lltstGN ANI rESrS 0r A

H.tlltBtt sAil.tf'lrN0 Arnr0rr

TllR I.IGHIWTIGIII AIRCRATI
[y L.M.M. B0erila[s and PC.M. van den B0rne
Del1l, The Nclhcrlands
Prcscntcd r1 the l9l h OS I lV (lofgre$
Ri.ti.ltrl\,. 1985

I INl R()t)t (ll{tN
At Ihe Delh Linivcrsil! ol Icchnobgt Lo$ Spccd Lrbor.
lor) ( 1-Sl-) rn invcstigrtion sls ferlormcd 1o dcsien rnd lcn
r flc\iblc rirloil ior srilsing !pplicrlioD The s!il$i'rg, Iig-
urc l, consisls ol a .igid lerding cdge strr.lip rnd root rihs. r
l.liling cdge clble lnd r cldh me rb.rne $trppcd xnrund
lhc lerding edge xnd xthchcd to thc tmiliig cdgc. ldming
rhe upl)cr xnd lowcr srilsurlNc$. Since thc inlroduclion o1
thcs!ih!insblPriDceronUniversil)nr 1918(l)\c!cralrheo-
rcticNl xnd cxperimcnldl irrveniguriof s htive been 0erlordr.d
(:.3,,1.5,6). Amo.g the results obt,ii.d, thc iillowing rrc ol
I)u. to r..odyrrdric lordi.g lhe l.rilii! cdAc cable dc'
Rccrs iorN! dnd u|\rrrd bcl*.cf th. li\ed root rnd tif
!lt.chmcnL poinls, lcrdirg t{) r rcducliod ol rrgl. ol rrt!.k
rnd incrersc ol thc rmoun( oi cNnrbcr ld thc uisuffortcd
$ifg rcclio \ in bel$eeo. As r resuLl, lhc sfrn lilL dislribu
tion !nd i.duced d.rg i\ \ubslailial\ comprrrble lo lhe rigid
sing rnd closc to th!r oilhe ellipli.,loplimufr. Lrilikc rIr.\
ncriblc wine designs. Lh. rncmbrr.c tcnsion Orodu..d br lhe
F.d-lenrioned tr.iling edgc c.blc pror cs srxbili\ to Ihc sril
su.Jices, lhus !llo$irg the srihriDg to opcr!1. snroothll
through conditiofs ol 0osilive and neg.live lilL.
'l hc light wcighr. sinrflc constructioi. lo* cons rnd good

f ir rill
Double !rarpcd .ri I m.mLr.,r.

I)c:ri gn aj.Ioi L
l'lixr:mum cinrb.r
c: llinimrn.an)ti.r

Figure l. Slilsine con..pl,

VolLrnrex,No 7 5i
cp

C
O
O
-2

lo
ci
oc
-t rc
i

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C

S,
Cq) q,
C loc CC] OO J'])C
c
cl

2A 40 60 8u t 00
x(7"c )

