Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volums CylinShells
Volums CylinShells
Some volume problems are very difficult to handle by the methods of Section 6.2. For
instance, lets consider the problem of finding the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
about the y-axis the region bounded by y 2x 2 x 3 and y 0. (See Figure 1.) If we slice
perpendicular to the y-axis, we get a washer. But to compute the inner radius and the outer
radius of the washer, we would have to solve the cubic equation y 2x 2 x 3 for x in
terms of y; thats not easy.
Fortunately, there is a method, called the method of cylindrical shells, that is easier to
use in such a case. Figure 2 shows a cylindrical shell with inner radius r1, outer radius r2,
and height h. Its volume V is calculated by subtracting the volume V1 of the inner cylinder
from the volume V2 of the outer cylinder:
y=2-
1
xL=?
xR=?
V V2 V1
r 22 h r 21 h r 22 r 21 h
FIGURE 1
r2 r1 r2 r1 h
2
r
r
r2 r1
hr2 r1
2
1
If we let r r2 r1 (the thickness of the shell) and r 2 r2 r1 (the average radius
of the shell), then this formula for the volume of a cylindrical shell becomes
V 2 rh r
V [circumference][height][thickness]
Now let S be the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by
y f x [where f x 0], y 0, x a, and x b, where b a 0. (See Figure 3.)
y
y=
y=
FIGURE 3
We divide the interval a, b into n subintervals x i1, x i of equal width x and let xi be
the midpoint of the ith subinterval. If the rectangle with base x i1, x i and height f xi is
rotated about the y-axis, then the result is a cylindrical shell with average radius xi , height
f xi , and thickness x (see Figure 4), so by Formula 1 its volume is
Vi 2 xi f xi x
Therefore, an approximation to the volume V of S is given by the sum of the volumes of
these shells:
n
V
V
i1
2 x f x x
i
i1
This approximation appears to become better as n l . But, from the definition of an integral, we know that
y=
lim
2 x f x x y
i
n l i1
b
x i-1 xi
y=
V y 2 x f x dx
a
2 xf x dx
xi
FIGURE 4
where 0 a b
The argument using cylindrical shells makes Formula 2 seem reasonable, but later we
will be able to prove it. (See Exercise 47.)
The best way to remember Formula 2 is to think of a typical shell, cut and flattened as
in Figure 5, with radius x, circumference 2 x, height f x, and thickness x or dx :
2 x
circumference
f x dx
height
2x
FIGURE 5
This type of reasoning will be helpful in other situations, such as when we rotate about
lines other than the y-axis.
EXAMPLE 1 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region
bounded by y 2x 2 x 3 and y 0.
SOLUTION From the sketch in Figure 6 we see that a typical shell has radius x, circumference 2 x, and height f x 2x 2 x 3. So, by the shell method, the volume is
2-
x
x
2 x
2
FIGURE 6
1
2
x 4 15 x 5
2
0
2 (8 325 ) 165
It can be verified that the shell method gives the same answer as slicing.
y
FIGURE 7
NOTE
Comparing the solution of Example 1 with the remarks at the beginning of this
section, we see that the method of cylindrical shells is much easier than the washer method
for this problem. We did not have to find the coordinates of the local maximum and we did
not have to solve the equation of the curve for x in terms of y. However, in other examples
the methods of the preceding section may be easier.
y
EXAMPLE 2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region
between y x and y x 2.
y=x
y=
shell
height=x-
0
SOLUTION The region and a typical shell are shown in Figure 8. We see that the shell has
radius x, circumference 2 x, and height x x 2. So the volume is
1
V y 2 xx x 2 dx 2 y x 2 x 3 dx
x3
x4
2
3
4
FIGURE 8
6
As the following example shows, the shell method works just as well if we rotate about
the x-axis. We simply have to draw a diagram to identify the radius and height of a shell.
EXAMPLE 3 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
about the x-axis the region under the curve y sx from 0 to 1.
y
SOLUTION This problem was solved using disks in Example 2 in Section 6.2. To use shells
we relabel the curve y sx (in the figure in that example) as x y 2 in Figure 9. For
rotation about the x-axis we see that a typical shell has radius y, circumference 2 y, and
height 1 y 2. So the volume is
shell height=1-
1
y
x=
x=1
shell
radius=y
V y 2 y1 y 2 dy 2 y y y 3 dy
2
y2
y4
2
4
2
FIGURE 9
EXAMPLE 4 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
x=2
y=x-
FIGURE 10
2-x
V y 2 2 xx x 2 dx 2 y x 3 3x 2 2x dx
0
2
x4
x3 x2
4
2
Exercises
A Click here for answers.
