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of Atoms
What happens when you turn on a neon light?
Therefore,
c = λν
Light can be explained as having wave-like properties, but the wave
model does not explain several phenomena.
The emission of light from hot objects
Blackbody radiation
Photoelectric effect
Emission Spectra
The Nature of Energy
What is the relationship between temperature and the intensity and the
wavelengths of the emitted radiation?
Energy can be either released or absorbed by atoms only in discrete “chunks” of some
minimum size.
Plank gave the name quantum, meaning fixed amount, to the samllest quantity of energy that
can be emitted or absorbed as electromagnetic radiation.
He proposed that the energy, E, of a single quantum equals a constant times the frequency of
the radiation
E=hv
E=hv
h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js
hv,2hv,3hv, etc.
E = hν
Light shining on a clean metal surface causes the surface to emit electrons
For each metal there is a minimum frequency below which there are no
electrons emitted.
Ex. Light with a frequency of 4.6 X 1014/s or greater will cause cesium to
emit electrons
Einstein assumed that the radiant energy striking the metal surface is
behaving not like a wave but rather as if it were a stream of tiny energy
packets.
c = λν
E = hν
The Nature of Energy
Using CRT’s with various gases, they each emit different colors of light
When this light is passed through a prism only a few wavelengths are
present
So Bohr then started by assuming that the electrons move in circular orbits
around the nucleus.
E = hν
The Nature of Energy
1 - 1
λ = R ( 2 2 )
ni nf
E= (-hcR/n2)
The integer n can have values fro 1 to infinity and is called the principle
quantum number
The lower (more negative) the energy is, the more stable the atom will be.
When electrons are in higher energy states they are in the excited state.
What happens to the radius and the energy as n becomes infinitely large?
Energy=0.
Bohr postulated that electrons could jump from one energy state to another
by absorbing or emitting photons whose radiant energy corresponds exactly
to the energy difference between the two states.
The Wave Nature of Matter
Louis de Broglie posited that if light can have material properties, matter
should exhibit wave properties.
h
λ = mv
Suppose an electron orbiting the nucleus could be thought of not as particles
but rather as a wave, with a characteristic wavelength.
He said that the wavelength of the electron depends on its mass and its
velocity.
mv is momentum
Objects with large mass have meaningless wavelengths, but not very small
objects.
What is the wavelength of an electron moving with a speed of
5.97 X 106m/s? Mass of an electron is 9.11 x 10-28g
.122nm
The Uncertainty Principle
h
(Δx) (Δmv) ≥
4π
Solving the wave equation gives a set of wave functions, or orbitals, and
their corresponding energies.
The principal quantum number, n, describes the energy level on which the
orbital resides.
Value of l 0 1 2 3
Type of orbital s p d f
Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
−l ≤ ml ≤ l.
Value of l = 0.
Spherical in shape.
Value of l = 1.
Value of l is 2.
Therefore, in many-electron
atoms, orbitals on the same energy
level are no longer degenerate.
Spin Quantum Number, ms
Consist of
Consist of
Consist of