Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS

PAPER 2 : STRUCTURE
Question
Explanation
Diffusion
1(a)(i)
Molecules
(ii)
- Made of tiny / discrete particles/ molecules
- Move faster / rapidly
(iii)
- Between air / another particles

Marks
1
1
1+1+1

(b)(i)

83 oC

(ii)

Remain, because heat absorbed is used to overcome the forces between

particles.

1+1

(iii)
2(a)(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)

Move faster
Particles gain kinetic energy.
White fume
Ammonium chloride
Diffusion
Ammonia, because ammonia is lighter than hydrogen chloride.

1
1
1
1
1
1+1

(c)
3(a)(i)

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

Number of proton in the nucleus of an atom.

1
1

(ii)
(b)

12

X and Y. Because they have same proton number but different neutron or
nucleon number.
2.8.7

1+1

(c)
(d)(i)

1+1

Y
(ii)

1
-

(iii)

(e)

35
17

4(a)(i)

- Both axis are labeled with unit and consistent scales

- All points transfer correctly
- Size of graph at least of the page of the graph paper
- Curve of the graph is correct and smooth
80oC
Heat is absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles.

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

1
1
3

1
2
1

Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

(b)

To ensure uniform heating

(c)

Solid X is highly flammable

5(a)

Iodine and ethanol

(b)

copper

(c)

copper

(d)

ion

PAPER : ESSAY
No. 6
(a)

Rubric
Particle
Proton
Neutron
Electron

(b)(i)

Relative charge
+1
0 (neutron)
-1

Marks
Relative mass
1
1
1/1840

Any 2 pairs
1. Nucleus contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons.
2. Electrons moves around the nucleus.
3. Two shells filled with electrons.
4. 5 valance electrons / electrons arrangement 2.5

1+1
1+1
1+1
4
1
1
1
1
4

(ii)
14

1
1

Nucleon number
Proton number

(c)
Stage/Time State of matter

Particle arrangement

to t 1

Solid

Closely packed

t1 t 2

Solid liquid

t2 t 3

Liquid

Change in
energy
Kinetic energy
increases

1+1+1
3

Close together but not in

orderly arrangement

Higher kinetic
energy

1+1+1
3

Further apart

Highest kinetic
energy

1+1+1
3

Total

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

10
20

Set 1

No. 7
7 (a)

7(b)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

Rubric
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at a
particular pressure.
Because the energy absorbed by the naphthalene is used to overcome the forces
of attraction between the molecules of naphthalene.
Before condensation
The kinetic energy is high
The particles are very far apart from each other
The attraction forces between particles are very weak.
During condensation
The kinetic energy decreases
The particles begin to move closer toward one another
/ the distance between the particles decrease
The attraction forces between particles become stronger.

7(c)(ii)

1
1
1

1
1
1+1
1
10
1
1
2
1

Proton number = 13
Nucleon number = 14 + 13 = 27
Number of moles of Y =

Marks
1
1
1
1
4

1
1

After condensation
The kinetic energy is low
The particles are packed closely together NOT in an orderly manner
The attraction forces between particles are strong.
7(c)(i)

2010

10.8
= 0.4
27

1
1
1

Number of moles of Y2O3 = 0.4 2 = 0.2

Relative formulas mass of Y2O3 = 2(27) + 3(16) = 102
Mass of Y2O3 = 0.2 102 = 20.4 g
Total

4
20

PAPER 3: STRUCTURE
8
(a)
(b)
(c)(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(d)
(e)

Rubric
To study the rate of diffusion in the three states of matter.
The rate of diffusion in matter decreases in the order of gas > liquid > solid
Manipulated : medium of diffusion gas, liquid and solid
Responding : rate of diffusion
Fixed : temperature of each medium
Solid , liquid, gas
Solid the particles are very closely pack
Liquid the particles closely but there are more space between them
Gas the particles far apart from each other

(f)

Smell perfume / smell gas from leaked pipe or gas cylinder

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Marks
3
3
3

3
3

Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

1.
Ion
Chloride
Nitrate
Hydroxide
Sodium
NaCl
NaNO3
NaOH
Magnesium MgCl2
Mg(NO3)2
Ma(OH)2
Lead(II)
Copper (II)
Iron (II)
Iron (III)
Aluminium

PbCl2
CuCl2
FeCl2
FeCl3
AlCl3

Pb(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)3
Al(NO3)3

Pb(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Al(OH)3

2010

Sulphate
Na2SO4
MgSO4

Carbonate
Na2CO3
MgCO3

oxide
Na2O
MgO

PbSO4
CuSO4
FeSO4
Fe2 (SO4)3
Al2 (SO4)3

PbCO3
CuCO3
FeCO3
Fe2( CO3)3
Al2( CO3)3

PbO
CuO
FeO
Fe2O3
Al2O3

2.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

CuCO3 CuO + CO2

HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O
2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
Cu(NO3)2 + Mg Mg(NO3)2 + Cu
Cl2 + 2LiOH LiCl + LiOCl + H2O