1520
Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume
generated by rotating the region bounded by the given curves about
the specified axis. Sketch the region and a typical shell.
15. y x 2, y 0, x 1, x 2;
about x 4
18. y 4x x , y 8x 2x ;
about x 2
20. y x , x y ;
2
about y 3
about y 1
21. y ln x, y 0, x 2;
22. y x, y 4x x ;
2
24. y 1 1 x , y 0, x 0, x 2;
y=sin{ }
25. x ssin y, 0 y , x 0;
26. x y 7, x 4;
about x 2
Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume generated by rotating the region bounded by the given curves about the
y-axis. Sketch the region and a typical shell.
4. y x 2,
x 1,
y 0,
x 2
5. y e
x 0,
6. y 3 2x x 2,
7. y 4x 2 ,
x1
about y 5
x2
y
5
xy3
about y 4
28. If the region shown in the figure is rotated about the y-axis to
y x 2 4x 7
obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region under the curve
y tan x, 0 x 4 .
x1
y 0,
37
y 0,
about x 1
3. y 1 x,
about x 7
2126
Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral for the volume
of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given
curves about the specified axis.
17. y x , y 0, x 1, x 2;
2
19. y sx 1, y 0, x 5;
y=x(x-1)@
about x 1
914
10. x sy,
11. y x ,
x 0,
x 0,
12. x 4y 2 y 3,
13. y 4x ,
2
29.
y2
x0
9 10 11 12 x
2 x 5 dx
2
x 4 y 12
30. 2 y
x0
2x y 6
14. x y 3,
the solid.
y1
y 8,
y 1,
2932
31.
32.
2 3 y1 y 2 dy
4
y
dy
1 y2
2 xcos x sin x dx
; 3334
33. y 0,
yxx x
2
34. y x 4,
CAS
3536
about x 2
36. y x sin x, y 0, 0 x ;
39. y 5, y x 4x;
41. x 2 y 12 1;
42. x y 1 1;
about x 1
about x 2
40. x 1 y 4, x 0;
38. y x 3x 2, y 0;
2
3742
The region bounded by the given curves is rotated about
the specified axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid by any
method.
37. y x 2 x 2, y 0;
about x 1
46. Suppose you make napkin rings by drilling holes with different
y 3x x 3
V b 2d a 2c y t y 2 dy
c
4345
x=g(y)
y=
R
r
x=b
x=a
0
Answers
9. 21 2
S
1+
x(x-1)@
0
y
x
y
0
x
3. 2
11. 768 7
13. 250 3
15. 17 6
17. 67 6
21. x12 2 x ln x dx
1
x
23.
x
19. 24
x01 2 x 1sin x 2 x 4 dx
x0 2 4 y ssin y dy
27. 1.142
25.
29. Solid obtained by rotating the region 0 y x 4, 0 x 3
5. 1 1 e
7. 16
Rb
V = 0 [g1 (y)]2 [g2 (y)]2 dy.