Figtrre 2. Strpe and prcssure disrriburion of ! flexibb ,nfoil l[

]E'HNI'A] SOARI\]G
 xerodyi.rdic pcrlornrance m.kc thc sril*ing suilable lor
los spccd rftlicrlions !s *indmills. sailine bodrs, hrig-
glidcrs, ultrrliShts or lighl1veighl srilpl!nes (which nrighr
b.idge thc gip bcl*cen thc pcrhdnxf.e o1 hrng glidcrs dnd
Thc frcs.dt i.resligrlion is locusscd on thc th.orelic!l
desigr xnd cxpcrinrcitrl !e.ilicrlioI oi a fleritrlc !irJoil lo.
su.h r sxil$ing rffli.rtioi Scv.riLl t@l\ werc uscdl
the Lruilirg cdge.rblc d.Jlcctbns rnd {edsion\ ol {hc
airlordcd srillri.g crlc!l.lcd rccording lo the p.occ
drr. gNcn b) Ororisto.'!ere (l):
rhc lle\iblc NirloilshrlLs iiid fressurc distributio.s wcJe
.rlcuLled b) 1hc itcrition drclhod derelopcd b\ dei Bocr
ih' Ino'l,r,., "l r''. .1 ,, -, 'l."t ,. r,.
''.'.,.'".
thc LSL rir liril rnrll \i\ r,,d desig. conrturcr pJog.r.r (7)r
|: lhe lcs(s scr. pdlirm.d i,r lhc low spccd lo$ lu.b!lercc
, 'l .n cl ,l Lr, t r ,,,, , r \( J.F
Delll IJ.nc^ll\ ol lichnolog\
2. AIRFOIL l)USt(;N
lVIrin dcsigr fr..rnrercb. rvhich cxn cflcctilelI be used tor
lhc design ol tl.xiblc xlrlbil\. !re (hc shapc ol rhc .igkl lcrd
irg edee sprr !nd thc lc.glhs ol 1lre utpcr Nnd lo$,cr surt.e
nierrbrtnes Thc! *ill bc discused ii lhis seclion. lolknv.d
b! so re !i\.ous llow calcuhlidr rcsulrs
Ltdling.dgt \t)ar
An inrpodlnt critcrion in th. d.sign ol lhc rigid lcrdiig
edgc is lo posrforc su.ri.,r) pe!ksut ro hilh rnsles ol xtuck.
Also. lor drrg rcr$ns. disconlinui(ics if cunrlurc rt
points {herc lhe mcmbrxnes tRn rhe strr should
hc lvoid.d Since in pructicrl 'ctarrlc
sril$ing !pplicrrion the eerli
crllcficctidrolthe rembrrncsiidco sequenlh rhcirtoiir
ol scprrdlidr vrrics xlonA the qinS strn. a certriD chordwisc
vrri!rjon ol thc nrcnrbfune seprrrtion poifl hds lo bc trkcn
irtorccounl. A thi xspccl, dclining (hc chordrise erlend ol
thc sp!r, n ol srruclu.ll ndture, \incc lhc mcnb.!ne\ rnl
trrilirg cdgc.lble introducc x b.ddiig noment in th. s0r I ol'
shichrhcmrjo..o rponcrrt is !ctirg i. the Fhne ol rh. Niig.
Tle nron simflc lerding cdge s0!r liom lhc manrirctur
iigpoi.tol vie$ is ! ci.cul!r lubc Fi8ure?presenrsN lypicrl
prcsur. dislribulion 1o. rhis llpc ol lcrding edge. lliowing
undcsirrble $ctioi pelks on lhc nosc. Mrnl xtrenrtrs. uslng
inclinc.l cllipticdl rfd sufeFelliplicrl cross scdb.s, eveilu-
lrigur€ l. DesiCtr shrpc of luding €dge sll'r