3.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

0.1 x 6.02 x 1023

1.5 x 6.02 x 1023
2.0 x 6.02 x 1023
1.5 x 6.02 x 1023
2.0 x 6.02 x 1023

4.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

6.02 x 1023 6.02 x 1023

1.8 x 1021 6.02 x 1023
1.2 x 1023 6.02 x 1023
2.4 x 1020 6.02 x 1023
3.0 x 1023 6.02 x 1023

5.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

1.5 x 71 = 106.5 g
2.5 x 32 = 80 g
2 x 98
= 196 g
0.5 x 17 = 8.5 g
2.5 x 267 = 667.5 g
0.5 x 188 = 94 g

6.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

0.5 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 11.2 dm3

0.2 mo x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 4.8 dm3
1.5 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 36 dm3
0.5 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 12.0 dm3
2.5 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 56 dm3

7.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

250 cm3 24000 cm3 mol-1 = 0.01 mol

500 cm3 22400 cm3 mol-1 = 0.02 mol
200 cm3 24000 cm3 mol-1 = 8.3 x 10-3 mol
750 cm3 24000 cm3 mol-1 = 0.03 mol
300 cm3 22400 cm3 mol-1 = 0.013 mol

= 6.02 x 1022 atoms

= 9.05 x 1023 atoms
= 1.2 x 1024 molecules
= 9.05 x 1023 atoms
= 1.2 x 1024 molecules
= 1.0 mol
= 30.0 mol
= 0.2 mol
= 4.0 x 10-4 mol
= 0.5 mol

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1
8.

9.

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

(a)
(b)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
(i)
1. Mol of Mg = 2.4 /24 = 0.1 mol
2. ration : 1 mol of Mg produced 1 mol MgCl2
0.1 mol Mg produced 0.1 mol MgCl2
3. mass of MgCl2 = 0.1 x 95 = 9.5 g
(ii)
1. Ratio : 1 mol of Mg produced 1 mol of H2
0.1 mol of Mg produced 0.1 mol of H2
2. volume of H2 = 0.1 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 2.4 dm3
C + 2PbO CO2 + 2Pb
2 mol of PbO produced 2 mol of Pb
0.5 mol of PbO produced 0.5 mol of Pb
2 mol of PbO reacts with 1 mol of C
0.5 mol of PbO reacts with 0.25 mol of C
(i)
mol of PbO = 44.6 / 223 = 0.2 mol
(ii)
mass of Pb produced = 0.2 x 207 = 41.4 g

10.

(a)
(b)

CuCl2 + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CuCO3

(i)
mol of CuCl2 = 0.5 x 50 / 1000 = 0.025 mol
(ii)
1 mol of CuCl2 produced 1 mol of CuCO3
0.025 mol of CuCl2 produced 0.025 mol of CuCO3
(iii)
mass of salt = 0.025 x 124 = 3.1 g

11.

(a)
(b)

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

(i)
mol CaCO3 = 5 /100 = 0.05 mol
(ii)
1 mol of CaCO3 produced 1 mol of CO2
0.05 mol of CaCO3 produced 0.05 mol of CO2
(iii)
Volume of CO2 = 0.05 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 1.2 dm3

12.

(a)
(b)

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

(i)
mol of NaHCO3 = 8.4 /84 = 0.1 mol
2 mol of NaHCO3 produced 1 mol of CO3
0.1 mol of NaHCO3 produced 0.05 mol of CO3
Volume of CO2 = 0.05 x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 1.2 dm3
(ii)
Mass of Na2CO3 = 0.05 x 106 = 5.3 g

13.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
mol of HCl = 2 x 100 / 1000 = 0.2 mol
volume of H2 = 0.1 x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 2.4 dm3

14.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

mol of CaCO3 = 5/100 = 0.05 mol
1 mol of CaCO3 reacts with 2 mol of HNO3
0.05 mol of CaCO3 reacts with 0.1 mol of HNO3
1 mol of CaCO3 produced 1 mol of CO2
0.05 mol of CaCO3 produced 0.05 mol of CO2
Volume of CO2 = 0.05 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 1.2 dm3

(iv)

15.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

2010

Na2CO3 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O

mol of HCl = 1 x 100 /1000 = 0.1 mol
2 mol of HCl reacts with 1 mol Na2CO3
0.1 mol of HCl reacts with 0.05 mol Na2CO3
mass of Na2CO3 = 0.05 x 106 = 5.3 g

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

16.

(i)
(ii)

CuO + 2 HCl CuCl2 + H2O

mol of CuO = 10 / 80 = 0.125 mol
1 mol CuO reacts with 2 mol HCl
0.125 mol CuO reacts with 0.25 mol HCl
Molarity of HCl = 0.25 x1000 / 100 = 2.5 mol dm-3

17.

(a)

mol of NaOH = 8/40 = 0.2 mol

Molarity of NaOH = 0.2 mol dm-3
M1V1 = M2V2
0.2 x 50 = M2 x 150
M2 = 0.67 mol dm-3

(b)

18.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

19.

