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THRUST SUPPORT
Table 3.14 Pressure Thrust at Fittings in kN for each 10 metres Head of Water
Series 1 pipe
Size
DN
Area
(mm2)
BENDS
111/4
221/2
45
90
TEES
ENDS
15
363
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.04
20
568
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.06
25
892
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.09
32
1410
0.03
0.05
0.11
0.20
0.14
40
1840
0.04
0.07
0.14
0.26
0.18
50
2870
0.06
0.11
0.22
0.40
0.28
65
4480
0.09
0.17
0.34
0.62
0.44
80
6240
0.12
0.24
0.47
0.87
0.61
100
10300
0.20
0.39
0.77
1.43
1.01
125
15500
0.30
0.59
1.16
2.15
1.52
150
20200
0.39
0.77
1.52
2.80
1.98
200
40000
0.77
1.53
3.00
5.55
3.92
225
49400
0.95
1.89
3.71
6.85
4.84
250
61900
1.19
2.37
4.65
8.58
6.07
PRESSURE THRUST
300
78400
1.51
3.00
5.88
10.87
7.69
375
126000
2.42
4.82
9.46
17.47
12.36
Series 2 pipe
Size
DN
(kN)
(mm2)
(MPa)
Area
(mm2)
BENDS
111/4
221/2
45
90
TEES
ENDS
100
11700
0.23
0.46
0.89
1.65
1.17
150
24800
0.48
0.96
1.89
3.50
2.47
200
42500
0.83
1.65
3.24
5.99
4.24
250
52900
1.04
2.06
4.04
7.47
5.28
300
93700
1.84
3.66
7.17
13.25
9.37
375
142700
2.80
5.57
10.92
20.18
14.27
(degrees)
design.44
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design
VELOCITY THRUST
Applies only at changes in direction of flow:
F = WAV2 2 sin(/2) 10-9
(kN)
where:
(mm2)
(kg/m3)
V = velocity of flow
(m/s)
THRUST BLOCKS
Concrete thrust blocks are usually required to transfer unbalanced forces in
buried pipelines to the surrounding soil. See Installation Guidelines for
construction of thrust blocks.
To determine the bearing area of the thrust block required, divide the
resultant thrust by the bearing capacity of the soil.
The bearing capacity of the soil is dependent on the mode of failure. For
deep situations, compressive characteristics will govern and a guide to the
appropriate design bearing loads is given in Table 3.15.
For shallow cover, shearing slip failure can occur and bearing loads are very
much reduced. For cover less than 600mm, or less than three pipe
diameters, or if the ground is potentially unstable, e.g. embankment
conditions, a complete soil analysis should be carried out.
Slip failure may be avoided by extending the thrust block downwards with
reinforcement against bending loads.
PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe
design.45
design
USBR Soil
Classification
see ASTM D2478
Soil description
1.0m
1.25m
1.5m
GW,SW
57
76
95
114
GP,SP
48
64
80
97
GM,SM
48
64
80
96
GC,SC
79
92
105
119
CL
74
85
95
106
Inorganic silts, very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine
sands
ML
69
81
93
106
OH
240
240
240
240
VERTICAL THRUSTS
design.46
PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe