
l-!mpur. Maliysia, Dr Abdul Haq Suhan ol Univeriry of Sanaa,yenren
cnconmAcment during

$is sort. lhanls !E ats due

aor

Mr MulNflrnrad

tor reir kind

shotrl Odch

n nleins rhc wcbsllc NN\.icoon)ior! dnd Mr (hitid shorkor

\\\rr!r!]N4lt!!!!.9r1!rr.
prpeu aDd.laln lbr rhn

stccral rhdnlis

llr

uorh

\orl

lhc*

rcnraincd

! eurcc

"ohsitc
lo hrve b..o posibt. l_asr

Dr Shlbbir Ahs.n

$hoe {aluablc nrge$iions helped

oi

Lahorc Universny

nriNgilg

ot infomllliotr. rcscd'lh

nor rhc leasr; I subnjn

of M.meeNnr

m,

Scienccs

nre in cdnins rhn dissedation.

I sish b cxtcnd my sirrccrc thanks to lhc University of Knrachi. i! pirticutar ns vicc

chrncll . Prolcs$lpr Pecuda Qasinr Rm. lor rhc consislcnl DoRI suppon tor rho

My sife. cbildo. and in-laws enained under lols of prcsure durine lhis proloneed
periodofny\ort lor shich no gralirude nay bc enough.

MSQ

Abstract
The pmbl.m of

delemining ftc day when Uc nev tunar crcs.nl

ar an, site of observarion

phenon.non

li.

!.!ieRtd alohe si$

3en ti6t

hs

ImniB imFnel

lunar calcnd.i. In

can be

Efrained an opch pobtem since andquirr, The

for beeioing ! luw mon$ in a puEly ob*rvariomt

n6! chapler

the asrrcnomicat pdamercn relare.i

lolheprobtcnr

are

briefdcsriplion oasme rules oafitrnb arribut.d ro rhc ancicnr

and lhe nr!ie!.1 nodets lhc afecrs ot geognphical loc.rion on rhc problcr orc aho
dcscribed. A brief Evierv ofc.tendaB lnd.ssociared celestiat cycles h atso pescnled
$nh splri.l chphasis on |hc rulcs enurcjarot for Islamic ob*rarionat lu.arcalcnd,r a

.{rlr

as lo'r cemu, AD. ln lhe end of the

.strcnoncrs of 2orr'

Solvins

ch.prf Eviov or rhe conlrib[ion of thc

cenrurr is pesentcd $al b.8im rvirh thc etoFical toodct or

fte pnblm ol lhe ti6l visibilny

lenedy colcrlations and thc

oa lbe n.$. lumr crcsccnr inlolvcs

ofatt ctcFenrary !slrononjic0t rechniqucs. A tovi.w ot

n e tcchniq,es and algorilhms is pEsc .d in rhc *cond chlpr. Sp$i.l emphNis is
Ailrn lo r|r dekminarion oa linr of oriunclion of Moon sirh rhe SuD. i c binh of nc*
trsc

Moon. rh. risinsand seu'hgol thr Smnnd rhe M@n_ posnionsofrhc sun,nd thc Moor
ar 2n! tnrc on rhc
rc day aftc. conjL .rion .t.tc ch.prr cnds rith a brict

dll or

dsscrption of the .ompurer prosranr Hitotot dsvebp.d r'.r compftrioN done

ir rhis
\ort A n$v posam is deEloped in ordq lo prcdnce the dala Fquied aor rhis \ol[

$ar is Cencrally.or avlitabte troh orher sotlwarc lhat aheadycxrsr

ShniDg

$ilh simtl Ulbytonian

fic lhnd chaprr eiptores rhe ancienr

dnd the Drdielal hlrbeoaricat hodets follo\d b, rhe dcscriprion ol. narh.natical
trploEion of oedieval Mutim Aslomn6. Condricat considehions asiaGd
crncrion.

wilh the prcblen are.xplorcd in nrore dclaitin oder ro evalu0le the Lunlr Ripencss
Las
o.0
sMcess, suggc$ed in lhc medieval e6. Son nodincado.s to rh la$ aru ate
'ls
suggesled Thc shoncominss of the ripenc$ lav a,c then di*ussd and lieht is
shcd oD
rhe Easns rhat lead ro lhe dcvelopnent of ARCV-DAZ ,.trrion b4d nodels
b, the

cdly 2di cenlury astononeB. Thc

simpk Babylonian

c ldion

significanr findin8

of the

chaprer

th

modcls in thil

borh lhc

and rhe Lunar RipeNss IEw a! morc successfutin tcrms

thcn co.sistnct Nnh rn. posirile sghrings dords in comparison

ddllopcd in

h $al

of

b fie hodeh

fiBr haliof2(]ucenrury Ascroa46Sobsonationsisuscdforleslinslll

{ork. nr.r incldc obseNations collccted

ln conparison lo lh. empnical odcls

since thc

nrd to

latcrhrlaof l9'i cemtry

prcdicr lhe visibilil) of lhe nc$

lu.

cr*enl iill rhe lid balfot $e l$ndelh cnlur)- lhe 6od.ls dcleloped on rhe
b6is of phFical rheoriN of sl! brighhess and extincrion trc cxPloEd nr thc lol'nh
.[dfl*. i he* models incl"de l[o$ d.ralotrd by Bun aM sclDrftr scpamLl]. Btoin

bed

his mddrl on lhe rveige briehhcss of lhc

Schacfeis model calculales th. octual

id

lin

lull

Mdon and lhe

lriligh

slv.

ins mdgnitud. oaihc skj and $c ntgnnud.

vkibilitt cldinr on rh. bnsis ol nugnirrd. coniGt and rs

difte{nr ir nrtuLc tio$ allother nodeh An.ra bdel deeriprion of Bruin s modcl ihe

of rhc cftsdrl

tcsls a

scmi-cnrpiricrLnDdel

olYillot

is discu$ed in d{(.i1. Nhich isconsiderud to be

rlt

nDn

Nnrflchcnsi\c !trd aldrcnlic nrodcl. Y{llop dcducdd his busic d.h lrotrr lr ns
\isibilnJ curvcs. On nre brsis of Schadfcas tcchliqocs qc hd\c rlconsLruorcd Inui s
model rnd pruduccd lcw visibililt crNes Md. ncs scmi-enrpnicll nodel lbr rhe
\isibilnJ oanc$ llnar crcscenl fte delclopNcnl ofllris n.w nrodel is

one

oith( Naior

{chicve.nEoflhis$ort.AllIhemodelsarclestddnthssamcdaldselasisusedinrhe

qorl is found lo be rhe bcst aDonssl

!rc\ious chaplcr lhc nc$ nrodcldc\cloPLd in lhis
rlB nlodcflr dr) dels in rcnrs olils cdnsnlcnct Nilh lh. nunrb.r olposirilc sishrinSs
in lhc d asduscd A compali$n ofsuccess oaqch nodcl h aho disNsed in tlns

$c founn chapler a emtce} is iEmed b *di dle tulhcnticirt of a

claim of siehlins or ne\ cte$e on lhe bsis of a rmi_enpnical modcl and th'
-fhe
sisnific.nce of such a stats) hN bcn highlignred 4s
Nasnitudc conlras oodel
Al $e

rherc

ae

end of

found d nuob.r of authenric ne\r

coosisienr wnh a

cG$c

*ni-cmpilical nodel tn lhcse ces

risibihv claims thlt are

nol

semi'copnical nodel des not

cltsm wilnoul oprical

This happens s aeminpirical

allow visibilil, ofthe

aid bu rhe magnitude conkasr is in f.vour

bl. i.to considcnrion lhc

elsvation of lhc sne of obseoation abole sed levsl md dr wcarher conditions t-he
ofvisibility.

modcl

dcs

nor

maSn'lud. contBl model consided all lhese facto6.

Dcyond $eorctical considerarions a na$ematical model should possess poucr oa

appliabilily. The prine applidion of

rhc mathemaical nodels

cxplo&{. anatysed an,l

develoFd in this $ork is lo dermin rhc adiesr visibihy ota ncN lunn cft*cniar
location

oflhc {orld

applietion in the

and lo

fiih

lerify

8J

chim ofcre$on lhibiliry. Ap.n froh $is prirlc

chafler rhc sedi+mpi.ical modch arc applicd

lun

devetop a

cascent. The phenom..on

of

shonentu! otcrcscent lengrh is lino"n for centuries ond drrinS 20ri cenl!try a nrnrbc!

of

hchnique for cilculdring the leneti oan$v obsc(d

4!$ns hale b(tn suSgcscd lor $e eme. Ilo\rer. our sugg.srd rNhnique is rhc tld
ofilsn rc ihr pdvid. a simplc com brionili@lforcrlculatirglensrholob*ncd
.Nsccnl. Mooover. lhc *-nlichpincdl nlodch are nlso rfplicd

p@ti$'l obsen.t,onal lun.r cdendar i,r Paki$an for lhe

r. lcril}

lasr sc\cn

)c

thc act(dl

s. rhc nDdcls

tnctis.d calcndar aN found to bc in asEemcnr in 95% oi$e ncs mooff duling

thc pciod of srudy. Morivaled by rhis hish rare of consh(cncl rve hrvc pNscntc(t a

and thc

''PEdicted Obscn arioml Lunar

C.leod.i forPakisan.

A sumntr' ofrhis Nhole.flon h preseired in lhe lasr ch.prcr.

issues aE hiehliSlt

d $nh a di$ussion on rh. aurur.

scope

v.nols ihpoarrr

of Esearch nr the

arcd

,i tu, L Lfz/& L J \ rE -, p p,f.,/- 6 e.t )

r-l f-.g tetL 4 6)er. ( F,J) i\v1,r' 4. ?rr' 64
i, t ) :i v i v L L./t1,' (t t)I!,y.- gl
= 4. 6

LX

(-

,fz1

r,r"

a t, r e. u

"J

i. z-tLl- ct g a't;' lo j 161 u ! r' 6,V. -[]c|

d,j' lr )'a t )' a.'.f4)!,J. +WJ*

t"

;" iv t
"
r,.{(" F\t) it4vJ r.l

!'i'; 14

r't

,p i L -r. z.t L,r l,-t tt,1,J,""4

a/iitt,t,,a.- tf ll ,iv ( tt),( J t lu e.r6t L ,J^" q':
- i r- ;- l'!I' L <c*"nst*n)
.

-V- v J-) 3 v { L,U{,L,' t',} i L J t,l/ z'et tt' - wt f-,ft,' -rS1 Aa4- cl )t* V:. vf i A'!-$
.,,'.,r:Lt' 5 A 4J', l-f'a le'' ra'Ya -'{,{,k
L ;v'tt,,,L,f e :,,4 L,tt tu, L,f,,t -,),t *L t ts,,
'l

J'V't

J,t'
r',/ h I

t4")trLiq,/t !)()-lvtQ.? d6'{p

t
ri. +6/,*
!. 1 4. +W e c t L - u.t t) v /'
r-- {,' f-,. E,e * ll I L {, * r! i{,! 4
..- );t,- 7
",t
'or

ilf'LLf'
+

4t ?'(

,),.t

OS

c)'i

JW

( ),1
-t z-r z,lizt
",
J,t ] t' - tfu O.L,.l' q' )a L,.a. +f- t@I., t

it+Vr{-

J!-

-ftE)6t2!-96-tt
1

d,J,

'9,!,r

G"p1c'st a x

!lr-t'

- iJr,,'v

-t

t,'1:r;i

rU,f f-

r'
j-.-yry

Laffi
/:t g a,"'.,1,f'S'.,st--tr-

( t)Vhftnt tunar Ripeness

:4ttr h ct ?, L

ef r, 6

t ) ),Ji;.r [ 6,",t- r-.t

L,l,t,t-'< t ! rt tfJ r',,t g,j.t,'v !- - -i i --,. y t,1 t..,-.

"
L v L,,a.w1 t t6,,)t,v.;,-r Lv L u il, JqJ it-l
t

'U't
1

Z.

J'* ) rV, it'ts" affi {1V l,ilr 1tt',, L r t,t'. et

c
=V
J-,.
t.r
L
I 16 )
&.4 E q
|

Jth

a)-Ii)+

1,,1

;9,f,t,,! i-st-

!J

f1,!,+,L J+A)1
(y )
6,, i? i,J + v L r l t,F- /" )

L 6.a,t,<

iQ,f-- d,Jr ;- *,.r,,t

,tc,tui ;"tLi..+fu&

"'

p?,:b

*fu !xJf+:V.{-$

{,u;,t,t L |.s,cnaeter:lf
E,!J
"'-,-f',t4'tovi L lL/i<-G', t,t JeF it L=V i
zV pV'!J iL 4r!,t i'/- t'L J'\ r"
L4.r2 (4
"r,t
"
(L<y ano .l V,tLt)r. l'L L lL e;.,.,ri
-p.- u il J
=,1,'

r1,r.

" "E

+, V d t;-,/ +s,t tf,,

Lf

t!

--,. f, _ d6ct tP{ L ;c/- /, r

11 t!>tt t.,L c|u,e,,t,t 6,t,,,{ L l+t L.a)!

i,t,,r { d' t At a : i L /}- }/l9_ tL j"<,V[ 4{ E
(r;,tL1\,J, .+Jt ritt:,tJt-Ai. J !-,udJt.,J/
$ ;u-' g4vLu Lg {)*,,J..t } :f/,t }4a-,.fv ,-.r r
f
- u t4 aL,' + -. {L l1Lt, LV 1 tfi" s r,,L 6 jlt t e ?V
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.8-

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r, ;9

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4* *ut
t',!, aa 1 v : ;,&,

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I

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vf Ll

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{U.,J,. c,,/+v, ri)

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{ d-- w L,t a,,} t LJ 4r1)l!1- "

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-l 2,,!'l'J 6*t'z.t +'5. 4v t;- tt X"'"Pr. 7w J. lfoL L ig, 4v t z- {6 rfr ,1 I ;'1'4, : 5,1,u SW.,E,fJ.z i
V

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twp ? d,!ftF, r- t;4otqtl & tttt i

=
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",!

CONTENTS

Urdu R.ndenng of Abslracl

Introduction

Ll
L2
t.l
1.4
L5
2.

P@nd.6

olNry

for visibiliry

sienillcmce o| ceogdphical
Tbe Rut.s oaThunb: The

Crl.ndas

Lumr

Cr$chr

calion

Ani.m & fi. Medievrl

l0

tl

and CelesdalCycles

Aslro.on6

20

Astronomicsl Algorithms & Techniqucs

24

condbution oflh zod cotury

25

2.1

2.2

Dyne

cs

ofMmn ed

l0

|he Eanh

2,t

4i
2,5

2.6

55

2.1

58

2.8
2,9

3.

5l

Coordindtes of rhe M@n

Caenl visibihy Pard.ic'!

Thc Softve Hiblol.qpp
Nes Lu@

Ancicnt, Mcdicv{l & Etrly 20$ Ccntury Modcls

|
3.2
l.l
1.4
1.5
l.

63

15

'ftc ltabylonian Crilcri!

76

Some Sphncd Trigonomebc Consi.lcations

82

Thc

Lud

Ripehess I,3w md ils

Ehpidcal Models of Edly

2d

ConposonahdDiscussion

Modiicdlion

CenNry

t03
122

Phyaic.l Modala & their Evolution

4.1
4.2
4,1
44

Bruid

s Physical

Y.llopl

125

Model

t27

sinslc Pamel.r Mo.lel

Srch.f.ls Umitiog Magritudc Mo&l

A Nry Crirrion For vilibility of Nry

l3?
ta6

Luc cEsdt

tt9
t67

5.

Applicrtion

5.1
5-2
6.

t'|2

Ln$h of

l7l
l9l

Cd!c.

Ob6.ri{tional L|lM C.lctrdrn of Pakkur

Dircusion

t9E

Th. sonwm

Hihlol.cpp

fte Anci.nl Med'.valrnd E dy 2of 'enluo

205

Models 2ll

PhysiolModcls
Lwcd.nd.r2000'20{t
Futurccalendar2ooE-2ol0

Th.

24!
255
264

21t

Chapter No.

INTRODUCTION
Slnce rhe anclent ttmes rh. 6preaEn@ ot nw tunar cr6cent marked lhe

beginningofa new monlh. With the dvotopment ot ctv zarions org.ntrtng lme tor
e(ended pe ods lnto weeks, months snd teaE, the tlnar phase cyctes tead to tho

evolutio. ot calendaB. lh6refore the pobtem ot dotermining the day of tiFt

sEhtingol nw crescent moon arlbcted hlman betngr tt Invotves con stderatio n or
a nuhber of astronomlcat es wett as other facto6. On the orher hand th6 probtem
ol obserylng the new tunar cres.6nt at an eaniesr posstbte momenl ts chalenging
for bolh amateuE and professtonat .5tonome6. Th6 .st,onomtcat paEmetets on
whlch thesolution olthlsprobtem ts bas6d are b eflydtscussed in the ftsl .iicte ot

The circudstarces and parameteE assciated with th problem of sighting

new runar cresce.t Sreatty vrry wirh th v.rytng post o. or obseder on rhe globe.
The atfecls ot the geographicat tocation on the probtem ls briefiy discussed in rhe
next 6rtlcle. Atempts to determlne crle a tor the delermintngthe flrst ltslbitity ot
new runar c@scenr

ai..y

ptac rpp.ared as any as the Babytonian ers (Faroohier

al, 1999, Bruin, 197?, tty.s, 19946). Signncanr adrances were made by Mustims
and AEbs during medlevgt perlod. A brtl nccount ot thes6 ancient aid medieval
effons b discu$ed ln

thtd.dtcte ofthts chapter.

Srnce anliqolty changing phas6 o, the Moon and a comptete cyct or rhese

vrriallorc has been ured a3 meansot kptnEaccount ofcatendaG. |yas hasgiven

a delailed accounr of the history of ihe scince of lunar crescent vlstblity and the

lslahic Calenda. (rryas, 1994.), Dogger h6 di$ussed lhe history and rhe
deveropn. of calenda6 (ooget,1992), Fetngold &orshowitz hav. presenred a
(omparEllvesludy or morethan rwnry catendaG or vsrtous (ypes both sncien, a;d

moden (Reingold & Dschowttz,

2OO1). A numbor

otorhor rutnors navo contrtbur.d

on rcraid tssle. (atr.3hk, 1993, y.s, 1997, Odeh, 2oo4 etc.). A. ,ghr
from rhe
beginnlng the c6tenda6 rE 6s$ctated wirh th. cycts ot rh
heavens, rhe eme
.re Evi*ed atongvilh tno a$ociated catendaB in the nen anbb oi thts chapter
wlth speclal emphasts on the tst.mic Lunar catendai
Durlng the modrn

rims tt wa3 onty in rhe tasl quaner of the 19rh century

lh.l

weslem askorom66 stangd erpto,ing the pbblem of ea l6sr sigh trg

o, new
lunar
the tast antcte is a bnot luruoy of lrorature that delcribed and
'oscent.
ttweropod vaious c,ire.t. o, models for lhe $tulto. ot probtm ot d.t.rmining
th
day or lh fl6t vlslblltty ot tun.r crescont at any ptac on th6
Elobe du nE 2olh

Ll

PARAMETERS FOR VISIlIILITY OF NEW LUNAR

CRf,SCDNT

The Moon. the ody natunt sateuirc oflhe Eanh. is

eoiog ound lhe [anh
orbit thot is a hiShly iftgrlar ellipe Thc i resutariries in lhe pd$ of rhe
M@n

an

a duc lo

llrc

facl Et

its norion is govemed by not onty tbe

also aaf.clcd by toan)

of

gEln

ional

pu

oflhe Eanh. bur is

rhe ncishholiing cetestial objecN (Danby, 1992).

\\,nh

Hadh s varying dhr&ce

fron lhc Sun, thc e,Iecioa $e Sun,s gnvnodonat pull v,rics

srbstmti ly snh rheElarile posnionsofthe Eanh and the Moon. Moreov.!,lhe afcors
orthe confisur.lion oflheshole Sotrsrslem (losirions ofa| lhe major ptMcrs a.d
$c
major ar.rcid9 on rhc morion oflhe Moon is oor nesligibte, Thus,
accoding ro rhc
''Eplremirids Lun,irs Prisiemcs,, popularly tnoh d Chapont,s
tuM tho,y ELp,
2000/82 (Chapronl-Touze & Chapronr. t 983, Cluprcnr-Touzc & Chaprcnt,
t99l), tor lhe
b.sl possible plecision iD te lonSirude, hdnde md lhe disrance (bclsen lhc
Mon and
the Eonh), dere aE equired as nany as 15i227 priodic rrms. On lbe othf
hand, for
dcteminhg 6e position ofrhe Sun b r simile d.8E of acc@cy one
2,425
,Variarions
periodic rems in vicw olrhe
S.culairs des Orbnes plandaiet, rhe Fiench
pr.netary thory lnoM as VSOP87 (B&raSnon & Fl!Bo!,
t988, Meus' 1998). The

rqdB

accurat dterni.alio. of lhc posiiiom of the

Su dd tl'e

explorins |he circunsr.ee of rlE vGibihy of ihc

Moon is tbe

!a lud .esnt,

fisl

slep towards

Handling sdh a

laqe hnmber of pdiodi. terms mak6 this fiEt slep very ciucial. The lest of the sludy
dep.nds on th. Elativc
thc aunsel for

pcitio$ of

lhe

Ss

and thc

M@n

ed

rhe

hod&i at md aner

a.y place on the &nh.

These theoris detemio. lhe

obj*|' fid dc b6ed

c.l$i.l

ecliptic coodiiates of the sold sy$en

on sphencal polar c@rdinats. The fig

Ll.l

sho\s the spheiical

pol.r coordiMle sys&n, The origin of lh. syslen O is nher lhe ccntrt of lh E nh ot

olsliptic,
iound the Su, The x-dis poin6 in the diEtion ol
lhat ofthe Sun. The xy'plane

the plane

the plane

i.

shich the

the vcmal Equimr

horbi6

which is the

poinr of intersection of the Ecliptic (palh of rhe Eanh arcund rhe Sun) and lhd celesrial
equaror (rvhos

plde coimides wnh

rhe pl.ne oa rhc

lereslrial equalor). P is $e objsl

llhc Moon in gcocemric sysem or thc Earth in llelioccn(ric sy(em) $hosc stheical
porq

@dimrs
ollhe

tp. 0. 0)

p=

lo4.

0=

4oP 6d e-zzo?.\i\ee P ist\.

ollhe objccl on ro the xy-phne. In the celestial ecliptic

cmdinaB the cetesial loicitudc I = o dd rhe cel.$ial l6(ludeP= 9f - el= zPoP ).
whcn fie hcli@enilic eclipric coordinates ofthe E nh aa elaluared usins VSoP ft.y
aE $en tdslomed inlo lh gc@nric eliplic coodimles of lhe Sun The corjuncdon
or $e Bidh ofNe\ Men occu6 wben }{1 = Is.
prcjccrion

position P

Fig.

No I I I

SuDpoe

..d

Oc

('-.r",/.)!d (.,,r",t) E

p6isc

dist nc6,

etipri. tonSnld.

rt

hnud. of lhc Moon .nd

rh. d.y of @njucrion. For

thc

Sltr Bperiv.ty, Ff.Gd ro fi. nsr cquircx ol

.ny t@tor on th. Esnh wnh Gcri.l eotdimrcs. I rh.

rcGrdal lonsiud. ot rh. d@ .d t is rh. Lcid.l tlrirud., thc ti6t scD i. de

d.rcmimtion of dc visibihy ot ft. nd t!@ cE$.ni is ro d.r.diF rh. aclut
dyMicrl tin (TD oi rD T., of rlE @njwtion. N.xt, om Eqdc coBidcrine rh.
la.!l tima ofslrdns ofrt. Su {d rlE M@n. IfT, lrd Tm (CoordiDr.d Urivcdt Tin.

rinB of rh. lcat sunsa ud rhc hooEt, ihcn d.

visiblc only ilT, < To, This La4 to lh. p.md.r LAG - Tr Tr.
TUC) bc lhe

Using th. cclipric c@rdiNl6 ot |he sun

dy

orho noD.ni of tiD., Oc

(a..t,) cd

bc

6d

thc

i*

G$cnr h.y b.

Mon drt.ut.l.d for rh.

1..

o,

cqq|oi.t @rdin c! of rh. |m bodiB (a.,4)!nd

oh.ircd. Vhcdd.

rhc nght

aeBion k $c

djspt@mcnr

of$. objer

fbm wdal .qdnox .long lh. cctcsli.t cqu|or (in $. q. qudtut s I ). md d

delin.rion or rhe displ.ccftnl of$. obj.cl fbm dc pt.E or ue.qullor t c.l

js

$c

lour

Aigl. tf is rh.i oblaircd fon Oc dilT.Ene of thc leEt Sid.c.t Tin. (r_SD and rh
ishr e.6iotr. This liMuy gies ihc leat horianr.t c@diiat s, dimuft (,r). rhc
displ&.md ol rhe objer fbi rhc diEcdon of lh. Nonh rowrds E 5r ,tong $.
hodenlal in l@l sty .nd rlE ald|ud. (r), rh. hciehr or rh. objer lbov hori&o. Aftcr
.djustus for $. cf@rioi ed $. h.ishr of rh. obencr's to..rion .bovc s.. trycl rhc
ropo..nric c@rdiiaks (,4., rr ).nd (,{, .}. ) of lhe M@n

lo almosr all rhc nod.ls

fo..&lid

- ,- -/'.,

de sun, 6!..rivty aE

hoo!-nddng, rh. mj.nt

mod.m, th. difieE@ ofeinurlrs (D,,tz =

l!r.

rltiluda (ARcv

and

- /r.l. can.d rlodvc

s rcll .s lh.

szimurh)

.id

thrt

ot

$ rhoM in rhc fig 1t.2, at th. rin. of

lc.l su@t T, Th. e of vkion is ale l.m.d s F of d.fft$ion. TIF tig, |.t.2 de
show rhc *pa{ion bctwn ln. Sun lnd rh. M@ that is tsM !s 0E .rc of tilnl
abbrtviacd s ARCL .rd is .ls tioM $ .tong$ion.
c.llcd

of vision)

lor nnien
other

frh

Elni* &idrh, rlE e ofvision !d tn. e oflighq dE dirc.it

visibility of luE d.gnr rauircr ro aat it|ro @mid.6iion a @dba of

Ap&1

rh.

pm$rd. On. e.h p@ntq

ihe As. ofthe Moon (AcE) =

th tine elaps.d sine th la.t onjuncli@ rill rh. doc

of(rlE sn!.r

Tt
or

To d.ffned

tlE any orhd

rclevut tioe) obsvltion Arbrhe inponDt lir.ror is dE Widft of

Cres.r (w) thti

depIds on rhc digre of$e Moor. As dE din@ of 6. Moon frm rhe 2trt veies
6on &@.d 0.14 nillion km to a@nd 0.4 nillid tD ln. Fni{i.rr.d of rhe luw
disc

vri6

liom I t

ninutF io | 65

minur6.

Fig I L2

Ihun if rhc M@n ir dGc$ to in anh.r th. rirc of obs{tion rne c|ts@i
would b wid.g lnd th6 bndttrd Winh of tlE qtsfl i! di.6tly prcFrlo@t lo rhc
Ph.F (P) of th. M@, thll is r tunqio of dE ARCL. r\ @mpla. ltul of all rh.$

T.
2

T.

2.

t-

T-.

T.

BdTimeofvhibilily

Tr

AC

1.

M@netTr
Arc'ofvision
Relative AziDurh

E.

Arcorlight(Elo!8afion) ARCL

10.

Pbseofcqc.n
Widlhofcrcs@nl

Age oflhe

5.
6,

ARCV

DAZ

A conputarioml stnlegy may be lo stad b, deternining $e tim. of Bidh of lhe

th. Moon *ith the snn. For .ny plee on the slobe
deremirc rh. dm ot suner |har follos rhe timc of bidn of ncw M@n. For this monenr
conpute thc e@entic .cliplic coorditulcs of both lte Sun aod $. Moon. Tlmfom
New Moon or conjlnctio. or

the* coodinat.s

lGal horizonbl c@rdinates. Tbereby coFPute tnc LAC,lhe Age,

to lhe

ARCL, ARCV. DAZ and the width W. The ddoih of all

t.2

$6e

computations shau bc

SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Fo!

$c

pioblem

of rhc .dli.st lisibility or the Ncw

Cre$enr Moon $e

orientatiob ofthe paths of the Sun and the Moon Eladve lo mch othcr dM

hoizon h significdnl. They chatrgc

depeod on thc latitudc

lhe sly appsr 10

scason

of lhe place. Due

hvel

1o

lo seaon as

\tll

tlarile

to lhe

as year lo ,car a.d olso

fte axial rctation of lhc lanh cvcrv object in

along a cidular palh (The Diuftal Patb) ext nding frcm ealcm

horimn ro thc $'eslm borircn. Thn parh lics in a plae

pellcl

equalo. Tlc obj*ts in ou sty sbos. delimtion is coNLnl

(sld

lo th Plane of thc

and other

exd_$lar

sysreh objccq slw.ys remd. in a 6xed smallcircle in our 3ky with Norlh Ccleslial Polc

being ren

Pole i.e. rheit diurnal palhs cE no( only 6xed bul lic in plan.s parallel to each

eund lhe Sun h inclined to lhe pla.e of lhe

Equalor .l s .ngl of eosd 21tr 26' 26" lhcefor tne deliMiion ot lhe Sun in ou tkv
vdi.s frch 230 26' 26" $nth ro 230 26' 26 nonh oYr a y6. Thc declimtion ofrhc
Moon vdi.s frem aoDd 280 S5 south to 280 35' ;onn duting. llMlion penod Thc
olhr. Thc Plan. of the orbn of lhc ednh

! dry rdlt.' dF pdh of dt Su B itt pdh of dp rroor @ bc 6Bid6.d r

snrll circl. tl[l h.rc th.i poLs tl rlE Nodt cdcdi.l Pol6 i.. rlE dil4l plrlr3 ofrhc
Su .d th. MM do nd lie ii p||G F .lld (o tlE pLG of dE di!.nrt prtht ot d6
Fo. ple3 on E!n[ wirh Lrtu L. 8ral6 (t.1 660 ]a' (Mln q ort) rlE! e d.yr
dunls .sy rd, *ha Son tqn iB b.low th. hdid dl dry (d ltoe lh. horian dl
da!). Sinilllr forplrc6wirh ld' h.gldrlbo6f 25'drhdorl! dE .I!d.ys
dun.8 .tqy luu rEtl etE d! Moon n bdor rL hdizoi dl &y (or.borc tt&
durtng

Ap.n fion th.

plr6 chc

to

v6y clole to tE ho.izon. Fo. pb.

dr Gqld bd!

d$.

tt Su!d

thc

Mmmy16l

lo tlE audor ilE Cclcs'rl Equnor p6ss

doe lo dE anh !d tlElfd! ti. pdnr of ft S{n.!d dE Moon |!mi. hiSh in $c

dq. Bu in ph6 wnh higls hd L. ih. Cd.lrid Equdd i! clos lo th. Hdid o
th.l th. p.tlB of tlE S!..!d tlE M6 my b. d@ d cq bclow th. horizon. Th.
68|le @. 1.2.1 CFs lh. driw dirrdd of dE cliDlic.td cd.ri.l .quror ia
6np.rid lo tlE hdid for. lLe rin hrgl |tin|d. d dr dm of hol o&r !r
!d!d rsd .quimx (6liFic in ttl.) .n rorld aodd .qlircx (6liFi. in pinl) .

\l.rsllldib

1l'

Figur.No.1.2I C.l.eid SdE fo. d

obffi

in hi8lj

blnud.

hid ldiod.! vhcr d'c dccli.dion oflhc Sun k

eulh (wirt r in th. mnltfr h.hirph6c bctBa Sumd $lnie rld th Auruhtul
Equinox or ba96 &tunn l .quiu !d thc wint6 5lni@) tho p.th of rh. Su and
@nt qu.dly rhd of ih. M@n |!Dir vrry okr!. ro th. hori4n. Ir rn F @nditi@3 th.
w M@. .8q @nju.rion .nlE tlDitr h.low hqid or Ery cloF ro tlE ho.izon
matina it inposibl. to s da .nq lF d ilre d.y! nm djuncrio. Th. iu.rion
b.con6 @e ifdldng lhb p.n ofdE yd th..L.li.dioo oftlE M@. is oti of0a
&.linrlion of th. Su4 p|nia,brly clos to AduFnd Equircx (@nd S.prcmbd.nd
tuob6} B.rsq vqol .quitux !d dF SUDE Solricc (t@d ,uc) th.dlipric is
rehtircly high .trd th. p.O3 oflh. S{n .d th. Md e higls 10. Dtina it asid to
s rel.dv.ly tqDgq cGsnB Th. enl.rid n aG!.d gedly for th $urn@
Thi! figue clorly 3howr th.! for

Hdnd
FiglE No. |

\r'

2.2: Cclcadd Sph@ &|r

D obr.ffi

in low

lrlind.

$. fg@ m. 1.2.2 dbE th. ddiE dndllod ofdc ..liptic !d

equ|tioi ii oonpcilor to thc hodzon for i pLc. with low hritude ai {@rd

Sihihrly

@lqlirl

.rd |@rd auMMl .qui@x (alipiic in ligln

pirl). ftir fise d$ 3ho* thd clo* io @tunr.l .quiDx t|| PrlB ofrh. Sun ed rh.

wrul

e{ui@r (eliplic in ligln blw)

slh of
rnll ofthc Sun tn. drdhid & nd !6y lpod fd liSltilg of ! tl.riv.ly y@ng d*.nl.
M@n

r.

rchrivcly cloF ro th. hodan.rd if !h. D.clintti@ ofthc M@. is

Tbh is lhe hain rcason bcbind @nsidedng Age of Moon

dt

visibilily of

cF56t.

dudng th. {ullmn and

In sprinS.nd

whcn lhe M@n is

$ar ofdre Sun)

en

i.

wsl

not a vcry good indicabr for

Mmr vcry t$utrg.ge

*inle6 very old clescent

hemisphed. Thc situalion is rcveB.d

s6odlly

of fte sun

cltg cd h. sn

lnd

may .scape sighling in th holthern

for de

(el6rial

sud@ hmisphec,

loncnudc or rh. M@n is

noc rh&

our sky it is Old Moon carching up wilh rhe Sun. The Old Cre$enr can

suriF. An r $e binh of Ncw Mmn (c.leslial

longilude of rhe Moon b*omes jusl eratd lhe rbat of lhe sun) rhe Mooi Eehes e6r
oltheSun6dcan no$ b. *njustaftssun*t. How.vn dcpending on ih. d{limrioB
olrhe Sun and the Moon and lhe localion of$e observer $e new cBcent My et well
bcfoE thc sunst in which cG it is iDFssible lo * th ncr crsceft Th8 the fisl and
rhc Do$ nnporLnr clilerion aor lhe visihility of the .ev.$ccm Moon is ftar the Moon
*$ anr $c sunscl. Alknately $c cnbrio. for thc visihilily of thc l5l cd$ent is dDt
rhc Moon riss before lhe suni*.
b.

in lhe mominss befoE lhc

Whcn thc cresent is very close ro th sun il rcmains invisiblc

$c ohospherc close to lhe

Thqefoe fi.rc n6 to

be a

dE

sun remains highlt illnminated evcn

to the facl tbar

afi( $e

sunser'

between

fic Sln

frininum lhrcshold epaEtion or Elongarion

,nd rhe Moon b.loN vhich ihe crecent cannol be sen. Thh minimud o. lhrshold
eloneation varies hotuh to

oond 6 fie

djsrance bctween lhc Earlh and

$e Moon

keeps

kn lrom thc Eanh ind !l

a Ne\ Mon ar apogec mat be *cn

valyine. Vhcnclossl (at apoee) $e Moon h tround 350000

fdhat (perig) il k aound 400000 lo. Thus

whennscbnsation fod rhc Suh is snallrnd a New Moon at periSce may nol b s.cn ar
nuch ld8cr elongaton. Thi. is du. ro the fst that closer is thc Mmn the larsr dd

lhe

brigbler ir appead in oui sky ahd wheo il k farrher il appeaB

rhc

se

elongalion. Thts .nother

inpona crir.rion

for a combinorion ofcenain optinlm valu.s

fom

fi.

E.nh.

A cFsenr

thi! conbiMlion Esults

wi$ small longation $al

and less biShl at

is lhar $e New Mmn cm be

ofelong ion

into tlE

saller

op(nm

and lhe

*en

distanccof$e Moon

valu of thc widlh

orcFvnl

appea6 lare.t md briSller al apogee may be seen

and

a.rc$cnr snh ldgc clone.lion $ar apDcar snalle. snd laintr at p(riscc nar nol

RULTS OF THUMB: THE ANCIENT &

'rhe edlist rcferehc.
for

ey rireno.

TtII Mf,Dtt:vAL:

for lhc visibitir! ofncw luntr cresccnt is

annburcd ro rhe BabJ,lonians (Foueringhm, r9r0. Aruin. 1977. Schaete!.

I

994. Faloohi er a1. I s99 elc.). Most

'Thc

Nons4 loas

,.n
18

lunar .rescent

hihnles h.hi4d th.

lgttsa.

yas.

oflhe cxplom a&ibute ttE tollowinS rutc of $unb

s.ek

en its

aAQ

nnrc thdn 21

ho^ un1 L

tns.!

h na3 bem pointcd oul ihar th. ,crual Dabytonu (lcnon

ephislicarcd ar coopEEd ro lhk siopl. tule (F.r@hi l ar 1999)_
ft is eilhs ou, trck ot
knostcdse oa lhen era or the nissing hjsbncd rccords $ar
h6 rcsridd our
compchos'on of lheir effons. Autcnric Ecods of sighljne of new cEscent
s young
5 hours durirs Babylo.id c qisls (I6loohi el ai 1999.
Andcrtic & Fihis.

as

2006) in

lit 6turc. Sinilady. in modcm

harc bccn

*m

ftsc.nc

lagsjnS

o.tyjr

nrnucs behind $e

su.*l

wi(h aec tcaslhan 20 n6uB. Thc dala ser

duflnC lhis $ork

crcscd $nh

time

(b b. di*lssd

in ddait in chaFcd

l,

of46j obsetuations considcar

dd 4) inctldcs jt cascs whcn rhc

C tcss rhan 48 Dinutes w.s cpond to h.vc bNn *en wilhour

any
oplicalaid. rvhcEas.26 ca*s arc tncE in shich lhe age ofMoon ws
lcs than 20 ho!6.
Rece rc-evatuation o|r(ords ofthe sigbdngs o|mscsrs in Babyton
and Nineleh aho
sholv rhar cFscenh much younger

rhd

20 hou*

dd lho*

lassrng bchind sunser muclr

l.ss rhln 40minures were sen (Andolic & Fimch.2006),

these rccenr compurarionat ef|ons for the recorded obseBarions oa

lhc
Babylonian e6 ctearly indicarc lhar lhe lule of thmb
asociared wnh rhn eD is an ovcr
simplificadon. lr has bcen eccndy ctaihed rh.t Babytonians
had rodularcd I hrt,
nalhehalicdt tun& lheory which rhey uscd for prcdicring vartuus paramercBotth
tunrr

l0

notion

iounded in thc

lue

phmdjs ih.y pEpaed (Fat@hi

d al,

1999). Ac@rding

lo lheF $udies it is pointed out lhal the noonset-su$et lag atone.ould nor have been
used as lhc visibilily dit.rion by rhe Babylo.ids. BabytoniaN sysren
had $c tollowi.S

rlohedrior rL,

- moon*r tasrme

In vdious $ud,cs lhe vrtue

rin deCrees,,S) - conninr

of$e conqant

rs

dedlce ftum | 7 degFes lo anyrhere

2l d.8R<. Hokercr

&ound

on lhe basis ot rhc confimed 209 positile siehlings fmnl

,car .567to yetu .77 rhc \atue of rhc .o6ranr is deduced ru be 2l degrees (Far@hi
cr at,

r999).

Sinilarly hosr of$c modcm aulhou arribule rules ot th

ttpe lo fie Muslinrsand A6bsofmedieval tinrcj
''Th.

t.latie attitLt! UnCy)

>

Ao

ahd

koans.t,ulet

td|tin

>.t2

nin

cr_

lr has been indicared lhar Mrslins. reatization

thar rhe Eddh-Moon dhlancc laries during
one comptet cyctc ot tlhar ph.ses and lhe hininuh
moonsr lag lime considercd b,
vaiied fiom 42 ninures for Moon ar perigee.nd
48 ninurcs for Moon at aposee
^Ebs

Thonsh lhis -nrle

of thunt. is no4

art'buled ro |hc Babylonims

Arabs

sli

jr does nor

sophisricated

povidc

compNd ro $e

rhe complere prcrup of rhe cffons

ad Mulin' h $c hedirwt ines exltrir ur ofAolemaic

sy{en ed

spherical

risonodeq devetop.d b, Ambs

depends on

one

lead to the

ol
rhe

L!n& Rrp.es flnclion (bat

locatbritud. ofrheptace ofobrNadon dd lbe c.testiat

to,gilude ofthe srn

and lhe Mooh)

eartr as lO cenrury AD (Bruin t97?)

Babylonie crirerion h indeed lery sinplc for praclcar purPoses

and is supposed
to have ben cmpirical in
no significdt chahgc in rhh rill

tdis litc pa,ch Sidn it ( D 5OO)

hints towards thc idponance of$c Vidrh oflhc luM crc$ent (Bruii, 1977) Thus an
elabootc stsreo of calcularioc involvcd in delemining the tinc of licsr visibilitt
Flarively rc.nr rimes, ho$vr,lhc atiesr Hildu

appeds to have developed only abund AD 500. Morcexplicirnentiohsofrhcsederaited

calcularions are

Ohe

loud

ar

vuios plaes

in the

dly

Islmic litenle (Brui.,

ol thc ealiesl Muslin Aircnomcr eho developed lnc lables fo.

197?).

se

lidnC

lisibilitywas Yaqub lbn Tdiq (Ke.nedy. 1968).lt has bcen eponcd

in $e litcraluE (Atuin, 1977) that lbn Taliq had r.cogniad the imponance oflhc Width
the luna!crescenl s

(w) oflhe

crescenr. Thh not only shows rhat ar rhd

Moon had been rcaliud bul it aho

mdc ir

rine

possible 10

rhe varying dislance ot rhc

inpov

upon

dc ncs cr*cnl

vnibilily cinerion. Bruin hd Eponed th Al-Ailuni had $e Falizario. oflhe tong ind
dillicult calcularions inlolved in lhe dercnnimlion tor the nev lun,r aesccm vnibitiry
lnd in hG Crloro.,os " reconrmcnded rhc work ofMuhanm.d lbn crbn At B,llani

ltnlhook oJAtto"o,'t t?rstard to Lario by Nalino, l9|]3).

'lhe sihplc *nclioh for cadiesr vhibiliry oflunarcrescchr
evotved sjnce lhe riftes

of B6btlonids qas passd onb rnc

Muslims drcueh Hindus wirh !e,)-' tinle

inprclemenr. Molilated by the euEnic iijuhctions a.d rhe salnlgs of rn prollrr
Muhamnad (PBUH) rh. Fobtem ofearliest sighring of hnar cE*enl \s
lhomnehl).
Invesriglredby rlrc earlJ Mrslih aslronomcGotsLhto l0'tccnluryAt).

ofreatiarion of the idjponance ofwid$ various Arab asllonomcrs

lor celics( vjsibilil, ofcrc$.nl thc minimun equabrial $pararion offie

OD the bash

conclndcd

td

lnd the Moon varics from t00 whcn lhe crescent is widesr up to l2i whcn llr
cNcc.l is n@$cst Such der,il.d calculariotr \.rc wor\cd oul.s earty as 9ri cenrur)
Sun

AD by Muslinr asrrononers as$ciated wirh rhc Ab&sid coun of Al,Mahun. Fronl

monesr the* {stbnoncf Al-BaIsli kncw lh,r ihc cnleria that.gc of n@,
shoutd b
moe tnan 24 hou6 (or arc sepdarion belveeo $e Sun sd lhe Mooh) isa good
sldtine
poinr but i A only m appnrnarion. H. bt,.vcd LlEr lhc
dcienl6hnomc6 d,d

nor

understohd the phnonenon conpteretr, According to Bruih,

sork

is o very

AtDatani,s compuradonal

elabo6re sysrm of mrheharit catculalions (Bruin, | 977).

t2

'Ihis work is nor intcndcd lo explor lhc hisbry oa Aslonon! rulatn lo thc
canie$ sigltingoflhe new lunarcresccnt. Tbe Babylonia. and the nlcdielalcilons shall
nol bc

dplocd

frem a hi$orical FBpecrivc, wc shall rcstricl our explodlion onl) on

rlR codprison of $cse clTons sith

$os ofthe

moden ons. llowcvq $c mcdiclal

narh.nalical ide6 shall b. erploEd in morc dcoil in chaprc.

I.,1

:1.

CALf,NDARS AND THE CELESTIAL CYCLES

6 '!

ol orgaizine ,ir4 tbr fi. pupos. of

@lonins im ow cxtend.d priodt (Doge( 1992). tl is a schcmc lor keping an
.ccounr ol da!i.'wceks . monrh. . 'yc!6 - ceolunes and "nillennia . Thc bsic
notion bchind I calendar isor8anizingr,la.olroairiconrinuous now rhal isindcp(ndcnr
ol any ehcn. of irs orsaniztion. Ahongst lhe divisions of timc in dayi. w.chs dc
Dogeel defines calendar

syslcm

eme aR dtccrly 4sociared snh $c celestial

/,rur.

A @nplele daily rcvolurion of lhe

lechnicallt an apparcnr
Sun ar any pllcc.

r,/df.t,'

c_aclcs.

the

D,"r,at, \h. Ann@l

s\t. de DildEl norion.

is Efertsd

^d

b4

rhc

a day.

h the inlcpal bcrseen rwo successivc rransiN oflhc

Du. lo thc morion of rhc Eanh mund $e Sun rhe sky appc.m ro

rclolvc round tbe Eanh very slowly (lss rban a dcste pn da!) and one contterc
Evolurion of sky i. rhis way is Ffmd lo 6 o ,.ar. I {hnilr! a t opictt y.ar k trc
time inleNal bctweh lwo successivc pseges

oflh. Su

rluough vcdat eqlinox. one oa

r\e porn6 ol inFMcrion ol rhc celB(dtequarorand rhe actiptic

i.to yea6. yeas inb nonths. non$s inlo vNks ed

dals Most oflh know calmdm rha( mcn dcviFd bd sevcn da$ in a rvak. tn
diflaent Esions md cras 4 to lodot weks halc aho bccn considercd. ltowclcr rhc
nuobcr of days in a dond hd EDained variabl. in diltcc.i calcndars md wi$in a
paniculd calcndar. Tlr scbeme. il$ce isany. ofdift!nl DUmb$ofdays in a monlh of
a calendar is ba$d or rnc typ. ol cal4dar, Most of lhe knom atcndars.E clarsificd
Each calendar is dilided

iflo

dtree major typcs. Solar Calcndm. Sriclly

L@r

Calenda6. A blief description is Evi.$d in rhe foltowinel

1l

C.tcnda6 and Luni-Solar

Solsr

''ycai in

Cal.nd6 m b4d

such calendds

on the

ulrl

motion of lhe F-!nh @und the Su..

h ihc "Trcpial Yee,

defined abolc. Thon the lcng$

ota

'tropical y&" (Dogger, 1992) b givcn by:

365.2421396698-0,0000061s359r-7,29xr0_r0Ir +2,64x10'07r (1,4,1)

7

s $e tinc in Julian cenruics

sincc

fic

epoch J2000.0

gilcn by:

T-(JD-245rt4t0!t6525

(1.4.2)

vherc JD is rhe Julid Dat which is th. dm in .mber ofdavs ctaD*d sine
at

Genwich

on Janua.y

n 165.2421898
number

l. 4712

days or 365

on yer

of a

eld

heo n@n

Julid Cal6d{. Cwnlly thc loglh of t@pil ycar

days.5 hos.48 ninurcs ed 45.2 sends. As it is nor a whote
in

calodar @rsists of

crlendr cvery fourih yc& @.lained

cirher_ 365 days

166 days (i.e_ a teap

yed)

ot t66. tn old
otbq

yff

Jution

conhincd

cuftntly us.d Cregoiian calendr! the leap ycd rutc is nodificd. A

century ycd y 0ike 1700, 1800 elc) whict is a lop yer i. Juli& calmdtr bur is nol
complerely divisible by 400 is nor a tep ycar in OEsorian mtcndar. Thus in crer,400
yeas theE ae I 00 l@p y6 in Jnlitu Calrdff wiced in cESori& calqda, rb@ are
only 97. The setu od nfuy o1her natMl pbsomcna toltov lnis sotar cyclc. sp.cialty
165 days In lnc

haBcsing rides, lhe length ofdays,lbc dmes of imir, suser, sunds. etc. I$e JLrtian
calendar
insrilured on Jdu.ry l. 45 Bc by Juli$ caM. wirh rhc hlp of

Alciandlie strononr Sosigm6 &d

ofdc Roman Republidn and

the ancicnr Egyptian calendaB (Michels, 196?). WtEcd lhe crcso.ian catendar was
n(csibrcd du. to rhc facl ln.r dqinS oe od . lDlf nil.mia lhe Julim otcndar w6
r nodificadon

displaed from the ssonal vsiatioos by s much s l0 days. Thus pope Crcsory X t
corclnukd a conmission in l6rt qrury AD for lh. cslndar Efoms. The dain anrhor da
dE nN sysrem w6 slononer Aloysiu Litju of Naplcs (Coync el ,t_ 1981. Dull4
1988, Moyer. 1982
October 4, I t82

ed Micb.k

196?). When

it ws implcn.nted ofljcialy.

(Thuday) in tne Jllie cal.ndar

rhe ddre

fouosEd by rhc dale Ocrcb$ I 5.

1582

(rdday)

ii

the Crcgorian

alendd. Ther.by

aU dare conversioo

algoilbms have to

kecp accoul of thh skipping of days in r]te solar calendar. Difercnl counrries, culluics

Fligiou omhMiiics adaprd to rhis DodilicElior ar diff@.1 !inc. Ir is lheEtorc

high hrk for hisrorifls ro tccp racl of r]E apprepriare dalcs.
and

,n every

solr qlendr thft @ iwctle mo.lbs.

For simple dithmcric Ea$ns

theE colld hdve been seven months of 30 dars and fi ve of I I days (in a nomal ye.r and

ofl0

plw 3ix or 3l days in a lcap re&). How;ver in pncrice sincc rh ime of

CEek it w6s knoM lhar d wi.r6 h.lfofa nodat ,u h6 l8l days whee6 rhc
six

days

summ.rhalf@ ains I84

it&n for ih. sue is lie faler molio. of thc Eznh

ro $; Su dar oeun on aound January 4,i. Srdnins

days. The

rhc Frihelion. thc Eanh clossr

with January cvery ancinale nonlh is

of3t days tiu Juty. rcbru.ry h of28 days (o.29

days for a le.p yctu) sd lhe Br G ofto days.&h. The.ltdar
nonrLs ofjl days
dd l0 dals omintB $.d frcm AuSul ro DMnber
ln

Strictly Lunar catndd, lhar is ba$d on $e luharion pcriod in one year

lhcle
arc eilher 354 days or 155 days. Tbe clrcnr ave!.8. of$e lunation period
h 29.510589
a

days or 29 days, 12 hou6. 44

ninui4 dd 2.9 $con.l$(A$nrcmical Atnaiac. 2007).

aEase is.hrging, Aaodin8 ro rh. tun5. lltery of Chaprcnl-Tou&, dd

HoEEr

ihis

chapont

lh.e

vdiadons

'lbur'ind Chapro

!E eoukd for

by the tolowing cxpEssion (Chdpon!

, 1988):

20.5305888511 + 0.o0oo0o2t62l, a_

I.o4! IO. o ! a. Da)5

r.4

r)

whce T n givcn b, ( L4.2). An, rrEdicutu phe cycl. my v.ry

fmn te nes hv uD to
seven hom. Tnus rhis priod vtuj.s froh !romd
29.2 days ro mor lnan 29.3 days fom
nontn lo nonlh. Tnerefore in aU Iutu calend&s rhe numbe!
ofdays in a nomh
29 or 10.

l.

is eithcr

Arithmetic Lunar calcndq rheE

lllenate hontns of29 and 30 davs. tn

mey 4 rhE. rcns{ulirc mon$s o, 2,

lue Rt.ndd $.8 6 bc s

days qch od d mdy s folr conKud@ momh5 of
30 days e.ch {
obiwrional

l5

oys, I 994). In an

Arnhn.tic calcndar ther. are cilh.r 6 monlhs of 29 dals md 6 nonrhs of tO days. (a

notml ycar) or 5 momlB of 29 days ad 7 nonlhs of 30 da's (! lep yd).
Tnerc is no fixed nle for leap

nol

ycs

in

obseNarional tunar calcndar. rhcrccdn

anr. HoEver in lbe Aritineric L@d cattutd our ol lO yea6. cyclc t I yc6 aE
hap tcds (3Js dayt (ly.s 1994. R.igold & Dcrshowirz 20Ol_ Tsybutsty, t9Z9). l.hc
be

rule is rhal lhe tear

nunbf /is

l4 +

a teap

yer

it

ll.))modi0)< lt

(t.4A)

Olhwisc

the year is nor a teap year. In such an a.ihmelic lunar catcndor alt rhe odd
.umbeEd mon$s conlain 30 days and lhe.vd nhb.ed nonibs
conhin 29 days cach.
re lcip yedr a day is added ro $e Meltih month. in gmeFl.
a srrictl, tune oalendar
ldvanc$ by I I days againj lhe solar cat.ndd. ThrefoF rhe $asons aod
orhcr

pncnomna rhzr dcpcnd on Ihe

eld

cycle {to

monlb numbq 9 (R nad&) in lhe Isl6mic

Thc Luni-Solar @tfldaB

ml

follow a slmcfiy lu,ar catddsr Ttc

qtods my f.ll

in

wi.l{. slmmd. aurmn

b.sielly lufu bul ro kep r&k of$e *a.ons in

prrce of adding sin8le days in a lqp ye& a whol
monfi k addcd (inrqcshlion) lo
followthe $ld! cyclc, The Hebrew dd the Hindn qlendaG fa into
thG ctass(Rcideol.t
& De6howir2 2001 . Bushwic[ 1989, ScEIt & Ditshir 1896. at_Bituni r
000. at_Btuni

l0l0).In

ce

ofHindu calcnds (th.y have bo$ $e $lar tud rhe luni-sotar calcndaB)
lunarmonrh is imclcalatcdiwhcneve,irnrsinroEconprresotarmoilh.tncascotrhc

HcbFw

l!ni,$lr

cole.dar

addniomt honrh of

l0

da)6 rs mrcEararcd betorc rhc

usurl 12" nonlh oflbe yce. The En ofihe dd.its of th6c

calodd
soc'al ahd reliSious nlrurc aod is nor in tine with tbeprcsnt*o,k.

i,

morc

of$c

Calend.ical cab'narioB for cacn calhdlr ha 6eir

oM $phkhadons_ bul
bcins phcnoncnoloSicat rtE obsctualionat lunr
calend., is mosr chaltensins. A tunnr
month bas lo beein wib the actuat sighling of lbe
new luns cresce d.d tne conditions

I6

ofits si8hling greatly vary

not only longiludinally on rhc globc

bd de[Md o. $e tarnude

ofplaces. ThB an obedarioMl lunar c.lendar may vsry along the

iron calenddcal
excitins

fld

aspects

se

logirude. Apart

$c pobl.m ofsighting v.ry yolne cGscnt is

challenging obseFations for both

$c

adareur

on of lhe mosr

md rhe pma$ioml

asionofre6 Besides, thc pcdicion of fic vkibilily of a paniculer .erv cEsenr

panicular placc is a long and inter.sling cohpuhrional exerci$ Thc sane was
as early as rhe

dedieul times by

ar a

clliad

the grelr ostonomcs Al-Khwarizni, Al Batani. At

t|t
under srutiny

Farghani etc (Bruin 1977) Mocovcr.

prediclion foL nakd eye obseivarion ha lwo

noE cohplicated hsues

rh.laresr esearch. Onc oathese is biologicat.

lhc abililt ofhunan eye to conrfa$ $e dimly illunrinatcd ciesceht in rbe bnght rsilighl.
The olher aspcct h ol physicrl n4lue ofalfiosph.ric conditions ftar c.n b.dtr aoecr rhe

risibilit! and rc contdsr h this \o.k

l'hdk h

morc on thc $lrcnoNical asp..rs

lhe eadiesl siebdrg olthe new luna!.rr$enl dnd ahosphcric ondnion !.e onb

Opinions aro diided

tq thc oriSin

of$c.llton olcomlins

in rhe ARbian l,cninsula. Accordihg to At ttazsi

Prcphl Adan
calehdar

sE

nuliplicrl

and spRod

aouid

rhc

rw

il $anln
d

of

plnlr

yer6 in an! tofrr

as soon as

$c cni rcnof

(Ro$nlhal l9i2. l_mqi t979) A

originated wncn rhe Himyarires adoptcd one sjtn m epo.h lhal marked rhe

b.ginni.B or the eigns ol Tubbn. Cenerally it is blicrcd thal lhc pnctice of 12 lunar
nontns lo a year cxisbd in pre,lslahic Ar.b c.lend.rs since rhe rime ofconsrruclion of

Kaba b) lhe prophd Abnham a.d conrinued in Islom (llyos. 1994). The
months and thcii sequenc

Mre thc snc

calcndar Ibllowed by morc rhah

as

tho*

namcs

ol$c

used in lhc cuiicm tslamic lunar

on.lifrh of$e roralFopulation ofrhc world.