(a)
(b)
(c)

2010

2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

mol NaOH = 2 x 25 /1000 = 0.05 mol
2 mol of NaOH reacts with 1 mol of H2SO4
0.05 Mol NaOH racts with 0.025 mol of H2SO4
molarity of H2 SO4 = 0.025 x 1000 / 18.5 = 1.35 mol dm-3
2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
mol of Na2CO3 =
1 x 25 /1000 = 0.025 mol
(i)
mol of HCl = 0.025 x 2 = 0.05 mol
(ii)
volume of HCl = 0.05 x 1000 / 1.25 = 40 cm3

PAPER 2 :STRUCTURE
Question
1(a)
(b)(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
(c)

Explanation

Mark

Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole ratio of atom of each
elements in the compound.
Mass of Cu = 20.35 18.75 = 1.6 g
Mass of O = 20.75 20.35 = 0.4 g
Mol of Cu = 1.6 / 64 = 0.025 mol
Mol of O = 0.4 / 16 = 0.025 mol
Mol ratio : Cu : O = 0.025 : 0.025 = 1 : 1
Empirical formula CuO
CuO + H2 Cu + H2 O
1.flow dry hydrogen
2.collect the gas
3. place lighted splinter at the mouth of the test tube.

Question
2 (a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c)
(d)

Explanation
46
189
2.408 1024 molecules
4.816 1024 atoms
0.0015 mol

Mark
1
1
1
1
1

434 g

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1
Question
(e)

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

Explanation

Mark
1

8.28
= 0.03 mol Ag2CO3
276

2 mol of Ag2CO3 produce 2 mol of CO2

0.03 mol of Ag2 CO3 produce 0.03 mol of CO2
0.03 24 dm3 = 0.72 dm3

1
Total

Question
3(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

(e)(i)
(ii)

Explanation
1. green turns black
2. lime water turns cloudy
CuCO3 CuO + CO2
Mol of CuCO3 = 3.1 / 124 = 0.025 mol
1 mol of CuCO3 produced 1 mol of CO2
0.025 mol of CuCO3 produced 0.025 mol of CO2
Volume of CO2 = 0.025 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 0.56 dm3
Black turns brown
CuO + H2 Cu + H2 O
Mass of Cu = 0.025 x 64 = 1.6 g

Mark
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10

ESSAY
4.
(a) (i)

C
mol

ratio

85.70

H
14.30

12

7.14

14.30

7.14

7.14

The empirical formula CH2

(ii)

1..3

( CH2 )n = 56
[ 12 + 2(1) ]n = 56

56 // 4
14

The molecular formula C4H8

1..3

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

(iii)

(b)

Empirical formula

Molecular formula

The formula shows that carbon

and hydrogen are present

The formula shows that carbon and

hydrogen are present

The formula shows that the

ratio of carbon to hydrogen is
1:2

The formula shows that one

molecule of X consists of 4 carbon
atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms

2010

An empty crucible and its lid are weighed and the mass are recorded

Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper, placed in crucible and

weighed again. The mass are recorded
The crucible and its contents are heated over a strong flame

The crucible lid opened once in a while during the experiment

When the magnesium does not burn anymore, the crucible and its contents
are cooled in room temperature,

1
6

and then weighed. The mass is recorded

The heating, cooling and weighing is repeated until the final mass becomes
constant

1
8

11

Result
Mass of crucible + lid
= ag
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon = b g
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide = c g
Mass of magnesium = (b a) g
Mass of oxygen
= (b c) g
Mol of magnesium atom = b-a
24
Mol of oxygen atom = b-c
16
Simplest ratio mol of magnesium atom to mol of oxygen atom = x:y/ 1:1

12

Empirical formula : MgxOy / MgO

9
10

1
1
1

1
1

PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Set 1

Marking Scheme: The Structure of the Atom & Chemical Equation

2010

5(a)
Rubric
[Able to state three inferences according to the observations correctly]
Example:
Observations
i) white fumes is released.

Score
3

Inferences
magnesium oxide is produced //
magnesium has been oxidised.
magnesium is a reactive metal.
magnesium has combined with oxygen.

ii) Bright burning.

iii) The mass increases.

5(b)
Rubric
[Able to record the data correctly]
Example:
Description
The crucible and lid.
The crucible, lid and magnesium powder.
The crucible, lid and magnesium oxide.

Score
3
Mass / g
123.36
128.16
131.36

5(c)
Rubric
[Able to calculate the mass of magnesium, mass of oxygen and show the steps to
determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide accurately]
Example:
i) Mass of magnesium = 128.16 123.36 = 4.80 g
ii) Mass of oxygen = 131.36 128.16 = 3.2 g
iii)The empirical formula of magnesium oxide:
Element
No. of moles

Simplest ratio
Empirical formula : MgO

Mg
4.8
24
= 0.2
1

O
3.2
16
= 0.2
1

Score

5(d)
Rubric
Cannot. Lead is less reactive metal

Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Marking Scheme Set 1

Score
3