rlly *ill dillercnr un0cr lid lowd surl!ce conrt)ur. ,t iot
ticld dcsi.ablc prc*urc dinriburiois Si.ril.r resuLG *.rc
oblrjned by Nlrrai and M!rur! rr (4)r (lrc! .rcor.nr.nd Lhr
\c ol lhc nosc shane ol thc NA( A 6.1l 2 ririoil T|i\ rLr l,r
hrs r concr\c lt*cr surirce. ulrich j\ rlDlcrl lir r llejjrlc
xirloil. rnd ils shrpc is delincd bl nlnc drrrhcnrlicrl .rf.t,
sions. Lhus ne|ing rh. r.!!irciner(s tur rhc d.\.rinr ion ot thr
fosc sh!pc if rhe Jlcriblc !irio,l coDt!lcr In)!rr. dc\cl
oped br den BocJ I order ro ohLrif r \nroolI ll.{rbl. ! rr'oi
shrl)e \rilhout dLscoiLiIuil) in curvrl!re r1 lhc nrcnrhrr.e
sctrtrlror rrcr ! suitrble lrrnritirlr L. thr rcrNr tr l)l
(hc strr hrd to bc dcigiea The rcsulrin! \hrl)e ol rhc r..Lr
prn, slro{f ir l igurc l. crrr be e\fro*od tii tol}nirnirt\
wherc conl.riis in (hc lim ol conlin!itv ol Lh. lt^r and
stco l dcrilrti!e ol the lcldidg e.jge corlour ujc idrt\eil
upof the dcsiSn ol rhe lrrnsition !r.r I1 $!r decided rLi lifrir
,r l rf ,,.. , -., lhcchord$isee\Lcdt.l LIclcrdingcd!cs0rrroaboul 20'i 01
For lhc dcsis. ol Lh. llc\il)lc frrL somc brsi. w .t derisn
, .h t"i,,.or,,I.rtr
'I.r' wirh rn rsfecl rrlio ot 8.5,10 '.r t^-.
srilsing be uted ld hrig gtidcr
!ppliu1im({ireloddii! l5 Nirnrlor i iTlb /llr)srscho
rer. r\l rcst rhc trriling.dge hr!. prrrboLic shrpc rrd rhc
.rble prc Lcnsion inrp.rts l conslrnl chordsisc srll frc-le.
siof rlong lhc span (1he lrrilirg.dge de\ign shrpc txnmclcr
ds d.ti.ed try Omislor (l) is 0.2). llider ncrd) fl ighr cof dj-
tions. where thc sf.cd is rel.lcd Lo rh. lilt.oellicient ruch
lhr( lhc xdn l. nrmic Lord i\ corsllnL, it m,,y be r$umcd
rhc thrt lhc rddilio.rl crblc d.llccliof rnd clorgilion ot Lho
mei,brrncs is indel)endent ol thc r.gle ol rtrrck Trkiig thc
unkno\1f inrc ral sirg pres rc cqurl 10 lhc rnrblcnr nrcs
surc.lhe design ptubl.nr is reduccd ru llndiiS lhc opliD!.r
menrbfu.. lenglhs, in rclrtio. lo rerodvn!nic pcrtdmrnce
rnd requircd crble pre tersion. rr rll n!ri{)ns rlong rhc sprn
The nexiblc double nrcmbfufe ri.loil conrf rer progrrnl
xfd thc LSL xirloil !d.l)sis rnd design conpuLcr prrgranr
$crc used crlcrsiv.L\ lbr lhis purpose. First. rh. srit$irg
''rvchge !i.1oilsectioi. denoled by A,n F_lsure t, $ !s srud-
iedi lhc dcsigf lil1 cocllicicni \ras 1 0 r( r Relrolds number
r-
+
 SL
c
'--s
Fieor(,r. Ddnirio. of sladn*.
o10.9 X 1{ld. Ne\1. (rking inlo rccounl Ihc ho /onlNl nd
lenicnl deflccrion df lhe lrailing cdgc crhlc along thc sprn.
