Introduction to Plant Economy

" Ecology " " oikos

" "

.
.

:
" Aut-ecology "

. Syn-ecology

Basic Information Ecological Factors
) (

- ) ( Climatic (atmospheric ) factors

- Edaphic (soil) factors

- ) ( Orographic
(topographic )factors
- Biotic factors
) (Stands Habitat

Habitat or environmental

factor ) (.

& (Weaver

) Clements 1938 :

( .

( .

) (

(
.

( ) ( .

( .

( .

:
( .
( .
( .
( .
(
( .
( .

Climatic Factors

Atmosphere

) (

( Tropospere

-

, .

( Stratopshere

) (

-
.

( Mesosphere

( ) Ionosphere Thermosphere

Thermosphere

( Exosphere

Biosphere

) ( .

- -

-
Ecosystems .

Light as an Ecological Factor

) (

Electromagnetic waves )
(

( :
- Ultra violet
.

- ) ( :
.

- :

.
- :

) (

:
Atmophere

( Radiation absorption
( Radiation reflection
( .

Euphotic zone

- .

Disphotic zone

Aphotic zone

) (

- .

- .

:
:

- Heliophytes

- ) ( Sciophytes
/ /

- Facultative sciophytes

) (

:
.

) (.

.
.
:

) (

:
- .

- .
- .

- .

- .

- .

- .
- .

) (
) (

) (

Photoperiod Photoperiodism

:
- Short day plant :

( .

- Long day plants

( ) ( .

- Day- Neutral plants

induction

) (

Photoperiodic

Temperature as an Ecological Factor

( .

(
.

) (

- .

-.
-.

- .

) (

:

.

) ( :

) Verbalization (Springificaion

Plant temperature
:

- .

- .

- .

- .

) (

Optimum temperature

- Psychrophiles

- Mesophiles

- Thermophiles

.
:

-
.

- .
- .

- .

Chilling injury

- .

) (

-
.

-
.

: Freezing injury

) ( .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

Hardening
Soil temperature
:

) (

- .

- .

Air as an Ecological Factor

% % . %

:

%

) (

: Wind

:
.

) (Gorisheva 1979

.

Anemophilous

) ( : :

) (

- .

- .

- .

) (
)Relief (Topography

) (

) (

Polar zone

Temperate zone Tropical zone

Subtropical zone

Water Factor
:
:
:

- ) ( Invisible vapour, humidity

- Visible vapour
Clouds and fog.
- Rain
Hail . Snow

) (

:
Humidity

Relative humidity
) (

) (

- .

- .

- .

Snow . Hail

Affectivity of Rainfall

)
( .
.

) (

.



.

Soil Moisture

Free or gravitational water

Ground water

" " . Water table

Field

. capacity Capillary

water Hygroscopic water

Combined water . Water vapour

) (

Films

Wilting coeffieicnt

"

Permanent wilting percentage Available water

Growth .

:
Hydrophytes

Xerophytes . Mesophytes

) (

( Submerged anchored hydrophytes

( ) ( Suspended hydrophytes

( Floating hydrophytes :

.
Lemna minor
( Floating leaved :
anchored hydrohytes
( Amphibious or emergent anchored
plants

) (

Water-Logged soils
( .
( .
( .
:
( Ephemeral annuals

) (

( )(Ephemeroids

-
.

( Perennial succulents

Aloe vera Agave

Mesembryanthemum

Caralluma penicillata

. Cieba parvifora

( Sclerophytes

) (

/ :
-
.

- .

- .

/ :

( .
( .
/ .

/ .

/
.

) (

/ .

/
.

/ :
/ Seed germination

) (

Effect of Animals on Plants

Biotic

. factors .

Producers

Consumers Herbivores

) (

Carnivores
.

( :

.
.

) (.

:
Pollination

)( .

) (

: .

Dispersant

( :

.
:

( .

( .

( .

) (

Grazing

) (

:
) ( :

(
.

) ( :

-
.

- .

:
) (

:
)( :

)( .

) (

Effect of Plants on Each Other
:
) (

:
.

) (

Parasitism

Complete parasite ) . ( Hemiparasite

:
.

) ( Symbiosis

: ) ( Mutualism . Commensalism

Lichens

Chlorophyll

) (

Epiphytes
Epiphytes

Substrate

Hemiepiphytes
Lianas

Epiphytes

Lianas

( .

) (

( .

( .

) (
Allelopathy

Allelopathy

Robotnov 1987

)(Muller (Martin and Rademcher 1960

) 1966
.

) (Rice 1974 Allelopathy

) (

) (

Competition

-
.

. Allelopathy

) (

( .

( .

) (Grime 1973

( .

