:

.

.

.

322 ) Aristole 384 . (




.
1687 Leven Hoke

746496

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.


.
1798 Malthus




Mekiarelly, 1525 Bofon, 1756

 . Far, 1843

. 1858
Ecology
. ) 1869 (
.

.
1927
. 1963
Odum .
1961
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.
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[ ) . ( 74
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1866 . )(Oikos
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] 740 830 [
.
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[ .

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. ] 950
1008 [
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[ . ] 980 1036 [

] [

.
)
(Paleoecology ) (Fossils



. ] 1197 1249 [

] [
. .
] 1208 1283 [ ]
[

) (Biological intertion ships :
]
[
] [ ]


... [ .

.



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1973




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: Environment



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1992 (
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( 2 ): (Biotic components
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:
1 1 :
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.
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.
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1 3

.


.

:
: Ecological factors


:
: Primary factors
1 : Light
.


.
.




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300
Dormancy .

Hypernation

.
:
3 Humidity


1 100
.


.
4 : Gases


. 21
0.03
.
.
5 : Winds




.
: Secondary Factors
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.

.

.
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Weathering Erosion
sedemination Sand Clay
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: Chemical factors
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: Water factor



.
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.
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.