thc m ximum and mininunr cambcr seclions. dcnoled h) Ll
rnd ( in Figurc l, $er. chccked
It rppearcd thxl Ixvorrble p.cssure dislribulnrns lbrcxlen-
si\e lnmi rr flow on thc uDpcr $rlrce coLLld bc chicvod b)
using ! sli.lincss dclined in t'igorc 4 olrbout l55.i.e a
lotrlupper sdilleigth ol l0,l.7'i chord. Thc me'nbrrne rcn
vrs found lo bc rl ost indel)cnLlcnl ol lhe sLrckness rnd
'ion
i'nounr€d to rboul ll0 N/m. At thc lowcr !,rlrcc s,r)(i)lh
pres$rr. dinributi!'nr 1or lnnrinrr llo$ up Lo lhe lrNil;r8 cdge
.ould bc rchicrcd Nl rll \lrliois rl{nrg thc strn b! reduciir:
rhe rlNckness brlo$ 0.0()'i ro 0O7r? (tnal snil lcnSrh
101.1'r,c), rcsullif! in r nrcmbrrfc rerrlorl ol rhout ll0 N/
,,, l)uc llr( ' ,.,11 !r, h(r rr rrrrr,'1,,..1. ,( .ii, \cr\
\ensiI\. 'ori) slackncsi. ^ lransition positnln on lhc loscr surhce nroves rapidl) lb.
llcci,rsc oJ thc dill.rcrrl ufpcr rnd lowcr surlrce rrcF
brunc lcnsioos lh. sril clorl hrs ro hc li)(ed rl lhe lcading
cdgc, litr irst.nce i the sNy x sdil is llxcd to thc nrrsl ol .
sri!ing bort. lhi\ will irlrdiucc some bcrl disturtrr ccs
$hich trrighl cruso rurbulcnl llt)$. A thcorericrl r lysis
hxscd on thc .rilic l rough..ss Rc!.olds nu bcr.onccpt
\howcd 1firl I mrrirnum ioughncrs hcighl of 0 Iti choftl is
t l,rlrrd lu t,rcsrr\( hrni,,.tr flu\r n.nvi,ltd lhrr ,ls no!l'on
is N1 1.5'Zc ol the lowcrsLulrce (i.c. jusl h.hind thcstrgnx
Lion Doinl rt high xnslcs ol xltdck).
l
Fig!r(5.Shrprr dprc\!urr(li{lrihutionort[0fic\iblr!irtoildcsiSn
, rl.ulsrud. ( t,,nr- lr s 'igid\1( t64t!rt--5!.
60
'lhc tfuiUr! cdgc cdblc lcrrsion !nd conscqucnlly thc strn
*isc sril*.ing .rmber .rc (licrrt(al hy lh€ loscr $!rfrce slick
ness onlli d clblc !rc(cnsion ol dhoill .1 kN is rcquired.
Thc finil dcsigr uirloil shrrpe rnd pressure dislribulion al
r:5o is prcscnled in Figure 5 togelhcr \rilh lheNA(lA
64ll rh!r unli trcssu.e disrribulion. Iri8ure 6 ilhstrrles
ho$ lfie ilcxiblc shrtD ch.r8cs sill rnale ot atlrck.
L'i\ro t .^ 1111loti/)n ns lt\
tigure 7 trescnls lhc rc()dynNrnic chorucleris(ics ol lhe
llexible airloil dcsiSn and thc rigid NA(:A 6412 airloil s
. r. ..1,, ft1 r,' r' 1.r.rnr r,d B()n.'lu. unrb(( rrro.d:nF ro
F\' . r'.J lr'6 /( | D' lh( I sL r.r ^r .rn rl) .i..rnJ Jentl
Thc Fencr l beh vbur ol lhc now is si ril!. li)r both aiF
ibils.Il thc li{i cocllicicnl is reduccd thc boLrnd.r! lLiter
va NtCL - 0.8 crusingrL,r incrcaseolthedmgcoemcicnt.