Fom historic pcspecrire lhc inpon.nce ofrhe lunarcalcnda in lbe pE-lslamic

AEbia $s the pilsrimage ro Kadba (Haj) rhar talls in $e monrh orzul-hajjah, rhc l2'"

nrnlh oflhe hlmic and prelslamk lunai

religious evenl.

il

exchanging bands.

ad!dced llxoush

calendar, Althoush this event was a

puelt

b$ ol

goods

was also inportlDt ior kadc and busincss wnb

ll w6

this econonic

rcrivil, $ar w6s badly anected

*&ns. PEcufnent ofcop

l1

and rhe ovailabilir)

as rhe

lunarrear

or.ac f.,ul anim...

8@rly vdied s6r lo s@n, 'fte ten tha1 $e irbEl.tion s6 inl,ldud in de

Arabim Peninsula w$ this .cooonic drivity rarh.r than dy sronomical t.son.

''QalM"

a nativ

of Mecca is Fpuled to

daca for thc coming

(Hahim,

yem

198?, Ahmed,

be the

fiIsl petson assisned lo derrmine thc

pilgrinage and wheth.i $e inmalarion

w6 drc or

nol

l99l).

Sincc lhe early days of

four nonths including lhe

lh.

inception of lund cakndd in the Arabim Pninsula

Zil Hljiah wE o6i&r.d scEd md \@

{!e

pDhibited

dudnglhesc sacrcd non$s. The custon cari.d over to the post lslamic.ra in lhe lsladic

cultu. As with the Ronan ql.ndd thc

change rh. saqed

ws abu*d i. ABbia

eEalalion

io ordq lo

nonfis inro noh{acred moorbs dd vicc-vc& Al thc eme rihe

rhe

lunarcalendt!usd inMadi@rendined in itsoriginal lzmonthsayarford.

Muslihs follo{ed rhe calendar ot Mecca in the bceiNling. Rut afier the l,lophcr
Muhonmad migdred to Madin. alo.8 wnh his compdions. Mustims adoFcd lh.
cal.ndar usd in Madina. Aner

$. conqu$tofMeccaby

propbel Muhlmmad, Muslims

conlinued 1o ue rhe calcnde of Madim bul rhe catcndar ofMecca

the

lar pilgrimag ro Meca of

@ in pmllcl. Wi$

Propher Mubmnad in rhe lo,r ye& aner miSr.rion ro

Modina (AD 612) fequenlly abused pEctice of inicrcalation

QuEnic injuiction. Th. pEcrie ofnadin8 a

\m

abolished thbush a

lsd

nonrh s.ith $e finl siebdne of nerv

clesccnt MooD was iurhenticated by Qurtuic injuncrion and tne gayine of l,rcpher

Muhmad, sith paniculd empbdis on

bSimine

dd

rhe cnding

of lh nonth of

fasting md the monrh of lhe pilgdmase.

With adoption of puel! lunar cat.nd& wirh a

fist

siehdns

ofrhe ncw IuMr

crcscehr lhrcush

luar nonrh

euMic

bcginninS $ith $e

injuncrion

Pophet Muh.mmad |he .rolution of Isl.mic lunar catedar

b.gd

dd

lhe eyinSs or

As for my calendar

one rqutr.s a staning point of rine Gpoch) or bceinnins of m en, tor couring yea6,

Oe pople of MadiM ac hli.v.d ro hoK

aftcr Prcphet

u*d d.poch

Muhdnad mignicd to Madina

widly acepGd lime ofomcial adoptjon of

in AD 6t2

Ht6 s

t8

s ene dn6 ! mooin or tm

(Iys,

! hore
ofrhc Ist@ic cR n

1994). However

lhe bceinning

AD 617 during $c caliph.t of Umd bin Khafiab. Whltcvcr h. thc 1in. of adoplion, lhe

lslMh cal.ndrr. or dc Hiji c.l.nd& s@ wi$ Fnday l6ri ruly 622 AD on Julitu
calends which Moding b didft{c luMr or krdrhicslddd is l" diy ofMuha]m
(1" nonth ofe klmic y.ar) ofth. tsleic
I (R.in8old & ftrshowii2, 2001). The
'@ b l'' Muhtu Il AH (and HijB)
o,ficial dar. or adoprion oflhi!.h &d cal.rdd

Simpl. 34heh.s or 4rolh odd appoxidlions b$cd on long

b.n dcvi*d to pcparc long

&d

tne

d!t6

in oth.r

r.d

vid

cel.nd& in

lei-$lo ad el& olcndr

blanic legd syst h cgllcd Shdia

, is

Lm 3vs.gs h.d

ol incrconv.uion ol lslmic drGs

d.r.s.

lh. sou@ of lsldic tn+kcping

whil. le8.l pc.pls .rc efeglnd.d by seking

sisbne

ststn.

$. *i.nlilic kno*l.dge.
Till th. rin. of sking of B.ddad by Hrl.su Xhu in AD 1258, Isluic law had
fom

.ldr guidclires ao. elcndriol oNidcFlio.s (llya 1994). The olcndric.l

sddelircs ftlv.d undcr thc Islmic lN qn bc outlin d a follows:
cvolv.d

i)

l-.nsth of

a lunar month is cnhe. 29 days

it

L.nA$ ol

iit

Tn rc can be

lumr tlar

is

.ith.r

154

dlts

or l0 days.

or 155 dayr.

mdimuh of 4 cor*cutiE monrh. of l0 datr @h or

conscutive nomhs of29 &ys each.

E4h new nonth b.sins with fiBt sightns ot ncw lu@ cGccir ovd
k$em hori@n .n.r ft. l@l ss.i,

v)

the

Ailcmptr rhould bc nad. on 29u of ea.h honrh for sighring of ncw crcscnr.

lf il is nol scn on the 294 duc lo any len (stmnohic.l condirions or

w.thd connEints) thc noi$ should bc complckd a of l0 days.

l9

visul

sighring epo.t must b. suppond lhrcugh a wnness rcpon.

The p.rson involvql in rcponing musl be eliable. adull, lruthful, sme

virh good cyesielt !f it i!

puDo*ly nisled

!iii)

the

preved

dat the

Fen

pioviding wihess

pe6on ousl b. punished.

Thelisual sighling Epon should

nor

coniict vilh basic scientific knowledgc.

'lesling ofcvidcne ot sighting on scienlific srcunds includc 0hcckine oflhu

shapc

dd

of crcscen! ils inclinalion. Poshion in sky. altitudc. imc ofoberyalion

sky condnions.

Sighting should be caried our in sh

o.8ditd

way for dch moflh.

ol
io days due lo invisibilrty of ih. adcent of i,te 29'" ofoiscutire nonlht
bd ro be avoidcn *hodd thc ns c6c.nl is sighted oo 2Etr ofa nonth. li
such ascs con crions ec nadc b bcgituing of thar mo lr
Accunula(ion of emB @orriculally in view ofconsideling

toonth ro bc

As the klamic lav and lhe Qudih injunctions depend hcovily on tbe fiNl
sishling of new lunar crscent the eE ly hlanic slale plrced speial enphsis on $e

Bsdch i.

$c

the lield of Asmhony. CoNcque ly nomous onlribution!

developmcnt

of $ine of fie

CONTRIBUTION OF
Tne

nod.h

@lid

2OIH

visibility of new

$n

crcsnt dd

mde in

pEdicrion

CENTURY ASTRONOMERS

dcvclopmenl of lhe sciencc of erliesl noon_siehinS bc8iN vnh

fic

Scbnid vho Bordcd a ldge nmber of.cw and old cescmB

fon Arhens io th.lal{ h.lfof lhe l9'i c.ntury. On rne basis of rhis obsdarioml dalt

obFMtio.al work

oa

Fo$qinglm ([olhcinskm, l9l0) and Maunder (Mabd.r, l9ll) dweloped the

obscralion.l oirdia of ediest vhibility of ns lmd crescent. A similtr work is
20

in rhe Explanation Io the ln.lloh Attranonical EPle,cfir $al is basd oi

Schoch (Sch@b, l9l0). In allrhe* worts for deimiriry lhe day ofrhe fi*r liribilir) ot
new cE$o! ARCV (arc ofvirion) b shoM to be a sMnd d.8Fe pohomial runcrion
reponed

of DAz (claive uinuth). The* edly florc !rc only empnical in natuF N rhe critcria

dc!.loped de bsed on lluing rhe dau so rh8t mo$ ofthe obs.oaiions arc conshlcnl

1977)

TlE* nelhods do not hke into cosideElion lhe vidth ofcE$enl Btuii (Bruii,
co.sidd rh ihpodahce oacE*cnt widtn fld his Dod.l desqibes ARCV (in

rems ofannud. of cr.scent above horizon plus tn solar depRssion belov lhe horizln)
os a

funcion ofthe crescenr widtn. The Nodel ofBruio. ho\rever, kkes $e {idlh !s

funcion ofih

dirnrl'ler

RCV ond DAz md a fircd Ddnh-Mmn dislaftc (in lemsolfixcd

ol fte lu.ar

disc). Hc sas

ale thc fi6t \no

i'

consid.rcd phJsical .stkcs

dsociakd *nh $c problen like blightnds ofskt and thar oflhe M@n. Thus
due

tu

nrodcl

lo Bruin is the lirsl drolelical nodelofr|t nodern timcs Using the nrodels tur thc

lull M@n as a fuhcrion of altilude (Befrporad, 190,r) lnd $c s[t

brighhe$ duri.g lNililhi (Kooncn ct al., 1952, Sidenbpl 1940) Bruin delclop lhc
visibililt cu^6 rlnrin! the aldudc olcrc*d sirh the slar dcpGsion. AlonS lhc$
briShhess oalhe

ctrrvcs the bdehbss ofcrcscem (modellcd on

os

$e basis of lirll Moo.) is al leasl

tlhl ofrhe twiliShl sky. He aho delclopcd cuNes sholvnu rel{lDn

and

sl.t

depesion rhll

ldd

ds much

berwccn ARCV

prorcd to bc crucial for lunhcr nodellihg ol canics'

Yallop has edne lbr funho improvemenr ond consides cece *idth as a
funclion ofARCV. DAZ and lhe acllal scmi-dianeter ol lhe Moon (rhar depends on Lhc
Eanh-M@n disrucc) al $e time ofob6endion (Yallop. 1998). \vilh de!lopinS a model

lor lhe besl time of yisibiht YaUop s nod.l

polynomial tunction of

$e actul

cresc.nt

al$ onsideF ARCV 6 a ihi.d d.gtce

oidrh ar the ben ime of visibihJ. Such

polynofrial is oblain.d by applying leasr square appbxination on a basic data sel This

blsic data sl *qs d.duced bt Yallop fom lhe limiling

slctins ARCV for

a Sircn sidtn from

tlr ninin@
2\

lbibilil, .uvs of

bnrin b!

oh lhe componding limilin8

visibility curve. So

slronohil
10

cri|na

fd th.

b lhe morl oulhfltic and depndable

for cxper.d ali.sl visibilily ol new l$m ccenl. The modct due
modl due to Y.llop

Yallop isa smi-empirical model based on $e lheordcal considedions of Bruin and

.ftiteriononthebasisofabusicd.tadeduccdfonBrui. svisibilitycurvcs.

r.atm6t of rhe physicat dp<l3 eciared wit th. pDblm

is due lo SchNld (schacftr, 1988(a). I988(b)) who has considercd tlt Poblem of
bidtnss contEl isoroudt. He ale rcali2ca jnpoitance ofthe physiolosicol aspecrs
like $e abilirt oahunan.yc ro eoe th. limili4 co.kast. Soh&reas nodel is ! pdrel!
lhoerical n\odcl. Recntlt Odeb (2004) hls claimd to harc devloPed a nc* ctnenon
for the.arli.sr vnibihr oineq luffi cle$ent bur his cinqion isjust ano$o lom ol
Tnc mosr extctuive

Olh.r authoE have contributed on cloted nsues (Ashbrcot, lt7!a. I97lb.

Cald$ell a|]d t-anct.2000. I0loohi c. al.. l99lt. lltas. l98l!. l98lb. l9li'll, l93lb
1985. 1988. 199,1r. 1994b, M.N5l1r_. 1983, Schaefler, 1988r. 1988b, 1996- Sch!{ffcr er'

Queshi& Khan.2005.2007 elc) ln fih \ork. och ancior Md

nodciD halhc'hadcrl mod.l aor detmnrnB $e day ofltu fi6l siehing ofne* lunar
cEsce h cNploied A comparative study oi lhes nodch is canicd out and each
crncrion is rrlsfornrd in(o a one pdamcter visibilily crilcriotr like th.t duc lo Yall.p

!l

1991, Suhan.2005,

Th resulrinS cllendaricdl imp licariohs

lr

.rc aho cxplorcd

hos been poinlcd our in lhe bLSinnine

determinihg $e dat when the nes

of $e chlpld thar the prublem

luar (escnl $onld

bc \isible has its calcndarical

inplicarion. The earli$t siShtine of new luMr calcnde is ale

maleuB

and Dlolessional

cballmging

l.st

lor bolh

ashhoncB. In \ic$ olrhis rhc chafler hd niehli8hled:

Paranere6 on which visibiliry of new lunar cescent depends

Thc cfons ofrhe

6tro&meB

iD

lhc lncie.l and lhe

22

ol

diul tlnes.

Th. d.pend.nc. ofth dlendsB

. txB

on th. cyclic moiion

ofth. Moon sld $e

Suh.

$. Mulih! .spei.lly a lh.i. b.li.rts lticrty dphais. u

tltliarsidtingorrhetwloNcr$.a fois.niosaldcldilglun&ndrha

c.l.ndar of

A! rccou ofrh

eilons ofrhe

rsrorcmd oflhe oodc6 rim.s |o rd.lr.ss

the

prcbhm ofderemining$e fiisl day ofsishdnsofnew Iund c'.eenr

lh. b&ksound of tlE$ cfon! w tFrc qplord all lh. old ald thc modm
mrhodi Mthcm.dol dDdel or crirdion dEr r.quiG ro be $tisfi.d for 0E lirsr vGibility
ot ihc !w lu{ cEsdr, Duing lhi! qploGtion rn E$ltr of lh.$ nod.ls N
comFcd lnd nodifietios baw b..n 3uSgcrt d $,lEE fler posibl.. Funhd ft. mo$
authentic of the hodeh hav ben uscd to .xolod fie obcrvationil lunar cal.hdar
fouowEd in Pakhhn. A.sed o. the rcsulF ofthese exDloHions a luturc obervrtioml
lus calcndd for Patislm is anDut d,
Itr

23

Chapter No, 2

ASTRONOMICAL ALGORITHMS

&

TECHNIQUES
For lhe determlnatlon

ol th prsiso locallon ol the obJsts in th6

Solar

SFtem, panbulany the Sun .nd rh6 Moon, ih6 Frnch planetary theory VSOPaT,
(sretagnon & Francou, 1994) and

Chapron!1943,

91) rr.

th. lunrr

rhory ELP-2000 (Chapront-Tou# .nd

well sulted. A number of sotlwaE hav6

tor lho shulatlon of celstlal phenomona based on

ben developd

the$ tho.16 and similar otner

works.In the cunanl studylhe same lhori.s havs b6.n

u*d

lo lollowthe pGitlons

otthesun and rhe Moon.

to

conven the theorles Into computatlonal iechnlques,

malhematlcal lechnlques, tools and dlgo thms nave been dtloted. Moch ot the
computailon.l work is ba*d on the algorithms devoloped by Meus (Meus,199a)
but a subslantlal ahount or work on computatlonal aEonthms has been done
Indpendsnlly. For a ihorolgh und.Franding ol lhE compul.tlon.l toob the
Moreoler,

problem of llme ls explor6d rnd discused in d6tatl. ln this 6Ebrd the @nblbution
of a numbd of authors has beon sludled in as much detail as ls required (Aokl et.

al., 19aa. Sorkoskl, 1944, Clomen@ 194a, 1957, de ,ag6, and ,lappel (Eds.),

197l- Dl.k, 2ooo, E$. and Parry, 1995, E3*n et, al., 195a,

Gurnot dnd

S6ldelmann, 1944, Markowiu er. Er. 1954, Mullor 6nd rappel, 1977, t9unk and

lrlacoonald, 1975, Nel$n et, al., 2001, Newcomb, 1495, Sadler (Ed.), 1960,

seldehann rnd Fukqshlmai 1992, Spencer, 1954, Stephenson and Moi$n, 1944,
1995, Sleph6n$n, 1997, Wlls, 1963, otc.).

th.

output ot ihesa ftort!

b a .omplter progr.m for

vblblllly ol luh.r crscent named Httatol wrttten

2.I

In

.natysts ot

ftst

C.t.ngs.ge dt$u$ed 6t the end

INTRODUCTION
For rhc derernination of lhc visibilily mnditions otNew lund Cre$hl (or the

old.st lutur cresccn0 over a tocal hori2on, lhe 6Bt rask h ro deremine rhe Unive6al
Tine (uT) and dai. ofrbe scocenhic cobjucrion of thc Moo. &d rhe sb or thc Binh
of New Mmn. In ils morion tuDnd rhe Eanh rhe Mmn tralcls doud 12 deg@s
frcn

c6t cvery day sd iakes ovr

rvsr ro

When de Moon is vcry

rhe Sun in

doud

every 29.5 dars on thc avcm8c.

clo* lo ve$ ot (he Sun it aprears

betore the

sunrie ed vhen il

N elst oilhe Sui it appcmsjusr anq rhc sunset. The lunar crcscenr is
vcly rarel)
on rbedayofthe conjLncton. Dqjon Linn(Danjon 1932. t9l6)
has

a limn on Ihe

hininuo

lkibtc

b.cn i.$rpreted as

clongalion ofrhe visible

lu@ cE*cnr Accordine lo rhis lihir

the ruMr ccscnr is nor visibb if lhc elonSadon is te$ lhd ?
deSEes (Do88er &
Sch.efer 194. Schaefe! 1991, yallop 1998). Thc hdimM
elonSadon ot $e Moon
ar

of$e Eeocentdc conjuncrion is same as the inctinarion otrhe lunar

orbjt fbn
rhe plo. of ectipric (50 9). When rhe Moon
lakes orr rh Sun ar ir ndimun
elongation $c ninimun time il lals b molc foo
bein8 / fmm rhe $n (on the .6rem
side) ro be ?o again {on &e w6om side) is eoud th,ee quans
ofa day. Th6 it is
theorcdcally possible lhrl rhe qesent is t6l sen on
$e dly of conjunction or is tsr
lhe dtoe

seen on the day

ofconjunction. TheoEricalty n is aho possibte rbar

if$e

seno.

ofconjuncrionad

ln. da, iller, orthc

the day

crekenr rs rasr

srn

rhen rhe new cEscenr

seen on

on rbe day bto,e rhe conjurcrion .nd !h?. rh. new

crescenr

n hsl

c@dl

n *en
oflhe conjunction. In th6e cM rhe cre$e r.mDs hv$ible
for.oneahalf' day. Howevcr non of the$ lheoletical possibihia are rcatird
in practice too
freque.dy. Mosrty rhe cEscent Enains inlisible for .two-sd.a-holt,
days
on the day

at least,

These condnions dcpehd on

tc

obse(ets t@a on.

25

O@ thc rim. of thc g.cdric biil of th. Ncw MFn is d.lmin d, dE rcxl
r.3l( ir b d.cdic dE locd circuhlt .c6 oflhc Su ud dE M@n tt dE tirc ofsu5.l
on lhc day of rh. conjwrid or r &, .ncr thc djulction (or d lh. lirc of swi$ on
lh. dly ol conjncdon or thc dly b.foE). Fd this i'lk ooc mEt d.r.miE th. l@l
tim6 of thc ru$t a.d lhc noon3ct In tr. mmins in otdcr to b. vkiblc th. Su rhould
tag b.hind thc Moon in odd rh|lth. @s i3 visiblc .d in thc dcnine! thc M@n
sholld bc hgAitrg b.hind rh. Su. Clsiotly thc LAC of $c M@n h!5 Em.in d on
ih!{ndr cosidcElion for lhc adi.sr vbibility of$. w lua ct6..nl. SiM thc
rim6 of th. Babyloni.ns thtuu8h ni.tdl6 !96 .rd ill tlE 20d e uy it hs b.qr

I deisiv.

aerd. Blbyloni@ @Nidc!!d nininm LAG rcquiGd for tlF

visibihy or new lund ca*nt to b. 48 miNt6 wh.@ thc MBlidAFbs co.sid.td il
lo b. 42 to 48 minut s dcp.ndinS on th. E ih-M@n disl'ne. In Dod.m liis tlDogh
thc lisibihy condnioB hlvc b.cn eFncd nainly d@ lo .ll kinds ot lnifi.ill
pollurios dc ncw luM cGs6t hls bc.n rcpon d lo b. tishr.d vlEn ia LAC B

coNid.Ed

mwh

ls

ths

42 hinuts.

suEr ..d $. n@nsr, though statd

!o b. s@nd t.st in *qu.na, i! dcp.nd.nt on rhc dct mimtion ol dt PEci*
toldenkic @diMl* of th. Su ed thc M@n- h is rh.tfoE imFnliv. lhat b.foE rh.
&t frinatioi of rhc LAG orc nusr find th. E.@ ric @rdiMl6 ed lh.n lhe
bpo@ntdc c@rdinarcs foi $c l@don on lh. globc fom sh.E ob6cNalion it to bc
m&. of th.* bodic!. Th.* e dcrivcd fren th. two $.oti.s, dF VSOPET .rd th.
TIE ddcmin.tion ot $c

l@l riGs

or rh.

$. ch!pr.o. As both rh* thod.s &*db. lh.luM.nd

$. iol& c@dinatcs 6 .xplicit tin sid, mlkiig olt thc prilc "lim. usm.nt' is
*nlid tor lh. appUcadon of tI6c fodul8. 'It. "ritu" co*idcrcd in thc* 0E@.s
ed rh. orh.r thcod6, is . rim ird.Dcnd.nr oflh. dillioB of thc E nl ed ir g.tudlly
Lfr.d s "Drnmial Timc . How.r dc limC' speificd bt ou clclc b ba*d on thc
!sn8. norion of rhe Esnli .nd t. Sui 6d is lm.d .s thc "Md Sol& Tim." Th.
titu cosi&cd in ihc applidion of dE rh.oncs b ihc B.lyc.ftic DyMic.l Tin.
(tBD) or dE TcGrrirl Tirc (II) which ir 6sin d wirh th. C6.dl Th@ry of
RGl ivily (Ch.po -To@a & Ch!!ro4 l9l, Ncl$n.t..1,2001, Guiml &
ELP-2000

(di*.us.d lakr

in

26

Seid.lm@, 1988). The TT is d.fined in FlatioD witb the "lnt matioDl Alonic Tine"

T"I=TAI+]2F.IE4

c.l.t)

Btce TAI it dgul.td &cording ro atomic rimc, In TAI $c b6ic uoir of rime is thc SI
sond {defined by Bueu Inremarional des Poids.l M.su6, BIPM, in t96?, a
dudlion of9,192,611,770 periods of rodiarions cooesponding ro lh. tmsition brween

uo htFrfinc

levcls

ofd.gbund slat oflneCesinm

lll

abm G.t tenerat.,2OOt)).

A day on rhk scale is 86400 SI seonds long {Astonomicat Atndrc, 200?). On rbe
other hand rhe clet dm." is thc Univ.Ml Tin (Ul denned wirb rcf.r.nc ro nem
sun and Nocialed vi1h thc Crccnwicn Md Sid@t Tim. (GMST). UT is detircd as
$e hour angle ofrhe Med
rctations of th Eanh

ihcr

Sun ar

cEenwicb ptus 12i6. Due ro rhe ineuta ries in the

di$repancies

b.reen

the lwo rimes. rhe

TT and rhc UT.

This dillcrcrce is ruferred ro as $c delht (At):

AI=TT-UT
Th.rcaore wh.nevcr

wanl

(2.t.2)

b dd@irc

th position of

$.

SM

and lhe

M@.

lbr a panicular lime on ou! clocks w have to fomutate rhe rine argudenr using rhese
cons'dcEiions othcnvi* fie clock dn. of the phcnomena shaU nor be appropriat.
Finally. rhc lime arSunenl in drc rhcorics requi,es lhe delemimtioh otrh Jutim
Dare of
the UT in question. TIE Julim Dale is th. sys!h ofconrinuols limc sle lhar
begins o.
Noon or crcen*i.h Jduary t,

y6

-4?t2 (cdlcd lhc cpoch oftne..r!lian dde,) ln rhis

r,m scare tlre moment described by a date (CEeorie or

considercd as rhe

"nmb.r of

dayJ,, d.nor.<t

Julie)

ond rine (UT) is

JD, (consisting of a whole number

indicali.g rhc nuober of days .tapsed sj.ce tbe ep@h of Juli& Dar dd a filclion
d.sribine the flacrio.s ofa day after lhe whole number of dayt since the ep@h of

Julie

Daie. Using rhjs JD for

&y Domol lh.

1 is tten .ddcd

lo .c@unr fo, th.

tinc arghehl I lhat is on lhe

icguldnies in the oradon of thc Edrrb. The theories use

$al. of".umber ofJulio centudcj ehpsd rinc rh. epoch r2OOO.O.

21

Thus usine tbn

ine

argunent md the explicii tin eries fomulas of the ELP

c@rdicrcs of lhe M@n

d.y aAq @njudion-

ad

In

th. ecliptic longitud. and

Tn*

c@rdinals

Mooisr

rhe Sun

9. the dcliplic ladtude,

i. lh ft sqt dsirely

ca*

d for

fte s.me

i6i'nl

lbe VSOP th.

of rhe day or th.

s. @ spheric.l pol& @ordimtes a th gtucsrdc disr.nce,

(or rhos of $e sun.ie

TIE lune

m calcrl.t

ed

ad noosi*)

refeftd b

as

X"

th. Ediprh Coordimles.

ro obrain rh. ims of th.

Su$.i &d dE

for 1hc day in qu6rion.

(or rhc cE*enrs of Mrcury

&d venls) k fomcd by $e

region of $e lbn suface tow,rds fie Sun tnar fa.lls belwn rhe two plancs rhrcu8} the
e E of rh. Moon, one perp.nd'.ulr ro rhe tine ol vi.w of fie obFn.. dd thc o$.r
FrrEtrdicule to rhe di@rjotr of

rhe Sun. Thc

total dea of th Lund disc is called

di@tty rlaLd

ro

nrio of rh.

ea

of lhis

crcw

lhe.phs.. ofihc Moon, The phse ot

md lhc

th Moon is

rh. seperion bcrwen rne Sun and rhe M@n or .lorgation.

The Astronohical Alm$ac pubtished amually shtes lhar $e dew luna! crscenr
is sencElly nor visibtc who irs phe is te$ lhan t% (Askomniqt Almde,
2007).

ha prcv.d ro b. nisl@dine in vicw ofihe fac| rhar the brightn$ oflhe csenr
can sr.auy vary rbr the ehe vatue ofthe phas owins lo the varyin8
dislanc. ofrhe
Mmr froh $. Eanh. The Elrri-Mmn disunft Eics foo t5O $o@d kitomcrrs lo
400 lholsdd tilomer$. Tnus when dosl lo ihe Earlh the luntr
6cshl hay be
This

vGibl. wilh ns pnsc much ls lhan r % and in cae of fanhd ir nsy not
b vkible evdn
wilh ph& g@ler thd l%. D@ ro rhis varying disr.rce rh. siz
of rhe tuu dis i. fer
cha.ges. Closer the Moon ih disc dppees larger. Th. Muslims had nodccd
rhh vdhdon
ii th sizc of rhe luie disc hund I OOO ye6 aeo. tn rbe Modm rimes il was nol before
Bruin lhar lhc imporrace of 1he actul visibt. widrh of lh. lutu cllsqr

@liz4

Uhinately n w6 yaltop who ued the widlh of luo{ cr*cent in his ohe_psmeir
nodel of tu4 cre$.nr vjsibitity etadng n b the ahnnd. of rh c@.nr
on rh. local

orce rh sc@orric c@rdinar6 of thc sd md thc M@n e catcutar.d lh.

.fieIs oi Refracrion, Abcration hd fic pddta @ @lculat.d for llc.@odinaies of

2a

both rhe Sun and thc Moon. Thse corct d eclipiic coordi.ates of fie Sun and the M@n

lhen arNtomcd into Equtodal

Delination. In order lo g.r th.

ihe

Su ed

the Moon, rhe

tical Hodental

ob*frers rcft$rial

(dcfind as lhe L@al Hou AnSle

ro

fie Greensich

@dinal6 a, the RiSht A*nsion 4d 6,

oflh.

lhe

coo.dimtsi Ahitude and Azimuth, of

cooidinale

dd

the

cal

SidftalTime

Equinox) aE rcquiEd. A simple alSorilhn lcrds

Mean Sidereal Time (GMST).r lhe Oi'Unilesal Tinre for any given

dsle. AddinS lhe local longilude 1o rbis GMST erv.s 1he

r,cal

Md

Sidereal

Tihe for

0i' Uhiv.sal Time for any eiv.n dale is oblained. finally to gct $ Local SidcealTine
for my nonent of the day day be obtaind keepids in mind the f6ler pace of $e

Oncc lhe

obj*t is

tical SideEolTihe

ofany moncnl is looM the Hour Anele oflhc any

oblained. The local Euatorial coordiiarcs

s, th. Hou

declinalion,lead to the Altnudc (heiehr obove lh holizon)

tine

ed 6. the
dd Azidu$. n@ poiilsol
Anele

imporrant lor lhis slldy. when m objecl is al lhe local meidian (i.e. TEnsi().

when rhc objecl rbes ind when an object srs.

Thc time oa tEnsil may be calcularcd using rhe Hour Angle to be

co.siderinS rhe

tical

olthispointoflimc

Sidereallime

can b

1o

eo,

at

rhe

b.lhe Righr Ascension offte objccr. The *timate

inpoled uing

an

ireraive

pccs

(hal inmlves Eadjustihg

the lime arsumena'lo be lhis approximatc tim and rccalcuhting the coordinates

objd

or

offie

thisdme argumehr.

ConsiderinS Hour Angle

(nearive

t,

io be

9Oo

or 6i" approxidare rihe of rhe rkins

o. the se(ins (posnive 14 ae obraincd. R*rlculatins $e rimc dsunenrs

tor approxidale limes of thcsc eve s $c coodi.Eres ofrhe object de deremined again

ad

of$e inct oflhs denrs ac ob!.ined. This giv.s the

a.d the setins orthe cenres ol$e objers (rhe sun and the Moon) thar can b

the b.lter approximtion

risins

adjnsred |o st

$e actual isins (the first

apparance

.nd acrual s.tti.s (homen! of dcappe&ance ofrh.

29

of the weslem limb of the objec,

cded linb

of the objsrl.

edor selting ofbodr fie Sun 6d rh Moon are oblained

th. p.mete6 of fic import,nce for lhc atrsl (ot la0 visibilitv ot

Onc. lhe lincs of fting

on

work our att

lutr

rhe nv (or old)

crc$.nr.

DYNAMICS OF THE MOON AND THE EARTH

2.2

T!.

dcvlopnnt of nodem

dy.di4l lhoics

for $e sole sv$em beg& wnn

$e discovry of Laws of Pleel,rf Motion by Jobannes Kepler in the 16('centurv At

aboul rhe sm.lin haac NMo. cme !p wilh his tt$ of Motion dd the Univeisal

ol developool ol nathemtiql
ng 10 the fo m! latioi o f Cd 6tial Dynam ics The e llois w.rc d ir4td to

Law of Cdvi|llion. Whar fouowd is a long histo.y

techniques lead

describcrhdorionofplanctsandlheirsal.lliles,dteroidsand@nebinordcrtopledicl
then positions in tuturc with accey of SEater 4d g@lr dsG Conuibntio.s of

Cowll. Encke, Claittul. Hesn. D.launav. Hill

and Brown. besides daoy olher nahemalici.ns and astdnoneb. bare ben oi grat
Eulr, Laplace, Poison. Gauss, Olber,

si8nificancc. A nunbei ofcldsical md nodcn books de now available thal d.scribe thc
drails

ofd.F

conuibutions (Sna41953. Deby, 1992, Plunmer, 1966. Pollard 1966.

Woolard and Clnene 1966. Bouvct lnd Clmence, 196l elc.). Contibutions ae oho
availabl rhat give delails ofthe lund dynamics (chaplont_Touze

1991. 1988. Chaproni er.

rldrivu

al. I998,

etc)

Chapront.

l98l'

Einsrein's theolv of

suc(aded in dc$nbrns the molion olthe penhelion

The satllite to planet

( 1.23

Srandish I981. 1998

dd

svstn

largsl

ey o1hr saEllite-ple.t pait (lh. nexr ldecar beins lhar of

l6s ntio = 2 i lO I ). Thccforc rhe Eanh do.s not prclid. lhe dominmt

l0-r ) in compdi$n

Triton-N.Drune

nss !.tio in case of lhe Moon_E nll

ro

efecrive fore aclins oh lhc Mooh.It is not only lhe Sun bul all msjo!pltnels and lar
of lh dtdoids lhat @nkibute 10 th. cffcctiv force ,cting on the Moon Thus

cphncredF prcpded *ilhout tdtinS into

emn@u' Mey of
lomJlauon of

the epheheedes of

$.

eout
Moon

lh.e contibudons b boud to be

of.dlv dsvs, both b.lor' md aliet $e
all

$e Neqonie ndhtuics. weE bded on

averages of various Lnds r.laled 10 lhe

dyndics of lhc Moon

30

obieBed

sd

lompukd

tnoM with a g@l degK of @!6cy lhoi lhe avetagc avrodic p.riod
(intepal ber\,s t$o coMurive ne* M@m) is 29.510589 davs (29 dars, 12 hom 44
ninul6 dd 2.9 sondt. The avBec uomalisd. morth (intcn.l ber@n lwo
Today it is

su(esive pa$ages of
18 oinutes

ed

32.1

rh Moon throush

$cond, ed

it! perige is 27 5s4550 days (27 davs

13

hous

aw'age sidercal honth (inLdal b.twen

re

succesiw p6egs of rhe M@n tnroueh ! fixed st!r) is 2? 321662 days (27 davs ? houf

4l

minures and I1.6 secondt. Thus on thc b6is

ofa sidcEal

no

h thc Moon rravel3

abund 12.176158 degr.et p.r.lay on the av.rage Relaiv. to lhe Su. lhc M@n traveh

dtgc6 per day on lvmee. Howvo, rhe mininu Bt 6 b. 12 08 deges

Fr day and $e ndimum t2.41 deeees per day. Tnis oll happeis beau$ the orbil oi
rhe Moon around tbe Ennh is a hiehly "i!rcCular' .lliPe whercs lho deviadons tre
12.190?49

cau$d by p.nuibatios du. lo the S!n, lhe Planeb and olhs

$lf

svsten

objsls

ollhc orbn ol M@n n on alcnge 384400 kn bul has a

snaU oscilldlion aound thb valn whose period is hala lhe svnodic nonth Thc
Thc smi-major arh

sj 0 l lT The inclinalion of the

luhr orbir from the ecliplic is 500 9' bul vdi6 up tol9 Elen the nod6 (poihts of

.@enrricily of the orbn is 0,t49 bul vdics

much

inFdecrion ollhe lunar orbil and the ecliptic) of lhe orbn !re noi fixed 'nd go round ihc
rcliptic in 18.6 yeaB with an o$illalion.bour dE $cular notion lhal moun|s to as
nuch as I 6? dcsl6 Thc line ol apsd?! tle eo rcund thc echpiic complelrne on'
rouod in 8.85

''elenentt' oi

yem

and dciltations

the orbn exhibn

deimiMdon of lund

{iih udnude of

bo$ scular

a ell

as

12'413 destccs

Ths all

lhc

peiodic ldiarions lhis mkes rh'

ephemEds a daunling task

dd thal of th' planets in $e

nodm *lup bsd vith lh doluliodv e4loits oi Johees K'Pler $d lsc
The undeslandi!8 of lhe dynanics ol the Moon

N.s,ror Kcpt.r cnpnically dcdued his Lls of Pld.lary Molion on thc b6is ot o
posilio' of
extensile study of the obsralional .lcta @llected ovcr ce'nies of lhc
pldets. Thcsc cfl be sbtcd 6 follows:

3l

L
2.

d. clliptic with lhe Sun a1 one ol lh foci.

R.di6 vdtor of ! pldel (V@lor dnM liom the sun lo rhe PldD
Pl&erary otbiB

sw*ps equal &.a5 in equl lihe jorensls.

Th. sqlle of rhe Friod of rcvolulion of a Plder eund rhe Su

is

proponionalto lhe cube ofils dea. dblance ftom die Sun.

Nfion nol only prcentd his Law ofUnive6al Gralilaion but verified KePleas
of Pleetary Motion usi.8 lh. tnw ol G6vilation. According to NMon s Larv rhe

of atmcion beM.en two bodi6 wilh nas*s

2' ed

Frem rhe ddc

pl@d 6t a dista.ce

=c!+i

'r-)*s

rrr).

of publicalion ot

(2.2.r')

The force is aflnclive and G is the PmPonio.ahy constant

Consranr (6.6?2x 10

,,

is

dllcd Univ.dl Cavilalioml

enhs ditctcd ircn ,L to

tte'Priripi.l

-r

or rron

',rou|

bv NeMon in 1687 a nudbet

o'

astlononeB, physicisrs and na$cnalicians conribulcd sisnilicontlv in $e dcvclophenr

of th.

lndesl..dins of Lud sd Plmhry dy.amra.

Howele. at lh time of NeMon (and pftap3 lill lodav) the dvnanics of lhe Moon
pa*nred sear dilficuhy rhar forced Ne\\'lon lo darc thal ",',e Ltmr theo'v nale his

vorld think o! it no norc " lDanbv 1992)

ro
He had tlitficulry in describing lh. modon of Fnge (the poill in lod orbil cloesr
(1749)
the &nh) and could explain it ro only withi. m accurev ot 8 percenl Clanaut
appli.d ml)lical merhods ad succeded in explainilg d molion of pngee bv 6'ng
he.l

ache dtut kept

hih aeake

so

olen thut

he

seohd o.der approximation. He published his lraorP de Ia /,,e md a se! ofnumencal

tablcs ih 1752 ior computation of lhe posnion of fie Moon. the Eost sisnificmr
contribudon frcm Euler appered in l 7?2 shcn he tublishd his srcond lL@ lh'ory

32

ficory of luM hotior, Publish.d in 1802. cnploy.d rrmfo@ing th.

eqution ofmolions $ tlt.t the lruc longltudc wa an independ.nt ldiable Hh wotk also

kplM\

povid.d

e dpl.n
who

sdo

a@1.61io. of the

M@! ripl@'s

mdhods

w.E

of accu!@y by sevetal malhedaicies One of then was

publthcd his th@ry dd r.bl6 in 182? that Gmaircd in *id' Ne until

cdied io a high

Dmoi*e.

tion of lh.
degrce

Ha.Fn! sork dppeaed. P. A. Hasen's wolk ext nded for over fonv veds fon 1829
dd his r.bl4 w.re publkM in lE5?. ThGe labl6 rcmain.d in s for w.ll ov'r finv
yds. Delaunay publishcd his work ih 1860lhal M basd on disturbiry tunctions $ai
inludcd 120 tms. By sn.ltti.al m.4 h. Gmovd 0E teru of disorbins turulion on'
thc
by one ahd gEdually builds up th. $lution. Autho6 cl.im thar Delaunav s vorl( n
mo$

Frf{t

elulion of th.l@r problm v.t found {D&bv

Thc posilion of
coordinatcs

eliflic

$e M@n dodd

th

ElnI is desdbed

(r,,190 p) wnn r bci.s th. heli@.ntric

lonsitudc and

1992)

disr:nce or rhe tltncr' ? $e

lhe ecliFic laliode The most commonlt

lunai $bles dlrinB the nosr Pan of 20't c.n$ry \rcG dDc lo

ll]M $.ory w3 inpo!.d

bv Eckefi

&d ws tnown

bv spndical pold

Gd

edv lo handl

BrcM (Bmm 960) This

1

ILE, sho^ tot Inprored

Lrnr

6 ELP
Epr,rdr,r. Tnc lh.ory coGtruct d bv ChcPont and ChaPon(_Toul is knosn
(Chapo er. al,. 1983. 1988) shon tot Ephtina des I air's Pukienhes ln ELP
luDa nolion in $e
simplifi.d tables have ben cxlEclqi from lhe lheorv lo rcplcsnt lh'
$e
fom of explicit line sries fomule. Th6e tabl's @ b lsed to direcllv compute
ro ILE it
luntr coord'nabs. ELP h Dol onlt morc Peci* md complele in conpdien
For
ale povides noe nodern valEs oi l(M pdmelels md olhr Phvsical coislsts'
6000

y.4

on eacb side of J2ooo o ELP povids

lund c@rdiMts that

l4lv

have

eno$

VSOP (Vdialrons
.xc.eding few arc secoo.ls Toeelher with th' dvlopment of
t!bl6 due ro
Sacnl.ifs des Olbires Pletitt bv Bctagllon ed Fdncou (t9E8) lhe
Chapront er.

al

destib the motion

sysrem. Both rh

ofall

major bodies (xcept Pluio) ih tbe solar

$ori6, ELP &d rhc vsoP

ll

dcv'lopcd

rhe Buean d's

inies ionolasysrcm
of di0eGnial eqladoi dat constin&s th. major pad of th. sfudy of elcstial n46mic'
Therc & i. gddt t$o.ppoachcs for slving such dyndical systctu, ealytol ud
nusical, Anallril nerhods m b6ed on solutio. by Iouder sens ed thc Poiso.\
Slies. Thc ELP-2000-85 (Chdprcnlr,al, 1988) is semidalttic sd has ben obla'ncd
frod

BdicaUy a nhcory of pldelary

ed lund

fil o f ELP-2000-82 (Cn!po!i

cr. al. I 983) to

Propulsion Labomrory DE200/LE200 (Slstrdish

$keh iion Lasrar

For

te

penurbarions.

Gsklr,
an

motion involvd

th. nlncrical inrcer.tion of lhe .lei

l98l). P@$ion

in this o@ry

ha

ben

1986).

lylic par!

ELP-2000

Fpets th nain lEblm fbm th.

Th. 6ain problem tak s into accout thc &tio. of thc E nn's ce E of

m6s aid lhe acion ofrhe Sun's orbir aound lhe Eorlh-Moon baycentr. such lhat

Ihe

Sun\ odit is asuned to be Keplrid cllipse. This rcrulls inlo Fouri.r series w'lh
numdical c@fiicie s snd ar$mdb th.t m suns ol mulripls of fou fundade.tal

ned longitudcs of the Sun ed $e M@n). / (mean

monaly of rh Moon), l(hem anohaly of $e Sun) lnd a (M@n s argumen( ol
paBmeted D (diffeence of ihe

ude).

ladtude and

acrons

6uhs inlo dne *.ies fomnld for Mmn\ longitudc.

gocenrric disrscc @daining 2645 rcos in all. Apan flofr lh* *rics

Tlis main

problem

of all rh other

significant objects

in

solar sysren

dt

consideed N

'Fnurbadons lo ihc mdin pbblen lhol include:

tndiKr pl&c(ary perturbarions rbar re induced by lne diff.tsoc.s blwecn

the lrue orbit of the Sun aound lhe Eanh-Moo. bdycenue and tssuned
Kepbnm Elliplhal orbil oflhc Sun *uned in the min Pmblem.

2.

Dirct planerary penub.tioN due lo etions of

lor

borh the direct

co6id6

th

ad

orbib ofthe

othr plan$

on ibe M@n

rhc indtct planetlry penubalions lhe ELP-2000

pldct

givn by BGlagnon\ VSOP82 rh@.y.

P.rurbations du. ln figues of $e

34

Edh md

thc

Mon

(Moons, 1982).

4.

R.larivislic p.nub.rions (Lsrnd. & Chlpronl-Tou?J 1982).

5- Penurb.tuG du. to tidd afccis (villim3.t. a!

6.

Molion of the efccnce

frde

conside&d wilh

l97E).

spect

to m inrrigl

fime of

fomlla for geocentric

of lcm !o 15:37.

consideradon ol all lhese pelturbarioB esuhs inlo rime series

longitude, IatiMe

.rd disra@ of 0E M@n

An alnatc ro this

6 tinc

at

nds

$e numh.r

thericrl appro&h is !o rcpr*nl1hc

coordinai.s explicilly

ledes fomule. This epEs.rolion of tlie tinc seds is dcrloped by Chap6n!

Touzi ind Chapront (Chapront-Touu & Chaprcnq

fiis work.

The

mjor fomula

used in rhh

Tbe ge@entric longitude

'/h.xpesed

l9tl,

pp. l0) und ha bcc.

!*d

in

vork due !o $es authob de lkrcd beloNl

as:

+0.000001856tr'

'/=218.31665416+48126?.8813424'r-0,00011268'r:
0.0000000r534.r1+,5. +(s; +/ 1si +r' xsi/1oo0o)/l0oo
(2.2.t)

whrc

I = h in iulian

s, =tv,sr,(dj')

centuies sinceJ2000.0

+d|),,+ao *r' xro I +ao)'/r xr0' +d|,.rr

(2.2.21

I )':st(o;''

-a:"'

si = tv;,s,,(d;,o

'4

dnD.r)

(2

2.r\

(2.2 4)

xro r)

$.t%'sr'(sfl + dI'.,)

v- r; ct, d!o8 eitb |b ot a'. G Sivto i! Chr.odCt q.od (Clg!d.To@a.nd Ci{.Gi, l9l, rp a!-56}

Tb vdB 6f

Tout.d

Ib

tb.ootM

gcoc.nttc

ldhde UL

t/-s,, +(s:/

s,,

(r25)

riE

b,:

+r'$ +i's;/10000)/100

.5,"si,'(rj". p:".,.p:!.rr

xron

+/i",r

xr0r +r'r 'r'

Q26)

x ro

')

Q2.?',)

tl

e2.8)

+r4D.,)

t229'

s:,

-'u.,&4fri.t + p{t.

.$

-tr:$4i:o

q.t!;&,(r;o +r'o.,1
Th!

y.lG

Toudsrd

Q2.tO)

th c@trt ! t - !; .iq dotE eilh lho.c of 0!.t 8lt'.! in Clqlot'

Ctar@r (ct Fld-ToEald ftlnfi, 1991, I? 5?{a).
of

rindly tl|c geo.6tic dllt n6 it dven by:

x-315000.57rsr +sl

+r.8i

+y'.s;/10000

Q2.rD

s-

xron)

=t'"cdldj"'+djl

(2.2.t2)

s;=:4cd(d;'+r;,''/l
s; = t,;c,rt6"4'

r,4,

(2.2.t))

.4

(2.2.t4)

si= i"-",,(u-'' +d;o).r)

-fhc

!!hEs of

'fouzi

the consr.nls rz,

and Chapronr

/;

lnd

r; e

in

etc, dlong with lhose oa6s ae given in Ch.prcnl-

{Chapo.r-TouzC and Chatronr. 1991. pp 65-73),

Atlat0)s. /0)s and D{ors, ,',

arr\, y'r's, d1'\,

e.z.ts)

si,si,.';

and

desEs/6tury2,

,;

md

r;

@ in desrcB,

ac in d.s@Jcenrury, ar'\, y''?\. irlrs,

ao's,

aid d'h de in deecs/centud.

kiloderrs/cenru.y. siand

s,,,sl..U,su,si./.'r.r;.,".
y'r\,

ana

d's m

R, s,? and Sh

in aegeevcenruD

dc in

kilomelres,

si.si.v;

and a"rs,

5i md 4

/'rs

.t

in

sr. in kilometftVcenruly:.

For Tbe detemimtion of plan.lary coodinstes lhe complele n-body problcn is

requied to be slvd.

A. ml,,lic

solution

of

planerary dotion wa3 pre*nted by

8rct.Slon (BElaglon, | 982) of Burau d.s LonSiluds of Fnce lhat described only thc

.llipric @rdinates of the pldels. Th. elution is populdly knosn d VSOP82

(Variations S.culai6 d6 Orbits Pldauirct. Latcr, BEtagnon and F6Nou of th. se
Bur6u hodificd VSOP82 inro VSOP87 (Bcl8non & FMcoq 1988) in 3uch a uy lJllt
th.i! eluio! povid6 both thc Catcsim (or tst&suld) @rdimtes 6 wll a th.
sphcdcal pola coodiiates of $e pldels in a helimenlric syslei. Thcir slllion
V

SOP8t descibes ln

el

enehls of thc

osc ulat

ing or

t7

inst

aneous

orbit in lems of:

- sdimjor uis of th. dbil

l, = m@ ld8itlrL ordF ddt
a

l= ?,@$

p=

sincr,i

Dsino

c= si(Xi)coso

r is ln. bngnud. ofp.dhelion, i ir th. incliodon

oflh. orbit fmm rh. plD. ofeliptic dd O is the logilud. oflh e.lding nod. oa th.
olbit. .cholth. rcctarsul$c@rdioat (X L a or &c aph.ic.l polar coordimts (2. I
t) is u.xplicir tunctionofiime ed is inlhe forn of p.dodic eds md Poison $ies.
Every lcd ot Ues $.i6 is in fic tod of:
whec.

is thc.@eotriciry ofthe orbn,

I"(ssii9+ I:cosp) or 1"..ios(, +c?)

$,lEE

- 0, l,

2,

l, 4, 5. I

f=
e=ia,1,, i = I

is

(2.2.t6J

tn. tire in lhoFnds of.,ulie

)s fod

J2000.0, i..

165250

to 8,

= 9, l0

reprsent rh. m.m longnud.s of the plancc Mercury lo

6d I Lc rcpllsfl

The hsl of
tlay. In thc

is the

na

th. Dclawy sgmen& of lh. Men D, F md

longiMe of U. Mon Bivd $nh

ah@te xpcsion,

B= Za,^,"

6pt

c=>d,N,

12.2.11,

(2.2.r8)

-,asinp,

l8

to

lh.

,l

md M dc Sivci in

the lable 2 of

(BdaBnon &

Flmou

l96E)

@ .vailabl on CD's dd laFs For r.cta.gular c@rdiml6 of

rhe phf,ls |he dlia llles VSOPS?A. VSOPSTC dd VSOP8TE dc @d sd for the
These data series

spherical polarcoordinaEs VSOPSTBand VSOPSTDa!. used. A shonerleBionofrhese

data series

hbles firsr olumn

lheff. tr

l. the*
gives.4s, fie eco.d ,s dd the lhird sives Cs. The dats file hs 6

isSilenby Meeus (M.eus, 1998)and

u$d in this@r\

sedes fo, dh or rhe coodi.ates L (h helioccnlric Lonsnud.) and R (lne helioccntk

dislanc. ofthe Eanh) and 5 for fte c@rdi.ale B (lhe hclioc..lric Lafiudc)

Iiiclr s$ics

t't
i

0. l . 2.

:1.

lir

L. ll .nd

ll ne

uscd as

LA; co\B; . I jT t.

4. and 5 lor l- md I( and 0,

(L). 2(lJ) and 3{R).

x rus tolsh

I -

r2.2 rol

l,2,3,4lor B Ihc

0 lo dilfeonr

suFrrscnpt

incger lor di(feEfl

tsund for

coordinaGs and

/{i coftsponds ro lonsirudc scri.s. I = l

ro lari$de sris and I = 3, /r,coiiesponds to dist .ce serica. ll.ch

their lssiatcd seri6- Fo.

l/{iconsponds

follo\s ro obhin thc heliccDkic polar

0-

coordin eislhcneuluatdas:

r=ltcu il'
/. md

crlier

=l:, ',''

) "=lz'',')

, d. ir ndian nesuEs
rhe c@.dinares of

$c

and X is in aslrohonical unils. These

(2 2 20)

as menrioned

Eanh in heliocsnkic c@rdinare sysrcm wnce6 for {he

problem ofdckmrining posirion oflh Sun inour sky w. ctually requiE rhe Cmcentric

coodinales of lhe Sun instead. In case of rhe Eanh this uNformation is sinple:

l9

,is = I +l8O!

ond the hcli@entric

2.3

Fs= -e

dislanft ofthe E.nI is smc

as

12.2.2t)

th. s@edtic distanc' oflh S!n'

BIRTH OF NEW MOON

arcund 12
A3 menioned earlier the Moon in ilsjounev dound the Eanh llavels
vcry 29 5 davs whc' rhe
dcgrees cvery doy in our sky and $l.s ovcr tic Su in lround

Ccocntnc Lonsnude of the Sun

e.l

lhe M@n

N se

rhe

nonent is tnoM

tnc

of Nev M@ns
Tine ol Bidh of Ncs Moon Tbe dudion berven two succe$ive Binhs
petiod is n
is called lhc Lun.lion Period Ho$ever dE Llnal'on
from 29.2 days lo 29 8 davs This is rh.
d.ys ach or lhe con*culive

cMn

bhind

irt tu'd

mon$s of 29

'ons
For fi tine ofBinh ofNew

luor monlh of lO davs cacn

lonsilud's
Moon one requiEs to find lhe noment when rhe seocentric

olilt

Moon and

thcn

rinc
eeh of
rhc sun coiNide Thus one needs to lracl lhc lo'Siludcs of
lhe lonsiodes of the Sun md
Coisidcrins $e najor rcms oa lhe line scrics fomulac fo'
ELP-2000'8? $e
$c M@tr in th planeurv rhcorv VSOP'2000-8? and lhc l(nw th@rv
An alsori$m due b Meeus
noment when thc rwo lonsiludes aG sMc can be evaluatd
Ns Mmn is as rollos:
(Mceus, l99E) for $e dclemiiation or $e rin' or Binh of
passages ol lhe
a!c8. lhe tnpic.l Yd (dudiion betw'en t*o conseculive
(from (l I l)) Thc avedge svnodrc
Sun lhroush equ ox) iscudcnrlv 16524219 davs
Moonsr toten o\er a rcn'ur} ii
Monrh (trre intedal bclwccn r$o cons{u'r\c t\e*

On

'Ixus in oft topical vear rh're aG otr a\Esc 12 1682664

29.530589dar(fon (1.3.3)).
2O0O i e J2O0O O the nunbei of
Synodic mo h5 Thqeloe since lhe $ad of lhe vcd
synodic monlhs elapsd oregrveh bvl

t
and lhc time in

(f,'

(2.1

- 2000) x l2 3682664

lropical ceoruries el.Psed since J2000 0 is Siven

bti

l)

ofth.Iulid

An approximarc valu

JDE

2451550.09166

t.2)

(2

t236.42664

Dale ofthe Ncw M@n

ir $cn givn by:

+29.5JO58886t.t+0.00015437..r

-0.OOO00Ol5

j.r

r!

+ 0.000000000?3'

(2.3.3)

$herc

t i. d

lid ces.nr
4l

*!.

inteSer Thus @ording ro this fomula rhe for

ofycar

2OOO

is 2451550.09766 lhar is

I of dynlmical lime. For

lhe pdlrbation

horc accmle valu

= O |h

Jutiil

Dar.

J&ury 6.2000 ar I8n

oa ihe

of$c

r4m, md

Julia D.te of thc New Moon

tchs

due lo lhe Sun md rhc planer ar added, Thc pertuibafions tenrs

due to thc sun d given byl

x=

-0 t07 2.SlN(M )+ 0 I72J t

+0.007i9.E"'lN(M -M)-O
0 00| t

EISIN(M) +O.0l60A.SINOr M )+0

0O5

1.t.ErSINtM

t 'SlN(M -2.F)-0.000t7.StN(M

0lAj91stNe,F)

+a 0a208'E^2istN Q,M)

2*F)+O OOO|6.E.SI^-(2+M,

M)

000J2.slN(3.M )+ A OOO.| 2+E.StN(M+ 2tF)+0,aoB8*E.SIN(M_2.F)

-a 00021'E.stN(2. M'-!r' o 0u | 7,stN4.]
0.00007.stN(M'+ 2.io
-0

+0

0a0u.slN(2.M -2. F) +O.00001'S!N(1.M)+0 \oaol.stNi,,t-+ M-2+F)

+0 0040j.SIN(2'M + 2.FrO 00O03.S|N(M +M.2.F)
+0.

