Energy from Sunlight

Light Energy & the Chloroplast

Photosynthesis: Light & Dark

Photosynthesis (Global Impact)

Light Energy & the Chloroplast

A. Light and Pigments

B. Chloroplast Structure
A. Light and Pigments

1. Light energy travels in waves

of different lengths
a. different wavelengths
can appear as different
colors
2. Pigments give an object color
a. the color of a pigment is
due to the color of light
it reflects
b. chlorophyll is a green
pigment_
 B. Chloroplasts Structure

1. Chloroplasts also have outer

and inner membranes
a. plus a thylakoid membrane
( a stack of thylakoids is
called a granum)
2. Forms three spaces:
“Click”
a. intermembrane space
b. stroma
c. thylakoid space_
 3. Within the thylakoid
membrane are photosystems
which contain chlorophyll_

“Click”
THE END
Photosynthesis: Light & Dark

A. Overview of Photosynthesis
B. Stages of Photosynthesis

“Click”
A. Overview of Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis produces food

using energy from the sun
2. CO2 + H2O + E  C6H12O6 + O2 _
 A. Overview of Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis produces food

using energy from the sun
2. CO2 + H2O + E  C6H12O6 + O2 _

H2 O Energy from the Sun CO2

Electrons
O2 C6H12O6
B. Stages of Photosynthesis

1. The light reactions convert

energy from the sun into
usable energy
a. light hits photosystem I
energizing electrons
b. electrons travel through
an e- transport chain
to NADP+ (NADPH)

c. light hits photosystem II

energizing electrons

d. electrons travel through

an e- transport chain
pumping H+ into the
thylakoid _
e. electrons from
photosystem II replace
electrons from
photosystem I
f. water is split to replace
electrons from
photosystem II
(releases O2)
g. ATP is produced by ATP
Synthase through
chemiosmosis_
2. The Calvin cycle (Carbon
Fixation) uses energy from
the light reactions to
convert CO2 into “glucose”
independent of light
a. CO2 joins to RuBP with
electrons (& ATP)
producing G3P
b. RuBP is regenerated
3. G3P (x2) is later converted to
glucose_
C. Variations of Calvin cycle
1. Stomata – openings on
underside of leaves
2. Guard Cells – regulate
opening and closing of
stomata with turgor
pressure
C3 - Plants that fix carbon by the
Calvin cycle alone
C4 – Plants that form a 4 carbon
molecule to store extra CO2
for hottest part of day
(crabgrass)
CAM – Plants that close stomata
during day (cactus)
THE END
Photosynthesis (Global Impact)

A. The Carbon Cycle

B. The Greenhouse Effect
A. The Carbon Cycle

1. The carbon cycle is a process

by which carbon moves
through the biosphere
a. organic  inorganic
b. photosynthesis produces
160 metric tons of
organic matter per
year_
B. The Greenhouse Effect

1. The greenhouse effect keeps

the world climate warm
enough for living things
a. caused by the buildup of
CO2 (300 ppm)_
2. In the last century CO2 levels
have risen to 360 ppm_
2. In the last century CO2 levels
have risen to 360 ppm_
3. Photosynthesis removes
almost all the excess CO2
produced during the year_
THE END