Ar lili ccllicicnls rbo!.e 0.li lhe l(Ne. surlicc is complctclt
l.ninrr On (hc uptc urhrceollhe ficxihlc airloilthc trxn
silion po\ition gfudually rnovcs torr!ard with iicrcNsifg lift
cmni(( nr. slxrlin! .'r tumr hLra"(. I h( d'lI(rcn.c in p'.su'r
J,.rrih-riun.. ,rJ(rr( I .,' I iU ( 5. ( u'(: (,rl,ct I r.il,on
on lhc upper surJicc oi NACIA 6412 rl positivo lifl coeli
cicnls rnd consequcnlly r hisher drns @(llicicnr. Thc mrxi
mLrfl 1i11 cocliicient ol llrc flexiblc rirfoil is prcdictcd slighrly
hiphcr lhar lor thc NACA rirloil.
'i
t ll
It( HNia^ !{l^l( N(;
 t
I i[u'( o.I rlcuhldl fi(\ihh dc\itn rirroil \h.pr-:.-Pinr-
.}. WINI)I'I]NNEL ]'LS'I'S
Th.1wo dincnsionrl nrodclsprn ed tle Ridth ol the 1.s1
sccthi ( 1.80 nr) Nrd hrd .n rdiu(rble chod lcnsth ol nbout
0 l6 nr. s sho$n ir thc $o\rsection, Figurc 8. thc nosc pNrl
consists ol N r)relal hr. xnd r {'oodcn lclding cdgc sh.pcd
Ncco ing to rhe desigr Thcnrpanisbuillupolrllpered
!lu rifrN rr riling cdgc brr rnd r mcl!l bor ro prevenl he.d
ifg duc tt) Dcmtrrrnc lcnsion. The redrb.rnc is rtxplDd
!urnd Lh. lcrdine cdge d d !rt!.hed lii ! ncldl slrip which
is screwcd 1o tlrc r.riling .dgc bnr. Thc posilion ol lhe drip
ligur. 7, Calculaled charrci€risiics of th. flcriblc airloil
shtD€ lcPi'rt=0)and thc rigid NACA 6,112 tirfoil.
rl.
could bc v.ricd somc mm. The Jnernbrxne wds lired to lhc
ieading cdge b) doublc slicking tap.. Bolh the leading edge
.nd the trailiigedge prn could bc rnxlcd and their disiance
,prrt could be varied. Br' thcsc mcrns il rvxs fossible to ad-
just or v!ry the airloil shape wilhoul intc. changing thc
wrappcd xn)und mcnbfune. Tle.rcnrbr!ne consisls ol non
porous Tcmpcrkotc nylon colcrcd wiilr niylar with 0.082
nrm thick ess (considcrnrg lhc bcnd[g slifness lor model
slup. simih.itl $ilh actudl !pplic.lion) r.d 0.78 N/m2
iveighr ( 1.I ozlvd2)
A1 thc mid sprn rnd rt cvcry 200 nn sprr l)osilion bhck
design
lt
figure 8. Cross-s€ciion of the rn'dtunnel model.
lincs were drrsn in chordw;e direclion on both sidcs ol lhe
odel. !o enable the detennindlion ofthc airfoilsh!pe.
Win,hr nel, ,nadel suptolt an.l test equipm?nt
thc low specd lol-lurbulence windtuinel is of thc closcd
rerurn lypeand hrsrn inte.chargeableoctagonal lcsls€c1ion
1.80 ir wide aid 1.25 nr high. l'igur.9. l hc lurbulence level
in the tcst scction v.rics ftom about 0.0157, !1 l5 r/s n)
0.039. al 50 m/s.
The model lerding edge and trailirg cdsc rxcs p.ssed