0000J.StN (M -M + 2.D

-0.

@OO2.S|N(M.

+0.00002.s1N(1'M)
wherc

-M). D -O.O0OO2.StN(r. M, + M)
Q).4)

rb. mce &omaly ofth. Sd al ihc JDE

= 2. I SiJ +29 I A5 3567.k-0 ,OOO0 t I
-0 oaoooo I I

,r,1 =

I
(2.3.5)

= thc mee anomly of de Moon d lhe JDE

= 2A 1.5613+ J85 8 1693528'k+O.Ot 07j82N
-0 0A0A0A0,8.

11

4l

+0

OAOA

I :38.

F"

M@'!.4ruqtof hind.
! 6'0.? !

aE+390.670t0264.1-0.00t

0.0@w0

.f

61 r

8.

- 0.0U00227.

Q.3.1)

g - lncinde of lsnding md. of {!. luar orbn

!24.7716-1.5637t588.t+0.0020672'1 +

0.OOOOO2 t

5r

(2.3.8)

E=

Eedtricity of $. oftit of Elni

1-0.002t 16.T-0.0000074.

Th. pedurbltion |.tus

de

io

(2.1.e)

pleas e:

A00032t.StN(A I )+A000165+sNLtr+a000 t6.trSIN(/r+0.0a01 26.stN(A1)

+ 0.

0 00 t

t.sr N (,4, + a 0,f06 2 +stN (/tq + a 00006. stN(t7) + 0. 00u t 6.3 !N (/ E)

7.s tN (,t 9) + 0. 0000 4 2.s N (/ t q + a 0000 1. s tN(t t t )

+0.0000t7rsIN(AI2)+o0o00J5.StN(Ar i)+o W023.SlN(,| !4) (2 3 to)
+ 0.

00001

A I -299-

2 7 + 0.

t O74o8.k-O,OO9 I 7

t. ?

t2-25t.E8+A0t6J2t.N

(2.3.1r)

12.t.t2)

,13-25 LE|+266J IEA6.t

(2.l.lr)

a4-t19,42+J64t2478.*

Q.3.t4)

/5-U.66+ ! 8 206239.k

(2.1.15)

A6-t4171+53.303771.t

(2.3.16)

/7=207-14+2.153732.t

(2.1.17)
(2.3.18)

19-34_t2+27.26t2391t
A !
/1

(2.3.19)

0- 207. I I +0. | 2 1 824'k

Q3.20)

64a379.t

Q.3.2tt

t I = 29 t. 34+ l.

42

A I 2=

6t. 7 2+24. I 98 I 54.k

(2.3.22)

t099.t

(2.3.23)

E.*

(2.3.24)

A I 3= 2 39. 5 6 + 2 t. 5 t

at 1:33

Tlus $c

,ulid

t. t5+ 2.7925

Dlle of lh.

Na

M@n ie giv.n by

JD=JDE+X+Y
Thc dm deeribcd by this
mad lo get

th.

Ld.l

(2

dat

is lhe DlaMnical Timc and lhc

r.2t

coretions for Al mcr

be

$e Universal Time (discu*d in 0Encxtarticle). For anr l@al coopuralion,

Zonc

lide

and

d!i. n6r b.

calculated ftom |he UniveMl Tim. and dale

ohaincd abovc on rhe bdis oatbe lonsirudc ofany place on rhe Eanh. Thc darc h $en
de day of conjuncrion fo! the place and rho rime of conjuncdon (he bnrh orNcw M@n)
can b

dy rinc fom 0-

2.4

THE TIME ARGUMEI{T

10

23r"

59'" t9h

on

thd dav.

ft w6 mentiohed earlicr thal rhedynahicsofatl soltr systcnr objec$ isdescibed

lomula b6cd on 6adcs of Cl6sic.l Mcchdics and lhe Relarivisric Dyneics in

t.m3 or rid serics. In order b ersriv.ly ue rhcsc fomulas an apprcpriate ?rrs
by

argMerr cotrcsponding to rhe honeht of obseiving the lunar crescenr at my place on

lhe surface of the E rth h6 io be valualcd. Such a lime a.sudent h6 ro b co.inuou
and

mui halc a clearly

dcUncd point of i's beeimine (|he

aro rine).

.ph.
various theorics and problems uF difercnr .pochs depending on rhs co.rext for a
geneEl consideFtion in pls.lary ad luE dynmics thft ,re lwo ihporlanl epochs.
Th

nr$ of

lhese epochs is a

G@nwich on Janlary l.

4?

oonefl

called

in edote pdsl coftsponding to rhe Noon al

l2 B.C.E. on th. Julid c{l.ndar (or Nolember 24, 4? I I on

Cdgode cal.ndtu) (Ringold & D.Rhowila ?001), Fren $is pojnt of timc rh. rine
elapsed tiu my laler point oflime in number of days md a possiblc fierion ofa day h

4l

elled th. Julid Dare abb@ialed B JD.

So the

,D @Gponding lo thc 5i" 30.i. on

Ocrober 5, 2004 ar Grcenwich is 245t284.2708t11t.. Thls rhe Jutim

of

tih. clapsd sine thn pocl 6id is cxpEss.d

The orhcr epoch of inpori,lcc lo rh

J2000 0 a.d

in nmber of

lftnl

D!i. i3. mesE

n@ eld

d.y5_

work k fie noncnt of dme ell.d

il Eprcseds lhe l2ln TDTon J.nuary l,2O0O

i..

(Abononhal Almahac,

2007). Tbe JD conesponding ro rhis hom.nt dl C@nwicb is 2451545 days. This is the

2eo me for borh rhe Luq Th@iy ELP,2000 (Chopo.lTouz{ & Chaponr,
l9l) dd th pl&elary th@ry VSOP,87 {Brc|,gnon & Fmcou, 1988). In bo$ rhes
0leodcs lih. m@!red frcn J2000.0 bo foMrd od b6ct*ards. In ELP thir rimc is in
is coBidcrcd in rulian CentJies (i.c.16525 me.n sle days) md i! VSOP il is inJulie
.poch or

Millemia (365250 mce solrdays).

BoththeseepocbsmbasedonrheinreRaloirimealted..toedn$hrdat,

qhich

a fie int rval berween lw slccessile rhsits (r6sdge rhlough rhe locll
ofrhc fic ious body knoM as ft. mee Se. This ficlitious body novcs sirh

is defincd
meddim)

uifom sF.d

alory lhc cel6ial cquabr .hd is consider.d in place of lh. acrul Sun $ar
oovcs vith non-unifom sped (dw ro rhe .llipli orbn of tne Efin) abnS lne Ectipd.
The

tmsit of $c aclual Sm over a local heridi& vdes

of on lrcpical

ye

up ro

I I minurs over a penod

(Astmnooical AlFanac, 2O()7), Thereby atl civil rim. reckoning

have beh a$ocialed with the hedn

Sln lhot consisrl of 24 mean solar hous,

The

beeinningofa civilday, i.e. zro hou* on civil clocks occu^ at nidniehl when the nour

dgle of rh. Mean Sun

is rwIrc hou6

lccodin8

to the local or

Th. tiDe describd by lh. cl@k showing

di*Ep.n i6.

In

fd

d. mm

sisddd hcidia..

$lf

rinc is not wilhoul its

it is lhe Ertn, $e gtob, ilsctf rhal is ou cl@t lnd $c n.m solat

tine B suppos.d to b. basd

on ths a!ragc rate al which lhe Eadh

n spinning

a@und irs

dn. Howeverlhn considearion is only with rcspecl !o lh Med Sun. Du.lo the orbilal
noionoflh. Eanh beins in rhe sme direction as its dis ofmlolion (ton qesl lo EEst)

ubl

totaiion coDpldes in l6s thm ihis

nee sold day. So the actuat nle of dial

rchtion is b.t r ralized by rhe No sw;sivc resirs of a sior. Dis in|cdal is lemed
on

a r Si&F.l

Dry

ud rh.

timc

masuld @rdi.s to thb $d. is

rlrc

Sid.Flt

Timc_

ofr[. E lrh ttris D.riod i!.le nor uifom e w h!rc ro

@tuid* "M.rn Sidccal Day" rnd !@diiSly M6 Sidaql Tirc. Oc md el& dly
cquls |.002?3?90915 !|16 .i&Gd dlys (or 24B 03i" 56.t553?* on m@ sid.Mt
tim.). Altcturcly oE md 3idcEd dly cquals 0.9?26956633 ns st.r d.ys (or 2lb
Aglin du.lo lhc clliptird orbit

56'r" 04.09053* on

md

sol$ rimc).

o@ eld {n ir rhc rinc |.t n inro &@6r in bolh lb. civil tu.
ekoning a sll a tlE $tromnic.l. Wh.Ed lh. dylmiclt rh6d* denbc |h.
norions of th. objers ii solr srsr.m on th. bair of rhc coninuoBly nowins tinc
dc$dbcd a Dyimiol Tim.. T|| UniwBl Timc .d rlE DyiMiel Tim. E nor
@Biri. .nd rh. dilTelwc bdw6 dF tw is lot ! trom fumrioi of ritu dd @utd
bc lound only bt high pcirion ob&dados of th. skics. Th. diffm. of thc lrc AT is
rlbull|.d i. Asnonomicrl Aln.t@ for th. t.tqopic G6 (AD 1620 ri lodar.). For rh.
cd prior lo lic rcl.spic .n rhc v!l@i ol dT G cdcll.r.d on thc blsis ot rnc
qlculatioB of .cliter @ultrrion lnd 0E rin6 of th* d.nt. @rdert jn lh. tmwn
history. Th. val@s of AT e giEn fq only |h. nan of.eh cd.nd& y.r ,nd $os for
olh.r dn6 ofFd ce b. incrlDlar.<l. VeioG .u0!oc havc giwn veio6 lehniqu.s fot
obt inins llF* slq (Di.k y 195, M.!!t, l99E, Motri$n & Scoh.Nr, 2004.
Mofti$n & W.d, 1975, Scph.@n & MoEien. 1984 ald 195. Sr.ph.nsn, 1997,
In gcrcr.l rh.

lsl.m .t d. 2001.

e.wnl ir to bG p. iomcd s ed( oul.v.rging

on l@l civil dh. sd dac. ror iBlhe vhcs llE rim ed darc of rh. binn or
Wh.ncv.r a c.lcul.tion for

b.sd

nd M@i is compucd

lqlr

cone our ro b. in dynmictl rim. This dyMical

dmc should h. conv.ncd ro thc Univ@l tinc by adding rhc c!frnr wt* or & ud 0En
lo th. l@l civil lim. by addine lh. Equbit &n tirc (@BidcEd posiliv. fo..6t
rh.

bnsnudB and rcg.dv. for

Br

lon8itud.s) for lh. l@tion of

ob*rci

Simil&ly if oie

wrs ro olculnc to ric Dcition of rh. M@n fo! {y l@rion of ob*rer, rh. ld.l zoi.
tin. hts to b. @nvcn d io uiwrsd tiD. by subr&ri.a thc aE tin. &d rh.n rhc
crent

vduc or

41 should

b. $bt .cr.d iom n

ro

gd tnc

Dylmiql Tim.

How.r s noE @nhtlon l !'pNch

ir

ro

@!qt lol <bre.rd ar rim

ro

uiv.Eal dalc ed time which is ihcd cotrrcncd b rh. ,ulid .!ate dd fmUy th. .fi6r of
dt is taln inio ecoul. Tlc s. lpprorch b u*d in lhe fonowilg atgodrhn foi
c.lcul.tioo of

the

dn dgme

Srep-l: l8el

Local

Doaroh ercgorin

Cal.nd@

LZ

LMM, LDD

Sr.F2: INrtIBalTin. &7awTih. LHH, LMN, LSEC, ZON

S4 LryY=LIY, UMM-LMM UDD.LDD
UHH= LHH + ZO N, UMIN = LMIN, LIsEC = I.S EC

ln eedeEl rhe only

Univcsal dme md

d.t

(considercd in inresal

Univc6d

dare

dif.rc.c. bclwen

is th. diff.cn

ho6 hcr).

. bel@n
b

mar difLr by onc &d tr.!&

I[(UHH>=24)

Duc

......

rhis

is

rf (uMM> t2)

UMM-|:
UW-LYY+ 1:

t)]

... ...

d..t @ do,

UDD=LDD.!:

If(uDD-o)

lhe

hou6 rhat cq@h zon time

ditf.rene th. t@al d.rc hd lbe

1rcft6. dar

'UMM-LMM+Ii

upHH<o)

ed

.djcthsf.

UDD-LDD+I
tf (UDD>dorqLMM)) //darr
LDD=I:
I

local hne tinc a.d dale

UMM.LMM.I

If(UMM-1)

46

nMber of days in

donrh

@y

AYY-LW-l;
J

UDD-&tr(UtlM)

olr@

l[. UEircc.l

d.rc dd

tirc

is

lppllFi.Lly dju{.d @ pcad! lo

{d rhc ritu. For rlis calcularion

ihc nondr is Jmqry o! fcbnoy, it i! co id.Ed morh .mbq
c.lcula& rhe Julih Dar. for 0E d.lc
Esp@tivly, ofthe

inirially
13

or

if

14.

ptwiou trd ad rh. t@ i! sle d.crcNed by l.

UW-WY-l

ofeftry yd (likc ,E | 100, 1700 .rc) d[ ln. yd

lo t@6t for !mh6 of mhd rap y@.

Thc

ir Fquicd

nmbd

UYY

Stcp4: 1=INr(Wt00)
lml

of 6e $tommic.l dlculariotu ! daL d and .na Fliday.

Octoba 15, 1582 is coaid.tld io b. I dlc of Grgodd caldd.r {d a darc toni
Thsdly, Octob* 4, l5E2 ..d prior to rhb datc i. coGiderd s a dale i! Jutie
ln

Ilru ifa dsl. i! fton Crc8ode cal.dde ndh.. EquiEs m accout

ofnon-tlap yed tom.mong3i 0F nomal lcap yds due to th modified rule
ofliad y.rinthe Grc8onlr qal.nd$(y.$divisible by 100 but rot diviribte
by 400 e @r L@! yes).
calndd.

d"@ledq it

casdtb'
a=2-/t+rMf(1/1)

.l*1I "@Ldo

IdlM"
B_0 J
i.t

47

c@t 6. nub.r of diys .laps.d si@ the Julid DaL

epoch (Jeulry l, 4712) iill Ihc .nd of th. PEviou yc& .rd lhe trmbr of dltr
laled flom ln. n61 d.y of rh. PEviou yd till the cnd of lhe c|lml monlh
Now orc n6ds ro

ianing fom ys -4716 dD(

thal @ balmed by subt@lion of lh. co6t ni 1524.5.

Meu

@dider this

sMbl

JD=\NTQ65.2t(UW+

17 16)+

adds addilional davs

tl]/r(30.600t (uMM+ 1))+ UDD+ B-l 524 5

(u HH + (UMIN + USEq60)/60)/21

(2.4.r)

ln both th. lh.orics VSOP8? tnd ELP2000 lhe Poch is the J2000 0
@ftsponding ro rhe Julie Dsr.2451545 theEfot one tin lly c.t5 the lin

JD 245t545
16525

Notc rtEt in rhc

l6t

Ar

(242)

1155760000

st@

lh.

lid l.B

on 0E lighl

hfld

side is the

nmbd of

lulie entude elap*d sine 12000.0 ad th. s@sd l@ is for At which is @allv
siven in mobd of.eonds od h.rc w. nccd to @nved n i o nmb.r of cntuies (lio
ELP
in a

&d Millemia for vsoP)

Juli$

lf

due to which

cnrury ifor ELP md Julim

Mill.inia fot VSOP).

and when ttie dynmical tim. of

U.ivesal dd

Lhen into Local

il hN lo be divided by the nunbq of s6onds

cv.nt is

*rom

we need io @hv.n rl

Zon. tim.. Thc dylmical tihe is oblain d

of Julie cenluries sin@ J2000.0

that rhc Julisn dare of tbe evmt

48

cm

the

nmbet

b calculated

6:

1p

15575s.(, -

TIlc int Sr.l

t|| hclion l Frt

ro

St

F2:

Z-INT(JD)

St

d-3:

F-JDZ

Ft

usrsts
=-4-),
3155?@@00J

ofdF Juliu D.!.

*ill

b.

onEtud

ea.t,
io

Cdddr Dd. .nd

th Unirwl Tim:

Fd &rB Fior ro ocrobcr 15, | 582 (JD = 229161) rhc inl.Sq p.rr of.ID
is !.oircd
il ii olhdtuc ldjulr.d for th. @diti@ of lhc GGgorid cdqd{

St.pa: ifz<229161 (
Ert
t

t-Z )
a-ln((ZlE672l6.2tyt652 t.2t)
A-Z+I +GINT(d/0 )

Stcp5:

B-A+1521

sr.p6:

C-INT((B-122. ! y36t.2t)

SGp?:

D-INT(J65.25.C)

Stcps:

E-IM((I-DyJ0.6001)

Stcp9:

dar-EDLIItT(30.6001.8)+F

StcFf0: UDD-tNTldat) LDD-UDD

sr.Frr: ttE<l4 (
(
Els.

UMll-El )
UMt'r-ElJ )
a9

LMU-UMM

stcFr2: alMM>2 {
Etr.
t

UW-C-1716

UW-C-17tt

}
)

LW-UW

steFf3:

hout(=drylM(dqr))r21

Stepr4: UHR-tM(tbu) LHR-UHR-ZON

If (LHR<o)
... d'o@. dar
( UIR-UIR+2I: LDD-UDDJ:
...

r!(LDD-0)

LMM-UMM-|; LDD-dasOMg:
It&t4M4')

Ltl:'l'|2;

LW-UW-I;

}D

It(LHl>-2,t ... ... tt@t et)

{ LHR-LHR-21: LDD-UDD+,,
4t6-DD>day1vut4

'|

LDD-|:

LMM-UMM+I:

y(LMM>t2)

LW-UMM+I;

)))

ste!'rs:

htn .=Aov-L| 9.60

sreFl6:

UMN-IM(nlnut.) LW-UL{N

steplT:

tu.ond-(ntr.-LMIN),60

50

tN-l;

SGpf8:

USEC=lNr(taond) LSEC-USEC

Sr.pr9l

Outpd UW. UMM IJDD, UHR, tjMIN, USEC

A"d LW, LMM AD LHR, LMIN, LSEC

In thc
is

Nd-M@n Algorilhn

thc our pur is thc dynmi@t

p.niculaly usfll in @nvcning Uis rinc lo

2.5

this

dgon$D

v.Mt od &y l@.t @G rin

COORI}INATES OF THE MOON

For rh. dckmination of lh. c@rdinrcs ot 1h. M@n .r

dlt

lin. &d

liB| scp

ey

lc.l

Sivcn

tim. .rd

fomular th. rinc a4um.nt a dieNcd in diclc 2.4. So lh. pcc$

bcsins by s.l*ftg pl.c. of ob6.rq (Ljnsirude &d La ud.), te.l darc ard rim. rhrl
is ro

lcds to lhc rim. &Bum. t eco.dinS

ro

th. atgorjlhn dc$ib.d ,bovc,

?{51545 N
16525 1155?60000

Julon Do'. -

Using Uis rim. arsumcnr

Sr.F2r

(r 5.t)

*n6 d.*ribing rh. twr

-Touza ed Chaponr t99t) s dieled in aniclc 2.2

th. @Bhcrio! ot rhc dh.

c@'dinar.s is do.c (chapo

StF||

s:

Fo..dipdc longirudcofth. Moon us.2.2.2 ro2.2.5 ed suhdrut lh.ir

csulrsi.2.2,l.
For cclipdc

t.hu&

of

U. M@!

2.2.? 10 2.2. t0

&d sub$nuE

th.i

Bul{.in2.2.6,

St.Fl:

For gec.nr.ic

dilllre

of rhc M@n uc 2.2. l2 ro

lh.nrcsulr.in2.2.1L

5t

2.2. | 5

ed

subsritut

DE to lh. nodotr of thc ob6*d. th. diual .nd lhe mual motior of thc Eatth.
poiilior of E.y objer in th. sky is afrctcd by 0!. phcmmn of Abcmdon- Th.
followinS @cid.ntion is only for rhe Eaih'Moon
includ. the

dimal nolion

S1.t-4r

of thc

pls.t.ry Ab.dlion sd

do.s

lol

ob6*er (W@lad & Cl.mcnce, I %6).

CORREC'TION FOR ABERMTION

v-y4.000 t 9521-0.0&nl059.skQ

25 1177 198

9\)

12 5.2)

U- U-0.40001 754t31h(183 J +48J202't)

(2.s.3)

R- R + 0.0708.C6Q

(2_5.4)

2 5 + 177 I 96. 91r)

ft.

d.y and dE mcm quinox of lhe dly de

difiedt dE ro thc phenom.non ofNuiation the F.is cerdinab on nol be ob|dircd
Fimlly

1he

lrue quinox of

without th nul'lion in lonS itudc AV and the nubtioh inobliquityAs.

St

pS:

CORRECTION FOR NUTATPN

a'r =l0r

't(y, + y:..)'si,{/,I" +/d' '. +/d' '.r 'lo r)

(2.s.t

Y=V+

L,t

. -22.63928-0 0ll\+0.555'lo'

12-5.6)

t.r -0,0141'l0j r tl
(2.5.7)

^'

=lo

'I(., +,' '.). cdko)

/,r' . ' +rdr

..).lo

1)

(2.5.8)
(2.5.9)

Tn
thc

T$1.

v.lu. of F

s,

!,'3 md

9 in Chlprcnr-Tooze

G's

Bd

in lh.

qp63iont

6d Chlpotrt (Ch.pre

ahovc

tt!

gt!n in

-louz; &d Ch.pon!

l99l,pp.l9):
Oft. rh. @retion dE to .ubrion is dre onc my
c@dihal.s, the Rjght Asnsion d dd thc dcclin tion 6:

St.p6:

da Eq@tori.l

EQUATOI.ULCOORDIANIES

"=r-'(
6=

so ro 6trd

c6(tpriio")Si4v)C6(U)

-.t4

Eps i t d) Si dlu

'l

sn't l3ih(Epsitm)Si"(v)cos(UJ

cB(Eptiron)sinei

(2.5.r0)

(2.5. I I )

Thc* re rh. nle cqubri.l c@'dinar6 of lh. Men wnh EfcEn.. b th. toe
cqulor of $e dare ahd the trua dyunical equioox of the dar_ Th$ m stiu lhe
s.oqtic c@diMl* md lhc afr.cr of lhc D6nion of lh ob*rcr on rh. glob. is ycr ro
b. lalfl ifto @ounr so tb.t rhc ..iopoccnt.ic" c@rdid., (coordin ts relariw lo thc
posnion
to be

ofth. ob*fr.r) nay

t t.n inlo &count. Th

be obl.iied_ In

odd rcd5

rh

!ffftrj oftE

..paraltd" arc

Pdttd r i! givcn by:

12.s.tz)

gcatdc dist4. of dE Mer HowEr rhis q@nry paml* d.Fnds

Hoq Ancle (ihe since ibe object cosad thc l@al n.ridim) tor whicn w. ncd

wh@ 4 ir
on rhe
thc

lad

St

FTl

rhe

sidc@l

tin.

LST.

Fqhtlate tiw

dgM't

tlor

5l

UTlq !h. dat. ,tdet cwidqatio,.

I. =6r4t-50'.54841+E tot84,.s12s66I,+0'.093104.r, -0,.0000062.rr

(2.5.1t

gits th. Grcawich

Mcan SidE5l

Ctqwich Si&@l Tio.

T

To +

for &e

Ti6. .t

rirc ug@nt

oir UT of rhe drte. Th.n lh

for ih. rimc of ob6qvation is:

(UHR + (UMLN +USEC/60y60)a0.997269j66JJ (2.5.t4)

'Iijen fic Hou anglc at ihis moncnt ofthe Moon is:

H=T

srep.sl

(2.5

tllec^ofPatala,

If p is th. gocrntic 6dius ofrh.

of irE ohsftr ih rh. dsh1 .s6io!
co@lion for prhllar & obr.ined $:

@sd - p@sp'sin rcos

Esdh,

p,b

a' ed

ihe S.ocenkic hrirudc

rhc dEtiEtjon

l/

d'="".I Gind -psin9 sintr)cosaa

ccd-pcGg'sinr@3tt

Fin lly ro otltain rh.

lhc followi.g

SrcFg:

Lad Hdianrrl C@diDtcs A2inuth.nd

d,

t1)

(2.5.tE)

rt

AlriMe

lissfomalio$:

Azimu$

(2.5.19)

54

aft.r

(2 5.16)

<2.5

haY

rt

.Aliitu& r=sinpUnrlcdp'cosr'costl
This complcGs ihe der@inarion of dlipric, qurqid

@rdid6

2.6

of rh.

.d

Oe hondnIll

Mor

COORDINATES OF TI{E SUN

Foi rhe d.t.mimtion of 0E c@rdiDre of rh. Sun on.

se

(2.5.20)

say

slcFl:
lqds

for lhc

@rdi!!re

ple

Scldt
to rh.

oroh6dvd (Longiru& ed tilirud.). lcal

lire

ro thc algolirhm

Dde )451545

1652t0

Using lhis

in runy rhe

of rhc Moon.

thc egment t &coiding

Julian

p@..&

d ..dd

dceiib.d lbove,

rine rhat

s:

Ll

I | 55?600000

argment lh connrudion of

12.6.1)

d. (m. eriB

&enbins rh.
c@rdinates of the Elnh s givd by Br.raSnon & Fdcou (1988) thc h.lie.nrric
coodinales of lhc E nb de obtained lhar ft lder trusfoftcd into fte gre.tdc
c@rdimles ofth. Sun s follosl

SreFl:

For

heliohllic dlipric

2.2.20

lonsitud. of lh. Flnll' in lirc wit[ (2.2.19)

w h!rc:

2^, "e"(,, .r^,

(2.6.2)

2"" "."6" t r,,l

(2.6.1)

55

&d

t,-'i^,-"(t"*",

c2.6.4)

L,-ZA,s\8,+c,. I

(2.6.5)

L.

(r5.6)

2t

=ZA,@l\tr+crt )

!,.:r,cdt

+cir ,

c2.5.?)

Ttr. l!l!.3 or A'', B'r .d C s for {i! d$n r 6ior c dB b, Mc.!i

(Meu!, 1998, A!p.ndir-[], pp. 4lt.a2t). Finlly t!. lt lio..onic loBitd. of |h E lt

i,

-.
(2.5.8)

t0'
St

p2:

Fd Fliptic ldintdc ofrlF E nh;

lut
Bo-Z/,.d\8,+c,. l
,r

=:/,dF"

+c"4

,, . X,{" "o.(r" +c,r

(2.6.10)

Bt-244a.+c"r I
8.

t,l,6.F" +c"'

Q.5.9)

(2.6.l|)

(2.6.r2)

(2.6.|])

Tb v.lu.t of A's, B't .rd C'! 6.

(M6n, l9S, A!0.odtr-Itr,

!P. 4lS-421).

l} {oi.t nds tt giE

Fidlv lh.

lbc.otic ldlidt

For

19
l
o.[8i
t,,r"

c,'

(2.6.15)

(2.6.r6)

(2.6.17)

nt

t,r"co't " +c"'

13 =

t0,
h=>an(fr]\B,+c{

(Mc.q,

vds

199E,

(2.6.rt)

(2.6.19)

t,."co4p" +c"' I

(2.6rI))

lo/

xr

TIE

ib it

lElioc.dric .lisl&e of th. E|nb

&-X,i"6!p"+c,r J
zt2 t
xr - I,r,6lp" +c"'J
x,

of th' E

(26.r1)

l0'

$.Fl:

bv Mo.u!

of

4..

B's

!d C" b. lb eorlr Ei6 & tih

b,

M6!

Aprcndix-lu, pp. 4l E-421). Fi!.lly tlE helio@tric di!l&c. of th. Elnh

ZL,r
"
A!" Bs lnd C!

.d

A! i!

''id,

all in

.*!doiql

Q.62t)

hdiM for looSin|d! , a|(l ldltt|d. t

uitr tu Llio.ldtc diaec X.
51

B6

od Ct

in

ttdieE

The coftcctions for Abe@don md Nuradon de done in

and Slep-5 bfore. Fi@lly

te

horizonlal coordiDr.s is

done lhc

2.?

als

dc

sanc way as St

conveBion to rhc equaronat @ordinates

sme way

6 ws

done ror

dd

p4

then

fte Moon.

RISING AND SETTINC

d.refti@tion ofprecise rihings of rhc setrnE or nsing

of& obFcl one
requircs pEcis c.lstial coordinales of
$eF objech 6i lh insht of1he occunine ofrhe
For the

phehomem However! these insranh

dre the points ofime that we rcqlic ro
find our so
rhar a process oasuccessive appoxinadon
is needcd lo ahv al lhee dhes. Such an
iterarive plocess is necssry b4au$
rhe objccis under con$dsaion (lbe
Sun Md the
Moon) significantly changc thei position
relalive to the ixed celsriat sDhere durihg
m
i.terval around ha a ddy. The whols process
shns sm m esehare ror the ritoc of
ofthe objed (ove.lhe locatneridian) wbich
lben reads ro,nlial esrinars for de
'ransn
holrmghs ar th. appoxihare line ofrhe
rising orselling or thc objer The aB
in facr
the csimares for rhe tocat sidereal
rinres ofdc phenonena. rrco
these esfnales of rtE
sdceal rimcsoflhe eveors lhe unilecat
hean slarrimeardlheh lhe toql lihescan
be
cakuhted.
fist approximarions fo! lhe ransii rbe nsihg ed
rbe sedne are
obtajned usinglhc cetestirtcoordjnars
ofthe obj(r evaluard ar Oh. Ur. ar any poinr
or
rhe glob and ao! any otrhe
evenrs under considecdon lhis
nomeir ((]i, Ul oay be m
cail.r or a tater nomnr. This is the rson
lhar the mrfial catcularions are onlv

ths.

rppo\imaro cdlcutduon fo.hcle appo\,dar.

coordnats of thc objecr hNc to bc
catcutaled

,t..,

.,.",. ,h. ."i..;;:.

"t
asain and wholc.atculalions

above

!! repealed for bekr

esrimates, The details

(he followinS p@sraphs.

Forrhe

sh.

,h.

henLiond

of rhe catculalions arc describ.d in

rhccompnaaon.

&e simptes conp@ rornore tor lhe

Moon. the
,,(o. nme or hNir
ot rhe Sun can be hirra coturdered

ar t2-,tocsl rzonc, rime

vdi*. Th6 Unileisat Tihe or loql tuir is
simply 12
ne) is posirive for the east lons,udq ed
nesarivc for Resr

wnecas for the Moon n dEily

Zl

wheE ZT

(ene

58

uivcrssl rime

se

s Ih.
loql dae. Th. rime dgu. for $is rine ed date is rhen fomulatcd dd th
lonSitudcs. At

12 -

zT wilt b.

dn of 0E

darc in

O@wich

offie sunar.obaincd. wlm m objdr h in rmsil irs hour dgtc (HA)

ed its dsh ecdion (RA) is se s ln. Loc.l Sidqdt Tin. (LSn siNc:

coordiMtes

zo

is

p.? l)
As3Ming dar lhe

obj*t hs

r{A

!r da rine of t@t Fa6n e.7,I ) shos thal:

d= LSTt

If JD is

rhe

Julie ddc for $e dly

ar

d'

UT 0En wnn

, = eD _

mcaur.d in Julian centuri6 lh. cenwich Mqn Sidc,@l Tide

I,

2451545y36525

{CMST) b siven by:

=6141-50,.s4841+8640184'.812866.r+0'.093t0,t.r: _0,.000006rr,r
(2.7.t)

Thch for the observer ar rhe pla.e

lonenud.s a<l posirive for rhe con)

vilh eeographic lonerrude , (negative fo.

rhe ccnwich sid.rea! lme ot r,asit is:

csTrr=LsTtr_L

(2.7.4)

And lhe SideEat fme elaped siNe rhe OL

UT of fie dar. is,

T,=CSTtr_To
This rim. is rh.n converrd

b lh. UT

(2.7.5)

by:

UTU =Tlt.0Or?l?909175

59

(2.7 6)

west

FimUy the coordides ofthc

Ss @ Edcdar.d

for UTE

qd 0r

followins cdculadon

I,sT = a,

(2.1.7)

csnr-LST-L,

{2.7,8)

n_GSTtr-To

(2.7.9J

uTr=T,'L0027379093?5
So ihat theE is a

[or lhe

dilferne of

lss

drs

*cond b.tween

(2.7.10)

one

v.lue

ofuTr ed ib.ext

locat sunrise and sunset

$c base vatue $ the UTtr ahd inirial

apptoxmalDns for the sunnse k
UTr - 6h = UTn and lhat ot tnc suMt is UTr + 6r
UTst. Dcpendi.8 on rhe tocat longirude
L, UTs ed Ursl nay ti.I on pr.viou or rexr
day csp.clively so lbar a necese,y
dare adjutmeir mul b. dorc. runher
ddpe.ding on
the local lairude il is funher possible
thar these pbenomcna sihply donl
occur.

The

pbc.s

bcgins

de c@rdi@res of rh. Sun for UT6 (or

Urs0. The holr angl HA

stt'ne or nsing ovcr a l@al horjzon k

(2.7

stEE

is rh eeghphic laritude of rh.

obsedcr lnd lhe au nd of
a$med to b. ero, How.ver owirS to th phdohcnon

d.

r)

poinr of sky is

ofEri&tion a ,r.r, rhe Su dd s

rhcy @ aru.lly seo sdrjng or risin8.
The
E@iN visibte de ir ft hs gone j4 e Dinu!s

pld.l ae wll b.low th. hode. std

t\@g rFe.t of EFadioD is rhar . srat

below hori^n. 'Ilis allitudc is kmh
s srand.rd drilud. dcnoEo s 4, ed

6t)

is @nsid@.I

N sords on aveas. f6r rlc Su, 0Ei itulud.s ihc affet of dE Ef4clion
and thc sni dian.ter bo$. For a mor accwtc valuc the &rul s.mi dimet r SD,

lo bc -50

didea of1h. Su ed suh.actcd tioh d..veagc afi*l

of Glhction, fte chag. in l.hpdl@ in ihe niddle laritDd.s my lary thjs by @ud
20 seconds of tinc ed tbe baromctric pres6res nay caue a veiaion of dother 12
*con& of time. Ho{v.r 6 rhcse varia{otu cd nol LE d.temired a priori the avcEgc
afects m co.nd.ed in crlculalions. Unog fte $..drd slrjM. ?01h. hou anqlc oflh.
rhould be calculal.d fmo dE

object is then eloluared as:

(21.t

Thus rh liBr dppro\,maion for lhe

T, =UTO

And $at ofrhe

s.

of lbe

Su

ha\e

&d

rhe ofrisng of$e obled h:

- E.

12.1tJ)

in8 isl

T,

Thes.

=Wtr+

Ho

(2.7.t4\

only !h. n6t app,oxinarion3 for lh tines of swise ahd

the sunsel
Esp.ctirely. Fomularing ihe lin a8unors for .ch of fien
Fpaan.l, rh. c@rdinar.s
borh

h6

be catculared aglin. The Grecrwich

sid.El rinc

orrcspondjns ro

ro be obained as:

r-Ta+J6O.98564TTy'15
,1 or

I e

rlEr l@at

12.7.\5)

lFu ogte 4d ihc &imurh of th. obj..t

12.1.t6)

is

Si"At = Sinpstnq +C6e,Cot6,CotH,

Th.

cordiG

for rhe

tuirg

d:

siring

AT, =

Adding these

(21.11)

(2.7 l8)

ifto rh. appropriarc I, givcs ibpDvcd valu.s

tunhq inpovd r:lucs catcutal. $e @.dinaas of rhc Ss fd
&d

A?_,

rcpeat (2.6. r 2)

lor

!ffrr

ed

(2.6.1 8) ro obrain

Ue Moon rhc i$uc is

mt!

lh. UT for d

complided

wau.

af.r of panlta h signiticor.

dcc'le the anirh dist ne !o rhar the objed is visibl. dei

if n is th@Edcat gonc dom $. horizon bln rhe aflccr of pa6 d
b to inc@sc rhe zcnid
d6t fte e lhe obj.cr is wlt .hovc lhc horj@n dd n a!,p.4
ro Mvc et (or rcl n*n
Th

ofrcfddjon h

ro

still), Thus for fie Moon the si&dard attjtude is

Civcn by:

ao

qb.G

is

=E - 0-2n5.

-10134''

(2.1.te)

dc pa&Id of rb. Moon eivd byi

(2.7.20)

s $.

g@eniric dist ncc

oflhe obsrvr &d X, rhe g@ce ric dislece otrhe Moon, p

\2.7.21'

62

is th equrorirl ndiu5 of the Eard,

nL

th.

dd .,

The resl of thc calculatiohs for rhe irlnsil, rising

ed

is th. pold mdids of the

lhe

stling of lhe Moon

arc

se d 1hat for thc Sun.

2.8

I{EW LUNAR CRESCENT VISIBILITY PARAMETERS

A nunber ofpdrameleB have been corsidered imponanl for deteminin8 *belber

the new cr$ent would bc lisible al a

di*u$ed

lcaiion oo the Eanh oi ool. Tbese weE briely

ad lblcd in thc beimins of chaper l.

paniculd Ncw M@i or th conjucrion

rquned

to h dt

Once

of th. Binn or

numb.r of p,@eGB

@
T". {ii) Tinc of M6Mr T..

hs ben delmined

mincd. Th* includ. (i) Tinc of Suroet

tr tiD.
a

(iii) LAcTn - Ti (i!) Bcs| Time orvisibiliry Tr,(!) Ase ofrh Moon

ar Tb.

AcE. (vi)

Arc of visior ARCV, (vii) Reladle Azimulh DAZ, (viii) Arc of Lishr (Elonsatioi)
ARCL. (ix) Ph@

ofcrs.nt

width ofcrcsent w. In vhw of the di$u$ion

P, md (x)

ofth. s&onomic.l alSorirhns ed rehniqud in tbis chaptd the* circmst nc6 de cco$iderEd ro .xploE compurdiom of vdbN psmre6 $al e inponmr ao. $e
lnolysis of l@al visibility oflh ncs lunr cr.$nt on $e day ofconjuhdion or d. doy

The fiBl of
rime ofBinh

th.s paludd ii

ofNcv hootr.

The

rh.

alsdirlm for

in anicle 2.3. U3ing $is algoddm thc

obtaind. The algorilho tates yee

tn.
lh. conpuraion of (his tim. w6 pE*nl.d

coiju.tiotr of lhe M@. wnn

riic of

g@centic

binh of lhc Ns

insran@ the

bdb of lhe expcled dale of th.

Nry M@n in $e nodn ofApri!,2007 i. dp.ctd

,e0

m@n is

input and giles lhe Julian datc oflhe tine of the

iiyai is ior
binn ofnew boon. Il is imporrmt ro nole $ar the i.pur
is o Eal nMb.r alculatd on the

ihe Sm or

= 2047 +atJ0+t7)/J65

63

whole

iMbs, it

New M@h. For

msd

l7s d.y of thc

An |pDDxiE.r. valu. of

vholc nmba $c algoriihn

ro thc

b.gimine ofthc

otuc

b..i

e G@ of f.e d.,s m*! wll. If UE "yd" it r

si!4 lhc ,!lie D.rG to! $. Nd Men th.t @6 cl@n

"'*"

!d".

,ulid D.rc of$c binl ofrlE Nq M@n cl@n b

tb. m. b inni.lly conwn.d lo lhc UniEEal

rhc

found

wirh

lh. .xpdrcd d.y

ha

rift dd darc ed

coneqE ly rhc le.l lih. and ddc. For ln.s convffirioE ftom Julis Dat. to rh.
le.l rim. ed drlc th. tehniqu6 of rhc .rricl. 2.4 6 u$d, Bcfoc thb im. lh. Ew
'lun.rion" h6 nor b.!un s no qNnid ofrlr visibiliry ofrhc Bw l|!w cEghl on rh.
A6ins

rin . B.foE this tin. only th.'bld cG*dl" ce b. lat wn b.foa

on rhc dry of onjudion or a dly o! tvo b.foa-

bcfoE this

rh. sutuie

ot@dudion dc M@n n.y b. &rwhcrc wi$in . strip ot widd loo

18 eud dG elipric, i-.. wirhin 50 9 of rhc Sun. ap.n fom |h. ecume of . slar
dlips $G "@.nl'cxisl5 bul dE lo irs.xlrEh. clo*ncs ro lh. slai!8 su ir co nor
Ar

dr

rimc

b. s..n ed ha ndcr ben

Thc
can be

sn,

p.md4 is $c l@.1 lim. of suel ed th. M@n $t Th.*

d for ey day of lhc yd Bins th r.chniq!.! of $c anicl. 2.7. Howvr

ndr inpondr

conput

th. dctmin ion of th. c@diEtcs of both lh. Sln &d th.
$ce rehniqEs
'lquiE
M@n for D dFckd rihe of lrsi! dsing dd s.ltinS of dh of thd. Thc c@diDL3
of th. su !rc obl.incd usi.s dE VSOPE? fi6ry of Brdagnon ad fEncou {or a
sihplificd v6ion sivcn by MeE) &d bricfly prc*ntcd in aniclc 2.2 Dd 2.6. Sihildly
rh. D@iF @rdidtcs of thc M@n c oh.in d aing th. ELP2000 of ChrFo -Tot
ed Ch.pont pr*nrcd in dticL 2.2 and 2.5. Th. .oddinal6 ofrh. Sun &d lh. M@n
lhis wr e th. SMtric sph.dcd pold c@dinrl.s (dis1@ P. alatial lonsilud. r
dd d c.l.nial l! rud. n. And @n cdon for .bdnlion thc sc e lMtfomd lo
th. g.on.rric .q@torial @tdidlcs, dght s.cioi o &d &cliDlion 6. Firlly th.
roFcc'tric dSlu e.sion ed d.cliMdon !r! oh.incd itld.s irto cosi&tstion thc

d[dl!

of pdallq. Using lhe local siddnat timc tb. @rdinas

then

trdsfomcd inlo

Ioc.i hori@ntd @ordinalcs dr. ahitud. ud &imuth,

Once $e

tine of leal

o@ctcr LAG = Tn dd ncSrdv.

rhc

and

th.t of Moon sr

Tr is elculatd. Unlc$

(I.) d

lh. LAC is posnive for

cd ncv..

for old Mmn th cFsent

Suppoe

sd th.

(T)

sunsct

obt in.d lhe

the New Moon

sen.

(..,,r.,r.)ed t,.j,,r.) d ftc p@ie

dislanes,

aliflic lo!8it!d.

Su, Esp.ctivcly. af@d ro the ft4 .qtinox of

lMtio. on $c Elnh with tftstiat coordinaies(1.r) on rh.

lalirudc of rhe M@n and 6c

dD. or sunst at any

day, or day aftcr. lhe binh ofNew

Msn (al$ oll.d

the

Csenlric Coijliction oi th.

Moon).Thefi'slsteDinthedelemimtionofih.visibililyoflhnevlunarcresce,on
thc day of conjuncrion or the day affer, is io dcternihe lh actual dy.anical

ihe

(TD o!

ofth.
Sun &d tb. Moon. Le! Tt dd Tn (Coordimi.d Univdsal Tine TUC) b th. tihes of lh.
l@.1 sunsel dd the nooi.eq vi|h Tj < T..
TT) T", oflhc coojuction. Ncxl one requires considcrins the local rines ofsening

Using rnc .cliptic

@rdimLs

oa

lh. $n ad rh. Men E alculared for th. T6 thc

egutodal @rdimrs of rhe two bodics

(d.,4) dd (d,,t,) e c.lolat

d usins

(Me$,1998):
s t h\^

- Tdnl P)sth(E)
cas6)

)c os\r

st(d) = si,,(l)co(.J

(2.8

codB)st()st(r)

o.8.3)

wl@d, fi. nd emid is in 0r s. qudtul6 t, ed ', the obliquily orrh.

dlipri. is d$ adjugd for lh. d, . ed thc b.9 rine Th. tsal Hou Atgl. H is th.n
oblaincd tion rhc difreren@ ofth. l@l Sidftal Tiru (Zsl) 4d th. rishl 6c.nsion
Tnis finally gjves lhe l@d nonzontal c@dinal6

65

amulh

(,1)

$d

the

allilud. (ir) bv:

ranlAt =

si,(r)

(2.8.4)

c6(Ir)s,,{t) rz,(d)co{l)

sr,(c)si'(6)

(2.8.t

c4(d)ca(t)c,r(fl)

And adjusi.g for lhc rciacdon 6d $e heigh of $e obFNd's l@aiio. above *. Id'l
rbc topoentic @oilinares (,r,,r")ed (,i,,7t,) of the Moon dd fte Sun. esFclivtrv

In alnost all lhc nodels for

cdlicst m@mid ins $c ancidl

d w'll

ts ibe nod'm'

dir@. of eim hs (DAZ = lA,-A-1. @lled El.tive @'ihuth) ard thn of

or
aldrudB (ARCV - ," - t.. cdl..l m of lision) d shoM in rhe lisr I, 'r the iimc

ln.

loc.l

3uEl

T,

As ihe

$6.

sd/or

al lhe

dgulu

b$l

Tb Play a

vilil ole:

sePar.tions invol!d

dnes @ sdaU, wi6ou1 dEh

mt

th.

b.iwen $.

Sutr md

lh.

lunar cesenl at

of lighr (ARCL) h giEn bv:

(2.8.6)

Wh.@ for

larSct

ugl6

ARCL =

or moF

ffi.rc

Gults th.

of lieltr should b.

eldl.Ld

cdr(co(r-)co{rr,)cd(tra - s,'(r.)si(4))

66

(2

?)

Fi&28!

of lighr Uc cdlqir
A@d tun lhc Ft.tiv .rlmuh tbc !D of villon and th.
c@li<lddio t.qbcr of
for dli6r ytuibrliry of t|ld qqc@t rlqoits io irL
othd p!@der. One swh pmcr{ is thc A8. of th. M@! (ACE) d!6n.d as thc tiEe

ie

til lt. lim of ob...Idtm Anothq idDoiird fr.io. i.

thc Wi&h of CF$.dt (VD fin d.!.nd! on rhc dida@ of fie Moor 'IrE gtel
aoom@ Al-gltllti of Brsldd hod rdi4d lt iopott c of @'@l {idth I
Gl4a.d

.iG

th. h4 cor{l|!cdo.

r.s.go (BdiD lt7) At l[. dili.c oftlc MM nom Ot c|tih wi6 nm

eud O34 nillid 16 !o Nutd 0.4 mlllid b! th. leni{i!rcEr of th lunlt die
{rh. Am 15 I! oinu..lo 16.5 e ninn .. Tbut if{F Moot! is clo.d lo F.flh.l
thou$nd

ih. tim. of ohdarior th! cn .!nl *ould b wid6t &d thu brightn wid0r of lh.
s!.c.d i3 din dy FDpo.tidtl lo lt Pte (P) ofih.ltloon thd i! t tmlid of rtc
ARCL:

P- lr-cg?aRcLn
2

Ad tholhc c!!!6r

width is givm

bt:

(2.E.8)

(289)

"='"[
Sinc. ihc acienl
birlh oI New Moon

lill

signindt p&Metr.

dd

{E

thc nedieval dnes

thc sunsi of

lh. d.y in

ACE, thc time elapscd

quesdon,

siie fie

w4 eo@lly coNidecd

Howev!, in ihe tinc of MuslinvABb $lronomrs jl had already

c.lied tal

0E ACE is nor a nD&hc al padndcr, stll thc pardet* is

inporlrnl 1o calculat. This is bccaue oflhe fact that depending on rhe aordinats of the
b.en

Mooo

dd

anatu
$e

s vcll a

ord

ce b. ee.. Amongsl bo$ rbe

$@ is aluyr a conFlilion for havinS

lhc seaens at lime a very "young' cEsanl

lo

rhe

prcfcssioBl Grronom.u

the "youneesr"

crcsr

Amongst the early nodls ofnew

eiihd wilh oFical aid or wilhout

cc*.!t

i1.

vnibility asltunomeB sed $c !.larion

betren rh. rcldrive altitudc (ARCV = alriMc of rhc Mmn - ahilude of lhl Sun) dd rhe
rclrriv. uimurh rDA-/ - e'murh of Lh. Su - uimdh of de M@n' Th. rso
parmeleG arc slill consideFd inporl&l as if DAZ = 0. the crcscenl is venically abole

$e point of 3uEel dd und.r such a cncM$dce the youg.st a @ll as lhc thimesl
crc$qt cd bc ecn. Wirh lugd DAZ wles only oldtr md thc thictd ccs @ be

How lhick or lhin is lh cEsenl al any lime

s.pmriotr (clonsaiion) btwn rhc

su ed $c

cs

Mmn hd bccn

b ddemined once lhe

dchi'cd

usi.g (2

?)

or
LiSht (ARCL) hads to lh. Phde (P fiaction of the illuninatcd lund disc facing fie
obsdr) of lb. Mftn using (2.8-E). Ho*ev.a the lhicloN or $e widlh (w) or rhe
sith nhr horizontal coordin.les or

rh quatorial

aordintle!

This elongation or Atc

des not only dcFnd on thc phe of the M@!, also

't
depclds on rhc Elnh'Moon disrece, rh. sMc cm be ohaitcd usins (2 8 9) Dte besr
inc of lbc crcsdt visibihy sqggned by Yauop is criical fot siShting lhc crcsn1

c..rral pon ol the

creot

u'dd mdgjml conditions &d ce

be @mpurd

68

sine (2 E l) sisndne

i5 crirical when

THE SOFTWARf, HILAI-OI.CPP

In this worl( a softwde k develop.d for the

odysh of

fisr visibiliry of new

lue crc*dt dEr is simil& io mturc 6 rh. M@'calc by M@ur (Msru, 2001) dd
Accurare Times by odeh (odcb, 2006) but rhar can b. lscd ro compae aI rhe
rhe

ecie.l dd Doden visibiliry nodls. T1| lisdng of the poelm

i! ApFndix 4. Tn progm fnrca d brifly de*dbed b.to*:

compur.rional and thc

Hilalo|.cpp is giyco

Th. prog@ LinAnal ucs ih&e dala filcs, rwo for input

one for oulplt. The

For.ad.rv thal conrains rhe padrcrE 4, ,, and., (s

inanicle2,6 lbove ). The pdmetcs oflhis dala file de adtu8d in rabtes2.l

two inpul dala

described

il6 e

ed

(he files

(A) lo 2.1 (F) in appcndix 2.

'Ih.

dds.d

(D) in appendix L

itpnt tie is tlc .tp2MA& rhat conlaiE the

paluercs as de$rib.d in rhc anicle 2.5 above. The pdmeles of rhis dara file d
inbbles

Thc third

Ll

(A)

fiI. u*d

10 1.3

ol]],er

prcgrd is *..t lhal

dd

n*d only vhen

fie Esults of fi. cobput2rions in Oc preetm m EquiEd to be sbEd. Tl!. vcGion of
lh progr.n Hilalol givn in appendix 4 hs the lile nanc scrrrgaA, rhar sbres lhe
by lhe

is optional

onpulalional Esulrs of a sinelc .x@urior of $e prcgrm.

fte

is

i.fomations stoBt in

o. No., rhc obsenarion nhber thar n scncally digned by Odch (odeh,

2004).
Date. datc of

obwatioo,

Long., th. longitudc of 0E

Latil., th. ladMe oflhc

Eld.,

ple

ftom whE rh.

clesnr

is ob6eN.d

ple

the .lcvarion of rh. place above

s!

levcl,

T.mp., cnimred rcmFdturc of$e riDe of obswarion,

Hmid.. .stibaied relative humidny oflh. plac.

S@.i, lhe l6al tinc of sNet

69

at rhe

rine of obs.Nadon

9.

JD of Conjunct, rh Julie Dat of the binh

10.

As., lhc a8c ofrhc Moon.r

ll.
2

L{C,

ARCL, dc ot light or elonsetion of lhe M@n

ll,

ARCV, the eladve altitudc of fie

1,4.

D,AZ the rclaiile @ibulh ai the best time, in degrc.s,

15.
16.

Widtb, the cenlral widlh of lhc

the diffrcncc

17,

tim. e@ding

berNcn th Moo.

q-val. rh. visibihy

discssd

rh besr

*r dd

crc*ol .t

Fsrnt

ptue1q

of.q
10

M@n or the

lsr

Yallop (Yallop, 1998),

it minucr,
su at the b.st tme,

rh sunsel.

fion th.
the

b.st 1ioe,

al bcs1 rime, in

it

in

d.crees

dc minues.

dcfined by YalloP (Yallop, 1998)

lo h.

in drail in chapl.r 4.

Phi+della,

fie dglc

thal lhc.cliPlic dalcs with lh venical on th. wslem

hoii2on, in d.sE.s.

E.
19.
20.
21.
22.
21.
?4,
25.
26
27.
28.
29.
I

Mlalit. I,loo.

4liptic latiiude in

d.8e'

Mlongi! Moon's.cliptrc lon8itudc. in d.gtus-

*liptic longitud., in dccres

M-SD, dgule s.minid.tcr of th. M@|L in @ oinut
Slongil., Sun\

As-Fac!

s.

of sep@lioh fsctor dfined in l.ler chap1e6, in dcgrc6

R-En, cslimatd Rip.n $ Fucrion vatue dclind h chapler

R-A!er, averas Ripeness funcrion valu dellned in chapl{ 3

R-actual, acbal Rip.ns Fsction vtlue dcnled in chapls 3

DR+s! $e diflecnc of R-rclualand R-Enimaled

DRnc! thc difrccne of R-a.tu4l ed RnErage
MoonS M.g, Moon\ mogniiude al the besl

lne

of Yallop,

Lio-Mae(lin), lh. LiDiting Mt8nitud. of the stv ned |ne

cs6t s

defioed by Schaff.r (Schaefd, 1988b) aloDs wnh ih Yallop's besl dne in

udveEal dne dis.ts.d in cha .r 4.

30.

SI'(DME8), tbe univ.ssl tine wh.n the conrrdt ofthe stv bdelhes dd
rh. Mmn\ bljehBt just tum in favou of thc Moon dd 0E ditrGnc' of dE

70

m.gnitude of the Moon

I_

dd $c linning

m.gnitutle of rhe sky ai thal monen!

B6(Dmag), fic divdsd rimc *h.o U. @ntrasl of rhe sry bnSh,ES

th. Moon\ bdghret is b6r in favou of
ha9irude of

rhe M@D

ed

rhe Moon

thc lim'ring m.gn'nrd.

ald thc diflcn@ of $e

ofih. sly

al rhar monen

Lsr(Dmae), ihe univdal tme whn rh conrmst orrhe sky bnshhess

32.

tbc Moon\

biehd

is

nagoirude ofthe Moon

lal io &vou
ad

rhc

of th. Moon

ed

ad

rbc difcrcn@ of

liniring magnitude of$e sly

ar

ed
$e

th.r momenr.

A3 thc .xcution oflhe proghh b.gins ir prompts for ob*Nadon nMb.r, dale,

nonlh, y.&, longirude, Iaritude

od

cl.vation abole sea lvel of th phcc and $e

estimrd r.larilc humidiiy of lhe place. This plompr

by rh. lunction tzrdd,r.rtnd callcd by the tufuri,on nt i n n u t i

esrinated ttmperaturc ahd

iniliared

is

"..

Ticn rh. prcg@ c,lls for $e tundi@ math .h4tg.. This tunc on n6r
ddmins lh. Julia Date of dE dDc of n.esr @njwdon or rhe bini of ncw M@n
crlling thc fucrion /t ]@_D@r. Th. tu dion r'r_r@_r@r is bdcd on .tgorithn due
ioMeeus(1998)discqsedinadicl2.3abovc(fomu162.3.1.ro2.3.25).'Iletuncrion

rorr,

cna,a. $en calh the tu.ctior renir&rr lhal dekmines the tihcs of lhc sunsel
dd the Moon set tttroud fiD.rioB tun-q.t 6d mon_se.Ih tunciions rzu_r.r sd

tutu_sa

t.

rdttirgt.le

b6ed on lh alsorithn dhcus$d in aaicle 2.7 abov.. Dr functio.

calculars rhe b6r rimc for casent visibitiiy aeording io @ndnion du

di*ussd h a larq cha .r Tnis is followd by @hpul!fion of the

Julie Dat 6d dB Exlcndd Juli@ dat corcsponding ro rhe best rim. 6ing rh
tunctiolirri.ndrl. rhat t bs*d on rl| algorirhn pEdred above in anicl. 2.4. This
Iesds ro fomulation orlhe rime {sMn1GIs dipused in adiclc 2.1) fo' rhc Elp2ooi)
md VSOPS? lheories for the c.lculation of coordimres of lhe Moon and ihc Su
respectively. Th.e coordinates e calcul.r.d according b the algorithDs in anictes 2.5
dd 2.6 iopl.m.n&d in fucdoB a@r_.ou.t ed t\. su"_.erd Bpeilely. B.fore
to Yallop (1998)

7l

rh*.@rdin
10

@ c.bdat.d th. etrc1oftuhio. dd

the

sidd.d tihc coftspondins

zdo hou uiversal tide, for the dat consideed. are calculted using the tuncdois

,ttttid
od

ls

ad srl_tiw,

*'.n

E#iv.ly,

t$aiqs ouinlo,

usins rhc

thu fe Scn nted is displayed

scootd (.@fitn^.s of 1he su.) ed

The infomatioi/d.tA

rtbpt

dbrldr_n rord (coodinatcs of tbe Moon).

