CHAPTER 4

HEAT
4.1
Understanding Thermal Equilibrium
A student is able to:
4.1.1 Explain thermal equilibrium
4.1.2 Explain how a liquid-in-glass thermometer works
* Choose the correct word in the bracket.
1.

*( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body.

2.

*( Heat , Temperature ) is a form of energy.

3.

A hot body has a .. temperature where as a cold body has a

.... temperature.

4.

The SI unit for heat is ...

5.

The SI unit for temperature is ..

6.

Temperature is a *( base , derived ) quantity.

7.

Heat is a *( base , derived ) quantity.

8.

The figure shows two metal blocks in thermal contact.

A
30C

B
80C

(a) Energy is transferred from *( A , B ) to *( A , B ) at a faster rate.

(b) Energy is transferred from *( A , B ) to *( A , B ) at a slower rate.
(c)

Temperature A will *( increase , decrease ).

(d) Temperature B will *( increase , decrease ).

(e) The net heat will flow from *( A , B ) to *( A , B ) until they are at the
same temperature.
9.

Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium when :

(a) they are at the *( zero , same ) temperature.
(b) the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is *( zero , same ).

10.

Temperature is measured by a ..with works with the principle of

....

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11.

Name the physical property (thermometric property) which varies with

temperature used in a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
......

12.

The liquids commonly used in liquid-in-glass thermometers are .

and .

13.

Comparison of mercury and alcohol as a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

Mercury

14.

Alcohol

Freezing point :
Boiling point :

Freezing point :
Boiling point :

It *(wet, does not wet) the tube.

It *(wet, does not wet) the tube.

*(Opaque , colourless)
Easy to read.

*(Opaque , colourless)
It needs to be dyed.

Conducts heat well, responds faster

to temperature changes.

Responds more slowly than mercury.

Complete the following table concerning a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

Features

Explanation

The glass bulb is thin.

The bulb is made small.

The bore of the capillary tube is

narrow and uniform.

The walls of the long tube above

the bulb are made thick

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15.

Temperature of liquid, ,

l l 0
100 0 C
l100 l 0

Where, = length of
mercury at .. point.
= length of mercury at
= length of mercury at

l0

l100 .. point.

l point.

16.

An uncalibrated thermometer is attached to a centimetre scale and reads

5.0 cm in pure melting ice and 30.0 cm in steam. When the thermometer is
immersed in the liquid y, the length of the mercury column is 15.0 cm. What
is temperature of liquid y?

4.2

Understanding Specific Heat Capacity

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A student is able to:

4.2.1 Define specific heat capacity I
4.2.2 State that c= Q
m
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6

Determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid

Determine the specific heat capacity of a solid
Describe applications of specific heat capacity
Solve problems involving specific heat capacity

1.

The of a substance is the

quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of a mass of 1 kg by
0
1 C or 1 K.

2.

Specific heat capacity, c =

Where, m =

Q
m

Q =
=

.
3.

The unit of specific heat capacity is ....

4.

The quantity of heat absorbed or lost from a body is given by, Q =

5.

Sign convention for heat absorbed/heat gained is .......................

6.

Sign convention for heat released/heat loss is .........................

5.

How much heat energy is

kg of water from 30 C to its
of water is
4200 J kgC.

6.

required to raise the temperature of 1.5

boiling point ? The specific heat capacity

01

Conversion of energy

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(a)

Electrical energy from heater transformed into heat energy.

= m c

(b)

Potential energy of a falling object transformed into heat energy.

= m c

(c)

Kinetic energy of a moving object is transformed into heat energy

when it is stopped due to friction.
= m c

7.

A 700 W electric heater is used

Calculate the temperature rise of
water is 4200 J kgC.

8.

A copper block weighing 2 kg is 01 dropped from a height of 20 m. What is

the rise in temperature of the
copper block after it hits the floor. The
specific heat capacity of copper is 400 J kg C.

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01

to heat 2 kg of water for 10 minutes.

the water. The specific heat capacity of

9.

A bullet traveling at 60 m s hit a

rises by 4.5 C. Calculate the

01

10.

100 g of hot water at 90C

is
Assuming that no heat is lost,
mixture.

11.

Complete the following table.

sand bag. The temperature of the bullet

specific heat capacity of the bullet.

mixed with 200 g of cold water at 30C.

calculate the final temperature of the

Material has a high specific heat

capacity

Material has a low specific heat

capacity

It takes a longer time to be heated.

It lose heat easily.

It is a heat insulator.

12.