throurh the tunnel $alls ard rcrc attached lo r l.!ne ntch
thrt the aifoil shapc and/or lhe angle ol lllrck could he
cfiangcd. Thc lrime $rs suspended to the six componcnl
bNlNnce syslem ol lhe *indlunnel. The openings in thc tutrncl
Nrlls {ere covered bv thin movable plalcs. bolh inside Nnd
outside the tesl section. Thc rcmaining gaps belwcen the
wing tips. $alk xnd axcs rcrc dboul I nrm. In rdditio. 1o
balancc meNsuremenls. drag mea\urements vere pe oflncd
with a sake rake bebind the model traversing about 1.50 m in
spanwise directio.. The rakc ulilizcd 3l tol pressure tubes
and 4 static pressure tubes.
A pitot'static iubc was nrountcd on thc tunnel floo.. Thc
irtedral prcsurc of thc airloil was me.sured by a thin lube
rvhich could be travefted inside the nodel through r hole in
All pressures were recorded br-. !n automlticllly rcading
multi'lube liquid manomctcr.'Iiansilion of lhe boundrrl
hycr \as dctccted b) ! stelhoscope. and llo{ seprftlion s!s
srudied wilh r hdndheld luil{and. Tbe black Ii.es on the
modcl srrl.ce were pholo8.rphed through pespcx rindows
in lhe lunnel wrlh br_ r{o canefus xt x lixcd position. I'igurc
Durinq D.climin..r lesls !he nrcmbrdne apl)carcd lo shift
slightly ovcr lhe leldiig edgc altcr some running lime, !hus
chlnging lhe inteided sldckncsscs. To elimindtc lhis. rhe xit
loil char.cleristics w.rc mcrsurcd Nl conslant load Rer-.nolds
numbers accordins to Rc.= 0 6 x 106/vcl inslexd ofRc!
=09)<106//VCtr
T$o !i.tuil conllguralio s \re.e niea\ured. ( ofliguration
I .oresNnded Ioth. desigi spcciticllions !nd conhSuratidr
2 hdd x 0.5f"c longcr ufpcr surfa.c mcmbrlnc to {csl Lhe
scnsitiyilt ol lhc chxrdctcristics ld uppcr surhcc shckncss.
All bahnce !nd $akc rake dalr wcre on linc .educed rnd
the lill, drng lrnd titchiig'nromenl coellici€nls $cre tlolted
using thc HP21MX I conrfutcr oI lhc I-o] Spccd Lxbofu
Srrndurd sindrunnel *all cor.cclions werc !pplied ac
cording 1o Alle rnd vinccnli (8)i the cor.ccrions on the
coeJicietrts amoDnl lo less th!n .17 aid 1le corsclion oi !!re
anglc ol lttack, bcirg less thrn 0 I degree, {is neglccrcd
Thc d.!g duc to wing tip tunncl srll intc .rcncc $!s dc
riled lrom the dilTcrencc bclwccn balancc and wlkc rake
1ralerse reasuremenls at se\cfu]rngles oi !11rck, simihr lo
thc prcccdurc desoibcd in Rel. 9. Figure l(l sho$s an e\! !
plc lor d : 0'. I hc Nakc drag distribrtion sluvs peaks due
TF( HN ( AL 5OARNG