Finally, fhc tunction nainrcutir. crLtl^r.s md dbplaF on

$en

aU rhe

visibiliiy parmetcrs dircused in pFiou.rricle (2.8) &d lisred ss l0 to 16 dd 2l

abov. in lnc

clm

orher functions

O$d pffi.r.c (l7lo 20 dd 22 1o 12) re @mpui.d in

(r? to 20 in tunction r@r_cMtt a\d 22 to 32 tt liM'si\ brl
anicle.

displayd alo.g with these pdmet.rs. All thc

the

outp

dda

(p@ncle6

Ddmd.s lisbd as I lo 32 d wiren lo

file J.r"8ear in nmloulrro4, (pamrs I to 29) ed tim._nnse

30 to 32),

Tle tundion

/ltr,r,,?

is ih reproducrion

ot Scba.fer's pog,aD

(Shs.fer, 1998, Bogd, 2004) lor delediiirg th liniting hagnitude of

The Esl

of the functions

/.ar.r..l

used in lhc

pregrm aE lisLd

dd briety

point

of

dcscibed

y.e u$d is lcap yed (ac@rdi.8 ro crcsorid

or rcr? lfrhe yd is lap lhc tuncdon rerums I orhfli$ O.

chects lhe1hd the

rule)

.orwt_r'ru

convens an

.,,rzt_rtu

convens lime in hours into

hodlw

Btms rh. @jnd.r .ff4 dividing

th inpur

h 6ed ohain 6e mst. in

pamt

dy

eelc

inro dcgres, arc minutes

do

arc

*cond3.

hoE, ninuIs &d s*onds.

tuB

b,

160.

6is fucdon

b 360 degE6.
calculat s rh. afr*tl ot psrlts in i8hl acEion ad decu.adon
to cct th. ropcdFic ddr as1fuion 6d d.ctinarion and is bas.d
the

deercs

on step 8 of alsori$n in anicte 2.5.

itr._r.. rhrcud ,rr.-do, ,nd d"c_sc thrcugh

chdging tine (al
(at lev.ls ofdale

d.._r,,:

Ttcs. tundions altows

ld.b ofhourr ninure ad ssnds)

dd honrh).

72

and dare

sihin lhc tuldion di.i@{tt. lhc prcgr&n Hil.lo! ha do-|9kL l@p

^
(pl*in8
dld le,) fion thc Br.
rhar remiDrd *tEtr rhe iddrifid za,r rcccivB V'
If my oths key is prcsed lh. pregm rmdN in wait ndq PEsing Panicdd k ls a
In fer

is obvioN in the

er.l{ar.

cohbilsriotr vdio{s&lions

iniii.ld likc inc@ing or

chegilg tmpdal@ or hlmidity o. wiling to th output nb

r.rngafir. bitiad.g any ofthFc.ctioro Gp..G th. *ftution ofall lhe conpulalions
wilb new timc, dale,lcmp.dture or huDidily. In cd. ofpre$ingP all lh data is winen
deoeasiry tim

dd

datc,

s.r'"a4.t

Mit s only rhe $lected !alu$ oI

tine and conesponding value of thc diffelcnce of doo.\ magnilude and $e liniling sky
masnitude. Tlese fatues of thc progm Hihlol (varyin8 dne, dale and !@lhcr
conditio6) nEle tbe progrm norc dynoiq .s compdd lo Mooncalc of M&ru
iMdd, 2001 ) ad A@uai. TiF. of Odeh (Od.h, 2006).
ro fie out file

in one lin a.d prc$ins 4

d.rminiig th. dlr of the fi6l sier ing of new llld

c@.nt in this cnaFd w cxploEd.ll thc Mjor 6pet of conp arional cForls. Th*
In view of lhc

prcbls

IE sm!.ndylicd

of

dyn.Dic.l lhddcs VSOP87 and ELP2000 d'at dryib. th.

ofplseB loud thc Su sd oflh. M@n reund the Eanh. The* e m.

mosl rent dd nost accunt. avlilabl. looh for the delmi.ation ot
motion

ephendb oflhc

Ite

Sun

dd th.

Mootr.

ateonlhm lhat lelds lo lbe dct min.lion oftb. dynmical lime ofde

lud

@njucdor or lh. binh ot ncw Moon.

Tn pmblms ssociarcd wi|b th. dynamical

&d uivEal lim ed

related

isues. Wiihout having a @mpl.l. kno* bow of lhse isues apprclrjalc

argmcnt for the d.lminadon of

lud ed dE $l&

1)

cmrdimres

co

tbe

not be

TL dl irpde dgsitor tu d. ddroni4 m. tr..r,r.l od locd roc

dn . o{ th. @ rd 6. md* lllth! s*
d6itr
of ti.

lb pcr@i !rd&d tflt t Fb&o

le or*dt ci rdt!. da-!.d.
dD.r

of

di-

dShdrS o{

rtr

lrib I tdrwh ||I&tbt r of d| 6..c tt{itr d .|6mi.l G.hiS..

erl .ltdl6or | .orio!.. F!!im ir redd b &r .U t ,.w lull
Tto 1b

ct# &ir_.r

plobLa ofib. d.olloilirS

tl.

dry

.ll

tt cqdrilrl ,trrit r@id.d

of6rr jihli!8 ofew

71

lurt.!..c.d

eith

it.

Chapter No. 3

ANCIENT, MEDIryAL & EARLY

2OTH CENTURY

MODEU;

For calendarlcar purposes .s we as an Interes0n8 and chalte.ging

aslbnonlc.l p,obleh, jn rhe hbrory ofmanktnd there have ben constsrenr efiorts
ro delermano when and whererhe nek tunarcro@nt

wll

be

lrst

seen,

t]e,esutrs

of these ealons have boen numeroG 6nd have been based on dtlle.ent technlques
6nd tools.lhose results can be temed as 't odets/Crireria tor the oadtest vtltbi|lry
or nw runar cfescenr,. Most ot the earty modets are de ved dtioc y trom the
obsoations of the new tunar crescent and are enDnjc.tin natlre. Some are based
on thorellcalconslderations. MGI tmpon.nt of these eftons hctud6:
The Aabyroni.n rule of thumb .when the age ot the .ew Moon is 24

hooB only then the crescent can be seen,. fte redlscovery of the
more mrrhematrc.lly lnvolv6d crfte on ot Etong. on + LAG > 21.
lhal w6senunciatedw beforechisrian or. (Fatooht et at, 1999).
)

Tho cdena deveroped In ihe medtevat periods by Mus ms/Adbs

ba*d on obsenarion, sph6ri6t vtgonomtry and lhe ephemerid of

lhs Moon and the Sun (8rutn, 1977). This happen.d as earty .s rhe

llr)

The exploration or Foth ngham (1910), Maunda (1911) and orheF

fi6l

quarter ot the twontl6th @ntury. These effort! were moG

ot slallstil in natur based on th obseda ons mos y in Room by
ln the

75

In rhb ch.pter we stan wtth a b,t.f dtscGston on retativety Ecent G

di<ov.ryofthe Babllorlan cdrorla for tho 66t 6t vbtbltty ol new tunar crcscenl. A
sel or obsenatlonal d.ta solectld from rhe r*6nt tlteratore ts lsed to examtnerhe
ments orlhe Sabylonlan cnbrbn.Thts ts folowed by 3ome sphencat trigo.omeuc
conslderations ihat are llgnlllcant tor th condilloN on whtch the vlsibitiry or the
invisiblllty of th6 nw lunar'o6cont haydepend.

On lhe basls of lhe t,igonom.tdc

cofttdhtion the Lunar Ripene$ funclion

altrlhuled ro rheArabs rs.xplored and a tvodlfled Lunar Ripeness raw is suggested

and examrned in vlew ot th ,.ordod oEerva{ons h rhe dara sel men oned
above. Thi3 Is dono uslng iho curient k.owtedgs, loots 6nd rechniques and the

.6uts of

rhls erprorarlon ar6 present6d.

a[ codputational wolk

ts done Gtng the

In the end ot the ch6pter the gfrpktc.t modeL due io moden asldnomeG

olrhe early 20s century ar. retsttd and compartson ot ihe same

wilh the

is done

Babyronlan and the medievat mod6ts.

BABYLONIAN CRITERIA
No lrisonobery or spheriqt rrigonomelly existed till rhe
developnenb in,\rabia in lhe 9u
descnbed

i.

dd

halheharical

rhc lorh cenlu.y AD; the probteh

rems ofcertain obseNable paranercs shown in rhc Fieure No

w6 o.ly

Ll

I in lhe

dcienr and lbe early Chrhlian e6.lfdny visibitiry $ireion was deduced musl have been
basd on the observations and nedsulemenrs ot rhes observable qumtities. The figure
snows lhe sesiern

bolizon a dnc

when the sun S

h6

gon

deerees

bebw norizon

(the sole deprc$ion) and rhe crcsenr at M isjusr visible. AB is rhe equaror lhat nakes

agle q, $e geogBphical latitude oflhc ptace, wirh rhe nomat

rhe sepeadon bteen lhe Sun tud $e tvl@n comhonly knoM
an

16

ro the horizon. SM

s .@ of lishl. and

abbelialed

ARCL but shoM

aL

difidce b.isFn the

q "dc of dcs@nr" dnoid 6 ao (ako call.d

in th. figue. SD is the

su dd rhc Moon lnow

.e of vision dd abbrevi.tcd s ARCV). Not that the aidnrde of lh. Esenl abovc
hodan is,l $ lnal a, = r + ,l As rh. ooitr( A is al lh. se altnude 6lhc cFsenl dd
B at lh. sme depBion d th. su, A8 is .quabnal $pdti@ b.teen the Sun 4d rhc
Moon called "arc of *pdrion ' ad is .qnivd6t b rhe Moon*r - SuNr tig shoM in
the fisld d as The fig@ cd bc u*d to h.aua fi 4.s ofdesenl ed liehl for a
alrirudes of the

Sivcn lalitude

once an accurare enough .phemetdes shows the

dc of sepdalion and

wheE to loot for the dimly illminaled cBcent againsl lhe briehl evening twiliSht.

lig No.3.1.1 Angule Pamcters as@ialed wilh

l,

modem tines the earliesi Ffee.cc of

sigbring of nev

lud

sighling ofnew lunar crescenl

ey

syslemalic study

cEs@nr is thrt du. rolhc.inShm (Fothainghd.

of the earliesi

l9l0). He refe6

ro l2s enlury Jryish phildopher Mcinoni<16. Asordine to lorhcringhm. the work

.ppearcd in the

TEti$

by Mlimonid.s (Moshc bcn

th. Ntu Mo@ 0",islre''.'rotalt: Scfq z.hnim

77

Md@n) o\ \\.

SahcliJi.otion

Hilhot Kiddush H'Hodcsh, I l?8

oI

fial

wA diislaled by S. Oddz

6 Crlr of Moituntd.s, Boot Thr4, treatite Eigtu,

SmdiJicdtion ol the Nee M@a Yelc Judaic. Seris,

volh.

XI, Yatc Univesity pE$,

No Hav6

CT, 1956). Maimodidcs mrk w studi.d by von Lifl.ow in

SiEunghberichk da Wiehu Altd.nie, Math-Natrre, Cl6e,lxvi, (1872), pp.459-480,
ln his *ort Maimonides nak6 rh. snalLsl visible phe ofthc M@n depqdenr on trc
variables, as claimed by Forh.in8hd. Th.se veiables bave ben temd ss rr? rr
etonAorion otthe Moon a\d

by

hgk ofrision

dirlaccs then

tle aplbre.t ahgle of tision - F6\.noghe

slarcs rhal

if

m.es the diffeEncc of the Sun md the Moon in rc.irh

th. nle of Mainoid6 .nd his om rule for hinimlm visibt. pb4 of
Mai1onides

Moon ae ndly the

enc

Howevcr he f!fther says lhat Maimonides rute sivcs

slidrly

oininun alliludes that could be duc tc, b.(.r ob$fring condirio.s in Jeruslem
lh& in Atbos. Unfodu.alely Fohednghah .dmik that hc could not sumcienrly
lower

undedand Maimodis' dithmdiol nelhod

same (Foihciinsham,

solving

has not giecn a dchited

@ounl of rb.

l9l0).

Lder, Bruin(Bruin. 1977)gives

ol

dd

moe debiled

fie probln of findin8 sronomial

eounrof

any medievalatenpr

onditiotu for thc

fi6t visibility of

crscnl. De$ribinglhe Isl.mic astonomical procedurcs Btuin says $a1Al-Khurizini

gives mathenadcal rules and rablcs lor pedicling thc new cre$e.t where6

peeds

a conplerc soludon. He aho nenlions lh

AlBamni

lato accounl ofMo$s ber Madoon

lnd clains rhst ibn Mamoon larsely follos Al Balloi. One oflhe nost inponanl dp.cl

Anbs^rulins orthis ea had

olEady rcalizd rhe sienitlcece of cE$cnr widrh. This inpoiant aFcl enaincd

ofBruin's accounr ofrhc eflods oftbe bedicval

era is rhar

hissins frem all th. najor cooiribudons of lw.ntietn century bcloE Bruin.
dscription

ed

thc modein loowl.dge in ihis work lhe sme

.xlecively od is pEsnt

latu id

h6

Bed

on this

been explocd

dor.

the chaPler.

lilcatue that app.ared duing 2od c.nrury lhe gencral rule of

Babylods for first visibilily ofnew lunecrescnlis:

78

lual su6.t shottd be g.ater than 2't hows

the su6el ohd the no6et thDuld be g.ot* than 12 tim
at the

titu

of

(l.l.l)
l2 rim. deBes is cquivslenr ro

;$

ofo

hour or48

ninu$ (Brura I9??.llv4 le944

lto$ev4, il wd Fat@hi, Stephe$on and At'darghdlli who havc 'xPlorol lh

to lhe histotiel
cflon5 of lhc Blbylonians dlsiv.lv &d have epond rnal eording
h
Eords of re* c.Mnl siSlftings ol PG Christie m lhe cderion attibured
oi
Babylonis is d ovr simplificalioi (Fabohi.t al 1999) Ac@tding lo $en $udv
209 recoids of Posi{ve new crsceol 3ig} ing

extdctd fom Babvloni&s Astronon'car

mathem'lical lunar lheory

di&ies. the Babylonitus had succceded in ioduladng a lrulv
wrlhoul
$hich ihey 6ed to pEdicl !&ious par@ele$ of lumr notion Unfortumtelv
aboul
be
presnline my iheorerical dlaih of Babvlonian eE lh'v appear 10

"ilicdl

above
Bluin\ slgscsion thar Babvlonia criterion was whar is mentioncd
as Follo*s:
lnstEd.1hey clain that Babvlonian ctilerion wEs

Tnc

ies cEsce.r

is een

'' Elongutio, (ARCL)

(l l l)'

it

+ nooe|st6't

laE

tine

(Uc)
(3.12)

Even, rhis cdrerion is

apon d on

(Neue'ba@r'
b6sis of the sueestios ol Ncusebaud
of a madehalcal lh'orv Ttev have

ov

d'$rip$on
*bich th lt@ rhsrv ol Babvlonids las
nehtioned two svstns of sol& moliors on
1955)

&d nol

a rcsult of

wD drived al $ nol
hoq lh new rul they hav. attdbded to the Babvlonims
h8d
on lhe
giv6, They have gone on lo plesd .lifleant valucs fo! th' @nslul
'kh
lalEs Engc fton 5 DiniDum of2loro a maximM ol23" lnlhe

based, but

;ideof(3.1.2) Thse

p!ent work we adofl fte followins

slss.sted by Fatoohi el

as a bener

.l:

79

critcrion alfiibutcd lo de Babvlo'ians

as

'

(r. I

80

r)

The

Mon

ar

divi.s

d6dibes how bnghr

ctcse

@uld

this qitcda

paluelea moE

aurhos is thar (D ihc

of lisht

th. cFac.nl &d (ii) ihe moon*i*utuel lag de*db. hov lons the

is

coaii

6 d.sc'ib.d by th*.

abovc

is the

horian.n

r th

$n sl. MoE

is rhe vql@

ofqch ofdrqc

po$ibilily ofsishdng offie ce*cni. Howver, drcr. h6 to b.5

ni.imun ofthe two dd the sigh{ne Eords wcre the only heans to verify lhc
crilerion or diving al the (itrion. Using $is condition Fatoohi a al hsv Fponed thc
aslhs of lhcir @mpu|,alioB for 39 rw cEsnt 3ighings rhal in lud. bolh lhc
conbined

Bab)lonirn cEscenr

qighr ing

Rordc tud thes'ghtine Ecords Eponed in $e 2Odcenrury

liredtule. Th. aulhos have rcponcd ihat oul l99 cdcs the Babyloni.n

lerion was

fic posilive siehliog {cE$e.r claioed to h.v. b.en sn) c45

but fsiled i. 45.7'lo c66 of the nesalive siShine GF$.rt no( *o) ces

succestul in 98.7% of

orsdialios haYe smnged for coll.cdon of r.*ent

Th*e inclu& Isldic Ctffint Oberyalion Prcjdl lh

In rccnt lins a number of

sighting or non{ighline @ords.

So h African aslononical Obsaatory and rheii websiFs Sinild rccords are reponcd
ro aid colhdd at lhe wbsile @!sS.h!i!s.eol1 Morevet, lhc ldrgest data el
yd availabl. in lhe pubhh.d paFG
of lhes dords ofdening

Usins

(l.l.l)

is lhal by Odh (OdGh

cEsnts el.dcd

applid

lo

the dar.

for

2004) we hav' *lecred 463

tE compdison ofrhe nodels

9l cletd

for this

Ll.l.

wlk

the

studied in

'6!lts

ln this lable ollv lhose rccords are prcscnled when thc

+
crescent wa reponed to hare ben seen wilh or snhoul ev optical aid ad ARCV
LAG is les lha 22 degr6 Th. rabL is end on ARCV + LAc It shows lhal thcrc

pEs

ed in the lable no.

ft

oplillt unaid.d sighinss of new ce$enl tol salisfving $e Babvlonian

cileion gi!.n by (l,l,l). The complG dola sel is P!sentd in the Appe'di\-ll Thc
? claims of

d on visibilily colum N in d$ending older, so thal all

oflically @id.d visibility ces of crc$cnt sighing in ordtr of ARCV + LAG (in
dcSt*t app.d al lhe top of the llbl The table in Aptndia'll sho* S No ihc
table

i. App.nditll

is

en

obseffation No. (odeh, 2OO4), dare ofobsryatio!, latitude

of

ed

lonsitude of rhe location

ob6dtr, visibihy N' for uaided visibilitv' 'B' for visibilitv thrcugl binmld, T
8l

thftud rel.$ope. IlE vis'bility @lul6 @.mPty if rhe cjt*nt M not

Fen and co.tains V' in an apprcpriatc colLlm if the c!.sc.nl is sen. The esl of lhe
coluens oflhe nbl @n!in age ofMoon, LAC, ARCL, ARCV md DAZ. Th lasl file

for visibilny

@lmns arc ior the five models coroid.rcd in this chapler, The colllm h.dded A is for

This tabl shows $al out of 196 daims ofopdcally unaided sighlihSs oftbe nes

@ only ? cbes nol saisfyjn! lhc Babylonid critmon. HoEler, oul of

267 cdes vhen 6e cc*cnt wd nor e.n wilho any opftal aid ARCV + LAC is
gleate! thdn or 6qul to 22 deg@s i. l07.ses. Thus for pdniw siehli.8s rh. critno.
cresccnl there

is foutrd lob successlul in 96.4% c.ses

css

in 59.92%

cal

success

dd !frongsl

lhe hegalive sigbdn$ ii su@ssful

of model in desciibihg posilile sighlings alonc is tul a

ofa nodel. Thc model is not suned seu if n is nol able to dc$tibe the

negalilc sishfng

The sucess

wcll as ir d@s the p$ilive siShtings.

SOME SPHERICAL TRIGONOMfTRIC CONSIDERATIONS

Thh

hd be.n m.ntioned e&lio

rhal ior rhe ploblcm ofsiglting of new lund

crescenl $e orienlation ofthe ecliplic plays md inportant lole (article 1.2).

is inportant

b rrisil

*lipric nlkes wilh

Thecfoc, il

lhe ne|hods thai lead lo lhe ddelhimion oflhe mgle lhal the

the horircn al the

tinc of snel on the *$em hotian (il

is

panicularly significer in view oflhe fact that the new c!e*.nt appeds close lo n). This

ofthe ecliPtic slowly

fislE no 3 2,I on lhe nexl pag. shovs lhe wcsrcm pan of

angle lalies as agaiNi rhe lixed celesrial equalor lhe orientation

laries lhroueh the year.

lis

$e cclcnial spheE wilh impodanl points &d angles

w'
t,

m d de$nM

the west cardinal point,

rh

P, the

vml cquinox, inleclion of.cliptic dd cqulor.

Nonh

c.l.sti.l

pol.

82

below:

qv - r

8}'r1

Z ZSr

rb ouiq'iry of6..dinic,

- 900 + 9, 9 bdte lb.lditd. od6. d...'

- 9 + 4 lb dSb ofrb.cliP(ic xdft 6. v..dc.l,

rs-d-G5tlirst

tu,

d.clhnioofrn

- 90'- o,
St - ?e 6. lonSili. ofd!
PZ

$'!

FrsNo

FMn

3phicrt

1! 6su!

ti8oiodt

32l

3.2.1 in lhc tPhdic.l

tt.rdA non &. !id.

PZ

ttrtgL
oe

SPZ

gBs:

ioo

b..e..o d..lidlor

1.l{ of ctsiE of

(Jr.r)

tlne=cort.o.PSz

'ft. g@d |!l

'pplvi'g

.d

lonSind'

.int - doP co.. +.o.P.i!'rin

83

i3:

(3.2.2)
(3.2.1)

FDm

ridcle sh,

st nir8 !r Pr:

@s(PSz +@+

usins (3.2.2)

!d

A)=rer.@r,1.

(3.2.4)

(3.2.3):

0.2.5)

6d (32.t) tosethd *irh

(1.2.1) leds lo:

(1.2.6)

(3.2.5)

sd

(l.2.6) thd sivc:

Ju"'
elipti. nEt s wirh thc v.nicsl is 5.e!
6 n d.peo& on the lorgitud. ofthc su only for a fix.d place {or latirude 9).

This show that e + A or the .ngl. thlr ihc

dcp.rdcnt

ln th. Esr of rh di$usion in rtis snicl. rhc anglc

ncxl

.!ticl. etr@ cv.r

In

? + A is

L*d

it h

olol&Ld

900 -

on ibe

q + A is dnord

V. In dE

6is of (3.2.7).

the dslinaion of th. Moon is $u1h of th.t of lhc Su in NonhqD

H.nisphft (md north of the Su in th. rcuth@ hemisph*) it is possibl. thsr d.n
.ncr conjuction th. tr.w

llM cKar $i! b.f@ lhe slNr

84

in which

ir ir simply

cr.!ent, TLse circmshnc.s aF shom

impossibtc io 3a thc

vdal eqlinor.
Sm thar is just *riirg

in the 68ure 3.2.2 on the

Cl, lh. cclsli.l .q@lor, 1 i! th.

al s.

iD

TS is the diuFal path of th.

iii)

DE b thc diumal palh of the Moon th.l st before thc

6s,

decliMtion

6M

Ds =

6M

the Moon

zcvs =
NS

vi)

whee

DM =

dM

3t E.

letpendi.ula. to the clesial equlo. is lh dif.rence of lhe

of ihe M@n &d the deli.ation 6s of rhc sun. Declinalion of

south of lh sun md rhe upper limn of Ds is 50 9'. lhe inclihalion

oflund orbit

v)

sUNl

to lhc

9Oo

-4

trliplic.
is the

agle

bctween

$e c.l.srial equ.tor lnd $e horihn

lhe lotitude oflh

Pl&. TheztSD

teprenls

qs, lhe dilreEnce of risht a$cnsio. dM ofMoon and rhc rishr

=C

eension os oflhc Sun. For higher lairudcs DE nav b. htgc allowing laigc
vllues ol ncepliE LAG

vii)

sF = pM

9s

0M is

c.l6ial taliluds
rhelinilof5'9'.

lhe

viii)

aftr co.junction

p,Fndicultr ro

fi.

of the Men and lhc

E lifljc

Ss

is $e difiercnce

As for DS

Sf

bctw*n

never xcads

ptrallel lo
FE (E' .ol showo in rhc fisure 6 it almost coincides wilh E) h

the

ix) lislhe Vemal Equinox ed Z)6t = v h !h. angle of lhe Ecliptic with $e
lary ftum zeto
horizon. Dep.ndniS on laliude C and lh se@n, 'Y naY
is alons the botizo') lo 90 deB6 (when cliptic is
(vhctr ecliptic

pc+endicula! to lhe holzon)

l!

cas' when

is small

DE

thal has

be

paEllel lo the 4liplic is nuch ltrsei tha' DE (ftol is paEllcl io lh cqualo!)

of$is oSle md
and hdc. E sd E aE mrch s.panted Tlle detmi'arion

sienifidc. shall be di$sed in the n'xt drcL

I'lt figurc shos rh SM is jN| about o sel in a pl&e oI sdall b ndiud
*l (dd
M@n havins ddlinarion eulh of il' sun ha al@dv

its

x)

laftude d , $e

wd

set at

poinl E)

th.l lh LAG = TiG of

E'

Mdnct Tim of suNer is

fig. 1.2.2: G@tn r.y ofP@riv. Ag. .rtd N.gaiE L.g

A@rding lo rlE luN

elqdr

b.!.d @ IIE binh of Nd M@ b.bc tlE

ssa

mn$ b.gio .l dr tirc of o.!a 6 $ii vrt Ming- How6, for tll.
lu@ c.lsds b.!d d rn viltbilitr of $. n4 s@4 w hN mfli &e.ol
b.gii on thb cming B n b 3inply ioF{bl. lo $ tlE w luu c|!g in this
cinhtee. Fd plE witt lrSc ldind.. d|r dbw for llre v.l6 of DE |,d h.@
DM ln. tri&gl6 uidd 6!&l6.riB o rbt tr rtrdl .dd.!xl ..otl b. tBt.d s
ryhdicrt r.iugl6. tlc! d y @ll lo tr|.diun hdnd6 @ qEidqld e th|r th.
tdugl. EDS i! r 3rdl dgh rlgld oilElc o *y wih dt.!gl. tt D t..Ia E .d S
tu 9oo !r!d rlE a.sl. d S b.rsa D !d E i! ?. $. ldind. oftlE pL& Th@foE:
tha

nd

lun|r

SD

(328)

Af

86

sioiLdyrt rrtdSL

AEFS b

dlo.ndl

r!d. t codrt.ld|plEdilati|lgbqi6

tilr,.=
Pcpl$iry

SD by 5M

tN
Ag.in in ISDE tm

(3.2.e)

E!, SF by

PM

ES

illn

-ts-$N -6d,H

(3.2.8) ,nd (3.2.9)

02.r0)

t!rc:

.DE

DA-@,

-r=S,
ln

!! lid .llrdrudi8

-6,161

(3.2.U)

b frrr! !23 $,ldd It dlr d. Dlc ntDglc Ft sDE of6. Flvior6 68rta

rEql'itld.ortun.8 dvcLAOi.i.i.EDM<aEhr:
DM

(l.2.ll)-

DM

(d{-!.)

-(au-asr<Qu -,s)r$a

Pig.3.2.3

87

4.2.t2,

usirg (3.2.l0) il

tlr4 lat s into:

(aM

-as)<tPu - Ps).inttsinv

(r.2.8)

ThN whcmvd ih. Ncw M@n is bod jsl bcfoG le.l su!54 ln. LAc .hould bc
tu8lliv. if condidon (3.2. | 2) o. (3.2.1l) is s.lkfi.d if thc ce.d i3 $ulh of th. Sw.

csjud olcul.

offic M@n
d th. tim of S!Mr. lf ARCV is nc8.tiv. rh. LAG ha ro bc rceaiivc. Still lhc
conditioN (3.2.12) d (1.2.13) show lh. d.Fn&nce of thc ph.mmenon on dE (i)
ln rh. hod.m s.tup oE

rh. Elarivc ,ltirudc ARCV

$d th. Moon, (ii) thc hnudc e of lhc ple, (iii) thc

aliptic hlitud.s ot th. Su. srd ih. M@n .nd (iv) lh. egl. v or.cliplic with $.
hoden. Thc Tlble 1.2. I sho*s smc of lhc n gltis LAG ces during the ye6 2000 to
2010 AD tor Kech'. Paki$d (lariud. 24.85 d.g6. lonenudc 6?.05 d.e@t.
.q@to'ial

Mdidle.

of lh. Su

Ne8{iv. LAG ces

on thc da, olconjun tiotr

Frlly oeu tom smdl

!o

n di6

llritld.s bul @ sis.ili@l a. cld dividine linc b.l$q conju.dioMl luN qlcn&6
ed th. obacMiioMl lune cd. t!3. for hirl| htitud. pl*ca rcearirc LAG 6cn anc.
conjuictioi dly @cu moE fqu.ntly. The coluntu of 0E r.blc in scqucncc fom bn
ro dsht

e d.*dH
tsrl

b.low:

dllc of coijuiction.

tncd Timc of Conjmtion,

su!a,
As. of M@tr .t le.l suet in ho6,
Elongadon or Moon rroo tlF 56 in dcrFs,

Zorc (PST) tihe of locd

Delimtion of M@n

in dceE$,

Delidlio! of Su itr &88,

Righr AsEion of M@n i. dcgG,
Rieh AsEid of Su in dcgr6,
EE

Laliild. ofMoon in d8rc6,

Angle of E liptic wilh Horizon in d8rees,

LAG, Moonkt

rable No

3.3

{u6el

in oinut

3.2.1 : posirive Ase

s.

Nesaiifr&B-;s-i66l2oliT;R;;iifr;;

LUNAR RIPENESS LAW & ITS MODIFTCATION

Befor

|h. rin$ of ptolefry lh.rc ws no knoyn sy$enalrc descriprion ofthe

dynamics of thc planeb and rhe Moon, Theretoe pblemy,s explor.tion

Che epicycle
based description ofthe pltret4y noiion) sens to be rhe tirst
sciious. scientific 6d

ststemlic aucmpl to d$nbe

1he

dymics oteld

systed obl*is. Muslim 6ed lhis

tyiem b cxploc lhe condidoE for 1hc fid visibility of ns lutrd crsce . plolemic
thory hal d.*rib.d th plderary nodon Eins rhe epicyctcs
tcory rhal could Dddict
the pl4ehry, lunar .nd sol& ephenns to a g@d soush
d.er. of accuacy. Tne
Muslins had put ro use lhis iheory weu ond had developed sotr dnd
lu.ar tables. The
pos ion of$e Sun ws predictable !o a g@d dce@ ofprccisio.
and @nsequendy rhe
aele !r lhat ih. *lidic hal6 with ihc hoizon ar the line ofsue( ould
b

calculard

Bing rne sphe.ical uigoroheFy that Muslim naomddn hav dv.loDed

thn*1v6.
As decribd by Bruin ( 1974 sing lhc &8lc of ectiplic ,y wid!
the hoiizon al lhe tine of
su*! the lalitude of th place of obseFarion, egle of sepsauoo brseen Moon

dd

a9

Sm p.r.[d lo lqldo. (difrcqE of ddr dgii L!..dioB), tlE !sl. of d@!n

(dife|i@ of a|lnuda o. ARCU !d ri tid[ ofsc.'n the M4lin aslorcEcrs
$@ aU. to develop ! hisltly rdi.ble qilcion for tlE visibilry or invisibihv ofrh6 @

enicl ir r r.otuttu rin offg@ 4t ofBtui. ( le77) shovs

tl|st dF sD IEs jur !.r sin of r/t{. Thc liie \nX D85rg tb.o{8! $ts drllal poilt
W, is th e{uror irclined d o dsL g (tlE ldihd. of lhe ple) fim tlE @rnd to rhe
Figua (l.1.

bclow

k th. dimd pdn ofth. Sun !h!t is p66llel lo thc.qualor is shom as

broko 1i... TIt diurnrl BIh ofd. Md MZ is tls sboM wnh 3 3imilt trot.linc

horiar

AS

tL E lipaic lh.t drd e .ngl. A wfi th diurol

path of 6e Su d $..qulor ThBtL FiiiFb D!l6.td..8L q + d witl the Mnrl.
MS t th. s.r.r.dd b.'ra rlF Mdn !d ttr Su (e of liSln).
Ddralll Io

ih. .qudor. TIE lin. HS ir

\:\.

Fig No

l.l. | : Trigmrdic

ddiFin

of @rdni@ of

luE d6ern

i[. ..lirdc rII8 ar.h l}a TS - 1 - 16. b 6.

'Etl
tinsb MIII, rn - fu d ft. erb a H b..r!.r Eclbrb (IIT9 jd &. Ho.te|.l
olM) - 9d - (r + AI Tb - rilrb tm{ b lisb.raLd d T yE tq!.d3L i M
MT i3 p.rDodoio to

!cvl.{HddT-9+A.Itrb.ioplyk &b6crdtio:
ra-Er +rS-t,6lp+D+L
|hir

Fldih

.e.

.r .$|d@ O)

of B.uh O9ZD.

4.

Irtia8b

HgB b

ABS

rlcd s . ph.

(3J:)

codr+ a)

{d ti.lgL

(3.3.1)

lad! lor
(3.33)
(33.4)

(3.3.t

'Il&

eb &uii

tih in hi! .qurid

(a) |b h cbiD. nr b..o obi!.d by ld4 lhe tigoffiy. Ittt smc 6ru. i,
'slr

(3.3,5)

t'.d.d ||3toglpt ric.l

i! dimalot

Aom

!i!@.tty, turiotbADs

f|(!o .phqi6l trt|tEL tlTMr

9l

O9,D t&

8it&.1

sin

rr'r _ rh&

sn(e+a)
erhlr
I.

(3.1.t)

@s(e+a)

rs = sili(sin r!.r..(e + 6r+,L

-,rr

0.l_6)

sphoical iridglc ABS:

stnaD

and in

4r @eP

(1.1.7)

sinfls=-l]1gll
+

l].l.8l

stn

spherial lridgle HCS:

co(@

:l

a)

glj! ! !.
)
".(
(:

t::! :9:.q
; +a)

-t

(3.3.9)

[.

laegles Hs dd ss @ snall cqua$ons (3.3.6) lnd (1.3.9) yhld alnost sme lesutB s
thos by (1.3.1) ad (1.1.4). If the valuc of 9 b lege. then Hs dd as ae nol shalland
th spherical trisonoderric rsults (3.3.5) and (3.3.9) should be ned for doF Muale

of (3.3-6) is thlt if th. cphcmedes of both rh Su and the

Moor m tnoM @uErdy (aj th.y c rcw) ud rhe &gl. 900 (p + A) = v of etipri.
{irh ihe honan lculalcd fom (1.2.7) rh. !.lE of HS @ bG aal@ted for rbc tire of
11'e sienificdce

sUM

for

dt

day of lhe

yw !trd psrti.uldly

92

for rh.

dlt

or rt y

.Rc

UE bnh ot ncq

Moon.

wlee6,

hinimm &stc of sepaDrion !s (.quivd.nt ro LAc) fo, $e

visibility of @w l@d ct.st is tnoM for thc day the @rcspondine
agle HS sinS
(1.1.9) cs als b. .vatua&d. Horev.r, rhc ue of (j,j.6) is ind.p.nd.nt
ofany visibility
condition

ed

oncc rhc

is fixcd for rhe day ir d.pcnds only on rhe posirions oflhe Sun
and lhe

M@n for fie rim. ofobsenato. &d the locaiio. ofrhe obF ei. On the
u$ or (3.1.9) dep.nds on trE vjsibifty @ndiiioG, @cly lhe

o$( hahd rhe

mininu del. of

s@ml'on tu, thar.& b.

kmh

only on lb. bdis ofa

gc

nunbd of oboMrions tor

At rhe rim of Muslih Gtrononcts rhe .phenerdes of $ Moo.

oay nol hale
ben so aeudely tnown s ir is today, but rhe Eligiou tecnn.ss oflhe
seing $e new

lund crs@t nusr hlve tcad ro moc rcchre valu6 or,s. Bruin (t9?7)
hs i.dicared
that Muslim arbnoheG rveE welt awe of rbe f&! lhar
d8Lnce oalhe Eanh ild rh
Moon and hence rhe width ofcrescent for sde uc oflighr
varies. Though exploiations

ofdr

ancienr considcred lhis variarion ro behdve tibearly we now know thal

it inlolves
lne lflgononefic func on.
In lnis worL $is prcbleb is h&dlcd by considering rne actual
eni_d.inler of
th. Mooh dd lhc fer $at MnslinvABbs ob*tued thal ar shone
r .lisrances the
crcscenr

wasseenwhehtheLACo!arcofseparationaswaslOdelccsor40minulesoftimcand
al lae! dishcca thc cErcent

48 ninules of timc.

-r1li5

ks seen Nhen rhe m ot seplFrion dJ B t2 d8res or

teads b a siople Eladon blwn /s md lhe aduat semi-

^-Using rhis etalioo thc

*p@tion felor

ol

22

@ of *pdlion

necded for ce$enr

is .alcutated in ihe sonwar.

9l

Hilalol.

r0)

As mc ioned abov. dE Mulin sao&Ders have alaldy dduad from

obrpatios lhar for very thin but visibl. cE$ent mirimm ss @ 12 lime degds (48
minureO

dd

for d {ider but bmly vbible cresent mininm as w6 only

l0line

nininm as ie acturlly dep.ndcnr on the width of $e crc*ent

rhar @ be dedvcd 6ins (2.E.E) dd (2.8.9).nd rhe Elarive atitud. (ARc9 thar cd be
obtained using (2.8.5) for th. sun ed the Moon. Th. issue shall b. dieussed in noe
degl6

(40 minulcr. This

d.tail larer. Usins 0.3.10) rh.t shows 6s beins dependent o. the lisull dimers (in arc
minulet of lh. M@n in our sky one ce compute lhc Lun Ripi.s Fudio. A(,i9)
Btuin (Brui., 197?) or tha! is siven by (3.3.6). Aaodihslo Bruin rhe
rul. ddrd by M6lims w6 thal if thc lalue of HS calculatd using (3.1.9) equals or

as henrioned by

exccds lhar @lcolared by (1.!.6) rhe

work this rule has ben named

M6lin

c..s

would be visibl. orhcNi* nor. In thn

Lunar tupness Law or

According ro Bruin (19?7) $e valu6 ol HS de.ored

(3 3.6)

seE pGsenled in

rhc

$+

sin

R()., 9)

lled Lunat Ripenss Tables sDd

Lunr cmcent ws walulcd by Mulin BltonomcB

HS a3 deived tom (3.3.6) h dnokds,l4 and:

sifrply Lumr

Ripenss

obkin.d fron

fisr visibility ofne!

usiog rne sboE rul. In lhis work

r[sin/, r.nre+^t+lM ts

(l.r.r l)

^d.,

ofl,, sin ly is also smatl

&d lko n ahosl sme as rv ,j. Bui when the *liplic is wll inclihel io$&ds lhe
Fo, a fixed pl&e (e constal0 it is noted lhat forsDallvalues

hoien (q

+ A is large bu lcas rhan 9oo) 1r'4, nay becode noE rhan

snd ecliptic is roweds nonh) or renain le$ rh&

1! ri(iflv

1, - .ls (ir pr, <

>

0 and etipric is

iowdds nonh). Ho@er,{da is endely independenl of Oe se@. aod depnds only on

l)

is

to ihc ACE

of

rhc rcladve coordinates of rhc sun md rhc Mood. As rhe major componen in (3.1.t

lhc diferenc. ol longnudes of rhe

su

and lhc Mooh ,taa

h closely linked

Mftovd. ir
sign

0.3.1l)

shows

differcnl signs

&e

9M

th

x&" * l,{ - k. Bur whcn boil 0M 6d I + A hav. the s4e

&4 *ould b. mor. thd l, - & and if pM dd e + have
o,

would bc

l.$ the ,L -

The vahes for HS ohained

.ts.

Bul thcF v&iatioos u nor

^
sMnal

fom (3,3,9) dc denolcd s X,b and:

(l

12)

^,,=.'""(
For a

fi&d

ber@n the

place (9 consrd.t) R,, dcPcnds on ae

sun

ed

shoM larer. Using

the Moon).nd thc

(he

s.en

6I

spa6tio. a,

+ A is

*son

(rhe equabrial

fiat shall

fo! $e dav or

lh.

dependeot

looh sod le hniqu.s di*ussd in.hapter 2

ie,

t'Ac

ii .valuaEd. Ille ninihud valueofas is

@lculaled 6ing rne lrchnique d.srib.d al lh. .nd ol Ptviou .nicl $ lhat ,tB is
dedu.ed. If lt- is calculat d using h csdml.d value ol a, rh.n w call il X." (m
Erimared valk ot Lunar Ripencit funclion), Il ir is .al.ulated uin8 an avedge vrlue
10.5 degres of a, thcn *. c.ll il I- (d .vcaec wluc ol Lud tuFns nrtudo.)
Ac@drnely A&" = i- - X,a,6d Alt-, = i^ - 1&) Thc sinplst fom ofrhe Ll|E
day alier conjunction aor s placc of ob*ryarion

i3i

:)

'"'(

a;t+,ry

$i"

-rsj'o
(3.1.r)

Tlus Lunar Ripeness Law that piolidc

a solution of the probleh

rhe first day of visibility of nw lunar cre*enl

oldelemining

based on the Angle lhat the Ecliptic

bodzonlal or $e angle 0 + a ihal it dak.s wilh the venical. on the dav or

the day after conjunciion once lh. coordinatcs of the Sun dd the Moon at the tim of

nat6

wilh

the

suns for &y leation.rc

applopnab value

oi4 d

calcuhted. (3,3.1l) allo*s onc lo calculale,e,4

sivenby(3.3.10), in (3 3 12) the valu.

95

ofx"i ce

ed sine
be

tound ltr

viw of $udying ihe behaliour of lhe Rip.nes iunction oler a yea! for any pl&c
calculding Ie, for cvcry day of the yd is not useful. This is bc@w of thc &ct lhat
yar ro ye

dd da,

(o day vdiarions in lalitude oflhe Moo.

depndent on the rime of

el.v

val@ of

l*

yd

degc.s

an appopdate value for the day

bdis of

the

lS6. foi

dill@lt

of,,

vary from

se

sell

l0 degcca lo

12

as

oi day after conjunctioh is obtained only on the

ule disraice o. sminimd.r of the Moon. Still tor

compdie.

values

,, = loo dd

calculaled lor both $e cxrene valucs

a,

of

curves,t,r aeainsr the longitude oflhe Suo (fiom March 2l) aft ploned in

FiSuGs (3 3 2) lo (3.1.5) These

i)

nd, ats not

&d study ns veialioG scenally

$irh chdging lalilude of pl.cc. As possiblc values

120 and the

hence

ye.!. However, *ith posiblc lalues of4, one cd calculate

for @h day ofa

ladrudes,

dd

cws

snow inleFsting featres lbat

from fi8.1.1.2 il is clar rhar forg =

sinusoid.l wirh

mdina.t

i... for

a placc on

March 21, Septcmber

D4ember 21. Snalle! v.lues of

rounger cEsent m.y b

O0

rn.

iG nems

cs

sunmdized

$eequabr&i!

2l dd hinima

is

at Ju.e 21.

shaller lalues ]?d4 or !larivly

L&gr values of x i" dcans largq valus

iia

orrelaliv.ly oldcr crcscenl may b. seen. Thw close to equalor older cEsceht
nay be visible near equi.oxes and Elatilely younger crescnl .ea! ehrlcs.
If $c Moon is nc{ jls apogc lhen il is noving faner and apFaB rhicker in
sky Blatively younger cescents bcone ripe for visibilny. Funher rhe
paencc of two maxim and two binima ihdicates four stong innecdon
points. There arc rwo regions ot

lpMd

concaviry (douod solsdcet

dd

rs

of downwdd concaviiy {&ound cquinoxs)

As rhc larirude of rhe place in

rc66

(one move ro rhe nonh

ofequabt $e

muinum ol1." at $e venal equjnox loseu nDline ir eard lo k d a

youngcr cescenr bul the ndimum of lhc veml equinox ris.s e $al it
becones norc difiiculr to ec a yodge! crc$ed (69. 3.3.3). On thc o$er
hmd fte ninimM of lhe s|!md ehric mo6 rowuds sdng (v.mal
equinox) ad that of rhe wintd rchric. movs rowds autumn (aurunnal
eqlinox) md in ei$er

c&

d.crcae funner making ir esier

96

ro

*e

a younger

cwc ahaFs clos. ro ll alhlnn l

m6d thc solsti.6 flltt ns.

F g. No.

Ll.2 X* forg=00

15

Kg.

13

ffi

12

10

..

.r.

9o

BcyoDd tropic of

hsimu

al lhc

.alF

rl,

ll

210

180

Fi8 No.l

iiD

.,.-

rt'L forg= l0o

two of the infl@don Poids

aotmnal quinor

91

ds

re

simPlv gone

&d $e

tunner malir,g n FoE difficuh lo

(f8; 3J.1). Tb nioidsn oftL qttc Ed,. tt !t

.quinox mrli!8 it .did io r.c yomg.r @3@l! n tr ro ml .qu$ox
. yomg.r

iv)

ct!.c.

ttl

frltd iF!.ic i. dr ldtr& &. D!!io@ bcoc tt}.' rd !i8le

lrd dt. ril!i|!@ t cF &cr!.'nry tuvi!8 &n ftr biSba ld'ndd il i5
rG

g6.r.lty .si6 ro @ younScr cr!.c.nt3 cl@

clqe b aull|nn l cquilor.

to

vlrnll equimx .ltd

diffrct lr

'17

t6
13

1o

to
Fis. No.

l.l.4r X"i

for g

- 25'

1}. siuDtidr r!\/{r!6 .dirlly i! fivou ofam|'llll cquiM ft. lb

-ttld!

Sn cr ih& 63.5 &8t a!) il k

liDplt ml polribL to s rh. s9 loM q.!..oi cloa. ro .utmt .quinox 6
th. vrl'r of&i t @06 gt lddra 9d. Tb vdE G snll.! 50 ofx*
cl@ to tqDd .quid indielc riqlt &.t cr!.c.nts y@gq tle 6
For the Arctic Circle .nd to it3 lorth (latitu<tc|

c@!d!d

!o thor. clde

10

lutunn l cquiaox

9E

bc

!.d

a0

50

20

Fi&No. 1.1.5.

Howevr lhe narcr i! lrot

i^fore=61

50

sinplc beca6' tuc olc of latitude of

rhe

cKdt'

plavs e impona role lhai

i-., whctht thc cc$eni is !o!ih or north of ihc Sun
dcFndst Now lh' stDns nuimum
dercmin6 rhe v.luc ofrtdo lhal is lronglv btnude
vbibl'
lttitud6 indicat's thtt e old'r M@n rov rc1b'
at lhe

v.oit

.qrinox for hi8h.r

ThtebE n
m'v b' nisleding

b s the AGE offt. Mo@ iNrrsd $ do6 iG elo'sdi@ ad brighlress

valucs
posibL ftat invisibilitv $g86l.d bv $' Rrpcnas tun.lid
vd6 drd sm lqrlEof x'L h rlnt
Thh inly l.!d lo ltlollN for sdalld LAG
dab avlilablc in lilettrurt e
$!d( th. RiD.G$ tulcrion vtl@s for dE ob!'dltioml
dx' s't th' c!56 whd thc cscenl
.dculacd sd pr6.ntcd in ApFndirlt Out oflhis
RipGs ltw rE also s||os
nor h lg.mdt *nn dE L|M
is

Eporr.dly

sd

bui .rc

(Odeh'
obae liontl dah k $lccLd AoF lh4 tPo :d bv Od'h
re cosidercd onlv Ttblc
;0{a) fron *hich c.*s or cvdi!8 '6cnr obs'naiioN
(Od'h' 20Oa))' dtt' of obseNttion ldnud
3.1.1 shows o. No. (th. oberysti@ nunb'r
LAG' snele v of ecliPlic sitt'
,ftt longin/. of ih. t@dron of obaa$s' M@n\ !8e and
ed th' 3d' Rd giv'n bv (13 12)
rrorLo, t"lio,a" or Uo.,, toogirudes oI the Moon
d'8r*s' Ri' sircn bv
*ill !6 siv@ bv (3.310), Re sivn bv (3 3 12) *ith 's = 10 5
O.3.I l) and a&. = Rdq - &"

in nblc rc. 3J.1. TtG

'Ihe table in Appn.tix'U shos S. No , the obseNation No (Odh 2004)' date or

visibilitv 'N' for lbaided
obseNalio., latiiude dd longilude of the locaiion ol obserur,
lhouel binGuld''T for visibihv thbush lelescope The

lisibility,'B' fot visibiliiy

visibility coluds d empty

iV' in an
the.res.ent wd nol s*n sd conlaitu
oflhe t8ble contarn
.ppropriltc colmn ifth qsftnt is sen The rcsl ollhe coluons
file columns de fot the live
age ofMoon , LAG. ARCL, ARCV dd DAZ The ld
the Babvlonid model'
models consideted in this chrpter The colu. headed A is for

if

B
and A for the Lunar Ripeness model The colnmn headed

cod'ins

AR"

,Appendixll shows lhat oul of 196 cdcs in shicb $e crese has

thee tle onlv 14 cases hat do not
ben reponed to hove been een wilhoul oplicdl aid
rhcs obscrydlions de tinther
obey thc LuMr Ripencss La* stalcd above The debils or
The nodificalion is
below *ltn a Modi6ed L@r Ripeness Law is sugeestd
The lobl

i!

exploEd

needcd in ordet 10 sepdarc tbc

used for clescent

caes of dked eve visibilitv and rhe caes when optical is

visibilitv

wnh the helP of

A tot.l number of l2 posiliv obsedations ih tbis dala hav b'en
vilhout oplical aid dnd the
bin@ules ed klcscopes when $e cr.$enl ws nor visible

Luai

was deduced
$ ork

.ot elisfied 'nth is logicallv valid as the Lua' Ripencss Law

durine thN
onlt for mlcd eve ob*tvatiotr Tlis bas he'n the dolivadon

Ripe.ess Law is

lo ood i fy th Lunft Rip.ne

ss

Law ro e ocompass the otricallv aided

obse

d'tions

ofihe table contain Ob$flario' Ssial Nunber as led bv Odeh

ol the Place Visibililv
(2004), Date of ob*tvation titilude oi lhe Place Longitud
(wirh iele*ope)' The*
colunN N (lor unaided visibilirv), B (wirh bimculd) and T
lisible Rst of lhe
colums d. mptv io! invisible cresent md co ain v for
The columN

visibilily

fo' the best ime (Y6llop' 1998)' Lae in

(ARCL)' the angle v =
nin(es, S.padtion btwcn the Su ed tbe M@n At of LiShl
hotizon on the wsted holizon for the dav
900 - (9 + d), that thc clipiic mai<es wih ile
Is
th latitude ol $e Moon' l'M rh longtude of rhe M@n

colws

contalns Ase of ctesce.t in hou6

of c'lculrtioi/obsedation,

OM

100

the lonsirnde orthe

sd, Arc{f-*pdtion

Iuclion, ,{.r olcularcd eqution

fa.tor,

Sitd

by (3.3.10), Esdnat d Ripencss

(3.4.2), Ar6of-epdalion ractor, Aversge Ripen.ss

Fwrion X., calcllared Ning avcds. tu = 10.5 d.gEs dd lh quarion (1.4.2), Aclul
RiDene$ Fucrio. ,Rdy calculated sins equtioh (3.4.I ), AP-" the difiencc of AveEge
RiFn s Fwrion & th. Acrul one. Th. ribL l.l. I des nor show thc visibility @luons
s tbis table @mprises of css wher ihe cesftnt Ms rPodedly seen withont oflical

The lsbl is soned on the values

ofd&y.

On the basis of a

clo* dalrsn of

the

results of conparing ARNi ihe dilleences of Av.lage Ripeness Funclion valus End lhe

Actual Ri!..ess Fuclion v.lucs we ob*de dEt:

The Tablc shows

ft.t lh.E

are

only

14

196 positive siShlings that are nor according

pGitive sidrrines out ofa rolal nmber

lo lhe Lunar Ripe.ess

t{

of

(ARo, = Rn",

The a!. no posilire siSndne wirh A&q < -1.58 wirh or wirhour oprical aid the
Ens in wnich

l8 aft.npb

have

ben nention.d in the lne6ud. We

Coup-A for thc Modificd Muslin Lund

''tt th. tlill..e,ce ofAv.rase

Ripencas

Np.ts

Las lhal we slal. ih ihis

viibility cdes,

dc

grcuprd

see

nE n.N

as

erlq 6:

luat .rcsc.nl

coup-B. Therc de la (llolo) mked cye

25 (19.?%)binoculd visibihy

cesdd

l6 ( 12.6%) rlesopic visibiliry

cses for values of AFw lying betwen -1.58 dd 0.0. Oul oflhe

ca*

it

Fanctior R-, omt the Actuot Rip.h6s

Fu"cion Rro F /Re) is l.ss nnh -J.6 it is ihDossibl. to

tor att ldtitula uith or Nilhott optical aid'.
The ncxl I27 c6es

considr

14 natred cye

lisibiliry

Th.*
e No. 286. 2 dd 2?2 witb AR.!i valu. -3-5, -3.4? md -2.88 All lh* c4s m ner
autumnal.equiiox (Sepr.20. Oct.2l &d Ocl. t epecdvety), r$enl hs oldc. age
(39.1 l, 39.24 dd 4l .91 hous Elpectiv.ly) md hav consqueitly larger phe.
in thn range, threc lery low AR{yfvalue cdcs have comon chancterisdcs.

l0t

All lhe* conditions falolr

(1.41) that

aor

lisibility and it wds ncntDncd above in view of

oldcr a8e cresccnb (/.M ls tae) sh! er arc or scparation
may be
rhe

auowed. Thisexplainsrhe very sm.ll LAG (29.s,

33.62 and 32 07 respecrivly) in rhese
cas. Modovr, in all $.s cases lhe arc ofvbion is snau (ARcv
6.85, 6.8

deg!es rcspectively)

buftelorile uihulhs

rc

dd

7.34

(DAZ = 18.4,2O.j and 18.l dgrees

r$perilely) aioh the sun and tosr widlhs (51,65 ed 5r
dc seconds respccrilely). Atl
lbese lacloB suppolt thc ctaims of lisibitjry md weE
anlrcrpatcd above whcn il sas
suggesred rhat smalter

L,{C valnes oa!,

be

taree

alosed in such

All dF clains de
latirudejusr moE rhm 30 des*s. The shath,
values ot Rj"y in conpdison to R.,,
h lnes cscs is due ro larsc lalues ofa + A (noe th& 54 deee$),lhe
&gle oalhe
eclipric with venical ed large nesaivc vatu$ of tarnude
of Mooo LM (tes than _
4.5degrcs) lhar rcduces Rla to hate n nuch shalter
lnu /w _
cases.

fon

1.. Alt rhe* rhr

obsen.rion de rncgR.nedqrrh rhe Babytonru

cr.rerion
Therc is no fudhq c6e

dong$ otherposilile

cases

ofcesenr visibitity

wilh -1.6 < AR."r <

t02

O,

tjl.

varue of

dRq < -1,6. Fbh

two de very young

ccenr'

Thee

obddation no.274 (ARm = -1.19 ) drd 416(A&tr- -l_06) i{i$ age 14.8 sd t5.9
houE rcsredvely. Despile being lery yorS having FLlively l&aer LAGS (39.j md
17.7 ninulcs

in ldse

sperively)

visua.l

only). with

in both

dimcler bur lh

$all

c&s

rhe Moon

cltsnl

ws

widrhs wcrc

the rclalivc eimurhs (4.6

l.8

very close ro the Eanh rcsuhine

sb.ll

(10_?

dese,

&d ll.9 e. s@ndr

the crcsent eas atnost

su rhat bring it in ihe ided cordnion foi visibiliry bul lh snau

(8.5 ed 9.1 deele) nake rhe$ claims highly oplini$ic.
Borh th6e

ve'liMlly abov. the

elative altitudes

obse^ario6ec in d$dgreementwirh

Lh

BdbyloniM qirenon.