Using shells, we find that a typical approximating shell has radius x, so its circumference is 2x. Its height is y, that
is, x(x 1)2 . So the total volume is
V =
3. V =
R1
0
2
1
2x
5
1
R1
x
x4
x3
2
+
2x x(x 1)2 dx = 2 0 x4 2x3 + x2 dx = 2
=
5
4
3 0
15
1
dx = 2
x
1 dx
1
= 2 [x]21 = 2(2 1) = 2
5. V =
R1
0
Thus, du = 2x dx, so
R1
1
V = 0 eu du = eu 0
= (1 1/e)
R3
R 3 2
x x 4x + 7 4(x 2)2 dx = 2 1 x(x2 4x + 7 4x2 + 16x 16) dx
1
R3
1
= 6
R3
81
4
36 +
27
2
1
4
4
3
3
2
= 6 20 36 + 12 + 43 = 6 83 = 16
R2
2y 1 + y 2 dy = 2 1 y + y 3 dy = 2 12 y 2 + 14 y4 1
= 21
= 2 (2 + 4) 12 + 14 = 2 21
4
2
9. V =
R2
1
11. V = 2
= 2
=
8
0
8
0
[y( 3 y 0)] dy
y4/3 dy = 2
3 7/3
y
7
i8
0
6 7/3
6 7
768
(8 ) =
(2 ) =
7
7
7
(y y ) dy + 2
12 y2
+ 3y +
1 3/2
y
2
dy = 2
32
3 + 24 +
32 + 2 243
+ 243
+ 243
5
2
2
5
= 1250
+ 2 433
= 250
= 128
5
15
15
3
= 2
15. V =
R2
1
2(x 1)x2 dx = 2
= 2 4
17. V =
R2
1
= 2
19. V =
8
3
1
4
1
3
2(4 x)x2 dx = 2
32
3
1
4
x4 13 x3
17
3x
4 43 14 =
R2
14 x4
67
6
= 0 2(3 y) 5 y 2 1 dy
R2
= 0 2 12 4y 3y 2 + y 3 dy
2
= 2 12y 2y 2 y 3 + 14 y4 0
0
R2
= 2(24 8 8 + 4) = 24
2
1
2
1
32
5
2 5/2
y
5
i4
0
h
i9
+ 2 16 y3 + 32 y2 + 15 y 5/2
4
21. V =
25. V =
R2
1
R
0
27. x =
V =
29.
R3
0
23. V =
2x ln x dx
2(4 y)
R1
0
sin y dy
/4 0
=
.
4
16
R /4
0
2x tan x dx 2
2x5 dx = 2
R3
0
16
32
tan 32
+
3
32
tan 3
+
32
5
32
tan 5
+
32
7
32
1.142
tan 7
32
x(x4 ) dx. The solid is obtained by rotating the region 0 y x4 , 0 x 3 about the
31.
R1
0
2(3 y)(1 y 2 ) dy. The solid is obtained by rotating the region bounded by (i) x = 1 y2 , x = 0, and
33.
35. V = 2
/2
0
CAS 1 3
= 32
x sin2 x sin4 x dx
a
0
1
3
x(x + x2 x4 ) dx = 2
x3 + 14 x4 16 x6
a
0
4.05
a
0
(x2 + x3 x5 ) dx
R1
1
5
2
R1
x2 + x 2 dx = 2 x4 + 2x3 3x2 4x + 4 dx
x5 + 12 x4 x3 2x2 + 4x
33
5
3
2
81
10
1
5
1
2
1 2 + 4 32
+8+888
5
= 2
R4
1
(x + 1)(5 x 4/x) dx
R4
1
R4
5x x2 4 + 5 x 4/x dx
4
x2 + 4x + 1 4/x dx = 2 13 x3 + 2x2 + x 4 ln x 1
= 2 64
+ 32 + 4 4 ln 4 13 + 2 + 1 0
3
= 2
= 2(12 4 ln 4) = 8(3 ln 4)
41. Use disks: V =
2
0
1 (y 1)2
dy =
2
0
2
8
4
2y y2 dy = y 2 13 y 3 0 = 4
=
3
3
h
1/2
Rr
43. V = 2 0 2x r 2 x2 dx = 2 0 r 2 x2
(2x) dx = 2
= 43 0 r 3 = 43 r 3
Rr
45. V = 2
2
3
r 2 x2
3/2 ir
r
Z r
x2
h
r2
x3
x2
r 2 h
x x + h dx = 2h
= 2h
+ x dx = 2h
+
=
r
r
3r
2
6
3
0
0
47. Using the formula for volumes of rotation and the figure, we see that
Rd
Rc
Rd
Rd
Volume = 0 b2 dy 0 a2 dy c [g(y)]2 dy = b2 d a2 c c [g(y)]2 dy. Let y = f (x), which
Rb
gives dy = f 0 (x) dx and g(y) = x, so that V = b2 d a2 c a x2 f 0 (x) dx. Now integrate
b R b
Rb
Rb 2 0
x f (x) dx = x2 f (x) a a 2x f (x) dx = b2 f (b) a2 f (a) a 2x f (x) dx, but f (a) = c and f (b) = d
a
h
i R
Rb
b
V = b2 d a2 c b2 d a2 c a 2xf (x) dx = a 2xf (x) dx.