Explain the meaning of above application of specific heat capacity:

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Water as a coolant in a car engine

Household apparatus and utensils

Sea breeze

Land breeze

4.3

Understanding Specific Latent Heat

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A student is able to:

4.3.1 State that transfer of heat during a change of phase does not cause a change
in temperature
4.3.2 Define specific latent heat (l)
4.3.3 State that l = Q
m
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6

Determine the specific latent heat of fusion

Determine the specific latent heat of
Solve problems involving specific latent heat

1.

Matter exists in three states, that is solid, .... and ......... .

2.

The heat released or absorbed at constant temperature during a change of

state of matter is known as ......... .

3.

Latent heat is released

Melting

Solid

Gas

condensation

4.

Specific latent heat of ..... is the quantity of heat that is needed to

change 1 kg of a substance from solid state to liquid state, without a change
in temperature.

5.

Specific latent heat of ..... is the quantity of heat that is needed to

change 1 kg of a substance from liquid state to vapour state, without a
change in temperature.

6.

Specific latent heat, L =

Q
m

Where, Q = latent heat absorbed

or released by the substance
m = mass of the substance.
7.

The SI unit for specific latent heat is . .

8.

What is the quantity of heat

Specific latent heat of fusion of

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01

required to melt 2 kg of ice at 0C ?

ice = 336000 J kg.

9.

Temperature / C

F
90
B

15

20

35 Time/minute

70

30

Figure shows the temperature- time graph for a substance, S of mass 2.0 kg,
being heated using a 500 W heater.
(a)

Based on the graph state the physical condition of substance, S in

(i)

AB : ..

(ii)

BC : ..

(iii)

CD : ..

(iv)

DE : ..

(b)

Melting point : .

(c)

Boiling point :

(d)

By using kinetic theory, explain why the temperature of substance, S

in AB is increasing.

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(e)

By using kinetic theory, explain why the temperature of substance, S is

constant in BC even though heat is still been supplied to it.

4.4

(f)

Calculate the specific heat capacity of the substance in solid state.

(g)

Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization of substance, S.

Understanding The Gas Laws

A student is able to:

4.4.1 Explain gas pressure, temperature and volume in terms of the behavior of gas
molecules
4.4.2 Determine the relationship between pressure and volume at constant
temperature for a fixed mass of gas ie Pv = constant
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10

4.4.3
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.4.6
1.

Determine the relationship between volume and temperature at constant

pressure for a fixed mass of gas ie
V/T = constant
Determine the relationship between pressure and temperature at constant
volume for a fixed mass of gas ie
p/T = constant
Explain about zero
Explain the absolute/Kelvin scale of temperature
Solve problems involving the pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed
mass of gas
Complete the table below about gas laws
Boyles Law

Charles Law

1
V

PT

Constant Variable :
1. Mass of gas
2.

Constant Variable :
1. Mass of gas
2. Pressure of gas

Constant Variable :
1. Mass of gas
2.

Boyles law states that the

pressure of a fixed mass of
gas is inversely
proportional to its volume
at constant temperature.

Charles law states that

Pressure law states that

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T/C

T/C

11

1
V

P
V

T/K

P
T

P
V

2.

V
T

T/K

V
T

P
T

Figure (a) show 18 cm of air column trapped in a capillary tube by 4 cm of

mercury. If the glass tube is inverted, what is the length, L, of the air column
trapped in the capillary tube?
(Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg)

4 cm

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air

12

18 cm

air

4 cm

(a)

(b)

3.

An air bubble released by a diver 3 has a volume of 4.0 cm at depth of 15 m.

What is the volume of the bubble
at a depth of 10 m?
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m water)

4.

The value -273C is equivalent to

.......... K. This temperature is known

as the

5.

Convert 27C to its equivalent

6.

Convert 330 K to its equivalent temperature in degrees Celsius.

7.

The volume of a gas is 5 cm at

until the column becomes 6 cm.
gas.

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0
3

temperature in Kelvin.

27C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure

Calculate the final temperature of the

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8.

A gas of volume 20 cm at 47C is

87C at constant pressure. What

9.

0 Buntar to Ipoh, the air in a car tyre has a

Before a journey from Parit
pressure of 200 kPa and a
temperature of 27C. After the journey,
the air pressure in the tyre is 220 kPa. What is the temperature of the air in
the tyre after the journey?

10.

The pressure of gas in a light bulb 0 is 50.5 kPa at 30C. Calculate the
pressure of the gas when the
temperature inside the bulb rises to 87C
after the bulb is lighted up.

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0
3

heated until its temperature becomes

is the final volume of the gas?

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