Out of th 14 positive obseru.tioi wnh

A&r

< O,

ihte

werc very

f.ini

cEscenrs

obsrarion n@be6 389 (d&. = {.94), 341 (AR^, = -0.87) ed a55

c0 62) The*
crscent werc low in ottitude (?.2, ?.8 and 8.j deg,es respdively)
ed hrd sna
erongarion (10.9. 13.3 dd 9 deg@s Esp.cively), This hakes
these ct6i6s lo be higbly
i.e.

opr'n'strc
cnlenon

os

well. Two otthcsc {389 and 455) are sko in djeereocot

{heec

341 is a

Howvr, for all

mdSiMl6e

$ee

w6

Babylonian

in Babylonian qirerion (with ARCV + LAC

=

I I 9 c6es when $e

wirh naked eye,lhe conmo. ieatule

viri

crescnt wd daoed

ro hdve been

sen

relarivty hi8h l&uoes {generalty g@&r

thq

S0 degrres on ilher side

of rhe quator) except fo! obFNatbn no. 416.

Th cbim 4l6 n
tioh latitud 6.5 degres nonh Apan fmm rhh lonely
c6e it appe&s lhat fo, A&r < O n
is ihpossible to see lh cE*entatpt&es witlllatiruds
less fian 30 desEes (borhNodh

Inlhe l19caksofsroup B,lhe frequency for optica y

aiddyisibiliry (botb wnn
binocula and retescopcs) ihceses ed one ce cdily gnerau
lhal whcn Atqr, ties
between -3,58 and O.O theE is s hjgh
rDssibility of crescenr visibilhy wilh soe oprical
sid for bod lh high latifude as wel s low l.rilude
obefres. I hereby jn this wort the
s4ondpd of rhe Modilied t\4ujlih Lus RiFne$ LaB
$$Rds

t0l

''if h. nns

b.nv.r -3,t otd 0.0 th. posibili9 oJ rhibilit! ollittt crcnetl

*ith and *itio optical did ln re6s vnh ihcE6iig tolu6 o!.4R-. fot hlEh.r
latitqda, gq*o ! gedt.r thon 30 d.erc$ notth a4d souk ard ZR*. b.l"g h th.
ronq. -3.5 b A0 h. postibility ol nak.tt erz visinlw ako irceqe llowvq, in t'.
tong. oI th.G wluzs oJ r'RnIor tMllo lotitad6 th.
.tz vitibilitr h dlMt
tizt

"oh.d

Nxt is the Oroup-C $at mnrains 76 cases wilh AFrv in rhe dnB.0.0 ro L6, In
lhB goup rh.r.
12 naked cye visibihy.as.s (15.8ol.),26 binocuta (14.7%) and 15
&l6copic visibilily cs4 (19.?%) e lhar vGibility with both naled cye and with opdcal

rid b.com$ ooe probablc. UnfonuMtty rhe dala is h.avily inclined lowads the high
htnude clesanda clrdenarcation for u.aided visibilit, for snalter laritudc
ob*Fe6

cd

nor be made. Srill, the

''fth. wtu6

thid pan oftbe [,todilied Muslim Lund

oJ/R@ tk 6ztwa 0.0 an.t r.6 ttt. pEribitiiu

Ripeness Law is

of,i,n i,

oJJint

cftsceat teith and tuithout oplicdt k ,trong

fo, higlrq latitud.d,.
The Croup-D containine a ro|at nlmber
unaided

vhibilitr oflunar cscs

forr'i!'

of 221 c6es

has 170 cases ofoprically

> 1.6,Il is

^il r'B@ >t.6 ttt. posnbitu, oJ ,bibititr

siorg lot boh towt aMt hiEha totitd.r".

of

li61 c6c.nt fitttott opti.dt b

Finally, the 3umnarized Moditied Muslim r_umr Ripencs

ZR-< -3.5 ihpNibL

2,

to tee

l-awr:

th. n.v luaar c.6c."tlo,

a tdrru!., ,ith o,

/R@ < A0 ihposibt. to ee the neN crcsce"t with ot *,tthout oplicnt oit!
Jo, tnt .r latitutl$. For hiehe, t,titnds therc b n high pnsibiti,r ol gibititt
otli6t cE .nt dth oyial
-3.5 <

104

0.0 < .1R,. < 1.6 p8tbiti,tr o!

,hltw

Ji6t M@nt btrh ond withoul

o!

h staq !o, tigt.r tdlituds. Lo.a!|rA N6t tuith opticd! a ! a".!

th.a try nelnE lt Nlth haL.d e!. h6 a eood .ranc. o! opticdlr u"tided
optt ol

ne,>

1.6 th.

pNtlbnrr

oJ'

tbi!i!, oifust

cnse

wtuhout optcat

st ona

Jor bo& Iow.r and highu tatttud.t,,

Another way oI lootjng inio ih delaih of Lue Ripene$
hodel is lo look inro
the plots ofaverage ripehess fmcrion md rhe
acod ,ipenes tuncion for borh vhibh &d
invisiblc crcsei$ for single talirude, U.forluarcly, rhe dru
avaitable dd considercd in
lhis work h Esrficlcd in rhc F6e lhat scieltifically
re@rded ob*dalions fo, a sinetc

hnud a nor found lery frqucnrly xcept tor Athens (ladrude

38 dc8,as .orrh) ed
Cape

Tou

(laritude 13.9 degr4s so!rh). !n panicula,

for

sn,Ir tatitudes. plac6 cto*

IoequarorobseruatiouarelolvcryfFquenuyav.ilable.Anunbrofplaccsecsetecred
herc

od

tbeir

d.h pto(cd for Alerage Ripenes Fundion

&,,

Fuiclion R6y for borh rhe Eponedty inlisibte

plees with laritudes L8N, 33 95,
6.5N

Figure 3.j.6 for tadtude

dd

dd

38N

the vilibtc

(FiguB

and the Acllal

oe*mr!

Thesc jnctudc

3.3.6 1o 1.1.9).

L8N snows tbe bsl slc

,_J:'iff:ln:"11,'#:J:

sieh,incs ou,

of 6 (83.37") in asrcen wnh $"

obscdat'ons (6 our of6) e in agrccmnl
wilh the ta* toi this
'rown-(hnnde

Ripen*

ll.9

S) wirh succcss percenhgc 65%

(ll

larilud. Nexr is Cap.

posrlire siehings in sgenenr

20, the needrvc obseryauons fo, Cap Toq are

In agrehenr sirh la\ tor
9lJ% c66. This 6 ao owed by ,40r.6 (ladrlde
39N) w,rh 2 oul of3 {66.7910) posirivc
eghlingsad II o of l8 (61.l%) neSariv sighdnes
a8rce snh
od, ol

fic lav. Ior

laritude 6.5

deg!.es, I our of2 (50%) posilive sightings

od 4 oul of6 (66 ?y.) asE. wirh rhe tan.

I05

4
15

't0

loo

Fia No.

3 3.6:

zlo

actual RF

3b

400

br in\isibte . e.lrrr nr Or ri"tOre

Rjp.@r Fundion for r-ditute 3 L8 dg.c Nonrr

---r;-+:
;b.,RF6.'"".b,.
Fig. No

1.7:

RiplB Fudid

.acrld

for C.p. Tow4

t06

Sqth Anic!, Lgnbde r3.9

itlr*

-111+.-Ig'1.rl'1
Fig. No

r.tl'::.gE::.

l.l.8: Ripdess Fudi@ for Lrtibde 6.j d|:gG Non\

20
1a

l6

10

300

20n

J.E""'g:f*,","..,v"ltr" iU,ar nr b. rnti"itrc

Fig. No 3.1.9: Ripdcas

luDrid

for Arhdq

lrriMe t8 d@ Non[

Loogitudc 21 7 d.grca Easr

t01

/too

All thes. figu6 show ! lend for lhe Aveog. RiFns Funcrion lhal is indicaL<l
bt rh6&thal consitt ralions tud deEocr.at.d in figGs 3.3,6 b 3.3.9, c..ealy ihc

ce$enr hav. Actu.l Ripne$ Fucrion vdu6 b.low lh. AwnC. Ripoess
"Cwe md lh. visibte cBcens have v!l@s rhal @ abov. rhc cle. Devi.tions oa
invisible

both foms ac prc*nt ald

discu$ed ,bove. A rhorcricalty visiblc cG$en$ (aclual

Ripn6s Funclion valu.

.ounts

noE rb& the avcRg) is reponcd invisibt. $ar gendlty

'Positive E@lied lh.oErically i.visibte qscm
(acr@l Ripc.ess Function

valuc les 1ha lhc ave@g) Eponed

to be se.n, a..Negalive Edof,. The posirive ero^
dponed halc no atiecr on the modet as rh.se
cm6 nay occurdue ro mdy uncontroued
fado6 ( like seather cond id ons and obseNer,s
abi I ity to scn* lhe conr 160, Thc negative
cmB nay eirher by hiShty oprimislic bur inconect
clains or they nsy rndicsre hcr of
authcnticity ofthe nodet both di$lsed
abole ih derajlfor $e LunarRipenes Law

ovd atl @hprrisoi of the Lud Ripness

taw wih thc Babytoni& oitcrion
shows lhat lhc Babylonie crjrelion
huch noe succcssfut. .ltE succcs percenr,g
for
,a,n

pcllNe cs$ fq lh ipenqs law h

92.8% aeaitrsr 96.490 or Babytohid qiroion.
Ior
the negatve si8]]iings lhc .iFne$
las succ*dr in 57.?ro css ,ainn 59.9%
for the

3,4

EMPIRICAL MODELS OF EARIY

2o.rr CENTURY
After lookine

Modd

o Ine deraits of

tc

&d lne co.srE,nrs of rhe tupcness

ctoser look in|o rhe figw3.3.1
ad tne eatysis of th obseryed
to itc Lu.& RiFnss Las, d impond
dpct
success

oftheMslinsa

oara rn comparison

is rcv.ated. The
following figee3.4 t whicb an exlhsion
of fie 3.t,1, in addrrDn to Moon bing
nonh of
$c rcfiptic. als shows rhe M@n b be sourh
ofectipric. In lhis 6e though sign of
latillrde. pM oflhe M@n tats c@
ofwhcrher rhe tmgih HT is to be added
or subrracted
nom ln - ,6 in equario. (3.1. r
t) or (3.3.6) bur tuother qwsron becones
rlever rn rhe
cae shoh in rhe tisuE for sane as
tbe Moon is huch tunner away ror
lhe Sun when
Moo. is south of $e Sun (in nonhem hemisphec),
rhe cese n6 ldes m of tishr

108

rd t

!.d

FlriFM@ dir.E. So n n DosibL thlr $e d6acrr eirh

m.lld & md @.r.qudtly strdla .o mr b. vi3ibt . Ilis i! p@j$ly thc ce for rhe
obgMtaom m. 286,2.rd 272, lna @.ctn s ct.itried ro b. sl eirh nrld eyc
but the Lury RiFnB te i.di.d6 rh. otsuriB P@ imf.sibt. (My lo, A&,
vlluet wh@ the Blbylonia. dilsio. atlos fi.n. So lb. quGrion lriss, for pt.as
mwh

thidd fd

hdia Dd dE qegn binA o.

hori@n !id. oI ilE eliptic ah@ld w giv. do.! .Uolle for !c? Shoutd rhe p.I!
ol
with hign6 bdlud.q etipric mch inclin.d rorsds
tlE

Rip.B

Fundion

{q

be

low th.. $c, e

&cotding io

rltmr.l

6glB 3.1.2 to 1.3 5 clos.

jn lh. dilosio. of thc

.quimr? TrF luF ii ddd, lcr.rt

@nsloinrs ofrhc Lu@ &F|3s tuturion wtEn ir i5 poi.t d od rhr for
rcry low AR",
v.ru.3 rh. d*qn of bw LAc hn okt agc.td hjc DAz i, E ofl.d
ro ben sd. thjs
nay b. th. po$ibl l6$n for rt. nrort n sirob@! tik. MDidd
!.d Fothdiigh|n
qploriig
tu
.el.ri@ b.tqq ARCV .d DAz for the ft51 vhibitity of tu@ cresn
to tlE

o,^.

--.
ig

Fig No 3

4.t: Spncriql Trigonomfiic ih..iFion

t09

of

6ndiiid,

of

nq

lu@

de*nt

In cae ofMoon nonh

DAZ

and

'n

ofediflh:

ES = EJ

J JS

lassine I es

-elr

@te

{r.4.r)

*6s - 6n

(1.4.2)

c4c ofM@n soulhof(tipric:

o,lz - o5 -

p1g

115

DAZ siven by (l.a.l) js much sfraller

o,

"in,

$&

(3.4.1) rhe

cos

rhar eivcn by (1.4.2) for th.

difirEicc of dqliiatioD of rh Sun qd rhe

M@n (\ _ 6M)
rr{ in (3.4.2). wnh k4er aRcL (SM') for M, (3.4.2)
as compared
rar8.r bul

&[

or Rd. is

sdc.

Ahhongh

A&,i (Ra,

&ryJ

r.son tar in
is sna er |han

|o M (1.4.r) &ry

j,

sme tdr the two ca$s bur

crc$cd al M. is older, rhick.. and

brighrei mucb soaler rhan for M. Esutts
into
dill.Enr ofarcs oftishr (ARCL) or older
cE$eit with large! ph6e. Thus in case of in
case ofM it hst be difijcult
to ke the crescqr s conp&.o
ro rne c6eofM..
Whenler as is v.niet (perpodicuttr
optihue- aidnioo of I Oo (when

f.nhd frcn rh Ea.rh) ccu_

to rhc horiz!) DAZ

Moon is ctosesr !o rhe t dnh)

As and whei tu

i;

vanishs tud

l2v (,hen lhe

nor vniet lhe

M@i

is

ol. DaZ cohs inro

play lnd Oe oplimum condiroN
for as ca b retded. For hucn
ls8er valus of DAZ
4d older dd wjder cescnr may b. visibte
wirh s@ er vahca of ARCV or
aD. So rhe
oodels inlolvine ARCV-DAZ rclarions
comc into play.
these hodel ARCV is a
runcrron ofDAZ so as should
aho be a fuction ofDAZj

4,. = 4.. cosa

ad ARcy = ftDAz)=aL

- -[(DAZ)

Il0

(J4.3)

n@s

This

rhar for coBtaor LAC

(e a)

ARCV

decE|s

ed ARcv e di@tty lotDnionat ro ech

L lrgc DAZ dd taige ARCL m@s mallr ARCV

com|anr 9, t.AG

ktnude
LAC.

Duing Elarivety ucnI lioes rhe dploorions of rhe @tist

visibiliry

rutu crsc.nt or

rh

rurc du ro

@leldtui@t

lat

oa

nd

visibjtity of rhe old cFscnr b.gd wnh lhe obstuations

oad
in Alhens and iG viciniry by Schnidt
md othes. fteoretical

(Foth*inshm

exploradon was iniriared

E6otu ll)e

ey

paniculd sbononiqt qusdon

1903).

lhc beginning of th. trcnlietb

ceirury n was eatized rhat ncrhods
of verifying
dates, panicltarly tum, dotes, wcrc
nor avrjtable md pspje were @ncehed
6bout the
6r6noorc.t ondniom thar govn dE
nsted rc visibilny of $e
lun.r .,esccnr
(FodE nsllah, t90l). To
evatuare anonohicrl condirions
for rhc ktiesl risibitny of
*.ber ofsrudies ,ppeaEd. .rhe slrk ofr. K.
"
Forhe,iishd
(1910) hinsell4d that
ofE. W. Mau.dq (l9ll) is of vjtal importance.
aou rhcsc
onu'bur'ons *eE bed on fie
nald er. obcenarions ot new
luna cr*enr nade by
Augusl Momeseo, JutiN
schhidt sd Friedricb schn

rs

*'*!'

::::::

@nriburo^

"-"

ee .,p,.r*, i"
"'*

";;

;;;;:;Til:,#:lTJ:,i:;;

lonn n.ghao claim ro havc sueg.sEd

(in his d,crc aprHed in
rh roumat of
Philqophx
^, .
90) lhat in ord.r to catcularc thc rrue
date ol phasis on ough ro
have a
lable of te requisne depre$ion
of the Sun
1

aurtude

sun.

ol

He

betow honzon at

h6

.l$

fic 6oonkt,

or of lhe
$tuer for difre o8uld dishnces
of the M@r fom rhe
adnitted abou his hl'en*
.

the M@n at ttE

Motre.-;;;rJ,'* T,,'1:::;:;llTf
moo. hade h the laGr
Monhsn

in ,his rcead.

Schmidr and

bdh of

half of thc nine&flti century by

Jutic Schnjd| Iriedrjch

Morn*n himslr n

such

hblcs menlioned

e;liq euld be @nslrEred

on the

obFrystios dut were povided

in Monm*n, s chromtogie
lt8a3),

lll

W_

69{0. Fo(brilgb.(l (t910) hs &!.rd,!od lt !. oh.{trdo.! giviq cilit drB of

ot66htio! od ir! r!$lnc Fsvit d Dy tioi.iaod ll. !E!Xind.,nd
thaidltrh
of t! M@ Ebiis ro lh. Stl! r drc lim of Ms.r (or !ui!.)
crrqld.d by
Fo$dDgh.n tin!.lt Tt4 ob6.'vdo$.r. ,!lrrr!8ed
i! rh. T$tc No. 3.a.2 { h
sb. rddidool .rlc-rr@.. Tb culs &! .ts Fs&d oo o ARCV-DAZ
chti in
Fi8@ No 3.4.2. Fo{t.iishn (t9t0) .t$ Gidna
I ddrrEy r.u. lhar is
r.prottuc.d a Tibt.3.4.1 b.lo% rhd
sivB rt nisinM lltiidc for lh. !.nibt. @*a|l
fot rr|ridl! valu.s ofrcldirc .?hn'h.

T.bL No. 3.t. t:

H.

Fortsiryhrn,.""-r,rffi

.!o it"EtoFd . mlrhoni.d Gt

rion lo

Mioioue Atrtr*

dc'qitc rtc k,E:

12..0 _

0r.0OrZ,

(3.a.a)

*** ni5 cod. d.fn* a r.sioD or sry lroud rh6 poiot of

y*
]T1,:.*
$Ds a $ow! u n6 tgu 3.a.2 b.!oe.

d!

.l 6. d4 of su!.! rL crBc..l i! .boE

iot T[. cruE h crinlit to. Fo6qingh.n,s
If,

cu.rc ir ltould tc viliuc orh.eirc

Fit. No. 3.al Fortdbgh!$!

lt2

clrl!

T.ble No. 1.4.2

Forh.dng[d\

Rutc

d66

A@-on

ii-

'

3' 1,1 lo&!

&
ia

I|l

w. d.firc a pa@et . !r , .,visibihy pamerd,,

rt

accordiDg ro Forheringhao

(aRcv - t2 + 0.00s21)

rn lhc T!bl. No. 3.4.2 rhe

oD.eryaxon Epond by Forherineh@

tsl colhn

| tO

(1.4.s)

@nrajd ihe v!l@

ed rhq rh.lablc

sl

is

$n

of

,.

fo, mh

d in rh. inccasiag ordcr

ofyl . ln !i.w of{1.4.4) iflnc lund attitlde is lcss rba.

12,-0-0..OO8Zr lhe qcscent
should nol bc visible_ Alrmatct, in
vjw of(1.4.5) if rhe value or ,ts is rcSalive

ccsnl

the

shoutd nor be visible, Thc

vdB

of Elarivc altiiude of the Moon

dd

irs

Gtaliv

ainuths aE rho* calcul.&d by Fothqinghah.

Ir is e.s y nobd thal out of 20
obsetuations ao. which lhe varueof,r
is negatilc two obseryario$ ar posilivc:
One. on
Oci 27, 1859 (obseru.don no.2) od tbe 0lh0
on tlE nohmg ot scpr. 14, t87t

roDsnar'oo no.4t). Hosrver he

nor

hin*lfdnilslhat

$ Etiabtca tE sumary

his marheh.dcl elarion (3.4.4) js

labte.bla. Thc eo is exhibile{r

All ir'c esl ofdE posnjvc ob$dadons
aborc FotheringtEn

i.lhe FiC@No.1.4.j.

3 vnibitiry

cw..

ofEtying on lh. ..bueb,.

rylDxihale natbeharical
nay consider the su6My tabte dala
and ltr a quadratc cune
approxrhation. Following rhis
we oblliEd lhe tolosins @.a@n
ARCV dd DAZ jor rhe shmarJ
rabt. r.4.r d,h:
hsread

/RCv

ed

dennc

= -0 0ot2g Da

z'

+o.o7442aDAZ

dlkrure visrbitiry pamercr ya ba*d

apProx'&afior d folto$:
I L\ =

URcl/ +a.00929D,42,

+|.86429
or Seond

'.O.O14429DAZ _|t.s642g)I

lt4

(3.4.6)

d88 L@r squd

|)

(j.4_7)

Tabl.No.1.4.3

fhis nbdi6c.tio!

i! rn oL

by Fo$dnBltn

repsrd by Forh.ingh.n

.rd e$lrs

e pc5I.d in Tlble m. I 4 I

lnbL n

d$ pr*ftd

in FiA No

s@nd dgE polynohisl h.5

ob*N.don

(ofo.t

have

Dunng th
the

hbl. .o

3 4 4

!t ir

TIE dat! of the

th3t rh

lilln into th mg ofn g{ive vd!$ of

27, 1878) a$d

lpplid to dE obseutio4

l@t sq@e ntins ro a

inprovcd $ylhin8 6ttF tN nore positive

I4.1

id

4ily sa

it

vd Th*

ee Nmbred 6?

l7 (F.b 20, l87l).

sme.6

Mdundg

(l9ll)

@Nidrcd &olhr b6io data s.i given in

b nr $e obwnioml drl..

30

20

hvl3bL cro.c.nt3

. villbL cr.8cnb .

Fig. No 343 Fothringhan

l16

Forh6rinoham

Rule

tute

25

F-d;:

Fi8 No 144
A last

sque qu.d6dc poltDnnl 6ncd b $jt d.L iGld! [E fi)llowing cl.rion:

DAz'1 PAzl

at-v

lm

20

Usiig lbls polynoni.t ed $e @nditid

ARC1'>

a.d lppli.d
3

4.4

In

$d

tt
the

(r.4 s,

(,B@tt

!4: V1+r

to dd. usd by

!dfig.no 3 44

-l

DAzl

, ,fl!0o20))
, =f no",

(34e)

obrlid 4c prc&tn d in t$lc m

t t lh. 'visibility p.mrcl dcfin.d asl

rdtsirghd

lh. tabb

would be visiblc if:

$e @h3

-P4.,\\

II?

(3 4 r0)

35
30
25
20
15
10

5
0

-10

. hisible

Crecents . Visibt Crsconts

fig. No 1.4.5
Th. rrbl. 1.45 3how U[r !E @ft! br.d on Medd,s oaM
&. such
inprevcd Md rhs. b dly * obqvdid j.. m 4j d
le?l t4, tS7l, thd dqin6
eon rhc @rdidoa (3.4 9) IE irbt. j 4.4 and dr fg!rc
ooln sr|N rh|r ood.t du ro
M.udq is nu.h inpotld s ohprld lo rh. Dodet (!l. b ho Ein*hrn.

rin.lly in
appljed

vort bolh the @ddq .trl. Forhdi|ghe .tr rh.r due |o

M&i<t,
ro thc Ft..i.d 463 obs.rio$ nm
nr6d),e (Od.b 2OO4)
rhis

nE

e p'lsrd i! ffBod m. I 4 6 (Fo.tEngn '!br

n,r mdct) &d 1.4 ? (Mr!id6t
arld

&

@lb

mod.t)

oc rpFndix-tr (Colu@ C .d D, r6pdjidy).

Th. fiCW m. 3.4.6 Dd dE r.bte i, r'p.ndir-n (@bm

C) lhow Lt l rhq. !E a
larae tumbd (90 our of t96 po.nirc
3igtni.g) of
,on! wh.n rh. dcaar
reloned vbibte fi.r dwin. AM FortEi.eho,s

obb

trFdet

rt. linir mvij.rt

Fdtdi,Bh.r Thi. a|g.q! tb.r rrh. ll@s of the dte is
to ih d!r. m which Fothdingnm wdr.d on and
.equind siou

by th tul (3 4.4) d@ to

highly relr.icted

rd

ll8

Lc betow

E- 6i

6i

intTii:i

na

s
E

ll9

n3

'E

:i::
alF{s_?{";+E:'-.-l

{-:

'l

Fia. No

On lh orher han4 figure 3 4 ? ,nd

rh.

l4

tdlte

i.

tl
od ol 196 pGniv! nShd.Ss o,ly lO o6@tirotu
d*i.1e |ion
Ihur M.unders etton is mrch b.rid lho dd of
6ppe.dix

Forb.gnant

t20

lh. floft

nol

lh. Babylonia cdlcnon ed Lud RiFnc$ Law

coBider.d in the prelioN two articls 6 fd s lb. nMbq ofdeviorion
fon the law in
the ob*tued @seni d @ren.d.
su@esstul

Anolher eforr ofgEar significance rnar h found

in tir.6tuE is based on rh
of Schoch ( I93O) and h known d lndie
Melhod give. in the Exp tnlnion ro The trdian

wft

Astronohi.at Ephenetis , t^ ttlh nlhod

dr

givs hee

ba5ic dala u!d rs

il

lablc no

3_4.6,

leasr square quadralic

nC

UsinS lhBpotynomiaI

RC

polynoniat fincd b rhis dala yields

lhc fo owing Etaionj

= l0

od

v >1e

@d applied il to dara

t74l -

u Ot 3l)DAZI _
O.@aj

rhc condirion dur rhecre*enr

$outd be

it4i

*l

Ihrs
G

hrl( $e

ii
(t.4.12)

Esutrr ohained aE

''visibilily peamelef defined

19 our 196 porir.\e sishrinss

Dar devidrc

TIs rill rhe hrer hatfofrhc 2Od c.otury rh.

Indiao n.rh@ ws
Horck in viw of rhe analysis of Babylonian
6d

\6rble

sl

=(ARCV _ lt}.3:,43 _ O.o137DAzl _ o.!n97 D,12..))

(3.4.1:l)

,,,,,.i." "" -O

exploFd

(1.4 r r)

- o.ot lTDAzl_ o.@st DAZ.

Pc*nled in fis. no.1.j.8. For 6is figuE ,// Bed

DAZI

rbn l,ll.

condi on

consid.red to be rhe besr.

cnlcrion and the Lund Ripen

s Law
prsenred in this voik.
dot w.d rhe Indim mehod rs
s sle6sful in |.ms

l2l

of Fsnivo 3igidier dwidirB froo rbd.l. Dring rlE nodsa tis6 rh. Belylonim
cniqioo dd Ripenss tuaction h.! no( ben exploEd s rho@8fly 4 is done in rhe

wott

hs lqd ro a sianili@1flnding rhai rh. eient md rh nnievat

for rn orlien visibility of @ tuD ff*rr e s u$tuI s loe of d

This cxploorion

nE<tls

{-.

.;'.':i. .,

ilr

lgrlq-;':t! *:;19;!t *j:.t

Fig. 3 4.3

3.5

COMPARJSON AND DISCUSSION

TIE wort

F6qn.d i. rhi, .h!rr6

b.

sDtuis.d e & os:

o obe*rioid lur c.L.d!r h is inpondr b rel,& uur rhe @ndnion

"binh of @ MM o difri@ b.fd. tqt
$dc- i, d .t .|| . rclirbl.
For

ondition for visibi|ny of B tuE @$.,n Thij i! p.niotdy

impolt nr in
es wnen tbe M@. @ s.t b.fore $ma *n .na @juldion
Thus
a

lunr

o.onjudid ofM@ *ith rh. sr b.forc trE b..t $nst dd

e obseitio@t tue c.lcid., rh.t ..qui6.dut sighdne of rh.
ew cltenr
@lerdd bred

nav lo

De

slnirtty dif@nr.

t22

Tne

ddc

oa

aliflic

wirh lnc horizon plats

impondt olc for

th condirioE of
edli.st visibility ofn.w tun( cese.i. For norlhd h.misrhcre if. conjunctio.
falls nes aururual equinox this ssle is snall for borh hiddle
md high.r
latitudes md fircfoE cBeol is eidlcr cloe to rhe
horian or .vcn blow lhe

hori&o .r rhe lin

ofsu*!.

Th.EfoG old.r @scenG may

Th acicnt Bobllonie crildion for the

h6

the hienc$

suee$ pcencge

*ape si8hli.g.

elid

(96.4rr'o)

visibitit, or new tunar ccscenr

monesr alt rhc nodets consid.Ed in

lhis cbaprr for posiljve sighdigs coGidered

in lhjs tr!,k. Ho$!ver, $c su@e$
perccnlage fof neSalive lidri.gs
is nol good enouSh (59.9%). Th$ the
o!e6[
succ.ss

pe rcen

rzge ot lhe

Babylonie c rir.rion is 75.4%.

b lh. Luar Ripeness tuncrion thal deletoped dlrin8

$e
nedi.val ca ae lhobughly invcsligared.
Wirh ftoucm rahnques
The ideas retated

ohpulltioB rhis hs Esultcd i o a useful

ne6od for det mrnrng
fi6t sighdlg of @w lumrc&$enr. The
probteh

of

lhe day ofrhe

onl/

thar sdaced againsr lhis

nethod i3 lhc sightings that deviared
from rhe nodl i. hisher tatlludes.
Thee are
older c,*ents a.d brighler crcscentr
h,v lowq Rip.ness
rh s@ess per.nlas. of Lunar
RiFnB rarv for posnive
siel incs G 9.8% (bcrb rhan
alt hod.ls coNidcEd excepl Babylonitu
cril.rion)
bul rhal fo regadve sightings
n only 57.?% (wose lhan all ofter crneria
consideEd in this .hapte.).
The o!.hlt succe$ p.,cenbg
is 72.l./o.

11"' ly:.

Theadw.rage ofnelhods lhar

sre bakd on Etarion beNeen
ac ofvision &d
!hdve .zinulhs ed thal
dc moE lhomu8hly invesric"ted durjng
Eod.rn.6 is
a6o exptored. Il is fomd lh,
rhe Indie Dcrhod b.sed on dr
b.sic dala of Scho.h
is rhe besl aDones! lhe ARCV_DAZ
ba*d Dedods
amon3st the

npidel

Dodels

rollw.d b) rhe Mlmdets

ofte

e&ly 20,r cenrur', rh rndid

De$od be.l
uccss peEenlaec tor posnrve srghrings
{eo.l"b)
herhod r84?%r and rh. me$od due
ro Maundcr

t23

Howv.r, in t m of th. su.6e pc@nla8e {o. eSatve sighdnes

Forhdinghm\ crilfion is rlE bcn (@ons$ slt m.thods consid@d in th.
(54.lYo).

chaptet wnh 94.7% fotlMd by Momdeas (82%)

/67.8r/'.

ed

thn rhe

The oveEll success pcrced.ge of rhe In<tian mcthod

is 79.5%,
merho! is 81.lqodd rhat ot FohrinShm\
method

Indid ednod

oflhc Maundeas

a 7@.

The .uth@ ciry or succ.s of .ach is m.6uEd

in rems of nhb.r of cGscnr
siShtirgs wirhour oprical aid (posi,jve
sigtrings) rhal ae In aEreehent qnh $ecnl.non.
Some aurhorc have sre$ed on lesdng
cdt.ria on rhc basis oI nunbcr of 6es whcn
rh.
cnlqon prcdicts sighrins ed dlc qe*ent i,
nor s@n (nee.rv. sghrncs) (Far@hi
e1 sl,
1999) 6 wctl. Howvq odlcB
hav indicated rhar cban

inoe.s wirh insca* in moe

1988a). -IheEfoE

.,"","J;; ;;::,;:T:::"::i1",#;

our eftpbdis is on .xploring @nditions

uder ehich cE$enr cm be
scn od not on whcrh.r il is &rE y
stu or noi e rhat lDNo.s may be 3tlchcd
for
Judeing ft-eliabiliry ofthe cl.jG of siShtin8e
A3 menrioned cadier thee c&
be a
ro ngadve sightings. rfa
c terion pedicb sighilg snd
mc @rccnr E not 6crldly
*en d@s nol sl dll ncm lhat 1h. $irerion
is not rcliabic. TIE
condi,roro 8@,ry str6, vis,brny.!cn
,f
sry,{ no, ovft$r as sh,rr br *.n
'nc
rn rhc nxt chapG. B.tole
authcndcn, of a cdledon is ,

:::lq

*; ; ;;;;".;" *:lj:: :"ffj;j:T

":t, ::_
:jTt
Frwcn the dimtt
illmimied Ihin

cecot ad

t24

lhe bignrnes ot

IM&h

sky,

Chapter No. 4

PHYSICAL MODEIS & THEIR EVOLUTION

AI thblclh rhe twen rh .entury and Inro $e ienry ftrst century a tot
o,
wotk h.s been done on vanous aspects ot the probtefr
of vtstli ty ot new tqnaf
ce$.t. thse other t$u65 In.tud6 (t) tonth o, tunar
cr6sc6hi {Danjon 1932.
yas
1936,
19a3b, 1garta, McNa y, schaeisr, 199ft, McN.xy,
19a3, sotran, 2005,
Qu6hl & khan, 2006, .rc,) (ia) the mintmun o, timtthg tonga(on
lunar cfescenr (Danjon,

of n6w vistbr.

1932, ras 19a3b

6tc,), (thr $asohat varaa ons In the

anbt vjstblliry oi .ew luna,.r.scenr (llyas, 19A5,
Crrdwel & !any, 2OOO erc.).
On ot rhe mosr stgntfi.ant or these
and olher sffons B rhe hrroduction of rhe
-|rrohattomt Lmr
D6te Ltne" or |LDL (contras0na rh. |nr.ma
onat date ltno
(solar)) by lltas (ltyas! 19A6b).
Thoogh the td6a h.s nve, D.en !s6d
h pbctic of
lunar cat.daE but rhe !me has
ben erten.ivety usoc |n lonrare (ror
insrance
luooioat by t{an4r lnd A@urat. llmo
by Odeh) as a gu|d for the rcgtons
of
vlslblllty or i.vtltbllty oi ths n6w
l!..f crs6nt, Howver, In thi. wort the main
emphasts ls on th6 modets rhat
deat wlrh rh probt.m o, eaniest
vlsrbi ry of new
lun.r cesco.t so that other tssues
6r nor constdered.
The

ri6t asr@phlstc.t

modet fo, ervtng thls polreh was rhat

o, aruin
{8tu1n, 1977),Ihis kas ba$d on tho av.rage
bdgttness hodetrorru tltoon, rh6
averaSo b.tghtnoss ot the twlighr
sty and lhe theory or extlnction ((ooman,
1952,
B6mporad, 1904, Stedntopf,
1940). Sruh was ,bo rhe rid jn modern
rimes ro
exprott lho v.rtaflons of tunrr s.miii.meter

wlth rhe Eaft]vtoon

dlsrance,

Afioturds, appared lh6 .xtenstve

u!6 o,lho phFlca .nd scionce ot vtslblity
by
Schaetor donng rh6 t6st quarte,
o, th twe. eth @ ury Gchaefrer,
19s6, gaaa,
19aab, 1989, 1990, 1991., 1993)
ba$d o. vrdous racto6 ike armosohoric

e{inctton .nd sky briShtn* ds to vanou. objocrs l6adtn to th ttmtttng

mal tude or the sky. H6 al$ lhe.att2od rhe hportance ot (a) tack ot hrorm.lton
about seather predrclton st iems a.d (b) necd ot tunher qtlo.6 on ot th6
physlolos/ of huhan vi3lon c.pabthbs. Thus,3tnc6$ rheoFltcat modet teadilo
Lunar Rlpnes law by modtqvat Mus ms th6 only rheoreltcat modts a du ro
Bruln and Schaeter In rhl. york Schaoter'. t$hntque! .16 .pptied ro
th6 ,6cent
obs.aalion.l data and a.e toond to b6 In good aet!metrt wtrh the obsetoalonal

The exptotts or yattop (ya[op, 199a) whlch was .gatn

mor of enoticat tn
.aruE b ba36d on the ob$da{onat dsta and p.n o, Brutn,. mod6t
bur wtrh rhe
srmprrcrt ot a 5tngl6 par.meref crito.ton tor the n.w oes.enr
Yallop

s modet

usibtr(v, Thls

c..

b termed as a s.mbmpt car moder. one o, rh m6t

srgnlllc.nt connbutons ot y6lop ts hts concept of
bst th of vistbfiiy, Tne
sonware Hrtatol computes borh th. q_vatues (ya
op, 199a) and rhe naCrltod
@ntrst (rhe rerm cotned In rhts work) rhal tsthe dnf.ron@
o, rhe r{agnjtud ot tho
llroon and th. timtflnS hagnltud6
of rhe sky ctos6 to cr*enr. Ihe conpartson ot
lh tso i3 di$ussed ..d som. ot th6 extra
ordtnary oDsendtbns are cdflc.flr
analy$d. rlle mosl stgniftcant part ol thts ch6pter
ts the dvetopnenr ot a new
srnge psrsmeter crttodon for th fl6r
vistb lty o, new tuhar crsc6nt, we have
con3ldred the acruatbnghrne$ ot
the cr6c6nt rhat b pnase dep.ndnt(instead
of
aver.. bdntnBs ot ihe tul Moon ctos. to horizon
usod by sruh).nd rho.ctual
b ghrne$ ot lh iw ght 3ky close lo rhe potnt whee
rn cesce rs prese( For
lh bighhe$ of bolh (the 63conr
and th
sky) the loots devoloped

Schr.fer.nd

otheE hav6 been osed, thts has ,6!utted

hlo new vlrtb tty and lmtring vbtb iry
cunqr lhb te6ds to a nw st of basic dat. whtch
In run E.onvened hro a rcw
slnge paramoter cdredo. ba*d on . retarion
het en aRcv and width o, crescenl.
lh6 osr mod.t ts anorhr somfempnbat modot, Our cdterion
is lo{.(t to havo
bettor succe$ percentago than any
orh.r crile on devetopod dq ng rh 2Oh

t26

4.1

BRUIN'S PHYSICAL MODEL

Atuin bsed his wolk (BNin, 1977) on 1he obseded avedge brigbh.ss of sky
agaiBl rhe posirion of th. sun b.los ho,iD, ,ner ssel (0ut natched tnc resuls ol

K@h{

et. al. 0 952)) and &e

lhe 1h6ry

bdshrB

of rh. M@n

s a tu&tio. of ddud.,

b6ed or

ote

inclion dw BnpoFd (Benpomd, l9O4). The fi8ures gi!e, by him, Fie.

? $d 3 (Bruin. 1977, pp.339) arc r.poduced here in Fi8
No.4.t,1. On rh. b6h ofthcse
sludies Aruin developed the Lund visibilily cuFes (relarin8
atdtude,
of qeeenr
plottcd asainst s, lhe els depE$ion
blow hoizon) 6d fie Lioiring Visibitiry curyes

{Elatine,

r,gai6r r) ed pEenled

in fis. no. 9 (intude<t in rh. eme Fig

No.4.Ll)

(Bruin., 1977pp.339).

Fis ? shows how $e .!e,a8e brighhss

of the sLy ,s diminishes afre! suist s a
Iunclion oI the allitude of dE sun, lhe
elar dcpG$ion or orp r, s !n. su g06 btow
hodrcn. Fig 8 (Btuin, I977) shos ihe @iarion
of rhe avragc brightne$ offu M@D
ar s a fnncrion of the alritude ofthe M@n n
.r
above honzon h. Lnnar Visibility odes
devloped by Btuin shown in ng 9
@ruin, r97?) are dvetopd using the two functioB

Asum.

a panicular brignness

ofsky after rh. sunse! ey lU_ stitb, ead

our lbc
corespondhg sotar deprh below
horizon fbn nC 7, r = 4,a degEes m
rhis casc. In o!de!
lhat lhe @en is visibh in such
a bright sky lhe ctscenr should also
be at
a
bighl (lor s!ilb). Then ftod fig 8 Ead onl
rhc

lsr

coftrpo.ding bnghhs

alftud. of ihe M@r wirh Ih.

rhar @Des our to

be, = 1.9 dgr*s. This pmduccs a poi on

!h. visibility curye jn Iig 9 1hal shows a
rcta onbrwentheahruderofth.cresc.nted
ne &ld dip r below hdjrcn foi a panicultu
brighrness of cre*enl and oa sky. Thus
a
visibilitycure isa coltectionofpoinbG,i
=//r), shere oe bnenbes of cr*.nt ad
thal.of sky mrh for cooshfl widrh
of cE*nl. The qucslion is rhar fig 8 giv6
rhe
brishl.ess of&c tull M@n (dound
30
hiiur.s Mdc) and rh cGcenr is
eeneo y
less rhan t alc minule in width.
Bruin Galias this probteh bul t.av$
i! s ir is by shrinS
Oat any dikrcpalcies shau b accounrd
for by soh. rtnd of .Gcsbh,, taclor As

121

cxnibircd in n8 9 ir is mr.d lhnl aI

dif,cFnt vidrh ces@t3 @

$le

dip

r = 0 dgees lh. ninimM dliNds for

girq
2

a2

Tbh hcms Aar rbe

th

bndrh$

cBent of@ftsponding

rt 16r

of lh. sky ar rhe* atrirudes (r) G

widrh when lhe

we

.s rhe brishrne$ of

su hdjul $r. I. ord{ dul l,rtc ce$.

is

sty wilh dftEding ahiludc rh. c@e nusl b. wider ud sidc,.

Tnes ar thc sanins poinls of rh. vnibilny c!ryes fial aG aU
shaqty d(rtsing
bright

the

f!.crions ol the sotar dip, That heons lhar not only the brighh*s
oi cc$e bul $e
brighr&s of sky (har cqul alons lbcs cwa) borh diminish
sh!+t, wirh $e
inc@ine st& deFEssion.
Thr.forc, for larger values ot r rh. ee$ent of sne
brightne$ @ b. $en at
lower od loer alftudc ,. Tlw arc
al$ the sianing points or rn cums ttat show lhc
b.h.viou of, + s {sh ofglribd. of M@n ed lh.
sot{ depb) agaiGr th. $tar dept

Ahhou8h the

sm of th. atlitude /, of $e cresced dd the r me $lar

dip Eoains alnost
consbrt 4 $e ce*enr gos doM dese cw6
coftsponding to fixd crcsnt width
ed thcEby ro nxd brighhess. As (he atrirudc of
ce$.hl daca*s 0r. sky brighrness
n4l d<Eases bul rhen closer lo rhc hodzon the

\isibilill

sbns deo4in8. Tnus rhese

cuNes fir$ sr.d decrsing with inc,eding
!, reach d hininud ed lhcn sl,n i.cre6ing.
This in facr shows the raryjng @slrst
of the brigl JEs, ol lhe crcsn md lhar of
sky. with smatler r and td8.! , lhe contAl
is ag.insl dc v6rb,tity, As , incpses
dd /l

te

decEass $e contFsr beo66 favoudbt.

fo! vhibitity of c!$enr. However.
funho dqees rhc @nusl again bc@Des
dfavombt. Ior v$ibility.

t28

/,

Fig. No. 4.l - !

fic fi8u6 fron BNin s Pap.'

rrr, ?, rc rddb-r rr oi *l

t29

977)

For thimer

c6c.nr

rh ,r + s aSaitur r plots Sive thc b.st time of

poinr whi.h is the midhum of rhe

cwe, h rlso

Th*

de excellent

crc*dt my Ehajn

visibl-

3ueSens a

id6

tug.

vhibility 6 the

of tim. for *hich Oe

rhar @uld help cre$ent-hunre6

bul untdtunably Btuin has nol pesenld a clear cul ompuratond lrchriqu. Brs.d on

sihil& ided Schaefer ha worled

out Enorher schehe of computario. lo b discu$.d

latcr. The schcnc for computrtiohs is dduccd

frch the visibility cuNes olBruin sd is

bsed on ll)e dinimum point of rbe r + It plor againn s. A relarion belken rhe cE$.nl
vidth cor.sponding to d r + , cwe sd rhe valu. of , + r ar rhe minimum oi lh.

cufl. nay

be d.duced

fron abularing rheF ratucs. For lhis purpo* rhc data deducrd

fiom 6g 9 b, YaUop (Yallop,1998) is

follows:

Table 4. L2
2

, + r picked fbo rh. ninimln of rhe, + r cufl es

asaisl r whi.h coqespon.ls to the b.sl -tine ofvisibihy ofcresent. Tlh dar! 6 edto
The valus of ARCV ore the valucs of

dird degd polynonial

usinS lean

sq@. apptuximrion lqdr lo

ARCV =12.4023 9.487arv

Tnis ( an be tEnslomed ro

v),

lh. \ Fibitrly

the

follovine r.larion

+3.9512W' O.5632tr'

oaEmero

r, lunc,ion

as

(4rr)

to'toq:

=(ARCV -(12.4021 9.481W +3.95t2t/) _0.5632W)Dtrc

(4.1.2)

Tnis crn be le$6d on rhc obscnarional dara with the visibitiry

condilio thal a cssce.l
should be visible if,, > 0 olheNi* it should E@in invhible. Using
condiion (a.1.2) on
lhe data *t ed ro evatuar. n rhods in ch.prr 3 dlc plor
w obhined is shoM in ligu.
no. 4.1 ,2. ln this fig@ lhe cue nmed ..Boin\ Limit,,
is the plol of $e equrion 4.
t

|]0

.2.

Th. rd of th. plor CD$ th. rc|t|iE.Xirtde (in d.8r).gaiMr th.

I snd9

cltsdr

wirhh

(i.

@l obsd8rioi of ttE &tl sel

coNid.r.d ii th peioos chl9iq. All !h. pd iE siglding cas .rd ihe @lrs of
cdlculalimr b.$d d (4. L2) @ 31Em in Trbta 4 | 3 TtE @not.r. dda sr b shom i,
l@ldd

ar

dE bs tinc of visibility for

R.--E-'_;"_
2

r-r*.rl.sc.G,wu.ca*
Fig. No 4 1.2

ApFidix.|u slDB

rl| @hs

of .rptyin8 Btuin.s

[bn,

yttrop,s

ondid) itdi@ (ro

in rhj3 woli (ro be repond

disssd in rexr rnicte) .nd th w dftdim dvetoped

in anicl. 4 4 betoe) undq rh. hQding -Mod.r
tne firn @Enn otriaitu lh. vat!* of
visibilily pmmetd d.fnd by (4.12). TrE Ddl lh
cotunr, e ror the orhq rh
be

ltl

t32

lll

tJ4

tlq

?$I;;

135

1lz

Our

ofth.

196 positiv sighring in the

!o Btuin. TheEfoE rh. nodet du!

nod.k ad is

good

@pt.

cs6

t4

d.qarc rron th. Linjr d@

Bruin is thc best mongsl ql ihe orhe, 20o ccntury

b
$ lh. Lufu RiFn*

Law.

Ar nx

es

rhai

daiar. f.oo

Brbylonid (io.rion atso dcviak froE Bruin,s

nodet. A ctoer look in b ttE derails
of
14 caes $at deviab fron Bruin,s
modt sve.ls oEt rhe la cses devi.rilg
frcn the
Luar Rip.ness Law and lh.e 14 caes have
8 common cascs. rn. fihl I cs.s
ofvisible
cNolntable t.3.1 (ob*nation no.286,2ed 272)
ofoncrec cros to auruDnal
.qunox have !alu6 ofve srlt aboE
Bruin.s timi! siyen by (4.r,2). A. n
@ di*ussed
snicle 1.3 the ce!ce.& in 6ese
.6es

eE

'n

vi'ibihypo$ibre. rh.
cases

ae erisfying

1ne

older

Bruin,slt.i,i,b.,.d..rh"b,ich.::,:;f,J:1':;T::
Btui.\ lioir

despite having sEEll las.

Our otlhe six cdes lhat dviat.

fror Btuilt linit bnr not fbn LUM Ripenes

raw{obs.4o.413,434,I19,ll5,2S5 ed 290)
fiEi fiG havc qalt
valu6 (o.ol,

0.061 and 0.07 rcspedivly) so

^Rm
dc hsginal for Led Ripen*s Law. Sihitdly
si, of the
Ijg that deviat fbh rhe Lu@ Ripn $ t.w but rc! f@h Btuin,,
ljnir (obwlrioa
numb6 286,2,2?2,314,6t3 ed 716)
firsl lbG have b*n dscussed befoE.
The n.xr

t36

ll4 ad 613 have smaU v, v.lu6 $ dc m&gitul ds in BNint

one (obs. No.7l6) is asain u old ag., wide ond bdClt crceoi
two

Ths sc ob*rve
exaclly supplcm.ndng

Brui. s

linit

that

eh

6c

Bruio's

Linit md the Lund

oth.r blr thcy @ rh.rically

Mod.l.

hw ee

Ripen.ss

cquiql.

ud noE su6sful.

4,2

YALLOP'S SINCLE PARAMETER MODEL

nol

Howevd

is rakin8 brighhe$ into considqation theEloG Bruin's limit

logicat

Tn hsl

moE

pdndd

nod.l of firsr visibihy of luMr clt$nl Yallop

used Bruin s wort in order to .xi6ct optimum crc*enls *idth for vdious rehtive
To devclop his onc

ptvio6

ahnud$ o. @s of v'sion ARCV, nedion.d in

developed a lomula

cllline ARCV wilh DAZ

on lhe bask

anicle. Like Folhcdnghan

ofht

sunnary ldble da|a,

blren ARCV md lhe Nidth

W, Hh data (froft pase 2 ol NAO T*hrical Note No. 69 (1998)) is

Yallop coroider.d fie bsic dau for dveloping a Elalion

of

crescent

Epioducd in the oble no. 4. | .2.

Hoselcr.

Mdh

slal.d hy Yallop, f6m 1996

HM Nautical Aldanac Ofllcc

ddided ro abndon i!3 tcsl bared on the Bruin mlhod (4.2.1) for lh.

''Indi.n" melhod
s'-shrings al high

Bed

on

baed on lhc

thc lndie mthod produced mor scnsiblc rcsults fo! old .gc

alirnd6 thai occuB

at

l.rsl once

fie sorli of schoch (1930) th. b6ic

DAZ

one

y.r

dara

15.

20.

30

I00

Tatrl.No42l
As rhe width of rh

qesent

is sivcn by (2.E.9)

tt7

55

d.sd'

ued in the Indis. melhod h siven in

I0.

0'

fo.lalnudd rtomd

dd thst @ abo 6e wifien

as:

rr' = ls<t

- c.{A RCv).os(D,4z))

a$uming ih seFi-dimld of tne M@n to

cs b. t@sfomed

be 5

(4.2.D

con$lnt

15

dc ninutes. This basic Daia

inlo .Lt! rclating the width of the cesenl

likc thlt in table 4.1.2 ofYallop

r cubic polynomial6ing

ARCy =

bed

16l sq(@

ll

-aJ7l

on Btui.. Yallop

ed @

tr4Iomed

of lhion ARCV

ihal d4ta fittine it lo

appoximdion 6d ohainqlIh. following eladoni

6.3226u/ +0.7119tf1

(4.2.)

-0.10)8w'

While applying Brui!'s melhod (qu.tion 4.1.2) or lhe Indim method (4 2 2) $e actual

vidrh t/ sbould be consid@d (nol

,4,RC,/ for lhe place
the

minulet. The method

says lhat

of obseruation is norc than $e value of lhe right nmd side

.Escent sholld be visible. Thus

V|

l5

a @nstonl

-\ARCV

visibilitt pameler may

(rr.8J7r - 63226W

be

deind

oa (4

if

2,2)

s:

+073r9w'-0tntw')Jtto
(4.2_3)

if the visibilily pemetei /p n Positivc lh.

crcsce.l.may b s*n. Applyins this lisibility condnio. on rhe dala et of chaPtct 3 ii is
found rhot 16 positive sighi.Ss out 196 deliate fom this lndian visibililv condilion
Yallop alls lhG ,/p

Thcse d.viating cases

4-value. In gntal

ae shoM

i.

6guft

4 2 1 as

vhible ciescenls below the lndian

"Limit' ed re rabulated in rable 4.2.2 .nd ihe rsults for cosPlele dao set ats prescnled
in rppndixlll io the s4ond colmn und.t lhc heading "Models" l. view of lb'sc
eluhs w find rhar rhe Bruin's Mo&l is ndgiMlly better ihm Yallop's crnction fo! this

Yallop
and

ds

@nvert d Maundd's condilion

tom DAz-based lo lhe width-bsd

oblaircd lh foUoving cubic reladon b.tw.et ARCV

ARC|/ lJt78) e.Olt2w -

2.O1OaW1

B8

ed

W:

-Ot16OW'

142.4)

*lich l6ds

ro

tlE visibiliiy

pabr..ld:

,ip = (,{XCr. . 01.t733-9.0312W +2011J4W" 013601/

)/10

(42t
Fig No 421

. lnda Umir .

ApplyinS

thal oul

of

196

htsibl.c.e

Mendd's nodifid ondition to thc daia sr of Ch.pLr I it is fou.d

positiw sightings @ iher.27 clg th,l dwiat fron the 6nd;lion

5) rhe se e shoM in 6g@ 4 2 2 Thus Me 6s nodited

@tdition is dill mr bdd th3r th. ltdiu lr|d rn Btuit's @rditios All thc 14 {,g
rnat ddilr. iom Bruin s linit tte d6nd. lion rh. Indie linn Ttu rvo tddidonll
wr io!! m. 3r4 .rd 33) ttd ddid. fron lndis $nn & Idtd to b. tugjn.l cet
d.fined by

(4 2

(vr = 0 ol8

and o oo2

clore

sgr4rcot

repedively) in Y.lloP! Indiln dEd.l Thu3 thc t@ hod.ls ar in

Iney

re

both bas.d on

sinilu lpprs.hes a.d onlv slishtlv dillq

itr

i
{

Fig No 4'2

@Ndting .ll visibiliiy otditions from DAZ-bas.d lo th. Widlhb!*d Y.llop achievd tqo orhd rdeltbl. t8ks. Oft oftheh is hh d.ducion of BBt
ine of Visibihy The otht r.Mbble ontdbllion liom Yallop is io tkaw lincs
lD addirion 10

140

condilions on lh.

b.twe.'rgiotrs of v&ids vbibility

used in lhe Indian

mdlDd th|t

be

6.8tu

cals

b.s

of viribihv

pdma.. ,/}

Fis.No423
Fdthc bd rinc ofq.sit lisibililv' hc nor6 ih.t h fg 9 of Btuin tlE siniM
ges.ent widths, fom a slrsisl]t line
of viribilitv c!tues of , t r agaiin s lor different
(" r) The 3{m h
which whs Drcj.cld nels tn orisin of the @rdiMt svst'm
Th'
shom h6e in fi8u.. 4 2 3 s a G{t lir. PNing ttroSli niiinun of @L @rc
Itis dnimun @@sponds to lh'
ortlt d(v !fl|
bd vilibility @dnio|\ thc b.d cerlln bd}6 rlE N6'ee briahtns
it a 'poinr in tm'
the b.iShtness oa th. c..stl ..dding lo Bruin Yall@ inrdPr'tt
l, in a nlio 5 4 Thus
rhNt rlivi.!s "the tim lin" beiv@ the Sunst ts ed lhe M@n!t
slop. olrhis

rhie

"poi.t

in

saSl lin.i3(, trta/4d,rs 5/{

tin"

i3

th. b.!i tine

I,

of c..s..ot vitibilitv Sivd bv:

t,=
5\

4\rs

LlG)

l4l

, T. *!1,4c

(427)

coiDur.rioa have b.6 dotu for this besl tim.

sivcn by (4.2.7). EsFcially the calculatiotu fo. rhe iable no. 4.2.2 iD $ltich rbe Indid
condition (4.2.4) c used lhc @mputations ac done for this best tim..
In all

crloldjoE

in rhis

rcrk

rhe

Finally, Y.llop d.duccs rhe visibihy @ndilios for dillcrcnt M8es oI

q_vatu4

dltysk of rhe dlta *r of Nund 256 obsdado6 avaihble in his timc.

Our Esulti in lh. sdond l$1 colmn of rlblc in appndix-lll, e lPpliqtion of lhc
Yalloo s condnion (bascd on bsic dala of schoch, l9l0 or lhe Indid ndhod) io! $e
doia selcted inchapter 3 wbich is taLh mostly iion Odh (Odeh,2004) Theconditions

aic.

detailed

d.duced by Yallop

lisibility eiih

d.

Eprodued heE in

labl.4

4 Ihese conditio.s

iddicalo6 for

or wilhout oPlica! aid.

Tlble 4.2.4r Thc t-test crileria.