( .

( .

( Litter .

) (

Effect of Man

.
:

(
.

( .

) (

)Soil ( Edaphic Factors
:

Soil factors

.
Synencology

(
(

Mineral particles
Organic matter
Water
Air

Soil water capacity

) (

Soil Formation

( .

( .

- :

- Glacial Drift

Boulder clays

- Temperature Fluctuations

) (

- Topography

- Biological Activity
- .
- Chemical Process

) (

Soil Structure
)

( )

( .

) ( ) (
.

.

.

) (

Soil Profile

) (

: Zone of Extraction :

- : A1 Horizon
.

- : A2 Horizon
.

: Zone of Concentration

) (

) (

: )( :

Parent rocks

: / :

Soil colour
Soil texture

Soil colour

.
Soil Texture

Sand Silt Clay

) (

.
.

Silt
.

- )
. Soil water capacity

- Permeability
.

- Mechanical
resistance
-
. Soil fertility

Aeration

Soil Moisture
) (

Soil water Content

:
(

(
(

.
.

Hygrosopic water
water Vapour

( Maximum water capacity

( Field Capacity

( Wilting Coefficient

Chemical composition of Soil
Soil Solution :

) (

: .

: .
: .

: .

: .

:
-

- .

- .
- .

:
- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

) (

- .

-
.

- .

Essential Emements

.

.

Soil Reaction

:
-

-
-

) (

- :

- :

) (

- ) ( :

Exchangeable Baes
Saline Soils

- Halopytes

Chenopodiaceae
Plumbaginaceae
Frankeniaceae

) (

Ecology

Aut-ecology

Syn-ecology

) (

Climatic (atmosphereic)factors

Edaphic (soil) factors

) (

Orographic (topographic) factors

Biotic factors

) (

Habitat

Habitat or environmental factor

Climatic factors

atomosphere

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Ionosphere

Thermosphere

Exosphere

Biosphere

Ecosystems

Light as an ecological factor

Electromiagnetic waves

Ultra violet

Infra red

Atmosphere

Radiation absorption

Radiation reflection

Euphotic zone

Disphotic zone

Aphotic zone

Heliophytes

) (

Sciophytes

Facultative sciophytes

) (

Photoperiodism

Short-day plants

Long-day plants

Day-neutral plants

Temperature as an ecological factor

)Verbalization (Springification

Plant temperature

Optimum temperature

Psychrophiles

Mesophiles

thermophiles

Chilling injury

Freezing injury

Hardening

Soil temperature

Air as an ecological factor

Wind

) (

)Relief (topography

Polar zone

Temperate zone

Tropical zone

Subtropical zone

Water factor

Invisibal vapor, humidity

Visible vapour

) (

Cloud and fog

Rain

Hail

snow

Humidity

Relative humidity
Affectivity of rainfall

Soil moisture

Free or gravitational water

Ground water

Water table
Field capacity

Capillary water

Hygroscopic water

Combined water

Water vapour

Films

Wilting coefficient

Permanent wilting percentage

Available water

Growth water

Non available water

Hydrophytes
Xerophytes

Mesophytes

( )

Submerged anchored hydrophytes

Suspended hydrophytes

( )

Floating hydrophytes

Lemna minor

Floating leaved anchored hydrohytes

Nymphyaea adventa

brassenia

Potamogeton nodosus
Amphibious or emergent anchored plants

Water-logged soils

Ephemeral annuals

Ephemeroids

Perennial succulents

Akie vera
Agave

Mesembryanthemum

Caralluma penicillata

Cieba parviflora

Sclerophytes

Seed germination
Producers

Consumers

Herbivores

Pollination

Grazing

( )

parasitism

) (

Sybmiosis

Mutualism

Commensalism

Chlorophyll

Lichens

Epiphytes

Hemiepiphytes

Lianas

) (

Allelopathy

Phenolic

Aldehydes

Coumarins

Glucosides

Terpenes

Competition

allelopathy

Soil (edaphic) factors

Soil factors

Synencology

Mineral particles

Organic matter

Soil formation

Glacial drift

Boulder clays

) (

Temperature fluctuations

Topography
Biological activity

Framing Operation

Chemical process

Soil structure

Soil profile

Zone of concentration

Parent rocks

Soil texture

Soil water capacity

Permeability

Mechanical resistance

Soil fertility

Aeration

Soil moisture
soil water content

Hygrosopic water

Water vapour

Maximum water capacity

File capacity

Chemical composition of soil

Soil solution

Essential elements

Soil reaction .

( )

Exchangeable bases

Halophytes

Chenopodiaceae

Plumbaginaceae

Frankeniaceae

) (

) (

) (

) (