Lecture 7 - Foundation Design

Villanova University CEE 4606 - Capstone II
Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering Structural Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Structural Engineering
Lecture 7 – Introduction to
Foundation Design
1
Types of Footings
1. Wall (strip) footings
2. Isolated footings
3. Combined footings
4. Mat (raft) footings (not the same as a slab
on grade)
5. Pile cap
What did you learn last semester ?
2
Isolated Footings
Column
Footing
(Square)
q, soil pressure
3
Soil Pressures
• At the ground surface we assume a uniform

pressure distribution, as long as the load
above is applied at the C.G. of the footing.
• Does this reflect reality?
– No, but it’s not a bad assumption
• Factored loads
• Simplifies calculations
4
Non Uniform Soil Pressure
• If the load is applied eccentrically

with respect to the C.G. we assume
a uniform variance in proportion to
the moment
5
Eccentric Loading
Column
Footing
(Square)
qmin qmax
6
Allowable Soil Pressures
• Structural engineers usually rely on

geotechnical engineers for this information
– Test borings
– Load tests
We have none
– Other experiments of these!
What can we do ?
7
Maximum Allowable Soil Pressure

(McCormac, 2001)
Soil Description Allowable

Rock 20% of ultimate
Compact sand or hard clay 8 ksf
Medium stiff or sandy clay 6 ksf
Compact sand and silt mix 4 ksf
Loose sand 3 ksf
Soft sandy clay or clay 2 ksf
Loose sand and silt mix 1 ksf
Muck or mud 0 ksf 8
Failure Types
• Factor of safety
against severe
settlement ranges from
2.5 < F.S. < 3.0
– This limits bearing
failure
9
Design of Square Isolated Footings
• Two types of shear

must be considered
 Beam shear, VU1 (One-
way)
 L – length of footing
 d – distance to d
reinforcing
 a – column width a d
L
10
Tributary area for one-way shear (hatched)
a d
L/2 – a/2 - d
L/2 11
Vu < (Vc +Vs)
• ACI 11.12.1.1
• Similar to a beam
• Vc = 2 f’c bd
• Vs = 0 if there is no
web reinforcing d
a d
L
12
2. Punching Shear (Two-way)
• Critical section is d/2

from the column face d/2 a d/2
• Vc is the smallest of 3
values
• ACI Equations
– 11-35
– 11-36
– 11-37
L/2 13
Punching Shear
where,
 4 
11-35 2   f c b0 d c = ratio of long side of
 c  the column to the
short side
11-36   s d  
2   f c b0 d b0 = perimeter of the
 b0  critical section
11-37 s = 40 for columns in
 the center of the
4 f c b0 d
footing
Note: 11-36 is wrong in the handout 14

Designing for Bending Moments
• Bending moment in a square footing

is the same about both axes due to
symmetry
• What about column width, a?
– Yes for a square column
– No for a rectangular column
• Generally use smallest value of a for
analysis
15
ACI 15.4 – Moments in footings
• Location of critical sections

– At the face of the column for concrete
columns (our case)
– Masonry wall
– Steel column
16
Stresses Under a Footing

P My
q 
A I
• P = vertical load (+ compression)
• A = area of contact surface between the soil and the
footing
• I = moment of inertia of this area
• M = moment about the centroidal axis
• y = distance from the centroidal axis to the point where
you want to calculate the stresses
• This assumes that the loads are at or near the center of
the footing
17
P
M
P/A
My/I
18
Limitations
• M = P e, where e =
eccentricity
• Maximum e for this to
be a valid analysis is
when qmin = 0
• Load must be within
the kern L/6 L/6
• ek = L/6
L
19
References
• Handout – Chapter 16 of Macgregor, J. G.,

Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and Design,
3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall,1997.
• ACI code
• McCormac text, Chapter 11
• CONCAD, McCormac software
20
Interim Assignment #3
• Link on the website to a personality indicator test

– Fill it out, print out the summary sheet, put your name on
it, and turn it in on Tuesday
– We will be using the results, so take it seriously
• If you haven’t paid your $40 course fee by Tuesday,
we will deduct points off of your next group
progress report
Project managers are responsible

21
Schedule for Progress Report #2

11:30 – 11:40 En Fuego Engineering
11:45 – 11:55 Ameriduras Ingeniros
12:00 – 12:10 Comma Engineers
12:15 – 12:25 Los Amigos de Amigos de Jesus
12:30 – 12:40 HyperStructo-CyberTronics
Engineering and Associates
Keep the setup and presentation portion < 10 minutes

Work on improving animation and timing
22
Computer Aided Structural Engineering
• Homework #2 and #3 due Friday

• Volunteers?
• Who wants to be famous?
23

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Villanova University CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering Structural Engineering

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

• At the ground surface we assume a uniform

Non Uniform Soil Pressure

• If the load is applied eccentrically

Allowable Soil Pressures

• Structural engineers usually rely on

Maximum Allowable Soil Pressure

Soil Description Allowable

Design of Square Isolated Footings

• Two types of shear

Tributary area for one-way shear (hatched)

Vu < (Vc +Vs)

2. Punching Shear (Two-way)

• Critical section is d/2

Note: 11-36 is wrong in the handout 14

Designing for Bending Moments

• Bending moment in a square footing

ACI 15.4 – Moments in footings

• Location of critical sections

Stresses Under a Footing

• Handout – Chapter 16 of Macgregor, J. G.,

• Link on the website to a personality indicator test

Project managers are responsible

Schedule for Progress Report #2

Keep the setup and presentation portion < 10 minutes

Computer Aided Structural Engineering

• Homework #2 and #3 due Friday

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