{A) q>
(B)

ENily visible (,4ICl 2 I2'r {EVl

0 216

02le,l> {014

p.rfd

condnioN (v

160:4 > -0 232

nedoptrtl lid'o
w-itt
neo oprielaia o

2l>4'-0

froivsrbG

(c)

May

(D)

(E)

-0

(F)

4-299>q

The

visible und(

29q

'sitk,

linilins ralucs of t weE chosn

find

PC)

cerdIMNOA)

frna crescent

tRoet

viii[lcmpe,4nC. < 8 5'tlt

ueto" Dujon tinir;Rcl < 8'
for lhc aix cnbria

a to

(v)
(D
I

F for the following

reens

(Yallop,1998):

-tlor
A lo@ limit is rcquird to

spdl. ob*talio6

$at

uivial 6on rhos

l'ul

.len.nt ofdifiqitv. Accotding 10 Yallop il wc foud that lhe id'al

sirr^ion ARCL = l2o nd DAZ = O" prcducd a Fnsible cut-otl poin! for shich q

nave

ed.

= +0 216, Tnere aG

Ill

exmDles

whn q exc.eds this value,

ad i.

Tabl. in appendixlll G'cond lai column)

8.Mal it should be vrv ..sv lo se 1he new

i!

142

c@dt

in ln.e

m,

rponed posilive sightings i. dr6e

cscs wilh
(B)

tro obscaing cloud in lhc sky The

th.c is

Providcd

cascs

> +0.216 10 b. lhose wbcn the

I 14.

Tns

cccnl

it is

@mble

to consider

is esily visible.

Fon obseryc^ rcporls it has been fou.d that, in gcneral, t = 0 is close to lhe
lowr linit for fi6t visibility ud.r plfecr ahosphenc co.ditio.s 3l s.. lvel
withour Equirine op1ic.! aid. YatloP u$d his Tlble 4lo st lhis losd linn for
vhibility mot p@helyand he says thal from inspstion of Tabl. 4 ihe
siSnilidcc ofq

- 0 @ b. str

bul

-{

014 is

&olhd

Possible cul_of val@'

Tabl.4 sith q in ihis Ens. in the daia u*d bv Ytllot wirh

48 positive siShtings. Th. data sed in this qotk (in app.ndixlll second lst
@lu.) thec aE lll ca*s with q > 4Ol4 bul les lhan +0216 Oll of th*

(c)

Thce @

68 Aes in

l1l cse)

rhe!. ae 6a posirive sighnngs withoul oPtical aL

Yallopusd hisia6L4lo fi.d|hecut ffpoinl *hs opti@laid isal@vs neded

lo Iind the crcse.t moon by rutching lhe q_test visibilirv codc wilh scha'Iecs
.od.. The rcund.I value of 4 = _O 160 @ cho*n for lhc cut_olT dirclion ln
Tablc 4 (YalloP, 1998), thcc

\,w

26

cNs

thar

Gfv rhis diterion

t0'16 < q <

wre positive unaided siSltings tbe tcst were

*cond lat cormn
se.n vith hiMul6 or r.lceoFs ln Tlble i. appendixlll'
q_valus oul of vhich I 0 sE
useii in this *ork therc 62 cses in rhis tuge ol
-0.014), only lhree

unaided si8ltinSs

(D)

ces

dd

out oflh.se

29 times lh cresced *as seen either vith bin@uktr oi

s'lh

> -0232) YaUop s Table 4 ha' roo lew enli's fton

thc fact lhat
which lo estinale a lowt limit for 4 The situalion is nade NGe bv
oplical
whe thse is an nl!v. in non cas.s' the Moon ss not scen even wi$
a9pae't clo'galon
aid. ln f4t it h @ fot lhc cc.dl to be obedcd lElo* 6
lhis dg oul
ofabout7c5 (Fatoohi d al, 1998) Ydlop's Tablc 4 h6 14 cs's in
exl6
wbicb 6 re positiv sightirgs thdough binoculss o! &le$ope ed one
ln lhis ca* (-0160 >

oiilinary

ce

of uaid.d siShing ln th' r'bl'

141

i'

app'ndixlll Gecold 16l

@l@) of lhb wolk lb@

with binoculd or 1el.$op6

33

.M

dd th@

our of which 18

extra otdinary

@ potiliv. sidines

ces

of unaid.d

sidli.g

(ob$flalion no. 189,455 add 2?4) lh.t is dillcral fren fi. @ @sidercd bv
Yallop, Al lhe tine of Yallop {1998) lhis wG thc linil helow shich n ws

NW.d

that

il

is nol Posible 10

thc lhin

.t snl

n@n .v.n vilh

lel4oF

I'

for hoiienlal panllax of lhc Moon, and ienoring th' eff'cl of

rcfa.liol\ fo. & aptent .longadon of ?q5, ,'{XC, = 8c5 lf ,'lZ = 0p rhis

Alloeing

coresponds to

. lowr linit

of

I = -{ 2l2

Wilhout good fidding lgles@p* md

posidoml infomation, obsne6 aa unlikelv [o

(E)

lhc

crc$"t

helow this limn

cul{fi Point *hen th. appatcnl elonSdlion of lhe Moo'

l98lb
frem the sm is ?", knom 6 lhe Ddjon linir (Ddjon l9l2 1936, llvas'

TheE is a lheoEical

al
nabohi el al, l99S) This limit is obtained bv extlapolatine obedalions nade
i8f,olrng
lager elongtions. Allowing t" for hori@nul p@lld ofth' Moon a'd
1o
''{'R'1 = 8'
rhe effect ofrefEcion, ah.ppornr elongarion o' 70 is eqnivalent
Wirh

,,llcl, = 8'ed

However, in

D,42 = O! the corespondine lowr

linil

Yallopt lable 4 thE tte 2l enfiies witl onlv

on

is -O 291'

posilive sightine

I < 4 212 ed no sighting claim wilh s_aided cve ln lable

ir the mse -0 212 2 4 >
in apFndix-lll (se@nd lst colw) th* ae l8 c*s

with

bin@uld fot

snh binocuhr ot tlescopes and onlv 2

455) Both the*
un_aided siShdngs (obsdation los 389 and
po'nl
dcviak from all the crit.ria considered up b lns

-0 299 oulofwhich there atc

claims

of

obfdrtio.s
(r)

7 sishdng

wod( shoss 66 cases wtrr

The table in .ppendixlll G4ond last cotumn) or this
claim of sishtins
-0 299 > q ed therc is one.xtra ordiMry
silb o!
opti*l aid (obs .o. 189) Ap&t fron $is lheE is no posilive siehting
of Esce sisblins $
wilhoul opdcal sid. In lable 4 of Yatlop tnee is no clain

A@oding |o the visibilitv

divid.d into

dNifiorion shos

abovc, rhc

suf4

of E nb b

lhe
tgions bv four consi&t_q val@s As lne aclual visibihY of

crescent

dd oi iis dltilude .bov. hori@n d th. rioc of su.sd accodi.g lo

Bruin (Bruin, l9??) dd Yallop (Y.llop, 1998) a @nsht q'valu. describes a cufre on
th. globe i.di@lin8 sinile visibiliiy @nditio.s along all poinc of$e curye' Such a
clne is a psldcr@bolic cwe wi$ vicx on the 6l-dost loisitude Thc
lonpludi.al p6nion of lbis ven x vei* nonih 1o nonlh 6nd th' hnude of |he vqar
depends on ils width

ed lhe Sun on the ccle$itl sphere Duing

sumheG in nonhem henisphlc lhe sun\ declimtion h extren nodh dd if ihe
d.climtion of ths Moon is norrh of $c su lhis ledex no!.s to exlEne nonb and lhe

d.Fn&

on lhe d.cliMtion of th. Moon

c6@

visibilily is edier

ladud.s if lhe Mmn is

nonnern posilion

i.

eufi

dd still

tne

Thc situaion h revese for lhe

rhc nonn hitudes Duing summer of the nodnem

of lhe s6 then ftis v.nex d@s not @ch irs

.e{ cE*mt vhibilitv

is better in

$liheal henisphte Tne

(nonhwardt and below Goutbwrdt fion

'xcm

1ne

norlhen laitudcs

palabolu opens westMd above

vcnex The CuR' A is

th

rhe collection

of

points on rhe 8tob. fot which rhe q_value is 0.216 All rc8io's $ithin lhc lwo b6nches ot
$. p&abola wesl of rhc vertcx the EgioB wh.e |h. q_vdhe is s@ler lhm 0-216 md

ln. Mlcd eve in lhis rcgion' Csc B is the colleclion or

all points where the q-value is -0014. In all tbe Eeions be$e! cuftes ed B lhe
cicsc.nl is lisible to thc nai.d ete onlv undet pcrfed visibililv condnions

the cle$ent h ea3ily visible to

_0-16) de $e tgio's io wbich

The Fgions b.(wen cuN. B and C (q_value
visible lo
obsen.r suld Gquire opdcal did 10 locatc ihe cr*c'nl dd thn it mav be

naked cye. For reSio.s

wi$

q-vdlue I$

t\ai

_0 16 rhe

the .akcd eye For a comnon. untaincd obsePer

*ould

bc seen in

rgions

ed

cresenl wolld not be visible to

it h highl) unlikelv thal ihe cFscem

oflhe aNe A Thc scienificallt ecoded

obsaliom

(oh

bNd) do oot Pohibil obedalion of

in facr' lhc
.r.sc.nl wiln mkcd ye in region belwn cwet A 6d C In sucn t'gioN'
probabilily of obsenation incFdes whh the nlmbef of keen tdined od expenenced
ehich all $c sludy of the rwnlith cdturv i3

145

SCHAEFFER'S LIMITING MAGNITUDE MODEI,

4J

Ilruin (197?) ued only avfrgc brislhcrs ofsk, duinsrviliehl and rh' vanarion
of brishtrcs oinE full Moon ro obEin appNximlc cohlrsl lb! (csccnls of$rtuus
sidths ro develop hh crcsccnl lisibility cuncs dhcussed a6o!c ftc t'srltins nodel

lms of , rclation berwen cRsenl width md thc Elalilc tltiludc ol

{*dr ar "tal rime dcduccd by Yatlop (1998) pro!.d 1o b hiShlv succcssful'
fornalized in

lihough, the basic data cxtacled by Yallop frcm Druin

rcplaced

bt rhc

iom Bruin

ih

was

d,tt .re mrlgi.ally

ces

vhibilil! n h6

bccn secn rhlr

bctter dan thc lndian mcthod

lhc ddo scl

nN

Schacllcr (1988a. 1988b) oh lhc o$er hand has uscd

cxr.nsivclt

visibililv cuBcs-

basic das due to Scboch (1930) (lhe Indiah nclhod) lo aFivc ar his q_

value coodidons (di$nsed abovc) for rh

rcsulls

$c

'or

phvsics

of \isihilirv'

rcsulrcd inro a lool (6at Shacrdconvencd inlo a compubr Dmgmm) to

ddmine $c briebhcss ol sky at anv

poi ol tinc dd

for di{Icrcnl aftosphenc

{ork Scbaeficls progrm h ep$duccd a'd

frade pad of the lundr crc$eni visibililt software dcvclopcd. Ililalo! ro clal@re
lisibilily cohdnions. Tlis pan of the sftld is rsi b conpurc thc sk! briSbhcss (or
linni.B magnirude) al points clos to $e cre$eht md the aPPatunt nagniiudc or lh'

rcmp*tutes aDd rclarile humidil!. Ih rhis

$c laryins conmsr dunng twilighr for vanous tcnpcrat!rcs and

olativc fiunidny. If rhe appaFnl brighmes of the crc$e.l h morc ddi tlE bighhcs of
(1988a) himsell'
lhc xrilishi sty lhc cre$e should b. visible o$cNne nor Schacflcr
lunar crcscenr ro sludy

sinilar rcchnique lo @lyscthc visibililvor invhibilnv data avnilablc in his

arc
@hnique is ,Pplied to $e d a*lof rh. chap161dd the rcsulB obbiocd

hasap!li.d
riFc.

-l

he

pnqntcd

in rabt No 4l l

Bcforc

discussion

6n rhcs' Esuhs Schrcli'is

nldhodology t-or compulins sky briShhess undc! difeEnl ahosphcnc condithns 's

Aner rhc conjunclion thc ne* lumrcrescen{cd bc seen in rh. scslcm skv ck'sto tne non&n md lhe Poi oa $@r Simildly the last crc$enr cm bc secn i. lbc

casrcrn

st!

bc

forc sunsd. l hc

rwilislr sky dcp{nds on

conlEi

d number

bc(wce n lhe briebtness

f crcsccni

Nd thai

r thc

of f.clou. Thcsc incllde:

P6nio! of the c@nl which n.elf is significsntlv {fTctcd bv

Tbc $.nerine orthe

tieii

cEee fld

ftom

Lhc

thc sunliShr dle to (a) thc

roial amount oaair-nass the ligbi tdvels-lhrcugh. (b) thc rotal amounr ol

aeosol pesnt in lhis air. and (c) lhc slratosphctic ozonc thoush shich
rhc lighl bas lo ftvel. Th6c *!lt ring souEes cauF th. inlcnsnv of liehr

$c S!n. lhc M@h and o$r sourcG (like

anilicial light lbat G nol considcfd in this work 8lh'v m noi s
affc(i!c during lwilisht.

sourccs of liehr rhal includc

The amosph{ic

ldp@tuE

and the

relaive hunidilv

lh* alldls |he to|,al brighlncss of lh ikv is

conpded at lh point whcE cmcol is pae lf rhe bnsl i$s of $c atv is noE than
rhe
or equal to tbe briShine$ of the ccs. ihc cGcent En nor be s(n' Eten ii
Taling in|o considmrion all

it is vcrv
brishtness of the crcsocnr is marginallv moe $an the bflghtncss ot ihc skv
difilculi lo loc.c lhc (erc6t withour tny oplictl lid ln $e followinS thc q@'rilalivc
bols aR di*ussed bricfly for .ll dc$ @nnuaiions:

w.ll lbo horian $e lpFcnt Fsnion ofrhc crc*e isEi*d

anamon.tR. thc angl. ofcfmdion (Snan l953.G@n 1985). givcnby:
For alirudc

x=5s.{#]*'
whec P is the ahoq'hcic

P6$rc. /

is rh.

|cnFatuc

(4.i r)

and z

lhe cEscenr. for ahiildcs closr ro rhs horizin rhe following

t47

bv

,+ 1i - l
L I+441
r ."rnr I
x- t.ot.corlA,+n'+s.tt
|
i

whcre, 90'r : lnd

- 9ou

lion schacf4

and dcrailed

pogBE)

linitiie

rc

Hilalol wo develoi,cd in $is work

naehitude thc major nePs ol calcularions

lised b.low wih bncf de*riPtion Rel4nccs

d.sc'iptions can bc folnd in Scherd (1993)

Thc prcgEn funcion

.
.

The sollwde

t.2)

(4.ltj

ror lh delcrminarion of lisual

iadoplcd

(4

l,.cor

/drat

r'l(,)

1at6

inpu/pE-c.lculatcd valnes listcd bclow:

a4r. thcal(iludcofnoon abovehonzon.

ftc azinnth oithc noon

kvelih ndcB, Pn,z. cslimlted rclalivc

place. p/a/. lairud of the plde. PratP. esrinatcd lcnDdlrrc of

par. the alrillde oflhc place abovc

hunidny of the

tdu.

sea

. sd/pn4. lhe right Nensioh ofthe $n at the inc of ob.cnstion.

. \eshlil (= 0.365.0.44,0.55, 0.?. 0.9) $. {av.lcngths @@spondinS lo U- B. v.
R

md I bands

. b,r.r[t (* Sxl(]iJ. ?x10 i. lx10fr. I'loi3.3xlOI) p!3ncl$ !.lues in lho

nish dhc brigihss sssilled snh .rch wvelenglh $lccrcd

. a!r1t

(= 0, 0.0.01!. 0.008.0) p@eler values in $e cxrinction cctlicicnr

corespondins lo lhe ozrne factor ssdialed wirh ceh wavel.neth sclccled

. rr.!.r/, (- 0.0?4- 0.045. 0.031. 0.02. 0.015) p.Bmcrer

values in $c cxrinclion

ceficicnr coftspondi.e to ihe w@ficr facloa (hmidnx lcmpedurc

associatcd

wilh each wavelengh sel{tcd

@vh[j]

l.

coftsponding

elc )

-lA.%. -10,45. -11.05, -11.9. _12.7) lhc nagnitude of fuu moon

ro

dififtnt slel.d

warclenlh b6nd5

mschtil (= -25.96. -26.09. -26.74, -27.26,- -27.55)

coftspondinS to diffrc sel*ted w6v.le41h bmds
148

fic $lar

magnilLrdc

cnschtl

!!

t.36.0.s1. 0.00, -0.?6. -1.17) @Nrion for lund masoirudcs

csponding ro difiere.l sleded wavelcngih b6nds

r"a..

the

ler ofde obseMtion,

c?,,ap.lhc elonsalion oalhc n@n

'lhc funcrion

shs

I O.l.lM tum
dishnce ofrhis

+ 0.r-i-e. a poinl

wnh sky position

sitnhr lult

clo* lo th. cstrc of $e tu.e disc

Thc

mdh

^.ilh

poid.:ed,sr is scd lo calcul.k lhc 8as. aeiosl ed lhe o7..c

= {cos(?cdig )+0.0286

x4

bo(ud'i

"'=l

lhc sun al lhe line ofob*ryorion

Nnh $lcclinS a poinl

xr

. L

fon

)+o.or

icxp( to.5'cos(zsrd,ri
1xp(

)r-l

(4.3.4)

-2a.s'cos( rd,u/,Jl ))l-r

(4l.t

l'
lr.:oro;rrl ]
lsintf,",./,r I

ndss

(4.t.6)

This is followd by rhe calculaio. of th cx nction @flicicnls componcnls

comspondine ro live

diff@r

\Evlnglhs

& =o 1066 '*e[- ?s4J'("qrrtl'r)

r,

=o

in the

@v Ydc,ll/:

14i7)

r,(xru;'".-,(-#).(' -a##-*,) ",",,,

J,
Ka =

cleted

*orr'.^-,0*r!!\

'
+0 4'lpto! '
o.'chlil'O

*,, =,,,,,,r,,..

''o'

co{satpha

- cosl3'

Ptat )))/

(.r.3.9)

*.(,i# ).".(tf ).".(- #il )

For cqch wavloslh

(4.i.10)

bed rh.* eidnction ccmcicnts a'c ecumulalcd in

(4l l l)

krchli)= K, + Kd + Ko + K"
And rheir linearconbinalio. wiih mas componcnls

tE

gathcrcd inro

dnvhJl:

,.tdchltl

lbe.qurioft
O.

1.2,I

rhe

K,' x,

+ Ko' x o +

X-'

(4I

xs

12)

(4.3.?) to (4-3.12) aE Pleed in a loop thal rum nv ddes oncc for ach i

Aner$eexccution oflhb loop lhc rir

and 4.

m4ss al

poin

r,

thc tosnion

of

M@nandfiarof theSunacc.lculal.dusinS:

rrr@/

il

K,

= [cos{'drd'Jt )+o.o2s

(nofu < 0)

ar

nnposl

icxp(-II'co(z"dirt.)]

(4.l.ti)

= 40

nnpoeJ -lcos(go -

nul )+0025 r.xp(-ll

il (\ah <0) xn@ld =40

et:.

snpoel = lcosleo

- ett) + 0.025 'cxp( -l

Th. masnitude olthe M@n

mtut

-.12.13 +
+

FoUo$rd by

is lhen

. (4.1.14)

, , (4.l.tt

@lculatd NinSl

0.026.lt 80 -.to,@

a. ltso -.tons )a' r 0 t

c'.rrt4

nid -am. bnghrncs.

honlidl

biehh.ss. twilishr bnghl.s and $c

nq6tl
ctree - n 4 1. Lkhlil'

kn

= rc15t5

ftmp"

noohh

^filb

=rc

06

+cos'(/.io'sui

$c clonsrtion ofF

(tuh . ahree + aaoo@

roo

rc4 a'

l,

t'chlt l'

)J

'(l -

ro-0

4'ri.,l'l'"*/ )'

lt - c!tuae )i)

nschlil ttz 5 -s.t'

(r _

(4.r.r8)

,+

fon $. ccnft oflhc luE di$

o!'lo,htus D6c'il4+.r:7)

= t0-0at(,*.r,14

i_
ctort

is

(4.3.r7)

| 40) +6.2.107 t(leto,stunf

tot36 .(r

$hm /elo,At,

-!'dt'

-0r.,,.,r,r"*./
o

t(t@ I llchlnl

'

ro(6

|rydql

r5:/./d,N* i

1t3.rot

(4.120)

)
(4.1.21)

a0)

+6.2'to1 tlfetoresn)z +
ro$6 .(.oe *.o.'?(tt,,r* ))
03rrs/'I4\fuir'
)'
.tqh - |o ort'l' ;i,l't'n6chlil'ar'').t -I0
,
*aaoooo'(t V"'

/g-,

(a3.16)

"fat

"hn))

150

(4.1.22)

(4.12l)

lf thc hviligh briebhes

.i

r,grrb

in

L.r/t

and

.'

rv/, doninats

,1, are slored in

,r.r/t

Morcover. ifrhe Moon

l-iially, fic brighbes

,.\rrlt

ovc. tne day lieh briehhcs dat, rhc. thc sud

otncffi$ rhe sun of ,'s&r, md etb rR noE'd

is.bov. horizln thm de,, C lho addcd to bs.r/t/.

is @neened inlo

.m-tanb.6. fon cquaon (4l.16)

till rhis point all conpulalion is done id a looP that recutes Ilve timcs again, once for
sch wavelrylh bdd *l4td fnc aicula$on ol 6e limitins naghitudc /, is donc .s
(4.1.24)

l5o0)

la (tel <

Els

{ co,a

kh = tum'\t

t.. =

ic,,e=loat..eo

t6

i1 -2

Jctu" tb.t

Io

rr

. .n

lo-re)

"

'

(4.3.25)

t,IVD)
\ In(I0) l

(4.1.26)

d.".htzl

Schaelcr (Scha.fer. 1988) in his drtshold

(4.) 21)

co.tdsl nodel calculates /i

of $c ratio of rhe acrual tohl brigltoBs of th. M@n

ad $e

as rhe log

tolal biSlttnss oi $c Moon

neded for visibiht fo. rhc givcn obsping condiions ln this

rc|k

we considr rhc

mlg.itude oflhe Moon and $e lisual limiliog naennude slculatcd frcm thc alsoinhm
givcn abovc- The diftcmc. of Moo.s naenitude z"d!A and lhc visutl limitins
nalnitude

le-

is consideted .s nugnitude .onxas de"or.d

bclow) sbows dirercncc ofscbacfcls thEshold cohtrasl

/r43

Scries I sho*s ,1aas lor crcsmls

crusoent ihrl \vcre sccn Sdies

wce not

sen

d lhal

4 zDzq
and

A plol (Iig

4l

$c nasnnudo contasl

wca not $cn and erics 2

shows ,'lu zg ror

and series 4 sbow ,4 cot.spondins lo dcsccnc

$al

scte sen Esp.clively.lheda1a lor this fig is talcn lrom Sch.cfc!

vales ol cont6$ fo. crcscns $al wrc nol *o ad lhc nesrtilc

vrlues lor conlrdt lhal *erc sccn snoN lhc inconsistcncics ol thc modcLs qirh lhc
ob*ndion. Th6e inconsisteoci.s may E$ll fDn .stiDatcd lalues of tnpcaorc a.d
(1988). P$nive

Elative hlmidill adoptd for lhe calcllalions.

l5r

Thdhold conExl vr|

f.e.ltld. conbtt

i-

4l l
Ta!t.4.1.1 is d.v.lopcd sina the sc prcssn Hildol i4 o!&r !o sDlv* $'
crts@t ob*frarion @rds t Ln tod ti|c E (S.h&Lr' 1988t Ydlot' l99E Odeh
Fig No

l'bl. obsfrrion Dmbq (s sign d bv Odch (Od'lL 2004).

dde of ob*darion. ldrlud, longrld. &d.lcvstion tlove s l.v.l of lh' ple ftos
wh.d th. c'l6l is ob*dc4 followEd bv $. diMr.d ldp.tat@ 3nd 6ri6aldl
Elarivc h@idny. Th .ext thF @luld @nr.in $c uit.6,l lim' &d th'
ldf,rdlig Ms,in4le .dr6t wh.n th. ru&ttn d" co,rr/dt b4om$ j6t f!vo@bl'
.3l!n) *id n is bsl for sidlinS
for siShrinS of c'lsdt (@lum vith hddinS
(@lwn wi$ lsdins 'bd-) ad whd i is favo@ble io' sidtina ror th' lar rin'
(6ltm wilh hddirg 'ta'r). This 8iv6 lh. tine Engc lor $e posibl' Et'd cve
2004). In @h mw of thc

c'ls6! TIE rus,,'& .otdr i3 @Nid.ied onlv fot @id'd visibilit,

oa crcsdt. Th. lan $E 6ll,!m @Duin th. i.fonMdo. E$ditg *tEths lhc
clt* M claincd b b. vi3ible widout dv opdcal ai{ wi$ a bi'@ulu ot eith a
visibihy ot $.

t57

Tt. ob*Mtio6
rhar

rh.

de not

@sidered in th. llblc 4.3.1

cc@ 6 sn
El.ver. Moeov.r,

n valual.d
ntaEnituda

10

by

dy n@s .s

ody rno*

*lq il wr claim

ll|e rcordi enen rhe

tnpdt@ dd Glatirc huidily il

nr}d eye visibihy ol $. asc.nl, If th

by vrryiog thc Grinared

oblain oplimm @ndilios for

co"na

i.

is obtairea ro b

favour of visibihy onlt dcn lhe

lim. ra.8. of

lisibility Ee delemined md included in thc rzble.lt thc nagnitude

co"rf"rr is nol found b be in favou. of u.aid.d visibility the l6t posiliv. value of lhe
naked cye crescenr

nagritutu conn$t is c5lculaled md th.

se

coGpoodins columns. 'rhe s,m positivc vahe in all

that under lhe

walh.r ondnioN consid.Ed

]-his table shows tbal $erc d

aid when nagnilude contmt was

css

ll

rh*

the crsccm

cases

in aU the thR
@tM.s it rhc indicalion

vatue is included

ws Evr visible

to lhc naked

ofposidve sighting claihs {ilhout opiical

nclq in iavour otunaided visibility.

All

tsc positile

aho nor in aetemenl wilh tbr conditions due io Folhqi.ghm dnd nalndeu

oily ntr8'hal
6e mlcdly diffD fiom Lllm RiF@ss law. Onl, I of

Lunar Ripeoes las d@s nol allow

l0 of

thcse

dd

the two of lhen

b n. Only one
$csc 13 ces ue not allowed by B.bylo.id cdknon. To or thesc ces m not
allowcd by lndim nlhod ed rhe !6t of th. thrce m n&giMl c66 i. Indid method.
Boih Bruin's limit 6d Yallop s critcrio. do not allow.ine ol rh.s cases ln cae or
cses a.cordins

orher

tou

dlaims

dlsion difieB

Ellfoutcs*

are marginally

lllowd by Bruih's critelion bul Yallop

lot in one oflhem.

Thc liBt pase of the lahh 4.1.1 shows t$o etaa odinarv claims of nakcd cte
vi.ibihy of crc$enl, ob6 No. 189 &d 455 wilh q_values -029 dd _0 216 Thc Yallop s

c.it.don d@s nor allow naked y. visibitilt for lhc$ q Qlrcs

8d

tlE naanittde

.o"r'4r, b ale nor favoMble ev.n wirh hiSlly exassenled wealh.r condnions The
Modifid Ripene$ Fuciion (chapb 3) !alu6 corespoldine to lhs oberations e
aho noi favoudbte G0.95 md -0.62 in tablc 1.5.1) for cEscni vkibililv Therefole th.*
obsedations, as lhey fdil to etisry evoy model, de highly melilble ahd ar. outlie*

l5l

noc clain ofnajcd eye vilibility of ffiant wilh t-Elue lcs

rnd -0.16, obeMtion no. 2?4, with q-BlE -0.22 | (AR- = - l .l9)- I1tis obs.dalion it
not allowed by both the Yallop s crilerion dd th. Lunar Ripenes Law but wnh highd
.tevariotr (1524 n 16 ahove s lcvel) dd loe hmidity (6linat d to bc lo'ld lhe
tuEnitude cohftast is favourabl for uaided visibilily lnd $e ob*nolion is not
uNlidble. In rll the esl of lhe cB@nl oben rions *ith I-valB ls lnd -0 16 lhe
TheE is only onc

claih ofvisibilily of cressnt is with binocular or

nor

ucliable 6 out of25

s@h

claim

wit

lelescope. Thee

8 harc favounble

ete visibility with oplimm 4tinales of lehpcdtwcs

claiN de

also

uas,itt.L cotun lor n*.d

ed rclative hunidiry'

The hagnilude conrAr for sme other r.porledly Positivc cE$nl sidrinss
{ithoul oplical aid n nol favoudble. Th6e
obeFalion nunbe6 14l, 3 19, 416, I16,

315. 2a6. 611, 314,272, 2. The q-values (and

0.8?), -0.1r (0.07),.0.101 c1.06). -0.047

(-1.t.

0.012 (-1.01).0.018 (-2-88),0.109 G1.47). For

A\"J

fo! $ese descents

&

_0 153 C

-0.02?(0.167), 0.00? (-3-5),0.01 c0.7?),

341.416.Il6

Lumr Rrpcoess Law md ihe nagnihde oi!r60

e.

rhe

thrc. crireda (Yallop\.

co6islenl- For 286,633,114,212

udr "perf*l lkibility condnionJ

but bolh lhc Lumr Ripness Ls* and lh naerrilude conltdt are nnfavoulable for nk.d
eye visibilily. Thu ir apFd thll Lus RiFmss L3w is nole coNistcnl with the

dd 2 Y.llop's citerion allows.alcd

cye vGibilily

m.Snilude conlrdt rcsulis.

Io rhis work limiling tlesopic hagnitudes &e not coGidcrcd as lhe rponed
ccsem ob$fr.tions wnh bineuls {d lclcsP.s do.ol pevid. approPriale d.iails.
ThcrefoE lhe appopiale limiling lelescop.s cm not be conpnled MoEover, out
is horc conccmed wilh

visibility of n w

casd

154

witboul

dy otircal

aid

wo*

t!.2131)

-'.gr""il,,;* I

,.;;;

;;;

t"

"

,.!('!,"]

r-?tp!!

,,;p,{
155

t56

l5?

t58

4,4

A NEW CRITERION TOR NEW CRtrSCENT

while dvcloping rhe "vbibilitv cudcs" (it againsl

5)

IISIBILITY

$d the

limi$n8 visibilitv

c!ruJ (, + r against r) for.onstad brightn.ss Bruin @nsidcrcd the avedgc brightnes

of w$m horian duiog rwiligh od fi. ldistion of lh. bdgltN of lh' full M@n
with tlE alitude above hotian c me ion d @lier' Instcad of @cid'dtrg av'ase
brightness oi sky we hav coNideEd

dual

blighrnds of skv and fte cr'scent calculakd

sing the techniques developcd by Shefet sd olh'6 (Schmier' 1988b, l99l) i' lhe
$nw@ Hilalol. W. $lslcd c@ent vi.ibilitv circUmtarcls of ldious rcw Mm6
css whn lhe crcscenl Ms rponed b hav. beo sn For cFs415 ofa pan'culd
tho
width we found lhe altiludes I oi skv points with btighhess equivalent lo that ol
of skv
particlle crc$. at dilltnt $l& depEsio.s r' Th. ovcdgd of the
'ltiludes
in T'blc no 4 4 l
Doinrs for difl'rnl $ln dctr.$ions for plirhuld sidlh d Lbllatd
grvs
The left most column of lhe lablc contains ihc solar deptssions r and ihe toP rov
enties of
rh {idrhs r oflhe crcsenrs sclaled ed thc n xl one giv.s its na8lnude Thc
$e

6r

of

rhe

blc ue lhc aldtu&s

briehtness of tnc

shcE lhe stv hs rh' sm brighhAt

lhc

cresknl ofthc width al th. top of lh @luon.

It should b. nold thal duins ihe twilighl 1ne widrh of the

crc*dt

vd'es up b a

d.sc.nls. Se6on to eason ed for dif|ere'r lalitldes the skv

qch
bddrlnes fot th. sdde altitu.l cl6e lo th. poid ldee ihe sun sts also vdi's lor
column of th. lable 4.4.1 a numbq of c!*s of alnosl eme cE$enl widtb wE

dc

seconds for very wide

cdes Thc dtla of lhe tabl' 4 4 1 is $e'

plottd on a sraph shown i. fsw 4 4 1.lb lhis figure n as a fuhclion ofr (i' =/6,) @d r
+ ,' = s 6 a fuclion ofr (rl = sat) aG bofi ploned /ft represnl the "visibilitv
cwea &d the s(, rc9dnc the liniting visibilitv cudcs" sinild lo wh'l Btuin

@nsidered md each ahitudc is aveEg of lh.se

(Bruin. 1977) developed.

159

T$LNa43.l

tf

a.l

li

a,

1l

t3

rl!.

-r.8
4.5

tt.a

95
5

2a
5_a

32

2.1

2,5

1.f

3.05

2f

r,e

r.t

255

0l

1,1

0a

ot5

0.t

0.55

o5

o3
o25

o,7

0,2

r.t
2

o2

oi5

Fia. r!b.4.,1.1

Altdav.r 6ot Oap,Ebo

I!
5

3
2

12

t@

0,8

o.t

Alttudo v.6 Sohr Oottesalon

19
13

l:

!9

Th. @rdin rs oarn ninid ofafi, Ghom i. figurc 4.a.t)

@del pe nrv dseloDed Sou tu dE i.ble 4 4 2l

Using

tubi. l.e sque appronn rion

rchtiE .ltilud.

ot@rf

ARCv =

435t

ARCV

!d

lhd

b.sic dals for lhe

oh.ird lh. following El.ro. ben*cn

tu widd

37tvt +2222O75O57W2 5.42264J1tt! + t0.4341159

(4.4 D

I6l

On lhe

bais ofthh dlatioo wc tlcnre th. visibil,ty

p.m.tr

v,

follows:

t/ + 10.4341759)
e = QRCV - ('-O.35lg$7W3 + 2.22207 5057W2 - 5.422643U

l0

(4 4.2)

Our model for .adi.sl visibility of n w

visibility paEmctcr v, in (4.4.2)

ls& *s6!

th. r-vtl@) lhc

ir that if

ceml

rp > 0

(w

@ll the

moy be lisiblc withonl

Applting this o.dition on thc dat

set

ued in chaflet I &d in

lhb chaptcr qe present thc rsulls obtained for whole data

set

of463

opdcal aid

olheei* noi

colunn of table in appe.dixlll.

Fid

fd .ss

optical aid in odcr of inccGing r-ralrcs @

only

66

d4iatc ton ou nodel. our of

cd*

in

d.ltn

when rhe visibilily is claiocd wjlhoul

sho$

in 1abl. 4.4-1. Oui

rhese I

ol0tcs cses

sill

c6es 8 de coosisteni

the

nagnitud conlrast 9 arc consisle.t wirh Yallop s crirerion and 8 ats consislcnt Mth the

Lund Rip.o6s Law, Tbe oberyaiion Nnbes 3E9,455,274, 341

from lhe

Lmr Ripen.$

negrdve

i.

I-aw, ihc

Yallopt crilerion ed

dd

1be Dagnnude

316lhal d.viale

conlrdt

also

our modcl. Howvcr the obseorion nwber 4161hat is negalile in orher

ille Een is th.t in this ce ARCV b redonably hish

(9.41 .lg@9. Txe widdi h small (eund la @ sondt bur |hc M@. is rcry close ro
perige s closr ro $e Efih.
models is allowcd by ou!nodel.

In fisuE 4.4.2 the minima of each visibilily cw. is joincd resulrins inro o
nFi8ht linc stich $nen .xlodcd inr.e.l tn oigin of rhe (r. t) c@rdjnde stseo. The
srope of rhis linc is found ro b

''b*ttine"

of cesenlvisibility

,3
rB

(lh + sys

-)

9-3t5 ot t'/s

4.)15. This

lqds

ro a

a:

-=-i:
s1:s+4.3(Ts+LAC)

(4.4

9.3

besl

tih. of crcscenr visibiliry

is give.

l(2.163)rhpanofLAG in conp&ison ro l(2.25)rh panoflAc in

t62

Dodi6.d

l6l

In

gendl l@kingd

'Ihr

Lhe

@npt.rcdsl!

rn

ubtr jn atFndrxtlt

rl

(m

b nor.d

clain of visibiliy by ey n{s who slalue < -O.t9l. In f{r as

obrdolion nunbf 389 is not coDsin n( wjth .ny nod.l w dject n ed
no

ihercrore we claim $at th@ js no aulhotic obstuation (wi1h

or wi$our optical

.id) ofneq lunar cEsenr for s-vatu. < 4,162. Thus cFsccn!
can not be sen
wnn vcr r-value < -0. l6 evs wirh a rel*cop.
For -0.16 < r-value < -0,061h.rc

opncd aid our of58 rcporled

coNidercd obse(arions.

.laims 45J, 274 and

sd

l4l d lol coNnlenl

fo. lhis tu8e ofr-utues the qscenr

Ih 49 c6es

wi$

26 (45olt clains

-0.06 <

r{!lu.

cs

wirh

ey

ofcrcs

nodet

^s

< 0.05 theG

e ll

unaided visibilny

sw

be secn wirh opdcal

vrs,bihy wirh

@nclude lbal

ad only.

ueided

(25_5./0)

ed 2l

sighting with opricll aid (41%)

we conctudc rhar thqe ac stonS chdces
of
&cmne crescenr vi0r a or.eutd or a
Glespe oii very slih chmc6 for
u..ided sishring, Unaided sightine
b nol impossibt
For 0 05 < r-vatue < o. I 5, rhce
$'thour oprical ad t2ra,. I
hus

nr h! r4se
condnion

For

ot

(sarh{

r-ulue >

O. t

dc j5 sishtincs wirh dtuar

rh.

tuflr

(1[r/r) and 14
hay b easit) *.n qrh opucdt aid

s-htr &d !m be seer wirhour opticaj dn

coldiriotrs and heichr above

5, oul of nexl

*.

under ver) Com

lerct).

t3 obeR.rions th. c@kenr was s.en wirhour

oplrcal aid I 65 timcs (77.5yo).

Th@foE wc conclude th.t for
cEeent can bc esity seen.

Thus

ai d

ou oodcl $ar we @ll .euhi &

164

(lh

r-valu >

0. 15

rh.

critcnon..cd be sleheizd

Calculate

2.

Th. vbibilily condnior

r-vdu. (or vp @odins

vhiutc uaer pertco

a girn

ro

44.2) fo. th.

c|lsdl

by our 6odcl @

ihq

a1

ilc

besr

tine

givn in Tabte

onairiii'lili[

May rcquirc opricar aia

iiiiFitii?MFoli

Requi( ophol ad (ROA)

Nor vis,ure wrrr opriciisia-li

.0.16 <r.value < -O.oa

The success of our hodet in t m3 of

nuber or posniv ob&fradons in
.gene.r wfth orc suggqrd c,itcrion is achived dE
ro lhe f&r rhat we halr u*d
Schrc&as brigblre$ hodet, i.e. actul
brjghrness of sky rnsread of the
avela8e
bnghD.$ ed acru.l brighbcs of ces@r
ins&ld of 1h. b.ighh.s of ftU M@n. Th
nudber ofposnivc ob*pations in
agreeme Mrb a cnterion rs mostty int.rp,ted
6 th

-T--tn*h

:,;--

,l-(rr%r

165

Wlen a ctirerion allows oprielty uaid.d visibitiry of rhc ncw crcsnr dd ihe
cFsnt is nol sn thcn it is a ncgativc.@t. Th.re c& be a.mbd of ree.s tor
negativ

em6. D.Airc

dlononer &d lmws

Physioloey

f&r

rhal

obsdi may

.xFrioed ed r.ined

offie cEsent rhe armosphdic ondilions od the

of dc obw.at cy6 @t stil lead lo non-vbibilny of ihe crent Thes

facloB ae sdlt nol

Oil

rhe

the loerion

wll

exploEd rhus the high frequency

the probLm is srill nol

eh.d

ofrhc..gaive crc6 shos

conpl.Iety. A posniv. emr @cG when a nodel do*

thc visibitiry is nor claimed Snaltq rhc n!frbr of

allow visibihy oa cesc. sd

posirive ercB dd b.ttq is a visibility
c.irerion.
The hbl 4.4.5
or

d'esrem.

slmdises

the posnile

ed

negative obseNarioB in

6greoe.t

with diafcEnr oilcrion fmn ft dara

sr w h.ve choen for $is M,k,

Tte labl is aEanScd wirh dercsing succe$ pcrce
age in tems of vjsibiliry claihs
aruirenl wirh lhe $ircrion. Surprisingly lhe Babylonim
cnrenon

ha rhe besr succcs

percenh8e ti)ttowd by our
r-vatu. crilrioo, Th. l.btc funher shows
Btuin,s
cnrenon (4,1_2) and th. L@r
Ripens law e.qudly suae$tuI, Thse @ followed
by $. q-valu. critcnon of yalop
dd rnc ARCV,DAZ_bdcd Indid ncrhod (1,6.t3)
Tlle crn*ion duc ro Ma@dd (3.6.10)
od lo$erinsnd,s crjterion aE dD lc6t
sucessful ofde mdhods shom
in rhc |2bte, Ir sbould
nor.d lhar tess succdstut a
modd is in d$nbine pGilive sighdnS gncEr
it is. Moreoler, strcrer a hodel jt should
be nore coosislenr wirh .cgaljve
obsryatioDs (wl|en fte cGsc.hl
,s nor sn).

lh

i,

The number of iegarive obsrnadons

in ag@mc urh lhc diterioo is at$
,
omrdkd
6 a resl of a cnr.non by sodc alrhos (Fatooni
et ot, 1999). Howe!e!! ii
should be notcd $ar rhe exploration
of Schafcr shows fior $e bneh|ness
or nagnnude
contra$ is highty dcpendenr
on rhe w.alher .ondir io.s. All rhe
single pameter cn&ria
consdsed in the rable 4.4.5 do
nor conlider wea$er ondiriotu of indilidu.l
obsw.'r'on.If ay
qitcdon alom viribility
in soh cae il ,. sl,U possibte lhal
lne setbq @ddirioN &c
rcr f.vour.bk for vkibiliry &q oe crc*en
is not acrualty

ofd*

166

Tl|rcforc, if Fothcdnghd's criGdon is nosl s@4stul

i. b.i4 cotui$dr fot

dl htu thrl it ii h.tcr or noa d.p.dabl. thd

Ydlop'3 mod.l. Bolh Mah&E $d FolhdinSldt hod.k @
oa resative oh6d6tioB (whd ctlsdr is mt *n) but e lc.st sussful for pciliv.
ob*d.lion. Ihh is tre sinply b..!4 the criteri! a. sficlcr s @nFGd lo o$d
crireria. On th. oih6 h.nd Babylonib @ndition, i-v.lue criedon ed lhe Luar
negalive obedadon rhG

Riperess law

dcs not

at

highlt cotuistent with rhe positive obervalions but

the ncgativ. ob*Nations. The*

dd

l4t

coNislent wilh

other crit.ria (Bruin's limn dnd Yallop\ 4.valuc

onedon) arc noF conc.hed with condnions udr rh. visibihy o{ n w lutu oesenl i3
tossible .nd not

*nh fte .onditions

un<ld which ir is

idp6siblc.

ln kms of ovmU coosislcncy M.!Mc6 mcthod atpcd lo

Bruin'r

lini!

Y.llop

bc best, HoBevcr,

4-valu. cnrcrion, Lufu RiDn.s law and o$ r-vdG ciieion

ba*d on ene Iheoelic.l co.sid.radons &d ihc orhcr hctlDds m only empiri@I. Thc
methodr bai.d on @y thcore cal @nsiderion ndy bc inproved with be d
unde6ta.dilg ol etual physical ed physiologicat dpccts of

4.s

the

probhn.

DISG.USq!9N
In this chapter rh.

tobten ofde 6El vkibilny ofnew t6d cEscenr is cxpto..d

on de basis of pbysical modeh d6cribiiS rhe bnSlttncs of c@$ot and that of rhc
lMligh sty. Tn * nod.ls ha @u6cy of 2oyo vhjch is erhjbned in de succs
Ftqiag. of Edin's lihir. Yallop,s 9-v.t@ crit,ion .nd ou r-value cntedon eith
ovall @Nisr.my of?9.q/.. ?9.5% &d ?5.4% (espelivelr) wilh Ihe obseryatiotu. AU
th* hodeb have tngh s@ss perolag. (90% ed plu) for posilive obFNarioB
(eheo Ih. crcse.r wa Epo.ledly sn). Wilh horc accudtc nodets of biehrles
or

c6c.nr &d r*ilighl sty

$s.

merhods

cd

be

ihproved funher.

Th. physical nodek co.lidrcd in tht chaprer cd bc divid.d iflo rm clses

On th,r b ba.d diectly on ln. brighrn* nodets and includ6 onty fi algoljlhn du
ro

sch4fd Thc orh.. ct$ or nod.ts dcdec !tuibihty

t6l

@ndirjoN

o;

lhe basn of

cws inii.lly

visibihy

corceived by BNin, Thb

clss

includes Bruin's

lidit, Yallop\

a-EIu cntrion md th. s-value cilerion th.l is d.velopd in dis work

w. hdc ucd Schafls

algo.nhn ro cxploE rhe Epoaed ob$natoN out do

uder ftc "Edily visible ' @ndition duc io YolloP md when $. cEse m
rponedly sen, AnohSsl ths ob$palio$ ces lhal have ufavouiablc ha8litude
cont6l are critically exoined md some sft Gjccted (esp4iallv obs.nation nlnbcts
389 od 455) s $ey de lol consislent wnh.ny of lhe visibililv ctit rion consideEd in
not cone

rbis work. Bo$ lhce rcponed cses

nol .oDsi.lercd Fliable as .ven undq niehlv

t nFEtw md Glativ. humidny rhc magiudc contrdt is

foud ro b. unfavoubL for cE$ent visibilily ve foud al lcdl onc ob*oation whn
ile crc*enr sd Gpondly *n wi$olt.ny oflhal oid (obs. no. 274) ed thal is nol
co.sistent wilh any cilcrion bul havc 6 lalourable nagnifude co 6t fo! tlalivc

exrgeerated .hosphdic

humidiry less than 50% and atnospheric lefrpcrature aound l0 deglee centiSBde

sd 455 1nee e ll olh.r caes shen the

cEse w4 r.poncdly s@ without oPlical .id but ihe ma8lilud. .ont6l ws not
Apan fron obervarion nDmb.6 389

ofFsitiv. ob$nado$ re consined wilh ar lcsl on

oder crilerion consitleed in 6is sork A3 the brighhess model tE still nol pedecl
rneEfore thcs. I I obsenalio.s ce nol bc dl.d out .s umliable.
favowbt.. Howvcr,olee

The models $at

@ dedued Iioh

visibility cud6, th. Bruin's

consisr.d

qith.{h

rh Bruin's

isibilitv cud6 ud liniling

linil md YalloP s single p&meter

(it

.ion

drc found to be

other. Bolh hav. stmosl.quivaldt succGs Frcntagc

br

Bruin s

We ha!. developed new visibihy curves and limiting visibililv curlcs using the

o$es O. the basis ofthese n'* cuBes a new

dara *t ad a ncw sinsle pmetei cril.rion b d.duced The .s liniting visibililv
cufl* havc lcad lo a slishdy nodifi.d "h.st lime of cE$nt visibilnv Our nw
brid nss mod.h

due 10 schaeler md

visibiliry cril..ion, thc r-value

;ilaion, is

found lo be norc succ6sful fot posnive

168

obsMriom bul lcs sue.senn

in @mpdien 10 thc Bruin's I'mir

dd

Yallop'3 ctil.tion

for n.g.tiv. obsdaliors.

In vieq ofthe facl rh.t all th vkibilily oiroia de ai6ed al explorin8 conditiohs

undd which rhe new

luM rcsert

may b. seen the suc@$ oI a modcl lor positive

obsrv{ion is hor inporlrnl d i$uc as cohparcd to ils succe$ fo! ncradle

obs.F iions. None of lh sodel h limcd ai deducin8 condnioa und.r which lhc
vieibihy of ftw lbr cJsMt is Dposibl.. ThcEfo&, a nodcls see$ for bcing
consblcnl wift $c positirc obsmlion b lh sses ofthe nodel.
In

vi.s of

the nagnitude @nl@r model

rwiligbr sky il h6 ben

*en

lllar rhc

bed

on brienb6s of

lbibiliiy of .ew lun& cr$enl

c@.nt dd of

is Sreatly aff.cted by

(i) $e eleelion above sca lv.l oflhe obs.Nation sne, (ii) rhe almospheric lenpcdurc
and (iii) lhe relalive humidily. Higher is the.levation morc islhe maghiiudc contrasl rn

favou ofvhibilitt. Lowd is lhc lenpcEiuF or hunidily the nagnilude contdt is mote

cEse

if *niampidal diteri likc Yallop's g-vtlu.

cril.rion or ou s-value critdiotr <to.r rct allows cE$enl visibilny wirhoul &y oflical
aid thc mgnitlde conBl my b ir favour of nlcd cye visibilirt of the no ccsccnt lt
favouBblc for

hay b.

due

hid*

sighdne. Evcn

elevation

ofrlE siL o. v.ry low lcdFarue

Thus in makins decisions about rhe duthenticiy of

or humidily.

ey clain

of vnibihy of

.eq

lun6! crcscant any smi-empi cal or a simpl..mpirical cribnon alon may nol pbve to

be sumcie.r, Such a

contdt befoe
All

any

qiidon nNi b. suppledcnted b, m molysis of maglitld

althdiicalion

th empirical

ad

the

is dorc.

si4mpirical

mod.ts

dduced ftom

$ne baic

ei

Fa
ARCV-DAZ rclarion (lik.

ofdara lhd is d.dued vithout tating th. ahosph.ric @nditions and cldarion .bov.

l.vel. This b6ic

et of

dala

mv bc b@d on d

Folh.rin8bm's, MaudB or Schdh nodcb) or ARCV-WIDTII relaion (likc Ylllop\

nodd or our model devloped in rhh wo*) only. AlthouS}. atmospbdic conditions cu
nor be Dr.dicred ;ccnrately, rhe sesonal svelases for temprature md Elalivc bwidirv

169

nay be considced for an adv&k pGdicliotr.

dual ahosbh.ric

conditions

esriMtcd tcmp.rarurc, 7,

cdc of vdifyins

visibilig claim

$.

mv b. 6oded.

Thercforc, a possiblc slralgy for

t,

I.

vedliatio. day

be to usc eslituted alevalio.,

dd $dnakd Glaive huidity, l/0 md get thc rsults for

g-value or r.value. lf n allows crcsccnr visibilny for lh. eve.ing in question

dd fte claim

h nade, tbe clai6 is acpted lf1h. s.mi-.mpiricsl cribnon d@s nor.llows ccsc.nr
visibility dd cresccnl sishtins is claim.d, .voluare mleniludc contBsl M,. Iftlo > 01he

i. elvalion, rempctur dd Elrtive hunidny e

onc con adjust for thse quanfii* and qiry whether a favoulable ma8nirude contmsr (M
progran Hilalol alloqs for vElidtio.

< 0) is obtaincd or nor If rhe new mgnilude contmsr is favoldblc dcepl lhe claim

On bsis of the d!r. generaled by pDgEn Hilalol GhoM io

ngu6

on the n xt

page) Elations berween magnitude coht6$ and rhe quantiries on wbich ir dep.nds
ahd

I,

ar obtained

M=

M= I

{t I

aollows:

8177

-1.autE

+ O.0Ao000ze

t626e40n22)

M = -A 4 368 + 0 Ai26T

_A

0008f

+A OAOA6t'

ThG for meter inc.edc in elevalion M dece66 by O.OO0OO0I4' _

O,0O4l, for ach
pcFnlagc ircre4 in relaive hmidity rl' vdies by
incrss by O.O3l 56e(0 o,o:d) ed for
ach degce cenrigrade inc@sc

in tnpqarue

- O.OO08T +
0.000006T?. This n6y ledd to the alproprjat elcvalio,! rehriv
hhidiry dd
athospheric lenperarure tequjEd for faloldbl nagnituo
conrsr An applopnate
erclation my b tbe elvation of . hill top o. buildirg Mf fbm wher
m obseFalion
nay bc @de or oay hale be. @dq The apprcpiare lchlsar@ ed rclalive hMidity

t70

incrcdes by 0.0126

may 6ose that nay

b. lhe ayrlse for lhc eson or lhc valB $at wE

re@rded ar rh $ne of obsc(ation,

ELEVATION VRS NAGXIIUOE CONTRAST

y=

?E.ri.odtr+

af?

3.

E3

HUMIDIIY VRS IIAONTUOE CONTRAS1

$,
3.

33

TEIIIPERATURE VRS MAGNITUOE CONTRAST

8
B

t7l

acNally

Chapter No.5

APPLICATIONS

Durin8 rhls work lt ls obsoed thar since th6 Babytontan eE

nomber

ol

pr.diction crltsrta, mathehatic.t

flt

recenty a

.s we as obsewational. were

developed ro detemln whon the new tunardescnl woutd be flrsr seen tor a gtven
rocataon. as tho

new month in
sagnirrca.t

fist

appea.ance ot new tunar crescent marks tho beginning ot a

obseryarionat tunar catendaE thele crireria and modets are

fo, calendaicat

purposes_ whther

carendar, like the tstamlc Lunar catendar,

carendar of not rhe36 c.trerta provtd6s

ui

an actuat obsrya ohat

tuna,

lh.se crireria tor arangtng its

a uidance for both teslhg an evtdenco ot
izes

crescenl si8lting by common peopte and tracing down ihe

dares ot a catendar jr
hErory where app.opriate dates are not we recoded.
Ttus the main uti ty oi the
prediction c terta tor the eartiest visibiny of
new crescent ts to regutate tho
obsefr atlon.l lunar catendaf .

Although ftrst order approximations, rike Anrhmetc

LunarCatenda, thar are
oased on lh6concept of LeapyeaFand rh6 averag6
mooon or rhe Moon fave been
in use, Nluslims hEve been to owing dctuat sihtng
o, crescenls ar teast tor the
monrhs of fas n8 (Ramazan) and pitgnmage (z
hajjah), the acruat moion oi the
Moon varies grea y due to vartous tactoB whtch causo
rne obseryarionat catendar
lo be ditfered froh the arithmelc c6t6trdar.rh6 Catendars if
based on a prediction
c lerlon llko thar otya op or ihe one devoloped In this work are rhe cto56t
to rhe
ob*patlonat catendai In this chapter, wecohp6rethese carendaBwith
th a.tual
obseryatronat catend6r in pracrice In paktstan tor
th6 years 2ooo ro 2OOz, ft ts
found rhst on avorage 93.7% obseryadons ,16 ac@rdtng
yalop,s

to rho

t72

o_v6tue

criterion or our s-value (or Q&K) cnterion. The disagr.ededt ls lhe resull ot eilher

the bad weather

du.lo

whlch the.ew lonarcr6cent could not be slghted 6nd

th.

lunar nonlh b68an one day lare, or too opilmjsrlc clalms ol obse atloh and tho
Lunarmonthbeganonedayearllerthanpredlcted.
Funher, In ihls work another aoollcarlon ol these models is consldered. Tnls
is lhe use ot lhese modelsto dwelop a compui.tional roolro

detemlnethe lenglh

of cesce.t from cusp to cus!. flie nw lun.. c.scent as well as crescent on next

few evenan$ b obsened io bs shorter tha. its rheoreli.ar length Le. 180 degree

IromonecusDlotheother.Anumberoialrho6havedscribedthereasonsforthe
shortenln of the obsenBd crescent (Danlon, 1932, Schaefer, 1991, McNally,

1943). However, Jew have atlempted devislng a mathemallcal technlque lo

delenino the exrenr of rhis shorrening ol rength ot crescent. On the basis ol one
pafamelef dlleia ee have used cresent ot minimum visible widlh as limil on lhe

le.$h or .re$enr and

a simple rechnlque to calculate lr.

beginswilh a desc ption ofthesme.