Figure l0.lv,kc ratc t.!r.rse {nd balane
'ncasurenenis.td=0o.
to thc scress on lhe lorver surfrce lrriling edScr . mcrn drrg
value wls calcuhled b) a least square rell'od. The diUer
enc€s in draA whe. cornprred $ith the hxhnce nrersuie-
nre.ls were plotled lgainst the lilt cocfricient squrred. shos'
in8 an rlmost stfuight ii.c. All balancc nr.n{rcnrcnts iverc
corcclcd ld wing tip lunncl wNll irtcrfc.cncc hy takiig into
'rJJ. n..
'lr ! \ lu( r .rJ nB u r\.. (l.ri {. ip.
The.irlbil slape Ras delernined lion the phorogrrphs.
Accordii! to lhe rrocedure described in Rel. 6. in.rddition to
thesc piclur.s, a shccl oi rnillinrcter papff at the same span
lisc position as thc bhck liDcs on thc nrodcl lrs photo
l.igure ll,ltcaslrcdchaiaclcrislicsof coniigurationl(design)lnd2
(0.5%c longcr UDI'€r surfrce m€nbrr€),
I
pairosiLron,r!-erL- -
Brdphed altcr thc modcl wrs rcmovcd, hcrce the dislorlion
duc 1o thc pcrspcx $indo\rs !rd crmcr. posilions ; knowf
By p.ojectins lhe picrures ol lhe black lines on rhe co.re-
sponding piclures ol lhe I)rilli reler t!per. the rirloil .oord!
nrres we.e delerlniied
Figore ll slu!s the nrcrsurcd rifoil chrrlctcrisiics ot
contigumtion I rnd 2. Comparisnr with Figrrc 7 sho\rs {h.l
thc prcdicted trcnds arc in.greenrenl wilh the nrersure-
menls: lor insllnce thc lowe. surlace ha\ lan'ina. llow ubove
a cerlain lift coeltici€nl (as contirmed h) stethoscoF nea
 -'f T
i
[igur€ 12. Mcisur.d.irfoil shapes of conliguration l.
suremcnls). Duc to thc incrcascd camber, conliguralion 2
shows slighlly higher lill and pilching momcnt cocflicicnts
than conliguralion I, bul no higher rnaxi u lili coellicienl.
The lifl coemcient is 1.54 at a : l2' ibr conllgu-
'naxiorum
ralion I and 1.49 dt d: 10.5' lor configurrtion 2, bolh al
Al angles ol allack rbole 6' lhc uppcr su.lacc nrcorhrxne
ol coiligu.rtioi I louchcd lhe trailing edge rlunrinum bar.
thus causing a dight convex corner i lhe !i.foil shrpe rnd
conscqucnlly an inc.crsc in drlg xs drown in the ligure. The
pitching-momenl cocillcienl c!rvc, with stlbl. gradie.ls.tl
Ore ends, i thrl thc rerodln.mic ccnler is sliShrly in
dic.rtes
lmnt ofthc qudrlcr chord poinl. Iigure l2 shows the r;loil
shapes oi conligurxtion i xs dctcnnined lionr the pholo-
gr.phs. Al incre.sing .nglc ol attrck thc position ol rnx\i-
unr cd rber is rlro!ing iorsrd rnd rhc uppcr surilcc rc!r
pxrl beco res inde.singly coicave evenlurll) louching the
trxilinS cdg. bdr dr. to the ch2ngeol tressure\ oulside! d
insidc the.irloil. Ns will bcslu!n iatcr. (Thc nclsur.d intd
n.l 0res\u.ecocllicienl decrerscsUne..lykom 0.05a1 d :
4" to 0.:15 xt d = - 12'). The \l'ate ol lhc trul lowe. surhce
mcmbfunc hardly chdngcs *ilh xnglc oJ llrxck.
." rt. i.., h rr . i .,.r..., Jrf.Tn .fJ sr.( f,,
"
r', .LU. li|'('lrl,rr, 'l r(n iun lll\ JrLr(rrrg
Figur€ 13. Cllcuhted and n€asur€d anfoil shap€ rr a=3'; Cpint=-225.
4, EVAI,T]ATION
Comprrison ol thc theoreticrl airlbil shaFes, Figure 6.
with lhc melsured ones. IiSurc 12. indicxtes the i porlanl
clTccl of the internll pres$rrc. Knowing thc internrl t.es
surcslron thc nr.asurenrenls, the.irioilshapcs wcrc calcu
btcd againr xn cxamplc is givei in Figore 13. Il should be
lle curv.rlu.c ol the
poinrcd oul LltaL a sinpliiicd cqurtion lbr
rembrrnc has been lscd (involving thc
dpfroximriion th!1
thc ucDhrane slope is smrll), which gilcs rn cvcn bcttcr
rgrccmcnt wilh the.rermred shapes.
Figure l4 shows th. coftsponding rccrlcuhted rerody-
nnnric chxfuctcristics in compNrison Nith the mea\u.ements
'l hc drlg incrcmcnl iluc 1o thc 23 ar the lo$cr surilcc.
'.'ew\
rs cainured liom Hoenrcr ( l0), is xboul0.0007. 1!kinglhis
conl.ibulioJr inlo rccount, thc calcuhLions.rc in good rgree'
orcnt !ith lhc nr.Nsurcmcnls, exccpl ne.r the fra\i'num lili
cocmcie.l. Iigure l5 rlro$s r compr.ison ol thc charNctctis
lics lirr thc originrldcsierr (Cpi"i: 0) rnd rhc shrpes *ilh
mc!$rcd intcrnrl prcssurc (Llpi"l i 0), crlculdled r1 tl'e
original connNnl load Re,"_iolds iunbers. Aparl lrotrr thc
disc.eprnct ne.rr ra\i ru r lilt, the tresurc induccd con
cave upDer contoDr is lavourabl. ior thc dcvclopmcnl ol thc
L
I
TF'HNI'AL 5OARING
 b,f{-,!,.,, ) F". !!.
/.i '!1