5.1

devrs6d

The chapter

LINCTH OF LUNAR CRESCENT

Ihe hct,lld rltc nc\v luhlrclesor appcds stroncr llEn 180. terA r.islnorn
ldt cenlrics. Il wns Denj.h wlD fi^r savc rn exptturarnr for the pbenoneion (Dor.ru_

lt32&1936)andalributcdi(o$etunarteniincloseto$ecuspsMcN! yanribuluda
dillerenl reNon snh

McNall) proved

tis

pbenomion disadine Danjon\ hlpo$esis (McNa y, 198:t).

rhar lh tcngrh

ofrhc shadoss ctose to $

oflunar suiface IoD beins pertecr

spherc

coutdnl,jimiiish

hrnar
rtre

cNp ond fic d.panolc

brignllrss oflhe regions

ofcresent close ro cusps lo bc rhe caNc ol rhe phenomenon. IIe arribured ttrc tength
shorlcdng ofcNscent to lbe,.seing afeca,due lo $e turbrlcDe of lne ,rhosplrere.
McNally has also developed a limula for calcutalnlg te knBh of rhc desceDl, Larcly
Sull (Sulta., 2005) has anribured 0E shortening of lengtn of crcscenr duc to the
Blackwell Conr.st Threshold (Btackwclt, 1946) and has dleloped forhula lo

c.lcurale ciesenfs lcngrh. W. have aho devctopcd a sinpte &chniqne tor catcul.ring

173

l.nglh of new

lum ccscenl (Qucshi

and Khrh, 2007). In the fouowins we reprcduce

this cflorr wilh slighr nodiilcation md a codection,

Schrrer cjecred McNall! s expldaion on $e bais or his Yiw thar rhc

shonening oflhe cr{ent length is situply b.ca6c oflh sharP d*line offie brigntnss
of rhe crscenr clo* ro rhe cusps SchaelTer, 199 ! ). Usins rh. dcudte dodel of Hatl@
(

(llapk , 1984) for calcularing rhc surface brighhcs ollhe cesnt Scbaetrer claims that
Daljon\ collected obse aions anJ his own n* dara fic tbe nodel Howewr, nenhet
Danjon nor Schaefer have sneecsred a ddhod lor calculaling

cacehl

ldg$

Hapkt

rDdcl nat be accurat for $eoreical setling rclatcd lo thc clongalion ofrhe M@n bul

frr

as the obscryed crescnls are conconcd dEre oughl

lo be

a depanur

as

frod snooth

relarion berween elongation and lhe crescenl lcngth. Thc tason we co.sider n baFd on

obsenarions ofsone norning and {enihs cesccDh.

ltosl of

the

edly desfiption of the phononen, concenuated on rclatine it to

plEs (or dongation) of the Moon ihal is gcnet lly

the

th !e6on b.hind the Phenonenon

As rhc clongalion increass rne lengrh of rhe cesccnl fronr cusp to cusP keps iocNing
Nhich a connon obseryalion. The nathemalicd dc*riprion ol lhe phenomenon

'n

lems

!ho\t to bc incoftd bv McNallv Hosevr. e orr

rh ninimu \idlh of visibl. cEse (2 to 6 arc seconds) bv

ufdeficicncy arc. br Daijon Nd

limil oo
VcNJlly le ro ren .mdll "dlu* lbr DJnjotr Liilil lhe d*np'ion due lo McNallv i:
logicall, souDd so is $at of Suh dd bolh rcsulkd in$ tcchniques for calculatng

esrimrrcd

hDglh of

se$oa. HoNerer bolh llcNally

dnd Sullan hrve nol reponed lhe aptlicalion

of rlEn desription o. lh Ecorded hisloricll dria found in liiiatuE (Yallop

Schaeffer l99l elc ). Accordinglo Danjon, d desctibed by F.l@hiet al

si,(a)

st(.)

cot(@)
at

fiS l

(5'l l)

Al" 198) a is rhe

dd o i5 half the cccenl lnElh tr apP6 rhal Dojon tr*d lhe Sine

Wh.c $e @
elongltion

1998.

PQ =

o is fie deli.icncy

in

t14

(Fatoobi e|'

fomulE. by Nunins sphdicEl

6gL

at Q to b.

idr egle McNallv rejeded Dmjoo s

dSmcnt ed 6ing fou-Pafl fomuh adiv6 .l:

(5.1)
. muejn't dillemce b'lsFn lhe lso
the cre$ent l'nrth (2o) is
Esults. Generally thc .lonsation (4) cd be cahulaled and
ro
obede.!. e the rw fomuls 6 b. LPd lo find fi' dclici'ncv arc' Hosder'

Nlserically, for small ddgtes

calcul.rc the
angula!

c6..1

rpdlion

sd

a thee is onlv

lenelh nonc of these

9 ftoD

a cusp in

I
SinE

be

ued- McNally daetoPs a fomula fot

tems ofclescent width R

d:

-T *t'
t Rl

(5.r

r)

lron dE
nininum lisibl. *id$ n.sured ih ddid dncdon 'wtv
is l8O0 _ 29
disc. Thercforc the logh of th ce*ent h oblaits
(sultan 2oo5) adres at tlE
Usiry (he Blackqell $rcshold con(6t Sutan
rh' smalld eqlivalnl Blackselr
ninimun vhibG *id$ (in |ems of didetcr of
l@rion of ob$Parion'
(Bhckstll, 1946) di*) of c@enl ar Frigee dd apoge al his
crc$61 lenglh rsi
Tbe fomula rhal hc deleloped for calculali'8 thc

o.l4)

,=f!1.'to"
l2t )

whde r h th

sdldidetd

of tbe

Moo[ md

o5

l2t +w \

wirh w is the dimter

of

{5.1.5)

snallsr visible .quivalent Bl&kqcll dnc and l/ h cental

is$ecorsted fomof (1.5)inQureshi a Knan(Qutshi &

Kian, 2007). Sultd.onside6 minimum diameter of Blacliwell dGc lo bc 0.14 alc
minucs Nho the Moon b near perise md 0.16 m ninuls whn the Mmn is n.or

widtholrhecre$e.t. (5.1

5)

The presenl $ork is based on rhe obseNalion or the last (old) rcsceit

oD

February 26,2006. Duling this obsenation rhat sGned from lhc bcginhing ofnorning

oviliglr rill \ell past sutrie, il was noriced rhar for rhis 48 holrs Mon. noE tlrn

dcFcs aMy ton lhe

sun

2?

ftc ce$ent ln8fi srancd ro derede \rith lhe rising suD

simihr obsnalion on Mdch 28'' shen lhe aee of Moon wds dound

3l tous !.d

arolnd 18.5 degrees asay lron rhe sun. rhe cdscenr leneth d*leased nrorc npidly qi(h

d(E6ing co.ra$, The l.n rine thb ciescent wJs $en lvilhou optical aid well at$
sunriF s?s less lhd 90 dege* in lngh. Tso dtys later nw cc$enl with agc 27 6
hols ar 15 degees a\ey fom lhe sun Nas olsned till setling Close lo lhe lDtiab
though rhick humid a(mosphde the crcsnt lenglh Ms aganr obscrved to bed4rcsnrg

Thee obsFations cleaily demonslrare thai lheF isnuch notc

phcnohenon
shows

ol

shonening of

expload abolr lhe

cc$ent lcngth apan fom tlapke s .curate model thrl

detendoce ofcB*cnt lcnsth on clongalion tlone.

TherefoE, inrhis
rhe

1o b

ce$e.r.

on th. aclual

fu

qorl,lo

besin

si$ qecoisidera

simPl. seodeuical model ior

model dFsibes the phenoncnon of shortnine of lcn8lh that depends

seniSiaocLr of lh. Moon

csc.nl o\fr tftal

*ll a the rclaliv. alliiude (ARCV) of th

sky. This is denved fro,n thc sinste

crilerion of edlie$ visibiliry or cre$ent (chapler 4)

whe.cve! rhe widlh (o' btigb$e$) of

vhiblc cnrnl widrh (or

b ghtn6,

cF*c

pmnct.t

fld

clos to

(q-vatue or

!!al!c)

is bascd on th facl thai

cusp is below lhe mininuto

or rh. dcscent the vhol l.hsth or ccscent wirh

t76

s.lld

width eould nor b. visibl.. Applying ou mod.l on lhe rc@ded vbibihv rnd

fic ldgth ofcEsenl in 4ch ce is calculaiql Thc calcnlaled

lenSrhs of c$en1 @ al$ omParcd wih thc obseded leheths dd wi$ thc lengds
catculsred uing fodlls (t.1.3) de b McNally md (s.1.4 & 5 1 5) due b Slltan. ln
iNisibiliiy

dala lvaitablc

cs

ofusing McNally's fomuh AA is @nsidded liom lhe cilerioD used in lhis work
&d for Sul|!n's fomula the ninimM width or Bl&kwll disc (,) it 66ideEd b be in
the d.ge 0.14 alc minul io 0.16 arc Finut and depnds on the dislane b.tqeen Eanh

&d th. Mmn obtained using simpl. lined inieQolalion

8..

sh*

G th radius

tF...Cdv tr -cos

ofcfsenr

tlre bLishrns

IrviwofQueshi & Khan (QuEshi & Khan,2007)

displacement v frcn a cusp is gvei bY

t)+

ar

(5.r.6)

of Moon, F. is fie mdimun nux of sunlight

olVoon.l islhc 'ePar-rion berqecn lhe Sunand 'te Moon in our

the Eanh'
the lutu suface dd X B th disldc. of the M@n ftom
lhe cescenl at angular sepaElion V fom lhe cusP is eivcn bv

lV,r,

whc t/. is lh.

oo ro 9Oo

=rcosWll

width of fie

(5.!.7)

CosE) = tl ccatv

cdnr

i!

lne diddle ln bolh the* quttioc

!' vari6 lmh

alo.g fie lenerh of rhe cFscent frcn centE ro a cusp respeclverv

For rhc develop'nen( ofanv nodel thai dcsibes $e

ni'inun

Po$ibl' sidlh rhtt

$e aclual
bc visiblc lttrough naked eve one requi.es 10 s'ek guidance fron
srv voug
obedalioN. ln $e history of *idtjficatlv rcponcd obeNation of thc
1990 (eporled bv
cr.sent Moon, lh ecord is that due lo Pi.rce od February 25'
jusl 14 E
he claift |o have sn wirh narcd ev' B

cd

cl*nt
ils widrh wa3 O 18 dc minut

s.h!.fd ad
houB and

Yatlop) Thc

Amonesl

t11

'll

rfie

'*oded

ob*flalios lh'

siglling of such a youg

ed

wb nvd rcpon.d- In lhe norlel $ar is

developed in this sork thc losct limil ofihe *idth ofvisibl. ctsent is considered ro be
o.l8 aE minut. However this ninimum is not th abelule ninimm for all c6@nls for
all posible el ile altitudes (ARcv). I. fiis work *e consider rhh ninimun of 0. 8
md
. arc-ninutcs of crcscenl width shen fic Elaliw dinulh. DAZ of $c M@n is ao
rhin cesc.nr

rlr r.larir.

alliiudc

ARcv

gives lhe

q-lalueof_0.22. Y.llop

,1R(y =9 6311-6J226W +0 7319

Thc values of ARCV according lo lhis
Nould

ield ! difcre lotrrlihiion

dilTriem relarivc dzinulhs DAZ FoT

ditedon (4

t'i2 ol0ls,t/3

2 3)

for

$n q-

6'18)

giving $e q_rdlue equal to '0 22

*iteion

lhc visiblc width olthe crescenr' Tbis is causcd bv

lh. lasl posibl' ARCV (4o) th *id(h ol

lbe

ln
iNisibk ae$erl Nould bearcund 108 alc{cconds $at occur dl a large valucofDAZ
tr\i.\r ol diis $ilcrion ihi nininud {idth of lisible cr$eol for @v ARcv is Gm'd
and s te *esent isjusi invisible for$is{idth:

(tIa)
Whqrc l'l. is tlE tlmrclical

enlEl sidlh of he ces'enr and 4costl

rvidth al aogte V Irom lhe center of $e

ahnude ARCV li

\alue V =

Vn

de$ent

ordcr thal soEe pan ol

'/dsenl

dre

is $e rduced

sidth rduced bv the chnve

is visibl

4(!'rvl > l'l'

'llrus thc eftstive visibte widlh of$e ce$cnl tor v nnsing

ar sonc

fon

0" ro

(5.1.r0)

900 - t th' aclul visible

Th. brishlness of crescenl falls sha4lv s 0 approaches
valu of vidh eiven bv
of cE$.nt at any val!. of V m6r tE less tbd d e'onetic
(5 1 10) is justiced
(5.1.8) Therefore rhc etr6tiv' v6ible width siven bv

reidrh

equatioh

178

IE

dly lh koglh of.ilsc.d 6d nodo! htr lh. vilibL with of {tt*.al

b! lo diminjrl rlso. Wh@\tr lhc cr.rcdt it ilviliblc 'n vi.w of (5.19) 4r'bs to
it ir ma

c*v-fr=r

(5.1.Il)

ia vi.r6e lb .tleI it vit'bL ia sftlth tl to'E 'rgh

dilh!6l!.cc..ttti3ncv.r!d.conDldc 180!irlcrgh Tbu!'tV=V.

I!.ll

oOE qscr.

!'n Dlrt

(5.r.r2)

Tladc i. (51.12) ||,! i! ! ddr..

lcogth

oflh. ctelcai k

of

Idf l!! l6tt

of

ih' cr'!c'dt $ itll

lt' iol'l

Sivcn bY:

(t.l.lr)

t;rr*"CY'*)

mt

'I}lus $e
xcecds the

ae$c

mi.ioM

width

$.

value criterion, for

len$h

,/,

be dalualed whelever $e fieoelical

cd

visible acording

b YalloPt

palticular lalues of ARCV In

sidlh lr'

q'lalue ctn'rion oi our

$c Fis

5.

ll

the

s_

*8nent [D or

ARCV inlisibl according to Yallop's cliterion

The scgnenl AB is rhe thorcdcal widlh ltl" at fie cenrE of fie cresccr! Al sngular
'lheefore the ponnt on
spaBrion vr from tbc centre olcsent ED equh4(nrl/"
AC is the ninimm width lil- at

rhe ouler

s.

linb oi rlc

dv

cresceni tbal

las dguhr separaion fon cerrc geal$

noi be visibl TIE lisiblc

= ZDOA should

cls

then

crtnds fom D o D'

ihan
@d

(nininum vhible wid$ accordnr8 b

tan ttlq ($coetical widtb) {5 1 13) can nor bc sed ind the

has letrBlh 2!rn. One should nole lhal Nheneve! ttl"

Yallop

cresceDi

nitrion)

is Srearer

isnotlisible, ie iihas m lengdr'

crcsccnl hrs been

The tr1odel developed nl this Nork lo cotrlpute tlB lenglhoflhe

applied

1984 Ylllop'
lo a nuobc. ol ob*rvalions lepon'd in IneralE (Schaeffd
irc of
foi ihe crescenl length against lhe elongatio' also kno*n as

1998) Tbe resuls

lighl orARCL,ae ptscnled

in lable 51 1and in

Fig

t'l2

Tlre loBlhs mcalculaFd

foi tlrc valLE

by scleciing lhc nnrinum vhiblc Nidrh Vn of dcscenl
in rh elerv ca* and ihen usnrg (5 1 13)
b

ofARcv

'c'ordrg

{t.1.8)

ob*ivirion thc @dinares of

Fspeclilclv) tbe rclatilc umull)
rhe lcatioD of obseryer (Ldlilude and longitud
The colunns or rhe hble 5

l'

sllow rhc darc ot

clon8alion (ARCL) of $e Moon at lhc be'(

PAZ). rlre dladve .hnude (ARCV) 'r:d lhe
and lhc cental widh ol cr'scnl in arc
rinc ofobstvalion. lbllowcd bv setr1i_didetr
sidlh viiihle at lbe rclatile alritude
ninules. rlt 4_valu., lhe niDimum cF$enl
lensth cdlculared usiie (5 1 11) Thetablc
c.lculated lom (5.1 8) and finallt the cE$e'r
is aFmged in chmnotogi@t or<lr of
data sl lhat

hs

ben used for

ob$mtio's dd

conpaine mod'ls for

180

co't'ains onlv Pai of th conPlele

carli esl crescenl siehting in

pe!'ous

200

fi

180

reo

3ro

Era

io80

roo

i;@
JM

=ao0

30
20
E mno

tig-

5. | ,2:

Crlgn

Lcogll!

tr' vdi.Ii@ dE

Tlr! Fi8 5 1 2 slD{! lhai lh. nbdioel

ctdid

ARCV

bdwen

ct!*4t

lcntlh

'd

lhc

mdcl Th'
ctdgltion h not snolh s Eporr.d bv sd|Itrcr on {E b$i! of H@k''t
tui! r.rlds fd tl 5 N (i) dE cr.rc.nt hngth ha to bc tff"t'd bv dE ElihMoon
ro lqizd trN|l tfrecr li'
dist ncc .! cl'in d abos (ii) 0F dttdgbdic n!td4' cloe
ftal
v'rv wi'lc cle
cr$ent losrh., cl.imcd bv McN.[v ald Silrd MoEov{
'ot!
d4 vicitritv qftb $t hori4o mull mt v|tilh $ddolv for s

invilibte

dn

lo

$.it

$d nult not h'r'' as lcngh (i3 msl'

!t
eidt
dt b. i isiblc) !.dding to cLi$ of scn*&t Ttt invisibilitv of t
'!l*al
sftn dft$L diiod' (ARCV)
de to ii! clo..n6 io lFdzon (sd[ ARCV) Ho*E'
b tbai for r sw' of
$e rnc G..nt 3lEI bc d!ibl.. Ot <ftosnlid lnd cltir
dt ldgft of
$idlh tlt stving tud' (ARCV) mud clN lo dtc4"
invisiblc crcsc.nr the elongaiion

rrn (sfrcidt)
.le.nl fron nt mdinwn

mv

ba ttiSc

lcnr$ vh'n itt {-valu' is

69 5 12 odlv dto*
h.low limils of !tuio!) sooulv dd iot sdltolt' b nE $din'd
b'@ i"n or [E
obsflllloB .rc coNidctld tri.n lh' d!c'!t M cltimcd b h!rc

cr.!c.d Loglt i!

(al DAZ = 0) 10 iB minimun (terc

c!a!.bla

lEr

182

T.bl.

5.1.1 {Continued

r8l

Tabl 5.'1.1 (Conllnued)

Durins rhis

{ork $e

and Fabohi 1. al.) @uld nol he

?O

acc6sd, howvc.

beins eeneraied at fte Asaolonical

cBcell lengh fon

obw.tions of Dfljon (ne ionc{

Obsdllory

al

fe{ ycas

maiDtaind by oteh,

184

cdccnt ltngth ir

Univdilv of Kdachi. Th!

phologEphic Ecoids i5 given in Tabl 5

obsryadons made by olhe^ durirg past

M.icproi.on

the pictotjal data of

bv Scha'lTs

obseNed

2. This inclldes sone

and tbeir pictutes ate availoble liom

Tne nodel dcvcloped in lhis

for borh Ih brigh$6s

ad th.

lenglt of

.led by rhc single pmercr crilcrjon for $e

earlien visibility of ncq lunar cFscn1, Thc model prcvid6 a simpte method of

cmce.i is nainly

geomerric, suppln

cdculaling lenglh

of

lunar ce$eot and taks inlo accounl lhe atnospheric afects

indiicclly through singlc pdaneler crit ria for th. vnibility of new llnar cressenr only.
whenerer

t/. < n/- fi

r$ent l6grh is nor cakulaled

according lo eordcd obsedation (lable 5.1,1),

TL

dd

rh

nodel hd been Gn.d in nw $ays

I:i6r. ior so6e of $e rcccnt obeflarions whose phologlaphic Ecoids arc available $e
cilculated dd obscrvcd cescenr le.erhs tre compared and shown in jablc 5.1 2 and nr

lig

5.1 7. The cFscent l.nerhs calculared ushg ou! lornula (5.1.13) arc SEaler thm lhc

obseoed values

dd

rhose due ro Sultan srechnique arc genedllt closer to the

!alu6. In calcul{ions

using th. fomnla of McNrlly A-t

obefled

= ,r- dd X = seni'diafreter ol

The colu$ns nr rable 5.12 show rhe dalc ofobseruation lhc coor\iiMlcs ol rhc

rhe Moon

fod

rhe sun

ii

resp*li!ely),lhe elongation

o1'

in d8rees, the seni-diamcrer oflhe Moon. thc c.nlral rvidt[

ol

locatior ofthe obseNer (lalirode md longitudes

degre

lh

cEsce.l. ninioum visible width of cre*.nl (all in dc minul6). lollosed bv lhe

crescenl length crlculated by our nodel ,id $e obsded crc*chl lnglh. lhc .a'nc ordrc
obseNer Th

l.(

No colunns contain cGsce|n lcngtlrs

rlu" ro sutron onj Uctlutty

.,p.ctvely.

as calculaled usirr8

rlE nrodek

Thc du(a in rhh ubl has bccnlnlnucd iD ordcr

oiincre.sine elongalion ot ARCL.

To dGmine rh. lngh
is opened in any sraphic

ol!

$nw

ofr&n do*roeachoftu

crcsenl fom picroial record the dieital phoroemph

l@l- SeleclinS coordinales of

coordinales of lhe centre of the

luft

oa the

poin6

(*o

cenftof$ccrc*enoon
of circlo h developed $at leads to

cusp md on closc ro supposed

vhible oute! liob ot lhe oe$eol an equation

lhe

the
dre

disc, toining lhe cenlre of the lund disc with lh

two yisible cusps of thc crsce.l tbe dsle made al fie centre bv thc tso cnspc is
mc6ud. Tn picue of one of tlE cre$ent m.$u.d in this Mv is shoM in Fi8 5 l ?

185

Fig. No. 5. L7: Mesuemcnr of Length for Cterent of Mav 28. 2006 as pholoeraphed rr

Xffiltr

UtoveElty obsefrd@ry.

'the dlta aor the obsiedcEscehl lenglhshoM in |able 5 12 and the cbart

i. fig

L? shows inlqesrine paficn. Clain d by Schacfer (Sch@fer, l99l ) fie crc$ent lcngh
is a sn@$ fiDction of elonSatio.. but lhis drE er sho*s a tMd that cl*lv exhibns
5.

delialion tion

oy

such

sn@$ rel.tion. I]lc dala sdple is snall bnl lheE de lwo

subsets eech having neally sE@th relations, separatelv. btwcc. lhc crescent length
the longation. Hovever,

elongarion

ll93

s a conbiNd dala sel lh obsflatios uith

AnFa} l44l de8@s (bv Oner) 1667 degEes (bt

rhen consideed

de8lees (by

Ralini) md 20.12

tnd

Qwshi) deviarc Mkdlv lbm $e apPaEnl snoofi

rcsl oflhe dala set Cecchl lnsths in rhcse four cNs are huch

degrees (by

rclarion exhibiled by the

snallcr thm lhe uend shown by the rcsl ofob$wationsas wellss thcresultsofe&h rhc
mod.ls co.sidred abovc fot calculaline lhs le.gtb of $e ciesccnl

186

AII the* fout deviati.S cdes ae photogdphically Ecoded dd have the ledi
posibiliry o| obseNational ercs. Out of |he ts1 of th. ight ca*s anothcr six @

"ob$nation.l lcngrh
of .ew lunr cE$ent is @nMed ils Eladon wift elo.Salion mul nol bc sneln 6
shoq in flsuE 5. L2 as wu 6 table 5. l2 (or nsurc 5. L7).
plDlosnphic. Thc rccords due lo Sch&fq de lhc only

It is
rhe

0tar

erot

tunher nored $ar rhe rool mear square

conputational frdhods (Ouls, Sultmt and McNally

h6

cag

calculated

foi lhe lhree

it n found $at Suhan

led( cror (4.76 degret follosd by McNally's thal ha m

.mr

of 6

s melhod

16

decrs

degR' The najo. difernce hlwen our model dd

rhN Sulbn's dd McNaUy s is that olr nodel 8iv* coosislmtlv hisher valucs ol the
lenefi oi crc$ent, wliets $e orner lNo nodcls havc bolh posidve lnd n.8flive emn

dd

our model hd an eror of ? 22

Thfunctionalrel.tionbet*eenelongationardlhecrcscenllnglhissinlilorinolrtuodcl
aDd $ar due to Srll.n s. bul lhe oneerhibi(ed by McNally's model is m.rkedly difitrcnl
McNally s mod.l is Sivins betre esuhs for larser elo.gaion but a3 $. clo.Sation
becond snaller the emr given by McNally s nodl beconcs leser and ltrger

Tdhl. No

t.1-2tth:.^r"la r'!h,lak.t

t87

L?ngths

o[CrctehB

180
160
'110

1m
100

80
60
zlo

15

ELOIGAN()|{

+OBSERVED FOURESHTS
Fia.

SULTAMS o MCMI.LYS

No 51.7

200

i60
160

E.ro
:100

380
360
20
0

15 20 25

3)

ELq{GAIOI{
Fig 5 |

8r

C'lsat tdgo5 $rinc Eloqiion

188

withdn

wi.rioa dc

ro

aRCv

Tlre modcl for rhe calculation of

cc*ot

lenglh may be u$d

rh.

.dli6t

visibiliry ctuerion 6uch in the smc say

nphasis

*6

nor

dcvlop

6 Yallop\ cilcdon cm b. usd, Hos.ver, our

d allcm e cdr.ion for $c s. This *ork ws i .nded

for a brter und.htdding ofthe grcme$y of the lunar cEscent md lo delelop a ne$od
for cllcuhting iis lnsrh.

The scond md indi@t tesi of the 6odel is its conparison qitb the rcsuhs of

Ddjon ncnliored in Fal@hi

el- al.

Ifthe niiimlm visiblc eidlh

,/,

for vdious ARCV

according lo Yallop's critcrioh is r.placed by rhe

nininum ever visible cenralwid$ of

0.18 aa ninuks tlEt is equivalor b igoring $e atmospheric allst for lower ARCV
|hen the Eladon

b.tsen cEscdr

Schaefer (Schaeftr.

l99l).

The

lcngrh and

smc

is

.lon9rioo bccons snoolh

shoM

ii

as

pE*nrcd by

Fis. 5.1.8. The chart in figwc 5.1.8 aho

sho\s lhat limiling value ofelo.gation lor po$ible lisibilily oflh cEscsr is areund 8
d.grees. As our compurlrions do considerthe an'cctofparallaxrhis limil is equivatenr lo

te

? degrce

linil

very popultrly

rlown $ DanjoD\ linit.

On thc b6is of $e calcuhred lenghs of {escenr and ns elonearior using ou

hodel the Ddjon deficicncy arcs aE calculrted igno.ing the af&ch ol ARCV by
aomula givn by Danjon and thal given by McNally (shown in Fig. 5.1.9 and s.t.lo

Bpedi!ly)
^rrcduoion

These resuhs

ae in clos agreencnr wilh fte Fig I in Flroohi el al (lbar is a

of Danjon\ lis 2)-

189

*.

Fi8. 5.l.9i

D.fici@y Arc rg.ind Elongtiod f.dding to D6jon

;r
3.

Pig.5.1.l0: D.tr

idct A!!.gd!d Eld$tLa...qdiosb LlcNdly

190

LUNAR CALENDAR FOR PAKISTAN

6.2

Mosl of the hlami. counri* follow

ftn

ob*wadonal lu.d calnde,

ar leasl

fot

rcligious purposes, Although subslantial work is done to cvolle a pediction

ciiie on ro dcvclop a univerel calenda! by llys (1984b, 1988, 1991, 1994a, 199,1b,
1997) ed otheB, r truly lnilersd calendd could nor be dvelop.d. As according Io
coDmon Islmic bliefactual sighline

of$c n6! L6d crceenl

is n*essaty to bgin a

Lund monlh, such a univesl calend& $cns lo be inpo$ible. This b |fue speci.lly
bcau* just aner conjuncion $e new luna! crcscenr is nol visibl on rhe sme day
lhroughoullh worl,l, eveD

ift*o

places

ofobseNatio.areoD sm loDgirude. According

1o recent delelopnenb (Scabefer. 1991. Yallop, I998, Qurcshi &Khao.2007)

ob*ryational l@r calendaB for each Isl.mic counlry m be d.veloped bur dc ooi
s.ncally

acceptcd b)'' rarious

Isl.nic conmunities.

ln Pakisian an Offrcial Commiirle (Ruer-e-Hilal Comnft(ec) decidcs about when

1o

beg$ a Lunar nFdrh on tbc bdis ofpublic cvidence and obseNatioos. This

sa$e6

infodaioi

rhc basis oflhe

3bour thc

claim ofsishriig

diFdncsof$e Islmic

organiatiom de

cle

rhe

csce

connilre

Thc clrims arejudged

oi

Laws. Som FpEsenlalivesofvdousscienrific

$c clain/s is jNritled

consnhed. Oncc

relisiously andor

soientilicauy, $e Ennoucemenl is nDde rboul begiming ofthe nexr Lun,r m.nrh In x

way,lhe beginning

ofde pnncipals

'lle

ofE\v lunemond

is bascd

on

public obscBations ' verined

ii licw

laid dosn br lslamic shariaat laws (lisled inanicle 1.3).

advmrae. is rhal a larse numb$

of ob*Ne6" trle

pan in $e exeai$ and

wilh it the pmbability of sighlins .ew cBscenl is incesed. Morcover, hon

observeis de iionr rural arcas sherc thde is leasl

ihduriallraffic

oa thcsc

6nd liSht pollution,

aid n k higlJy prob.blc thal lhe obseNing condilions d nar perfect. TheEfore in this

lhe* public obs.rvations e considcrcd |o bave a hki degE. of autnendciry. ln

\ork all lhcsc public ob$dation-b.*d d.res ofsiart ofach Lunu nonth frcn ye.r

sluljy
lhis

2000

2007 ae reproduced and

srudi.d in conparison wirh thc Yallop\ q value and

l9l

ours-value crirerion-baed crireria. A similar wolk for the period2000-2005 has akeady

bcr reFned (Qushi snd Kh0,

2005)

of E 95 lnDation during the Jmualy 2000 lo Scprenbd 2OO7

1420 AH lo RaM, 1427 AH) .tong *nh obsRalional data 4 presenred

TIE resuhs

(Shawl,

in yeady lables in appcndixlv All rhe conpuklio.s fo! the* tables de basd for the
city of KaEchi (Larirud. 24o 56, Longitude 6?0 l.). The fisl cotom indicales 16r
conjDct'on wjrh nonrh, day, hour, ninde and seco.d for rhe l@al rim of conjuictioi
in the sub-columhs. Thc calcularions are done for rhe day oftast

day and vherc

Equird two days

codlncioi,

tater, indicaled undc. colunn hcaded

followed by rhe Dale in Oregorian catendar. Nexl

$o

fo! $e nexr

.Ldt Coij

cotlmns givc lhe rlarive ahnude

(ARCV) and reladve azimuth (DAZ) in degrecs foltowed by nooDset-sunscr tag ir

m,nules. ftc age ofM@n (in houc), rhe arc or tignt or tonsalion {ARCL in degrt

fie cBscenhvidrl (irr arc minlret apper $e iexr rhre. cotunns, iolhsed by
colhns indicaling the r-value, visibilily condition otr q-value. lhc .elahc and the
and

visibihy conditio.s on s,value. Thc visibitiry condirions are lho* de$nbed in hblc
4.2.4 (for Yallop\ oiterion) dd labt 4.4.4 (tor euEshi & Khan qirerioD). Under rhe
hcrding of

'Momh $c colmn givs

Isl.nic mondr $at begi$ anq a

foltowed by $c CreBorion d.te ot slan ofrbh

rhe nrhc of

sighring reponed on $ previous evening

lDnlh.In lhis 16l coluDn und$ Cregori&

in dE nonrh,

iE

also

8nd

dare

ofsiafling lunnnDnrh, numbsofdar-s

Ttu la{ colunnr conr.ins a comnenl.

sl.nrng new lunar noDlh is in agrccment

thc column conrains I,ROPER.

tle

vi$

the prediotion

..ob*ryalional

If

rc dccision oa

critsioD Gratur q.ilqioi)

decision .nd tbc Nodet

arc

i..gEeme.t only $ne. thc s-value clirerion show Ev, i.e. crcscenr is
clsily visiblc. Tbe conrhenr in ttE tasl cotuDn cobrains ,LATE, if thc dcchion of
consideed lo b.

startng new lund nonrh is one day lare

lalue and EARLY

indicaled by rhe dat of

csy visibitiry on r_

iI

the lunar nonlh has been naned ooe day edlier rhan lhar
indisted by the prediclion crn on. A5 staled eelier all de* calculariohs @ doDe for
KaEchi and for rhe b.sr local lime for E$.nr lisibitily.

Hower, ir

lhal observarion claios are couected from alloverlhe counry.

192

should

b.

nored

Out of rhe 95 public obsesalioDs reponed jn rhis \o*, rher wre o.ly six
occ6ions (Jbe,2000, Juq200l, Juty 2004, ApnL 2006, Jury,2006 and Juty,2o0?)
vh.n th sighling war Epond one day latc ii compdison b rhc pcdictio, crnria
according ro which the New CEscent was lisible on rhe pevious day bd
reponed. Tbere was oDty one oeasion {hor rhe earty sighrnrg is rcponcd
2004), hus,1herc weE only 6.3% enors in rhe decisio.s oflh moon

*s

not

Nov. D,
sightingcomine

ld

sven yas. llese resul$ e ba$d on verifi.d chims Tbe data

B8arding nnmberofcE*cnl siendnB d.ins $ar sre notrc ficd is nol available. The
of Pakistd duing

only case

of

LARLY'sighring acepred by $c audonties was for rhe nonrb of

The main

rtr five indicated occdsions is th overBr

sky all o\r lhe country in.lllbese caes.In case of$e onl)-' earty sigh ns for rh.Ian
scven yea6 altnpts for cRscenr siehring \ere n,ad rhe Obscdatory ofu.ireBity oa
Karuchi using

'e6oi

tor lare sishlinss or

CodC reliacror rclescopc.'the prediction crnerion based on r-value

dllowcd cescent visibility with oprical aid and rhat based on

4-vatue did hot .llowed
visibilily eleo silh lelcsope. We failed in sighinS of the crsccnt bul rhe omcials
acccpted clains of mlied eye sighli.ss

fron aR. ctoe to Kamhi. Akhough,(he d\o

$n$il

cosidercd did nol allow naked ete visibitny on rhisoccasion lhc misconc+tion
lhat if rhe ph4se ol rhc cresenr is noE rh.n l% n shoutd be lisible (Asrmnonicul
AhnrnJ..:l]O7r n ayha\c leJd he,te.i. or D.Jtcr rorcer rt,e.tdtrn;.
The low percenbgc

compaGd

lhe

ofee6

6ul$ of

m@n

1960s and rcpond by Dogger

rcs (qons clains of

wlch,

progEms cohdEted in Unncd Slales in thc tar.

& Schsller ( 1994) Accordi.erorhh rcporl l5%positite

observing

visible bur rhe obsrveF

in rhis obscryalion.l elfo,1 is much noE pbnisi.g

cresceno and 2yo negadve

nissd then) {qc

iound monssr

eriou (cescenr

$c

cxperienced

was

ftooi

s"lche6. Thqe exF i.nccd h@n watcheu \v.rc geneElly consideFd b know wne,e lo
lind $c crcsce.r dd whar dc oiolatioo of rhe ..homs" wa.

l9l

dy

sighiiog

(pardculely for ianins rhe dontbs of

Rd.a

Freque.dy. claims of lery

made

in sonc rcgioG of paknb!

ad Shawat

4s

ienrioned beforc) $at

ad nor accefled by rhe au|hodds. Oie offic Dajor @!s of rh4 dly clains of
sighting ofncw se$cnt in Pakisran is lh. kenness otlh clainr dd lh nisco.epdon
.mongst trasses ftar when lhe 'tighting" hos been eponed in the Kingdom of Saodi
Arabia lhe cr$nt nrusl be sighred the ncxt day in palistan, However. tbe oilcill
d<ision about slani.g n.w
acrual signdng

luiu

Donth in lh. Kingdom ofsaudi Ambia is nor baed on

c6ent

of lhe n w

Thee dcisions

based on cnrcria rhar have

chased tuee tnes ovt $c pan two decad6 (odeh 2o0o).

Up ro 1999 the

or horc alter
nron6.

fiis

oa Moon

citria

vas

fouows

lf$e

fi New M@q ihe pevious

actually

drsunslis t2 hou6
is the fi6t d.y of lhe Islanic

Moon.s age at

day

matu lhd lhc luDr donrh begiG

on

tu

day ofconjuncrion

vhich occurs on or two dats e.rlis than $e rime shen tbe n.N

crescent becom.s

vhible

Fmm 1999te crilerjon

ro lhe naked

{6

.ye,

chareed ro the tottowing: The tunar monrh besins on

lhe eEning *hctr the sun*1is bforc

no di$rtuus .s ir is Fssible

tlt

moon

9l

according to Mrcca. This

lhar rhc sunsel befoe moonsd

sil

\as

occur even

belbre rhe conjunction. ThEfore. rhe hmar montn may begin three days betorc
rhe

in)

ccscent bcomes vhible to nlked cye.

Ftum 2001oD\ardr rhe

a)
b)

Tl'e socemic

cirdion

is:

onjudion scurs

bfoP

Sb*t.

The Moon sck aner rhe Sun.

This is nore realistic bul it is scarccly possible thal the crcscenl becones visiblc
on dE day

The

ofconjunction.

Min p@mders signinc.nl in lh. .arti6r visibilily

cEscenl aE LAC, AOE, ARCV, DAZ, ARCL, Phas

ad

crnerion for lhe luoa

lh widrh of cE$e.t. As

n.ntioned abov none ofrhs pomelets alonc decide the visibiliiy or.on vhibilitv of

t94

lhe

lmd ft*e.t.

Cncrally thc crnical valuc of thc Phsc

(Astrononicrl AlMac, 200?). Duing

were consid.ed in lhis 3tudy rhe'e
cEscenl with

phN l.$

when lhe ph6e

lhan l%

rhc priod flom

qs

ws

Jduary,2000

(as

b. t%

Sepr., 200?

nor a sinsl. incidencc when rhe

ihrr. ws

no claim of sightings

lh. oitclia considqed (Oct. 23,2006

In lhc cae ofNov, 13,2004 th. phase

siehting.lain qas accepred

considEd lo

$ar

sidd.s ot

eponed and am/.d. There weE two @c6io.s

grcarer rhan l% bur

not possible accoding ro bo$

ws I

a.d sighting

and Dec.

ws

2l,2006).

l9% lhal may have been lhc Eason rhat rtre

ne.don.d earlie4.

TheyounBslcrescentof agc t9.l hou6(!r bstdheoivisibilny)eendurinClhe

period of study was that of May l'7, 2OO?. Apan from b.in8 $e youngesl cre$eht seen

duing th Fnod of study lhc ob$rvltion has anottrcr inleresing teatur. Thi5 Ms $e
or y case when thc cr.eent was sccn on ft. enc cEgodm date a it N6 born
ac@rding ro Patiskn sblded line. Apari ton $is record obstualion th@ are fou.
orhd clains ofyoung Moons sighling,Nov. 11.2004(22.1hours),tan.t0.2006(21.45

ho6),

June 26, 2006 (22.76 houre)

dd

(21% of Ihe studied) ascs of sishdnS

Fcb. 17. 2007 (2 t .6 hous). ln

daiN

The obsemtion of Feb. | 7, 2007

when

nadc ar

$c .se of M@n

aI $eE vee 22

les rhfl l0

fic slronomical ob*Fabry

ar rh

& PlanetJry Astophts'cs. Unrvcrsily ol Kr',(hr *. ,pou.a U.

lhe 6' Codd Refractor TlescoF. Both rhe prcdidion crileria alto$ed

Instrule of Spsce
cre$ent nsing

crc*enr sighri.g wirboul oplical aid but wc could se rh. crscenl wi$oul

tetescope. No

of qesenr siShring wa ac.iv.d by $ aulho ies on rhis day, Tte

aulho lies acceptcd ou laim. This was $c young*r ccseft sen ar ou obseoalory
d$ng lhe period ofsludy, It is a Ko.d for ou! obs.ryarory and rhc vorld recod for rhn
part'culaf clescenfs eeli.st obervarion (sw,ftoonsiahlina,con dd
other claim

sv.icoprciecr.op). Our

phoroSraphic r.cord h also posred on retevanr websnes.

!95

Tlrc' seE 6

ed

w4 not

rhe crescenl

depcndablc

c66

l&to.

when thc ag. of M@n

seen. Thus,

bciwen 24 hou's dnd 30 hous

ihis srudy also suppons th. idea that age is not a

for any pEdiction crildion.

Anodier inrporbnt pdMeler concened is rhe noonFt-sun*l LAG. There are 22

occasions *hen the crescenr of lag 60 minures or less was Fen. Oul of rhese only two

*ft

wnh lag less rhan 50 hinules, Nov. l], 2004 with lag ]5 mi.urs a.d Aprit t0,
2005 Nith lsg .l,l minuts. In ihe *co.d of thcse c6es rhe prediclion
(ia a o$d
naked ele lisibility. There wer 15 cases when the tag sas blveen 40 and 50 minules

and bolh dic pEdic on crileria did nor altov crcscent

visibility *ilhoui optic.l aid, Tbls lh.

n@Mr-sN4lag

alone is also not a dependabte

parametef for any prediclioh criterion. Out of 95 new Moons rhe predic on crileria

from

$e

Babylonian clnerion (Faroonhi et al, 1999) only g

tines when

Dabylonian

22) alto$ nalcd eye visibility but

Howld, on rhese nine ccas

,{luc dd

crnerion (ARCL + l"Ac(in deg.ect <

lhe s-laluc cnteria do

tur

difer

I'r view of tn6c fads we conclude rhat bod q-vatue ed r-value cilcda arc NI
suilcd predicrior cireria with r !.tue clireion delcloped in $is work has mdginalty
be cr success percenrage ibr posnive ob$ralions (chapter 4). porricutarly in viewofrh

facl dar

$cs fire.ia

do not march acrual cr.senr visibitiry onty in one

(1.057q).nd thal @casion

cases Nhcn the cEscent

probln occun

Ns

ou

95

cas

conkoversial in liew ofrhe above discussioD. Thc nve

$as seen hler tan prcdicrd aE not conside!d as an ero!

d d!. lo ore(sr

skies.

obenarional IuMrqlendar $ese Fediction

0s thc

TtrGfoF, tor lhe tomulaion oa turue

dreia de nidly dependable_

TIE has ben only o.e occasion whd lherc mrc three co.*curivc nonrhs
29 dars elcb (during June, July and Aususl 2ooo). This is rhe ndinum fo. Fpelnion
29 days lund nondrs anticipoied

The li6t (Rabi ul

e&ly

loricentury AD by Muslims

Awal, I42l) of$is lriphr ofnonthsbeema

196

of
of

yas, 1994a).

day talerrhan p!.dicled

oftr\i'i$ lbir tNinun rcldirio! @!H ml lLv. tc.n th.Ia llxr! vt&r D
frt! (diD|d) coorc.rlir.! tdt! of 30 d!y! 6d h 6b Fiod of

ac&noo

of

'lldy.

b.

sighio8' ca

c.r

Morlly o.cN!nn8 Ep.ririon of fou 30 d.F' @d! io

f'v! o! sil Afthow\ rh. kludc shd. Lsw (cb{i.! t) dlos for con .don a! lnd
et o oh..wrrion idic:!. m m., bur ftr.dvmcc ptslirg nd dcv.toFEr 6tcdf
m ohsE|ioo l|E .j-n/- h.!G.t d Fcdidioo diEir b{' grarty bclp. Tt
AFadix-V rhosa suh r ltnr c.ldr. in qdich .oryurrioB s! bed i! Knstti d
lhe +v.lu. qilai@

tvl

Chapaer No. 6

Dtsct ssroN

$is inrsd.d to qplorc fld.ompae fic mathcmaical nodels for the

crneds under which rhe new lund cresenl could be lnible at silen locdion on th
Eanh, Mormk!, it was intendcd that acomparhoD offiese nlodcl is conducled and the

'ftis

rvork

compdien od nodiEcadon of the nodel

hs ben succcsstuuy achielcd dd a neN model the r.vahe criterion has heen
dcveloped. A sumdary ofthis wo is presnted below sith r dkcusion on the najor
models are nodified if posible, The lask of

achicvedenG ofllrc Nhole

eihll.

Fi6t ofalla bener undcFt.nding

ol$c

obrerarional, associated wilh rhe prcblem;f

dd
sishri,lg of$e new lLmtr ssenr

issues.

l|t

firet

conpubrional, aslrononrical

is devcloptd. Wc have xplodd the comPulalional tchniqucs and tlrc asrcnomical

alSornhm dd rhcir applicadon (o $e extcnt that is .ecsary aor rhe calculations
irrvolved

in

solving

lie

problem desribed

in nr pEviors paraeraph lrritially

lhc

Drcd work slcels bui duc lo leDglh,

calculalions and lhe use oflong fomuld Ne \cre for.ed to dcrclop a cortputfr prcgnD
tlilalol. T]le prognm has been used lo do allcrlculations lbt detemining c@ldinalcs of
$c sun sd $c Moon.s well as the padmelcs inlolved in oor pobhm lhe rc$'lts ol'
rcchtriques wcre nnptmenled on Miciosoft

$ne of tne modcls @ obunEd $ithin ln. pro8nn and lltosc for other
modcls arc done on fic basn of $e dala generaled by pngEm thal is salcd as ao ouqul
fllc. This file is $e. kanslom.d into an MS-Dxcel rork shet md lhe resuhs of orhcr

nr. applicalion of

re
thar apF{
modeh

oblained therc. Tbc hbls comp sing thse

in |hc

apFndiG rc all

dvelopd

The modcl due to Babylonies as

fon

ts!l$ tifiin

rhes *otk shets

d*dibed by Fatoohi

$at wa modilied by the MuslintAFbs is bricfly desribcd

198

et

ir

dre m.in txl and

is ns applicarion is srudicd jn companson with other nodh in cbapls

] (anicle
Ll) and chaptq .t This tule is based on lhe sun of$c elonca(ion ahd the dc oflision
-the Lunar Ripcness rule dednced by Muslins of rh. mdieval eh in exploEd more
1..2)

dd

errensirely. h is loun'i rhal though, $e Lutur Rip.!6s function is

fo

Dorc sophisl,caled

compaEd ro the Brbylonian rulc, the luo mclhods prcducc almost equivalent Esuhs

when applied to rhe

re{nl obseRational ccords.

'lhe $ct|rds h3sed oD relalions bclwe$ arc ofvision (ARCV) and $e tclJrivc
azimurhs (DAZ) rhar \ere extcnsivcly develop.d durinerharlypanoflhe 20- ccDrutv

ae loud noE sucesful dlrins lhis study in compdison lo U ancienr and Dcdielal
Derhods The suoce$ in masuEd in ho* nany obseNalions are in agrcened wnh lhe
models. I lorv mdny rines lh. cFsccnt is seen wlEn fi. modls suggcsls ils visibihy.nd
hoN nan! tiDcs lbe c:.sceol is nol seen shen lhe nodcl aho suCgesls inrisibilny.

lhc rcnen

rhl fie

oodels

blrd

I'n ARCV-DAZ tlalions are norc $cccsslul is

irar wilh ihcrcasins rrlative azinu$ thc

skybrilhhess impro\.s

and the

biCllNs corrdsl oflhc

crcsccnt aalnrn rho

crcscentsofloseirclariveallitude ure visible. Sm.lleris

rlc DAZ lhis b e]trr$ com6l dclerionlcs lnd lhc crcscn( is only \isible al hiel'cr
,^RCv. h comprnotr to lhcse models lhc Lunlt Ripcncss tutrclior is slronglv buscd on
rc of scpdlion. lh. toblcm $nh arc ol sparaiion is th $nh l ge DAz n tan tinruch snaller rhdn su-lgesrcd by lnc Lunft Rip$es law (10 to t2 d$recs) loi a lisibld
cr.sceit. ln

rl$e

rhe larger valLEs

cas.s \vilh large DAZ tlrc Ripene$ luncliorr ,4,r can bc llrgc so lhrl

of

R,,, arc

eq

Ed. Conseqlendy. aor lrse. lrtirudcs ldgc .rc of

EqutcJ But lescr DAZ for larger laliodes auoNs snaller ARCV rtrd
con*qucnrlt smrll( rc of scpration. fhercfore, cspeci.lly for localioDs Nit largcr
hdudes Lunar Ripcn.ss law beomcs more inconsnrc s comparcd b the obscNtrions

scparalion is

and thc

ARCV-DAZ nodels.

ll

is

sftn du

ng

$c di*usion

ar rhe

.nd of lh. 4ri cbaplr lhal

ba*d nodeb, the ForherihShmr's modcl. th Maundeas mojel

lhd

ARCV_DAZ

and lhe lndian nrodel

aE

successivly belrr. These imprct.menls ae due to deducrion of b.ner and b.trer basic

199

dau ofnininum aE ofvision for

fi.

difcrc el.tiv.

uinurhs- tlowrcr. all

th.*

modcls

lba

cas4.d ftar vdie SMrly with thc Eanh-M@n

diskrcc for rhc saec elongllion. Thk c.!s!s vdiatioB in thc elully bdshh.s or th
.Eeent of emc donsdion. Cons.qEntly, ft. s. pln of ARCV ad DAZ $c
isDrc the ridrh of

n.w

t'i8hh.s of casnt v&i6 for dif.rcnt Eanh-M@n disranc.s. Th lsk of this

considdrion is rh. Fain caus. of l.ss.r succ.ss pec a8. of $.* n.thods N
conDlEd to the later ftod.ls foi posnilc ob*nations.

Th. Glliaion of vdyiiS bid nas of crc$crl si$ fic widrh or cE*.nt ro!
se lonSa on (and $m. pih ofARCV-DAZ luct thc phriical d.$nPlion otth.
poblcm by Bruin lead Yallop ro dcduce bdic dala lating widtu ol cErent to $c arc
ol visioi. Yallop d.dwed this dll! fod $c minima of lhe linning visibihy .ur$ of
Inuin. Cons.qu.ndy. Ydlop @s su.cc$ful in dcducins hh3inel. p.6nttc' r.sr. rhc 4_
ulue ciledon. This crir.ion Produed bdler Gsuhs i. compari$n to atl th. ptcvious
mdhod!. Th. dcdudion ofvadous visibiliry condirionson lh. bsis otdircBnt dngcs o!

$d rh2t ol rhc besr rimc of visibility' of .een frem rh. limitins risibilirv
cunes of ENin !'e thc motr markable of Yallop\ contibution l-hc \isibili'!
condirions pro\ idc ruidclinca lbour uds *h.t condnioos rlt co*cnr \ould hL casilv
.r.valu.s

risibl. $hcn n $ill b. visiblc undo P.rfcd st.rhct condnions whc. Ue opricrl \o(ld
when fte cB$ent $ould bc sinPlv nor visible $ith ot Nnhout atrv
b< Eqlircd

.d

opti.al aid.

rfu*

condilio* har. poKd ro b. noN and morc Eli.blc

$i$

incBtsnB

is rhc comp.ri$tr ol .ll fi. htljcls

a
@rclically, frathcm.ricElly, phytictlly.nd in vi.w of$eir success p.rcentagcs
'or
s.r of ob*wations colled.d tom d. l.t. l9ri c.ntorv till dcntlv. Anorhcr 3isnillcst
Thc najor

co

bution

ol

or e

contribudon ol lhh wott is lo convcn aU th. mo<lls ino

arc listcd

si.8l. Padm.tcr crnria

bclo{ in th. inccsing order ofsuccss pcE.nlagc:

vp = (ARcv

- ( 12.'o-0'.00s(D,{z)'z rYlo

200

h.*

=(^*

",

-e4,:!.,'l) "
#
f
l-

v, =ltncv .lo.no - o.orn1o.tz1tt =(^RCV

uaz2\lto

lrt.8311.- 6.3226tv + O]llgr2 -O.tOl8V3rttO

\t,
v

o.ooot

-t5 + py rxtr+,pfl

|
| = tARcv - \t2.4023 - 9.4818W + 3.9512W - 05612Wt
vr=ARCL r !rc olscpaBlion -

Dt

rc

21"

ln rhis {ork schactels modcl of dldritc bdshrn$ is ale erPlond in t.ms of

-n'h
nasnitud contrrst tnd thc dsllE aF in lsRD.nr $i$ his wo* (Schelet 1988.)
ehieved by iniplcmenrine lh. rshliqus d.r.loPed bv Schel.r and o$ets |o
brishtocss ol lhe
ev.luarc sky brighhes (in tems of linninB mgnitud.) and
cE$nL Biglrness ofsky and that otcE$cnt dcp.nd heavilv on various ihosphenc
has ben

arsrs

Amongsr

ths

lenpeBluE and clolivc humidnv arc lcpl \2riabl. in

the

posram Hilalol in ord.r to exPlor posiblc condilions undd which claims of nlted ctc
v'sibihy m.y b. Br.d for dillEnt condilions fhis lc.ds lo wh.t Ne h!v. rmcd 4

skr's linritnl8 a!!iNdr) lf

mognnrd .onl6{ is n.galit n is lalour of cN*tnr visibililv o'tunvie Dol [or
cxftnEly crilical n.kcd cyc obserylrion ckn$ of Nw lunlr ce*cN lhe magnitude
co 6l lE ber dallaled nrinut lv h i5 tolnd $d $he of ftcs cdcs appear doublful
6 fie oasniude conrEst @ n.v.r in Lvout or cc*ent tisibililv cv'tr with hidlv
ex.8g.ra&d wathr coDdnioB (v.ry tow clttivc humidnv and lcmPtdur) lor the
vhole dudtion of th. ooonsd-suet hg |inc. Using th. pogim Hilatol the tin$ have

Magdlude Conl6r (Amag

maenilud.

of Moon

of(i) \$en $c nasnitud contGi is ndinn (ii) whcn rh' nasnilude

conlldr jnrl bccodc ialouEble for crcsa risibililv and (iii) {hen rhc masnirudc
conm was last in falolr or ccsenr vkibilirv Th.s. esulN .r. sinild $ whar is

ben evaluat

de*ribed by. veniccl line

ovr.

liditing lisibili(y

201

cur. ofBruin

'fte najor

achjevemnt of this

m*

is th. romulation of

neq sincle pstuerer

using lhe
cireion on lhe b6is of rhe Fchniqus deleloped bv Bruin and Yallop
cuFes and thc
bngnrrc$ modcls develoFd bv Sch&fer dd othe6 rhc visibilirv

liniting visibilily cwes aE

developed for crceenls

actually obened tnd hav. bcen rcpodcd in

lile6tue

ol diffeEnl

widrhs

ll'!l

wcrc

Bruin dcvelopcd lhe$ cllvcs on

dalt,s *nh rhe

bdis or{i) lhe ale6se bdshlnss ofthc tult M@n md thc wv i
ot the skv dudrg
decrsing alftude abole hoi@h and (ii) tbe avedge brighiness
On lhc olher
way n depends on lhc dolld d'prc$ion b'lov horizo'
|he

t*ilid

&d fic

wid

lor

llEn

tc bave usd rhe adual brightncss for Ihe obscb-ed cEscnB ola fixed
rtrc sms
tn sne ofobselvation we hare calculared th' al ude of skv poins bavins

hand

compuratios m
$ar ol lh dcsenr for difrercht solar depcsions such
sahe wjd$ al dilIelenl localions and
Epai.d for a nunber ofobseryed cE$e 5 of the
our Thc wnole
re ten
dmes. The aliudes or thc skv poitrts lhu obt'ined
'vc6Bcd
widlhs
prccess h rhe. rcpeaFd for cnsce.t ofdilTereni

bridft$ d

These conpulations tesulled inlo our

lisibililv

curycs

ed $c linnins visibihv

$ose
ae slishtlt diferenl
'iod
linc joining thc ninina oi dEs
ntlighl
The
displ&cd
slightlv
with
nini@
of Bruii
for Bruin s cutves Tnis lcads lo slighd,
cudes has a slope of9 3/5 as compaftd to 9/5
noo'elsuosl lag aller thc
b.sl dme of visibililv" which is 4 l/9 1 rine th

curyes. The linitihB

lisibilitv cses we

have obEined

differe

lae afiet
cohPdcd lo Yallop s be$ tine which 4/g rincs $e noonst-sunscl
l-rttd
the ninim olor liniringlisibilnv cu8e
rhe suset). Th bdic dala ob$inod fion
visibihv pdamslcr:
b a fiird desee Polvnodial tsuls inlo the fouowine

suet (6

=(.4RCV

(4351

31

/3 + 2222075057t4! - 5 422641ritf +

l04l4l?tt)/l0

io lbar of Yallop'
we have als dedeed visibilitt condi$ons in a tumt simild
Yallop Howevet' ltplj_'n8
condilions tre sliCh v difiere lron those of

Our vhibihy

pcrcenrage is iound lo b' thc besl

our model on the obseNatioml dal! the succcss
\orr'
erist and lhar dc ncd dd conpaed in lhis
dongn all the dot nodels
brighhre$ and lhe btislrhss oi
is tbat our model is baed on $e acrual skv

tll

Thc

e6on

201

(escenr $idr varying wea$cr condilions whercas Bruin s nodel

based on aleragd

brishlncssofsky dd rhe FullMooo.

As claind by Sctaefd th brightn

still our Drodcl yielded be

.t

resul$

comPsed

mt

a mucb a 2elo
1o tho* due to Bdin ad YalloP as lar

modcls

@v

b in

by

conemed lt is lroped rhat wilh beller models of skv

brighhcss slill beiterclitrion ior fiGt !isibility ofnew lund descent can be delclopcd
as rhe posirive observatiohs arc

sonE of$e lpplicarions of {he cnbda of.atliesr visibililv of ne\f llod 'rc$ctrt
ro
havc becn considered in $is $ork The fid ond $c mosl impoddnt applicalion lre
on
d(eaniDc Nhcn tbe new lunar cresceht would b visible ar soDe ldalion on lhe elobc

rhe elennrg aicr rh oonjundion Anolher ar.a ol appl'calion is lo deduce d

''obscNnrioMl lunar c.lcndii- tor a
Yct anofier aBa ol apdic'tion \e hn\c
'eeion
lhe lcnslh ofne\ ldDrr crcs(nr
e\ploreJ

'.roJdrnrine

t( !1ay be recalled (hal lhe liret

appcardnce

of new llnn crcscctrt nrarlis

ola new monrh in obsenalional lunor calendarq rhere 'ril'ria and models drc
calendai likc
siBnillcor br calendatical Purposs whefier 'n aduul o6n:ri'nol lunar
Dol lhcsc
rlc hliNic Lunar calendar' ulilizrs tb6e cril.da for a!6nging its cltndar ot
bsinning

cLirdia ptuvidcs

guidancc Ibr bolb tesing an tvidcnce oi oescenl sightirrg bv connnon

dates arc rol

peotlcdnd tacingdowndtdtrlesofac.lndar inhhrorv{herc approprirle
\ll Ncordcd. rhus $c frtin ' ililt of the pcdicrio! crileria $e carliesr visibiln)' ol
'or
dd tcsrifv lh clainrs ol
calendtr
lunar
tnc
obsefl.lional
is
lo
egntalc
crc$.m
nrv

risibility of ne\' lunar crcsccm

tlrat di'
Although fiIsl ordc! iPporirutions like Arnh'neLic Lunar Calendtr
o' rnc Moon havt be'n nr lse
based on lle concpr of Le.p Yea$ md rne a!.rage oorion
lor lhe monlhs ol
Muslims h.vc been follosin8 acoal sighing of crescDLs 'r l@l
i6rii8 (R.maan) $d pilsinage (zil hajjah) Thc calendars if bled o' a PEdicrion

oir*ion like
obervarional

lo rnc
tbat of Yallop or dre ohe dcveloped in this work arc $e cLosest
calendd Conpan$n of rhese criteiia wiih lhc actual obFNsdonll

201

blc Da dc (q!!thi sd
Klte, 2005). h lbir q'!rt 6. mrdy it cid.!d.d lo tb y{ 20(I|. It i! biDd lb. d
lvdsc 9J% obtlnltiol! lrc m.oding to th! Y.llop'! r-uh. dt rion d our GEluc

old!

!|dc!

in

ruirD

frr lh.

Ft!

2000 io 2005

dilrio D. diltgt@t is lb. !!3rlt of lithd th. t d wtt|t r dM !o *hi'h

qr
&e rw |E|r c{&. codd nol t tigln d dd tb Lud E olh b.t!! oE &v l.|c
bo AdrDirtic cLiu6 of otsElion tld {t L|e dot:t t g.! oE &t dlicr U|n
(d Q&K)

tt|ldttbL !|gs for th. vi.ibnft, (ritsi. for ol@t'.ridl pltrPo" hB

oorivcd |' to d.dE e "bt 6v.liodl lE[ c.lct b." for P'lii..r 0|al ts tctr
Tbit

204

APPEDNIX-I
COMPUTER PROGRAM

HILALOl

205

{
{

cl6c{):

maime.u0;

cltsqo;

Daiuourineo;

fclose(fptr4)t

gotory(]0,4hout<<"welcone io the New Moon cslculator";

goro\y(25,20):.oul<< Prs Eni.r !o $an :

void eaituoud.4void)

f!l.{=fop.n(schmse.hf',"a');

{
I

inputdalerime0i

cl6cd);

nonlh_chee.0i

ll6t_cahulatioo0;
jd=juliadare(lred,lmo trtdab,tsac);
jde=jd+denat[inl(lyeaFl620.o)]/(3600.0+24.0)i

stjd=juliedakoted,lmonrh,ldare,o.0);
$=Grjd-:15 r 545.0n6525 0j
i=(jde-2451545.0y36s2s0.0;

elonep=sin(ndeltap.Pvl 80.0f sin(sdethp+Pvl 80.0)l

elonep=eloDgp+co(mdetaprPyl80.0)rcos{sdelbp*PI/180.0)

'co((slphap-rolphap).1

5.01P1.7180.0);

elongp=ncos(longp)r180.o/PIr

eotor)(s2,?)j pdnl('T. Elon =');eoloxy(65,7):pinr(,,%?.llr

phasep-(1,o-co(lonSplPVl 80.0))/2.0i
solox)(5:.8);pdnt( T. Ph6e =,,);Boroxr(65,8)iprinl(,,%7.If
%'.Pbasco' 100,0);
elone=sn(nrlarrPI/l 80.0)isinGhr'Pvl 8o.o)i
c ons-elong F(on m14.Pl./ t 80 ol.@dslat ,Pt I 80.o).coq
GtonSmlong.Pt/180 0li
elong=acos(londi 180.o/Pl:

phaF=(1,oa{doie'PUl80,0)!2.0;
mseni{jia=(nBdhdsor I 80.0/Pr;

Sotor)r52.0)pn

fi"Widrh -'.gotoxrr65,o'.pnntt( !i?.lltm.$rd):

Sobr)15-2.10':prinrli

DAZ -

goro\tr52.ll):prinrf(

ARCV'igolorJr65.llr.prinrn

):Sotory(65.r0ripnnrt(5.7

qvall(oah-sall)-( I 1.837 | {,1226*wid+o,73 t 9.wid.wid0. l0l8'pow(qid,3)))/lo O;

ov.l=(h.lr-slrx7.r65l-6.32261wid+o.71 19.*id.wid_
0.l0l8.pov{wid,3));

,06

ltl

o.7.1tr

./o7.llf h .0de
gotox(52,12):p.i {"Ase
= '),sororr(6t,I 2ripnr'4
mjd).24.0):
Sobry(5z,11);pdn("Qvalue = ):goloxy(65,13)prinl("%?.llf',qval);
soioxy(52,1a)ipn (visib. =)rsoloxy(65,14);@ut<<'';

soroxy(68,l4);

i(qv.>o.2l6)

i(qv#-0.014)
@ul<<"VUPC

i(qvaF-0.212)
COUK<"MNOATFC'';

i(qvaF-o.293)
cout<<'VWOAO"i
etse

cout<<,,ct ;

eoroxy(s2,15);pnnt( Lae = );
i(l|mrhs<o.0)cour<<'!"rconven

eotoxr(52,16);pinq Rd.y

bn(r'abs(ltdstrst)i

= ");soroxy(65,16);p.inr(,'%.51!"_rdar;

sotoxy(52.17);pinr( Rdayl = );soroxy(65,t7):pdnr(aZ.5tf',rdayl):

go'oxlr52,l8):Arnlfl
l:gorory(65,t8ripnnln oo.5||.btyJ:
i
8o'ott(52.1c):pdnrfi S-val@ - l:gorory(65.t9,:pnnr{l o/o.5tf .6ky-

tuly -

soloxy(52-20);print(thilen

'');goloxy(65,20);pri.r(.%. jlf ,phitend.);

eoroxy(52 j21)rpiid(lhnele ho. =
")rgoroxy{65,21)ipi (,,%.51f,.ansl_hot;
soroxr(52,21)ipdnr( Lim MaB =
"):gotoxy(65,21)iprinr("%.21f ',tindagnn0);
sotoxy(52,22);prinq Mooro Mas =
''):Eoro\t(65.22).prinr ("% 2t f .mnm.g),
sorox)(52,24).prinrt( Rel Hun =
):Boroxy(65,24);p nrr(,%..2tf .phm)i

eobxr(s2.25);pinr("Tmp@rG=
'il.sotoxy(65,25);pnnrft %.2tf ,plempl:
Sotory(5,28r.pnnr( s{s/r, nmrm/n}lou l/t, h@id{o/b, !.mptdd j
day(e/D prinr(p) rdse(q)

201

li

']
)
rvhile(nex|sl=V');
Eolory(50,29):@ur<<"NwCalcnlaion? ;
gorox(77,29}nexts=g.rch(I clsto;

while(oexrsl=1r);
gorox l0,l0)r@ut<<"Allal Hanz'; gcrch0;
)
void inpurdaretiee(void)

goroxi20,2);coul<< "Enrcr L@dTinc & Dare,,j

eoroxy(r0,4)icoul<<'ObscpadonNo. :

Soloxy(10.6)icoul<<'Day
goroxy( 10,8)icoul << "Mon$
Soloxy(10,10);cour<<"Yeo
,Lo.g.(+

;ciD>ocnr;
:,,lcin>>datei
!!;cjn >>monlhi
:

:iiicin>>ycdj

gotoxy(10,12);cour<<
lor East) : icin>>plongr
goloxy(10,14);cout <<'jlkt. (+ for Nonn) :,icin >>ptari
eotoxy(I0.|6);coul<< "Alritude abovc Sa ;cjn >>p.lli
gotoxy( 10, I 8)icout<< 'Esiim Tenperarurc : "icin >>plenp;
,,;cin >>ph!m;
gotoxy( 10,20);cour<< "Estih
:
prcs=1010.0;

*0.0;

Huidirt

)
{

i(l.apch*k(inr(year)))
nohthdayslll-29.01
clse mo hdayslll=28.0;
ld.te=dak Jmo.lh=donth JydFyear;
zonlin=plong/15.0;

i((b
.

iDlong(anrinD0.5)
2ondmioubl(tons(zondn+L0))i

entihdouble(lons(zontin));

lhorf houF (min+*d60.0y60.o)-a

i(lhour>=24.0)

lho!Flhour24.0;
ldri--ldale+1.0;

204

im:

i(ldltohonthdayslin(lnonlhl.0)l)
ldaiFl.0:
{
lmonth=ldonth+ L0i

i(lmonrDl2.0)

lnonlh=I.o;

lyeFlyea$l

,0;

]])
ir0hour<0.0)

lhourFz4.0;
ld.re=ld.r.-l -0;
i(ldar.< | .0)
{

lhonth=lmo.th- L0i
i(lmo h<I.0)
tnonth=I2.o;

tl

lyerlyed-l

.0;

)
ld.tFnotrthd.rslint(lm@thr.0D;

ndalFlda!.xtnonrh=lmonth:tlyclycari
tdouFlhour+d.ltltlin(lyed-1620.0)1/]500.0;
i(ttbour>=]1.0)
{ iihoui=fihou,24.0;
lldaie=ndalqfl .0;
i(ndapmonthdlyslin(rttDoiIh)l)
{ ll<ratFt.o;
tltlon!!=rnonlh+ 1.0;

i(n

nonrh>12.0)

tlnofih=I,o;
ttyeaFilJear+ L0;

)])
J

dt_new_n@n(dar..nontnrE);
soroxy(5,I rsout<<ill.w Moon ";pdnt(!D

pdnr('

or

- %lfrnjd);
"od%dfld',in(mdare),ii(Mnonfi ),in(@y$r));

mdare=doublc(lo.s(mdate));

morth<oublc(long(nmonth);
myerdoubl.(lone(Myed));
pr d(" ll.'!drl6d:vdd (TD)',int(MlFu),inl(t:min),int(m*));
pint(' or eidrl6d:94d (uD",irr(ulrow),in(ain)jn(M));

6*aunou.r(uinfi 8e.r'60.0/60.0y24.Ot&lL{in(mrrdIiBrcdculadonoi s.rinln0;

209

620.0)l/8400.0i

i(ho!P-24.0)
iqhoul<0.0)

ni.{hou'double(loneGou)))160.0;
s.c=(min-donble(lone(min)))r60.0;
min=double(lons(min));

*c=double(lonc(s*));
houFdolble(lonc(hou));
,

sun_$o; non *(1;

brim=rGs+4.0.(lr,ns-hssy9.0:
Soroxy(2,5);cout<<"(LT) olSun s.t : ";conve'l hms{ltss);
goroxr(52,5)i@ut<<", Bel Tine : ;convcn hn<bl'n):
gorox(30.5);@ul<<', Moon St :'iconven-hm(lrnti
goloxy(2,6)icour<< (LT) orsun Rkc : "ponven_hns(hsti
sotoxy(10,6);cout<<. M@nRi* :';.on!en hms(lrfrti

)
{

goloxy{2,3)rcour<<

Lar-';

soroxy(8,3);coNert dms(fabs(pla0)r
i(plat<o.o) pinr('s'); dse
gobiy(20,3)cout<<
ns. ":eoloxy(2?,1)i@nved-dns{fabs(!long));
pnnt(
E ); dF
ifulonc>00)
goloxy(40,1):cout<< TZon ":

sobr'(48,);

i(enrim<o.o) cout<<"i;

le

sotoxy(49,1);prinq %2.01f,fab(2ontim))i
Eotoxy(2,4);p.int('LMT vo2d:%2d:%2d,int(hou).int{nin).inr(sc);
8otoxy(]5,4)jprin( (%2d l2dl%4d) UT",in(date).in(month),in(yed))i
soroxy(31,4)roNed_hns(lhout;
soroxr{42,4);print( (%2dl%2d7o4d), JD = ",in(ldal),ii(looftn),int(lyeat);
sotoxr(60,4)iprint( %.61f jd)i
sotoxy(6s,3)rcour<< TDr iconve _hm((lhour);
Sotoxy(22,8)rout<< s u n":soroxy(40,8 ) rcour<< Moon j
Soloxy(2,Io);cour<< Geoc. rong, ;
goroxt{2,l l )imur<< Ged- Iilir.'i
aotoxy(2,12);@ur<<"Cee. Disi.";
go!oxy(2,14);@uK<'Gc@. RA:";
sotoxy(2,15);couK< ce. DELT ;
soroxy(2,I6):@ur<< Hou Anelc:"i
Soroxy(2,IE)Fout<< Top. RA:":
goloxy(2,19)i6ur<< Top. DEL|"i
gotoxy(2,2o);coul<<"Top- HAf ;

8otory(2.22)tcout<<"AIfi udel';

2t0

gobxy(2,21);cout<<"Azimut ;
gotory(2,24);cout<< Semi-Dia: ;
)

i{(.Y.400)l=0)

if(n%100)==0)

k=0;

le i((n%4F0) k=1;

)
double julimdate(doubl yrdouble mndouble dcdouble

ft)

i(mn<X

yr=yFlrm.=ni+12:

a=(doubl. (long (yrl100.0)));

b=2-a+(double (ron8 (./4.0)));
jd=(doublc (lon8 ( 165.25'('r+47 I 6.0))))+(double
{10.6001'(mn+1.0))))+d.tb-1524.5+fi i

(lo.s

)
{

l=(jde-245 I 545.0)/36525.0;
epsilon=21.0+(26.0+2 l-a48/60.0/60.0-(46.815/1600.0)'t'

(0.00059/3600.0rf 1'+(0.00t813R600-0)1.r1;
elons=29?.85016+445267.1 I 1481-0.0019142*l'l+t*t'l/I89474.0'
smon=35?.52?72+15999.05014.r-0.0001601'lir-t.r.r/300000.0
mmob=134,96298+477198.867398't+0.00869721'l+t't'VJ6250 0i
mng=91.27 I 9l +483202.01t538rr,0.0016825{1.t+l*1*r/32?2?0.0
lnod=125.04452-l9l4.t l626l1l+0.0020708.11r+rrr*t450000 0

fo(i{;i<61;i++)
{

derbsi=delhsi+(nur obrlil[5]+nur_oblti]t6l1r).sin((nur_obltill0l.loig+

nur,obltiltlheom+nur_obllill2l.ndom+nu obltiltll'nale+
nut_obllil[4]'lnode)1Pvl 80.0):
delrapsi+=((nur_obltill?l+nul_obrlilt8lh0{co(nui obltiltoiielone+

nul_obltiltll*smom+nulobllill2li@oE+nut_obltjl13l'nar8+
nur obllill4rhode)'PYl80-0));
)
delrasi'=(1.0(t0000.0.t600.0));
<leftaepsi'1 1.041 0000.0'3600.0));
elsilon=epsilor+dellaepsii

2l!

)
{

gmr4c6-0r{41.0+50.5484V60.0y60,0+(6640184-812866'si+0.093104'st'st0.0000062rst'srlsr)6600.0r
east4@=eEst Erc{lltsi'cos(epsilon'PUl 80.0yt 5.0i

smstzrc-lGmrzro/24.0ldoubl{long(8tui4b24-0)))'24.0r
gdure1Gastu o/24.0!doubL(loos(ssrz'o24.0)))'24 0;

if(smEm<o-o)
i(gnsldo>24.0)
i(s6rzerc<0.0)
i(easrzerc>0.0)

8rnst4'o+=24.0;

gott4to-=24.0i
gaslzco+=24.0i
gastzdo-=24.0;

smstcun_Cnstrcro+frac124,01 I 002? 3 ?909I5 i

gasrcuFsdzero+firc'24.0* 1.00273?90935;

i(snslcuP24.0)
i(emslcun<0.0)
i(sastcud>24.0)
i(gastcuft<0.0)

snslcun-=24 0i
Smslcud+=24.0i
eastcuft-=24.0i
sostcud+=240;

lostcllFgnncd+plong/15.0i
l4rcuFedlcur+Plong/15.0i

i(lastcuPla.0)
i(lostcud24.0)
i(ldlcm 0O'
ii(lmsbu<0.0)

lastcun-=24.0;
lnsrcud.=z4 0;

ls(c!r-240i
lhsr.!nt=24.0;

void convcn dmndouble c@d)

cdesdouble(lone(coord)):
cmin=(coo'd{ds)i60.0;

c*clcmin'dolble(1o.8(cmio)))'60.0:

pnd(

%3dooz2dn"/o2ds,in(cde8),in(cnin).in(cscc));

)
void conven bn(double cood)
{

cdes=double(loneGoord));

cmin=Good{dee)i60.0;
csc=Lcmid.double(lons(cmin)))t60 0i
o!2dhoo)dn' o2dr".,ntrcdegl,inlr(min).rnl, cscc\):
prinr

)
void sun cood(double)
{

fplFfopen( v$pean.txt',

)i

// LO,\]GITUDE OF EARTH
fodi=o;i<6:i+)
{ tehp=o.oi
fo{=0j<lnellilj++)

2t2

y.lf,&sx,&bx,&c);
rmr=lmF4.cd(bx+c.1);

fs@f(fpt'%lf

yolf

slong+{tmp.po*{!i):
)

slonrslong/l 00000000.0;
slong=jon8. | 80.0/PIi
slong=Glon g/360.Odouble(longGlons/360.0)));

slongl=360.0 slone+-180.0
i(slone<0.0)
dong+=360.0;
i(slons>350.0)
slong=slong-360.0:
L.firurL OF EARTH

//

fo(i=0:i<2;i+)

ro(=oj<adlilj+)

[sco(fpr,"%lf yolf %lr,&ax,&bx,&c);

temp-aeosrdrco(bx+c0t

slai+=Cemprpov{t,t);
)
slat=*IaU100000000.0j

slatl-(t80.0/PI);

fo(i=0ri<sli+)

to{=0i<dsrflil;j+)

fs.n{&rr,"o/,lf %lf.4lf'.&a,&bx3c);
r.mpaettp+u'cos{bx+cn);

sdst=sdsl+renp*pow(,i);

)
sdsi=sdst/100000000.0r
dst=sdsr. 149597E70.0:
slo.g=slong+dclt!si{20.4898/sdrry3600.0i

elph!=sin(slons.Pvl80.0).6s{.Filon+Pyl 80.0);
slph!-slph!-tdGlal'Pvl 80.0).ein(.plilon.Pvl 80.0);
salpha=slphd(@s(slong.Prl 80-0));
lalpha=aran(salPha). I 80.0/PI:

i(Glong>90.0)&&Glorg<2?0.0)) sglphaFl8o.oi

if(slong>2?0.0)
elpha-salphe/15.0;
i(s.lph*24.0)

salpha+=150.0i

salpha=elph.'24.0:

sha=lastcur-salph!;

2t3

iisha<o.0)
sdelb-sinGlarrPvl80-0f cos(epsilon'PI/180 0)l
sdelta=ldclls+cos(sla1+ PV l 80.O)'sin(ps ilon'Pv l 80 0)'si.Glons'PI/ 1 80
dlta=6inGdlla)' I 80.o/Pl

0)

salphap=elpha+.lcladpha

elr- sin$laf P!

sinrsdelrap'PI/ I 80.0
80.0):
I 80.0)rcos(sba*15.0'Pvl
"
salt=asinGalt)' I 80.0/PI;
I

80.o

rosulat'PL

80

0r.on sdehtp'PV

i(sw=l)
{

;Ffra l .oz(r&(eh+l

o.v(sali+5.1 l ))'Pvl80

0)fe8l

0(271 0+teoF))!(prs

/l0l0.o);
s.cb-nn{olarrPul80 0Is'n(!d.l!lp'PU180 0,'sinleli'Pv!80 0):
tela=$etd(cos(cdelbp'PVl 80 0/'(olleht PLI 80 0r,:
seela=acos(seela);l 80 0/Pl;
sdcltrsde liap+srcfi'cos{seela * P l/ 1 80 0);
slDr=sh!-(sefi*sin(seetai Pl/ I 80.o)ho(sdelta/u/180 0)/ I 5'0i

l
I

sdehFsdelk: shFsha, l

idh=sinLplat'PUl80O)'iirsdelt,r.Pt/lSOOFcos(pldfPLlS00rrcoil3dcltat'PI/
180.0)'cos(shd'15.0'Pvl80 0):
satFdin(s.lr)' 180 o/PIi
*lr+=r,c6ermar4erur+tnle/1000 0D' 180 o/PL/l 5 0

sa6=s,n(rd.ld. pU I 80 O Fsid ptalr PI/ I 80.0)! sintsallr

sm=szn/Gos(platrPvl80 o)'co(elt'Pl/180 0))l

Pl/ | 80

sad=acos(saar)1 180 o/PI;

s@=180 0i
it(shdF=o

0)
itlshaF=12o)
ehe
el* i(shd<I20)
s*nidi.=Gn(ydsf

l 80.0/PIi

)
void moon c@d(do!ble)

fDk2=foDcnf elP2000 ur'."r):

sumv=o.o,suntp=0 0lsumvtp=0 0isunvppp-0 0:

fo(i=0ii<2l8ii+)
I r(mfl rDu2.'%[

q.lf %lf
&alpl &'ly'l
" 0lf ,& \,&!lpo'&!lp l.&alp2
rr+alp2r1.r/10000.0
sMFsuov+v.sin((atpof atpl
0/"1r 0/0lf

+alp3iPo*(i,3Y1000000 0

2t4

0):

+alp3'pow(!4)/100000000.0)rPI/180.0);

fo{i=oji?44;i+f)

fed(fpa2,"o4lf%lf%lf',&v,&rip0,&alpl);
smlT=s@vpf v'sitr((alpot.lp l'l)'Pvl 80.0);

)
fo(i=oii<154;i+r)
I fsc f(tptt2, r6lf %lfo/o1t',&v,&alp0,&alPi );
sumlpp=sumvpfi v's n((alpo+llPlil)iPI/l 80 0)i
)

fo(i=0ii<25;i++)
lsconi(fpu2, 9'lf ?'lf eolf'.&v.&slP0.&alpI)i
I
s!mwpp-smvppF ! | sin(alpo-alp I i t)t PVI
)

80

0li

mton{=218.11665+481267.88134't-13.2581'l/10000.0

.856'po*(!3u 000000.0-1 .514'pos{tjy1000000{0 0

+sum!4Gur?+swvppl+sMvppp't'i/l 0000.0)/1000 0i

nrois=(nloD936o.o-(long (mlo.s,/360.0)))1360 0;

sumu=o,0tsumup=o.0rsunupp{,0isunuPpp=o 01
sunr=o.0;sumrFo.0isumrtp=o.0;suntppp-o.0i

lb(i=0ri<l88ri++)

fok2.'/'lf
' %lf t'll"/.lf %lf %lf
,&v.&.1p0,&alp l ,&alp2 &alpl.&'lp4 ):
!mu+mu+vt sin(alPo-aipl 'r falp2'r't/l0000 0'alpJ'pov'1t.J
iscanfi

+alpl.pov(!4y100000000-0)'Ptl

80

y'

t000000 0

0)i

)
fodi=0;i<64ii++)
e"lf .& v,&tlpo.&olP I )
{ f$anf( lol12,i%lf'l"lfrsml(
tlpo+alp l'r )r Pl/ l 80 0)
suNup=sumufi!
)

fscanll tDk2. '/"la %lf "/.1f ,&v,Aalpo.&alp | ):

sumuip=smupp+vtin(alPo+alpI'0'PI/l

80

0li

l*anfi fDr2."%lf %ll

c,6lf ,&t,&dpo.&dp

sunu;pp'sumuppF

vrnn(.lpo'llpl'0'Pl/l

80

0):

I
;hFsumu+GuouCsunupplt+smupPp1irVl0000.0yl000

0;

fo(i-0;i<l54ii++)

Gcsnf(fplr2, %lf "/.lf %lr9"lf 90lt

9"lf .&v.&alD0.&alDt,&.102,&alp3,&dlp4)i

snrsmrr'cosriltpO alpt'l+;lp2'rt/lO0o0o' Jpt'po*rt l/10000000

+alp3xpowt,4yl00000000.0)'Pv180.0)r

2t5

fo(i=o;i<l

l4ii+)

fs.d(fpL2,'%li %lf %lf'3v.&rlp0,&alpl );

suotFsuDr/*rcos((alpolalPl

rl)'?tl

80

0).

fo(i=oii<68;i+)
I fscdf(fp$2,'/"lf o/.lf %lf'.&v.&alp0,&alpI):
rt
vmDp=suffpPrvtosl alp0+tlp l l'PI/ l 80 0),

l
fo(i=oii<9:i+)
r fsdfi fDk2."!/olf./olf %lf'.& v.&tlPo.&.lp

l)i
)unrppp runrtpp{'coe(dlpo'alpl't'Pl

180

oli

md{-li5O0O.5 7+sunr sudrsr suffpp'l_sumrPpptl't | 0000 0:

nla{=(ml5r/l60.o{lonc (hla/160 0)))'160 0i
o'lf PUI80 0)):
OOOrolla-O.O0OOt019'sin(225 O'47?lo8
'"i.""',-O
mhr+-={.d o0o0l754'sin(l83 1+481202 0r0'Pl/! 80 0))i
ndst+=(o o708rcos((225.0+a?7198 e'rl'PVl 80 0))

maipha=sin(mton8'PUlSOofcskFilon'Pvl800)i - nrn;ha- malDhard(mlal'Pt/l 80 0t'sin(cPsrlon'PUl80 0)'

mal;ha=ialpha(@(mlong'u/180.0));
maloha=.iu(maLlha)+

I 80

o/PI

-ri,,ir.no'go oraai.r.ng<

iftmbn;27o

or

mdlphanalPha+-1600:
uo o I

if(mh*24.0)
inmhi<o.or

frba_-24 0;
dha+=24 0i
I Pv l80 ofcoslpsrlorr
m;?lk=$n(mltr

-i"iu=na.r.

PV

lao 0):

_1800:

--^ ^O)rsininlonsrPl/1800):
-

-'Lmr"t'pvrtOO)tsin('psilontPVlSO

nrdelh=asin(mdella)'l 80 o/Pl:

rulphlp=malpha+dell4lPhai
mha=hh.nelraatPha;
'iil""iJ"
r80 0)'co(mderbP'
er'i do ol'"'t.aerl!pr Pr/ r 80 o,
"os(l)rar'Pv
Pl/l8o.o)'cos(mnar lt 0rPyl80 0l,
malr=6in(malt)1 180 o/Pli

-lii

i(sr=l)
;rcfr(

042730 remfl))'(tr
1.oz(bn(nal(+ l0 la mah s lt)fPl/l80oDft283
drcfFmefr/60 0;

216

mcela=sin(!lar*PI/180.0)'sin(mdcliaprPvl80.0)1si.(mall'PV180.0);
nft la=merdcos(ndellarPvl80.0)'@s(mlt'PUl80 0));

i(fah6(nela)<=

1.0)

goroxy(45,20)i@ut<<"
meeta=acos(mela)' 180.(VPIi

mdehFnddiap+@t'1cos{mera*Pvl

80

0);

(@t'sii(6ela'rvl80.oycos(mdehe'Pl/180 0)yls 0i
malFsin(plarrPvl80.0)'sin(ndehd'Pl/180.0)+cos(plal'PVl80 0)*co(hdcllai
?v180 0)rcos{mhdll 5.0'PYl80 0)i
nralt=ain(mah)'l 80 o/PI;
nalt+=(aco(eMj(enej+hik/1000 0))x 180.0/PI);

]
cour<<'.eb geater lhan

hdeluFndellapi

lSOo)_s,n{plat'Pl l80ofs'n(moh'Pl l800r:

nDzm=mdnv(cos(olaf PVI 80 0lrcos(mah'PVI 80 0)li
nd=lcodmaa)r 180 o/PI;

; a,m-si1(m,lelrar'Pl

i(nha-12.0)
nazm=160.0:

i(mla<12-0)

mm=1600_n@;
nrmidia=(n6<Vmdsr)'

180

o/PI;

..r,r,="."u.otrtio"o'pr rtOOttsrn(eps'lon'Pl l80 0)rpos(l

po$,lsi;(epcilonrPl,I80 0)'rn(slong'Pl/l80 0' 2 0) 0

ii;i'iriio",tr.o.po",rsinrcp'it.n'Pvl80 0)rs'n{slon8'PVl

iii=.co(iii)'l

0_

t)))

80 0) 2 0) 0

80.0/PI;

mele hor=90 o.Dhil.mdai

aii*rir.:-.*.iai*z zf oqplatrPl/l 80 0ycos{l)hil'ddt'Pvl80

rda;

5)li

l=l0 t'.os(plal'PVl80 0,/.osohilcmda'PVl80 0)i

217

0):

i((dnon8<90.0)&&(slon8>100.0))
ddone-nlon8+360.0_slon8;

Bky

dclong=mlong'5lon8;
lal'tan(phitehda'PVl 80 o)+delonsi

doubl modtunc(double xY)

xFxy/l6o:
\y=(xy{double 0on8(xY rr)f 160:
iltxy<0)

loid paBlx(double hhdoublc dd)

ol,llliililt;lli*"""pr/r80.0!emai)rr80.0/pri
0)-r'Ih'sinr'r 0'|prar'Pr/I80 0rvl600 o:
inor' hre'{nrplar'Pl 180 0) on':
;-eniin'vntuu'pt rro or"o',r'PVr80
yy ro\tuu'Pl/l80 o)'hit'.os(plar'Pl/180 o)/con:

ll,l"'lili-""t.r',t,

rho=po*(xx's+ty'y) 0 5)'.mtji

80 0f sidhh'PI/l 80 0)v
i.rJom=aurt'pr'co"rphrPVl
"' *' - --i""ltaa'priitooFpG'cos{PlatprPtl80olrcosthh'Pl/1800)))

delrMlPhal=(l 80 0/Pl):
hp=hh_deltaalphal

or-Pie'sinuratp'Pvr 80 o))'/
0)l\'
aoirOa'er'lad Of @s'hb'Pl lso otspie'cos'pldp'Pvl80
dehapr=(180o/PI)i
hp/-15.0:

i;i;i|$,ili;t4r",
" "' _*

to'r'{sin(dd+ur

80

loid dr-new-roo.(doublcdoubledoublc)
yy=ya.+(monLh_l O+dak/lo Oir'l2 0i
traY-tYY_20000f 12 3685,

ir(kar'0ni)aoou61.

06ng ltar)))- t.o;

oons (ksY)));

e|s raF(dotblc
L--l,ay/1216 85i
;;=1"' ;';93;ggiijliil['31ffi 3"'ff.i::.i:.i:::*,
-.""-."ar.""ii lSu-zq toSl5o7'kav 0 0o000l4't4'r*'
6ei528' kav'o o
*""":l'j'#:,!';i"*::'r;;:.8
'_ ' .@.Le.r;co
0ooo00058r r.re'leerrec)i
r

218

07582' ree'

reF.

ooo0 I 2r8

forg nodf6c(160.?lo8+390.67050284rtoy'0.00161I81rcc're'
0.00000227'powtle .3)-0.00000001 l'por(1e. 4)):
omes=modtun(124.??46_

I 56175588'kav'000206?2'l.e'tc.

000002I5'po$(tee3)l:

eFl.0-0.002516're-o.00000?414nei
msur<PV180.0);moon.-(Ptl80-olr!re'1Pvl8o.0);ones'1PU180 0);
oe--0.,r0?2.sin(mmoo.)+0. t724l.selsi!(ns!i)+o.016061sin(2.0'ndoo.)r
perF(o.ol039rsin(2.0rfaq)+o oo739tceersin(nnoon-nsui)'
o.005l4,eee,sin(msu+moon));
pr+=(0.0020S'po{ce,2 0)'sin(2-o'Et!.}o 0o l I t'si'(mmn'2 0'taq)
0.00057.sin(mnoon+2.01raq))i
@r+=(0.000561ee'sin(2.0xmmoon+nsun}

0.00042{sin(3.0*hm@n)+o 00042'ee\in(nsu!+2 0*fdd)r

pe*=(0.00038'e*;sin(hsun-2.orfds)_0 00024teee'sin{2 0hmoon_nsui)0.0001?'sin{omes));
o'mhonFr+1'0.00007'sin(mmoon+2 o'msd)+{ 00004'sin{2

2.0.fa)+0.00004.si.(3.0'osun))i
De.F(o.00003'si.(omoon+nsun_
20.Lre)+0.00001+!n(2.0'mmoon+20'fare))
eeft I-O.O0OO3!n nmoon-nsu 2 0'fargh0 00001"in(mmoon_

'

msun+2

o.fes))i

Fr+=Co.00002'sin(nmoon_msun

'

0rlarg)_

000002'\i l.o'mmoonrsun,'O00002'sn 40'mdoon)):

ol=(299.77+O lO?408{kay_O 009l?3rteettee);al

a2=(25 1.88+0,016321'kay)ra2'=(PI/180.0)l
a11251.83+26.6t1336rkay)i.lr=lPul80 0):

2478'kayl.a4'1PUl 80 0)
a5{84.66+1E.206239ik.y)ra5'1Pvl 80 0)i
rkav):a6r=lPl/180 0)l
16=1 141.74+5l.lOl7?l
a7=i207 l4+2 4tlTl2tkayl:r7+1Pl/180 0):
a8-l I54.84+?.106860'kov),i8'=(PUl80 0):
r9=i14.52+27 26l2torkayr.Jq.=tPVl 80.0),
slo=l207 l9+0.121824'lavl:alo'=(PUl80 0),
rl l=(291,14+l 84a379'tot) tl l'=tPl/180 0)l
al2=i16r.72+24 laSl54rkry),a12'=(PVl80 0l
,ll={219.56+25 tllo99ikav) allr=(PVl800):
ar4il3l.55+l 592518'kav);al4'=(Pl/I80 0):
a41140.42+16.4

*=(PI/1 80

,,

|
0001 65

sin(t2)i
addc*=O.O00r64tsrn(.1), addfr=o.000126'sin(aali
iddcr+=o.oool ro'sinl15J; addc+=0.000062tsin(46)
d&cr-0000060'sin(a7)i iddcne0000056'sin(aEI
addcir=0.0OOO47rsin(ag): .ddcr=0.000042rsin(al0):
addc*=0.000017'5in(al2)i
addr-0.000040'sn(.1
addcP -O oOOOJt'siral3\: addcrjo 000021'sin(514)i
mjdanjd+pe*addcr z-rdoubldlongrMjd+osDr:

addcrj Oo0l25.s,n(al

addq+{

l)i

2t9

0ll

I(24299161.0) e=z; el$

alph<doublc(lon8((2-186nt6.25y3652425))):,
@-z+ L0+6lph-(doubl (lons (ddv4.oD);

I
cldouble
dd=(double

(lons ((bbj22.1y365.25)Di

(lo4 (355.25'@)));

e<double (lon8 (GMdY30.60{ l)));

md.rFbbnd-(doublc (lo!s (30.600 l'c))Fr:

!)modn+l.o: clsc mmodh+13.0;

i(montF2.o) myf<4?16.0: els mlta-rc47l50i
i(a<14.0)

nnrhor-{mdar-double(!o4(md!tc)))r24.0i
uho@houtsd.liatlin(myedl620.0)l/3600.0;
min=(mhour-doubqlone(mhout))'60.01
ms6=(ubin.doublc(lons(minD)160 0i
unin=(unoudoubl(lons(uhou)))160 0:
Na=(uin-doubqlons(unin)))'60 0;
)
{

i(s@>600)
i(min=60.0)

mi"{

0:

hou.H;
i(houP=24 0)
{ houFo 0i
dare+;

i(daenonthdaYslint(nonthl'0)l)

datFloi
mo.ll|++;

i(nonth>120)

lt )))

nonth=1o;

v6rr:

nin=00;
if(ho!P=24.0)
houFo-o]

220

dtt'+t;

iqdnl'd.ddryltin(0.dl.Ol)
( dGl.0;
noiliFli
r{rr{r,r12.0)

t
,
void

lro tsl.o;
yaftsl-;

l)))

ning-no;

iE_tordvoio

i(no|t',-24.0)

i{d'r.>tuothdrylti!ft nornlFl,Ol)
{ dnFr.oi

mb+)i

t{montlFl2 0)

rcIilLno
{

))l

ftGl.oi
rttfi

rld*.ri

i{d"p@|tdry{i'(dl.0I)

. {

dGr.q

n|odrh++;

i(mdb-12.0)

moortsl.o;

.ll

l(3l!-'d)

@no

I
qEodD-12-0)

nofl.0;

Doll_ctee{i

2l

i(|enrd)
s.t6i8_n0i

{(3c<1.0)

eF59.0;

i(bll<!.0)

diF59.0i

hdc-;
i{hom!.0)

hou-23.0;
dr!+_;

i{d@<I.0)

nto'fi_;

i(r!.dtKt.0)

l
t

)))'

lcnioLn0i

!to#12.0i

l.
uu**Il!(.*.orlt

nin-i
i&Din<!,0)
DiF59.0i

i{ho8<t.0)

bou!23.0;

i{dab<r.0)

dr!&io

!erl-:
i{no!.h<lo)
I dlo!tFI2.o;

,.. drrc!.d!dry.(in('dLl.0)1i

22

t
iqbou<I,0)

!dF23r;
&l}-i

i{de<I.0)

mo!&-;

iftud<t.0)
t e.dhl2.q

-.
,,

tqr-;
d.|ddrF[i!{DoodFl.0l;

*!i|{:
)
{

i{d.G<t.0)

{
i{Dolut<l.0)

mrtsl2.q

tlt.F.i
,
dd'nonrhdlyltidnondlt.0)l

.
l

f.c.0.0;

lo(|qFt ttqtt<Jcnn+)
i
j<Fjdr.,r4.()rr

Eo.rr

4 6*r

jdFjd+ddrar[a{Ee. r62{.0)y(36{oo.z.o}

Drrrdo;

{Ciutiednq.t.r,Dodd...O.0}:

tF(dlt24s 15,.5.0yJ652J.0
8id_.te!(!tI

t 0d+245t5a5.0)865250'q
E_cod(r)

223

nmFsin({50_c/60.0).Pv180.0)sin(plar.PVl80.0.)rsinGdeltap.Pvls0.0):

denn<os(!lat.Ptl80.0)ico(sd.ltap'PI/180.0)i

i(rab(nmr/dcm)+ | .0)
{ h6s?c6(Ntu/d.m)'160-0/Pl;

moFsalpha!-plong/l 5.o-Cmstzb;
mode=tuor-h8svl5.0;

hlwo-mnor+hstt 5.0i
i(onoKo.o) @or+24.0;
if(tuoF24.o) mor:24.0;
i(none<o.o) noner=24.oj
i(nonc>2a.0) none-=24.0;
i(ntwo<o.0) m$o+=24.0;
i{mtwc>24,0 dwo:24.0
sbs=smstzoo+nlqor 1.002?3790935:
brwo-nlwo+delratlin(tyer-1620.0)l/1600,0;
jd=juliandar(year,monrbdare,mr$o/24.0);
r=(jd-2451545.0y365250.0:

caph=ns+ptone/l 5.0-etphp.
axrs=asinhin(ptarr pt/ | 80.0f s,n(sdelrap.pt/t 80 0)
+co{ptal.Pvl80.0).cos(sdetr.p'pt/r 80,0),
cos(ph' l5.0.Pllt 80.0)i 180.0/ptj
dexm=t(attss+50.0,60.0t1(osutar'ttl 80.0)
.codsd!lrap.Pt t80.0frn{caph.
t5 Orpt l80OrJ
!cs=hlwo+detrah;

)
urss=utss-delar[in(lrtr- 1620.0)]/3600.0;
!tss+=(acos(emdj/{cmj+hrrc/l ooo.0rr I 80.o/pl)/l 5.or:
rmcnBt24 0,

fo{lcnr=l

Jcnr<4

Jcnr+)

jd=jutimdde{yea,,oonthdare,ner:
jde-jd+det'a(in(yeaFl 620 o, tt

)ilo.o.

stjd=juliddarciy.tu honoldale,o.0r,
nlsUd-2451 545.0)46525.0i
F(jd+2451545.0y365250.0;

214

24 o ).,

t.0.

nmFsinc(so 0/60 of?V l 80 0)sin(;lar'Pvl80 o)rsin(sdl$prPVl

80 0);

dem=o(iL'Pvl80

0)t@s(sdel6P'Pvl80 0)i

iflfab(nud/d.M)<=

1.0)

hN=@s(.w/d@)rl800/Pl;
mot=sdphaFplonS/l

nontmot'h4Yl5

o-gnstzdoi

0;

ntwetuot+hlsJl5,0;

i(dot<o 0)

nnot+=24 0i
i(l@1>24-0) nnor*24 0;
i(mon?<o 0) mooe+=24 01
i(oon>z4 0) mone'=24 0;
i(nt*o<0.o) mtwo+=24.0i
i(olwo>24.0)nt{o-=24 0;
slsrgmsldo+mon tl 00273?90935:
none=mone+dltarlin(lyed-1620.0)l/3600

0i

jd=juliedate(y.e,6odhdat,mo.e1240);
F(jd-2451545-0Y365250,0a

su._coodc):
@ph=srsr+plotrg/l 5.oelphap;

altsFbincid(Pl51Pvl80.0)isinGdellap'Pt/l 80 0)
+cos(! lat'Pl/ 80.0)'cos(sdellap'Pv l 80 0)
'@s(qph' 15.01PUI80 0))' I 80 o/Pli
ddlan{(all.$50.0/60.o/(cos(plat'PI/180.0)'
.os(sdehap'PI/l 80.0Xsin(phx l5-04PU180.0))yl 5.0;
ulsFhone+delrmi
1

)
ulsFursFdellallin(ly.aFl 620.0)V3600.0i
uts!+=(aco(e@y(eoaj+hite/1000 0))' I 80.0/PD/15.0)i
rac=drsd24.0;

llsR$r+4nlrm;

i(hsr<o.o) hs.F24-0i
i(lts!>24.0) Itsr:24.0;
)

fo(lcnt=l Jcnt<4jcil+)
{

jd-j'iiedardyeu,nonrhdate,f.e);
jdFjd+dllarlini(yed-1620.0)l(3600.0'24-0);
nutarion0;

stjd=juliedlle(]dJnonthdat,0.0)i
st=Grjd-245

t 545.0y3652t.0;
sid-1imc(sr)i
t=(jde,245t545.0y36525.0;

225

mooi coord(i),

llii'i--.Ji. i:s'pv

ro.or-'i"olat'Pvr

mder@P'Pr't

80 o

80 0):

''srd
dem<os{plaf Pl/l 80 Of ds{mdelcp'Pv l 80 0):
ifffabslnw/deM)'= I o)

{'

hass=a@s(num/domrrl80o/PI:
Dnor{alph.Fplong/15.0_gnseeroi
mone{nol-has/15 0;

mtwr.fuol+h6J15.0;

0)

nnol+=24 0;

i(mtoP24 0)

mnot-=24 0i

i(rndol<o

0)

nonar=24.0;
i(mone24 0) nonc'=24 0i
i(mrivo<o 0) ntqcF24.oi
i(mone<o

i{mt{o>24 0)mt*o-24 0:
sts!=sstzeGrmlm' 1.00273?90935i
mlwoattu+deltarlin(lve{-1620 0)l/3600 0;
jd=jdiandat (ye&,mo hdlt,mtwoz4 0);
r=(jd-24s1545.0)/36s25.0;

eph=qrs+plone/l 5.0-malPhoP,
dlr t -6rn(simelar'Pv180.0)'5in(ndelup'Pvl80 0)
_
c;.{pisr Pvl80 0fLo)(nddlap'Pul80 (
cvPl
'cos(eph'15 o'Pvl80 0))'l80
0)
d.linn=(ali5e0.l25y(cos(plat'P/180
o'Ptl800))y15 0:
'cos(ndelap'Pvl80 0)'sin(@ph'15

!ts=mtwo+dellaml

uhs+(acos(cruj(eMl+h,td

l000.0J

IE0

0/Pl/l5 0)i

ltns=utns+aniin;

i(xms<0.o) ltmsts24.o;
i(1lme24.0) llme=24.0;
for(lcnFl Jcnr<4Jcnt++)
{
jd-juliedate(y@,monthdat,fiac)i
jd.=jd+d.lhrlin(y.d-I620.0)l(3600 0'24 0);

stdjuliddaG8q,monthd.lc,0.0);
st=Gtjd.2451545.0Y16525.0i
t=(ide-2451545.0Y3652s.0;

nllrsin(o.125'PV180.o)-sin(llatrPVl80.0)'sin(ndctaprPVl80

226

0);

d.m=@s(ptar'PvlE00)'6(md't!prPvl80 0);
,nfabsrnutr/d.M)<=I0)
I has=aco(nln/dem)| t80 o/PI:
nnotralPhaFplong/l 5 Gghstudi
none=mnot'hddl5 0i

d{erurot+hds/15.0;
i(mot<0 0) motl_24 0;
i(moP24 0) 6nol'=24 0i

0) noneF24 0;
i(none24 0) mone'=24 0i

iflmoc<o

i(mtwo<o 0) ntsoF24.oi
i(mlso>24 0)ntsF24 0:
$mFcmsrzso+mone'1 002?3?90935i
mo;mon.rd.lollint(lved_I620 0)l/36000:
jd=juli6datdv@,hon$3ate,6rwc'/24 0)i
t=(jd-245r 545.0)/35525.0;

n@n @od(t);
caph=shr+plors/I 5.0-halPhapi
alimr-asin(<in(plaFPl/l80 0lrsinlndehap'PVl 80 0l
+.odplat'PVl8o-o). codmdeltaprPvl80 0)
tcos(eph'15.0*Pv180.0))rl80 otrli
deliaml(al$4 12t(codpkePvl80 0)
1@(4d.ltap'ryl8O.0)'sin(caph' I 5-0'PUl80 0))y15 0;

urrcmonrdcltm;
)

ulett((a@s{enaj/(cmaj+hldl000 0))r
liEcatmr,z4.0i

180

rtrutmfrzonlmi
i(xnr<o.o) ltmr+=24.0;
i(ltmr>24.0) llmr=24,01
)

void dGplay_sord(void)
{

il(slar<o) sd=

S'i ele

sd=N i

Sotoxy{16,1olconv.rt dn{ilons);
eotoxy(16,I I);conven_dos(fabs(sla0)r
soroxy(16,12)iprini(' %.21{Xm dn);

i("dclb<o.o)

gotox(l

sdrs,

ele

sd'N

4);@nv..t_bn{salpha);
sotoxy(16, I 5)iconve't_dms(fab(sdelra))i
6,1

ifid.lllp<o.ol d

S:

le

sd=N;

6)i@nven_hft s(sho);
soloxy(l
gotoxy(l 6, I 8);mnrcn_hnB(sdph,p):
6,1

227

o/Pl)/l

0);

gobxy(l

6,1

9);conven-dns(fabs(sdelap));

iotoxy(16,20);co.v.d-hds(sha)i
coroxv{ 16,21)i@nren dmstsla)i

;oblt(I6.22 ):@ven d6l

rabslsalt Di

sdrBi.ls.

i(elr<0.oJ

$:Ai

lobxr(I6,2axprinrn'/..a1rd nin .sFidia'4 0)i

I
loid dhplay-mcooid(void)
{
i(mtat<o.o)

sobx,{l6,l0r.on(n dns(TlongI

sobry(16.1 1),.onven-dns(labs{darr)l

!dnd(

',6c".sd),

eoroxv16.12,:Dnntt( % 8lf ,mdst/em!j) &Fmdsr:

ed=N i
sd=s',

cl*

;tmd;lia.o.or

hms(nralphal,
;otoxy(16.1 5,.cDnven dms{fabs(mdelta))

.oloxytl6,l4),on!cn

soro\y(36,1 6)lconven-hos(rnht)

gorory(16,18).on!en hm(m.lphapli
sd=N i
,fidelkD<oo) sd=s: else
e;ro\ril6.l9 r;mnven dms(fabnmdeltaPr',
sobxy(36,20r:@Ncn hm({abs(mha)):
Robxv(16.22);conEndd{rabi mdlU:

;ftmah<O.oj
SotoxY(

sdrB

ebe

sd=

Al

]6.21}:@nven dms(m@':

goto\y16.24,:pnn't "" 4lfdc mrn" m*midrd2 ur'

iDnmniDu4. \n';d1""dl"idr""d ocnl iniidate'Jnimon'h' rn(vean)

%5 IlAt%t Il^f/"d\".plal plon&in(pall)):
brinttflt4.
'ta'irii"-l."s.s.
in((urssin(ubr f60 0)l:
r rn'v,s. r trr," a."d\".flmp.phu.,n(urst
frintfif;J4,'%15.t^f/'6 2llL",mjd Cd._nojor2a 0):

r.rinrntok4. %6.2lnlo/o6 2lAt',tlim$ltst'60 0'elongp)i

bnntn6t4. 0/.6 2tlt'/"6 21fli .mah_salr.s.4_m@)
ilaiirirld..as.rr^e,"4.:tNz8..lllt.wid'60 0.qvalohlri

'ri."iiiiiuo.""

pac

"s.alr

ort""s

4lNToa

4lrrt

9 5lft"phrtemda-mla(mlon&srong

[i,,iiro"n."vo.zrn.z*.1 tfl *,,8 ] lt\r./,8.11{\ro^8. 1ll\e.6. 1U\".25.5msFidiat.2,day,d.vl Bkv ul(v_rdavrstv_davl )i

fDrinr(fpir4,"o/o8,lllvo8 3lAf '.nma8 len)i

22E

)
{

ip nt(iprr4,""/od:%d{'/o8.3lo\t",in(thou),in((lbou'in(lhou))'60),nma8-len)i
'

{
falt=malt+.1

fam=hem+.1:

kndisl=9o.o-fali:

Glomonlaco(sin(matl'PUl 80 0)rsin(fal1'Ptl80-0)+co(malt'Pv1
ah.P/180.0.)r@s((n'a-faa)rPvl80.)))r l80.o/lli
relonsui=(acos(si nGan'

P V

80.0)* sin(lalt'P

Vl

iPl/180.0)'co(G@-ran)'Pvl80.)))1

80

0)'co(i

0.0)+cos(salr' PI/ 1 80 0)'cos(ral(

180.o/PI;

sacon=1.0/(cos(zendist'P/180.0)10.0286rq(-10-51@s(andist1Pvl80.0)));
aacom-1.o/(cos(rndisl.Ptl80.0)+0.0l2lrexpc24.5xcos(4ndistiPI/180.0)));
oacon=pow(1.0-posGin(Endisl'PVl 80.0)/(1.0+20.0/6378.0),2.0),-0.5)i
fo(i=ori<5;i++)
{
kFo.1066'ex(-palr8200 0)rpow(Mchlil/0.55.4.0);
lc=o l'pus(*6chlil/0.55.-l.r)'dptpalL/1<00 0\
ka=kaipow(1.0-0.12llog(phunVl 00.0),1.i3)
'(1.0+0.13'si.Galpha'Pl/180 0).(pla/aab(plat)))i

ko{2$htir(3.or0.4'(plarr(PV180.0)1@s(elph.tPUl 80.0)-

@s(3.orplaCPvl 80.0))Y3.0;
kw:Brehlil*0.94.(ph$!i 100.0)*cxp(pteDp/15.0)iexpcparr/E200.0)j

li$h[i]=kd.ka+ko+kw:

dnshlil=krSeom+k .dcon+ko.olcom+kw.gacom;
)

npo$i=1.o/Go(EndistxPVl80.0)+0.025rexp(-t

ii(mah<=o.o)

l.0icos(zbdist*Pv180.0))j

mhposf=4o.o;

nnposeF I -0lcos(90.Gtu1r). PVI 80.0)+0.025rexpt I L0tco((90.0-

mlrxPyl80.0)));

ir(elt<=o.o)

snposef=4o.0i

snposcf=1.0(cos((90.onatrPr/l 80.0)r{.025.ex(-t 1.01@(90.0ex)1PVl 80.0)));

lb(i=oj<s:i+)

{
.idrb=boschtil.(1.or0.3'co<6.283.(ye&j992.0y1 1.0));
nigb|b=nisntb*(0.4+o.6/pow(1.G0.961po{sir(andistrpvl8o.o),2.0),-o.s));

nishrbrightb.pow(l0.0,c0_41t$htiirslpost)i
oMas=-12.?3+0.0261rabs(l 80.o-etonsp)+4.0.pow(180.0elonsp),4.0).(!ow(t 0.0,-9.0))i

mmag=nnmas+.nshlil;
co'@=pow(t 0.0,c0.4.k$blil.@pceo)

229

?O'/po$rlelomor20l:
fem-Doq(IO0,(o I5'telomorv400)|'62'pov]l100
I80 0) 2 oi)i
ii'-i..-po*tro.o.s xr, r 'oo+Po$kos(felomon'Pv
m@nFrou4lo 0,(_0 4'(Fmal-noscnlrl4r z/ r"i ..
doonb=;oonb 1l O pova 10 0'( '0 4+[shtr I'stpos'r I ))i

';j,f"nn",li.ilk##ir#niti#rr'niffi ;".r"''
,fouF owlI0 0,t0 4'k$h[i]rsnpo*n):

f.s=6 i r mw( 10 0,7 0)/po*1|.loNu Z 0)

lcs+=rov'( I O 0.(6.Itf.lodu 400)rl
I 80
ili=,J"-'oi" rid 6.i:e" ' oe' pow;cosf'ro^nqun'Pv
zr,n
'
da\bno$( |0 0,( 0 4'(mshtrl_o6(nlrl*)
4rk$blil'slpo*r) rl
davb=<t vb'( I G pow( 10 0

0 r'2

0)

d.;b=lr;s.ctoud440000.011.0-crourl)'davbi
,r,aout.t*itul b$hlil=nighlb+dalb,

b*hl'l=nielb+Nilb:
cle'
ifihalPoo) b(hL'l=bshlil+m@nb:
bllrlil=bschlilipo*(10

0.12 0)i

t',
-jili.TrJ,,gf*,,';
;il"fi;iil;i"

L'=o*n,ruo.oo,,rr',*oo,,

;il=on;.po*( l .o+;oa{cr*o'ber.0
!cn=-16 57-2 5'log(khy'log(

10

5r) 20'r

0)4nscnlzl'

2i0

:l:::SXll3:::i:l

APPENDI'(.U
2OM
ANCIENT, MEDIEVAI, AND EARLY
CENTTTRYMODELS

23r

2!2

23J

234

215

236

2]E

2t9

240

24r

2A

APPENDIX.III
PHYSICAL MODELS

211

!.I9

244

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254

APPENDIX-IV
OBSERVATIONAL LIJNAR CALENDAR OT'
PAKISTAN

200G2007

AND ITS COMPARISON WTIE

TSE VISIDILNY CBITERIA

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F'UTURECALENDAR

DATA FOR TFE OESERVATIONAL LUNAR

CAIEIIDAR FOR
PAXTSTIN
BASED FOR COORDINATES OT KARA'CEI,
PAKISTAN

LATITUDE2"5I, I,()NGITUDE6/3'

PREDICTEI' OBSERVATTONAI, LUNAR

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ot

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^a D\

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ror

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llyas,.M.I991, Hij6 Da, Number, tslad Day Nunber and hlinic L$arion
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