Figur€ 14- Calculatcd !nd n€nsurcd rirtoil cha.rcterisrics (Cpint<0.

,l

I
I

.i
!'igxrc 15. Conpari$n of cdcul.t€d chrrncterbtics, c €cr of i nier nal presstr rc.
 ad

Fi'jur€ 16. Sitrkitrs sp*d ratio of the flcxiblc lirfoil $d FX63-117.

lurbulenl boundrry layer,leading 10 lcss sepdration and Low s!ilsing nirloils t,king accounr oi elasticirics J ircrali. vol. 19,
erdrag al the higher ljft cocjncients.
6 Boer. R.G. den, 1981. Nurncrical dnd erpeiincntal invesLigr
liinrlhr. Fisurc l6 comprrcs the rinking speed ralio olthe r n ot Lhc .crodynxmics 01 double mcnbraDc saihving rirloil scc_
fl,iihle;irloiiaid the {cll known lorv Re!nolds number air rions. Dclt llnireBnr ol llchiology. Dept. ol A€rosprcc Eng,
foilFX6l 137, desisncd for ran Powered a;.crdl(l l)' indi-
cating lfic high l.vclol perloflntnce olthc flexiblcdcsiSn. I Ingen, J.L. vao, Boermans.l .\4 M., Blont..l J ll,
1980. Los
slreed nirloil secttu. resc.r.h rl
Deui U.iv.sLtt ol T€ch olog!.
tcAs 80 l0 L
5. RI'!'IRENCES
L swccney.l [., !961. Lillorator] suilwing res€.rbh at Princc b \".r H l.\ rr \\ L'.l\ll\\'iri r!'li' L ir ' !v
'. .cL.
.llnrcnsninr floN qindLu Iith considdrlion ol lhe elTccl 01
Lon Prioceb UniveAit!, Dcft oiAcrosl)lc and McchanicrlSci
compr€ssibilitt NAcA Rcpor.t No. 781
2. lnrk. M P, 1969, Fun sc!lE invenigrlion ol the acrodvnamic 9. Bocrnrrn,s L.Ni.N{ , TerleLh. l) C, 198'1, \lilrdlunnel lens ol
ch.r.clcrini.solr sailwingoirsFcL r.tio 5 9. NAS,\ TN D 5041 ciehr sxilDlnnr \riDg lLrselxlr comhnr!no s ltchnicrL Soxring Vn
I Onnislon. R A.. l9ll. Theorslical dnd exFrimenlal acodv_ 10. Hoc.re.. S.tl. 196j. l]l d)n,Dric dtng I'0hlinred br 1|c
n,!nrcs ol lhc sail$ire. J
J A I'o r '"' I . r"^l\''r .
' V re' ,.r, r, lt la^ir.rrtl.Vol.l.No.2 nuthot, Ilrick Ibsn, 1965
,.1."'1. o !' r' 'rls 'o rr " \tr" ' \At\r P,ru' I I \\orlnrin. tX . 197i. r\cdnrl desi! 1.r mrn poucrcd rn
".5. Mrrar, H.. Mrrurx r.. S, lr)8:, 'IhcorelicuL if!cnigntion 01 cIl{ t-r i!c,snrol Slutlg!rr

II' HN SOAR NG
'A1