Society - 7

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 12 : LAND AND INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

Meanings:
1. Dwellings: A place to live in
2. Economic: Of or relating to the production, development, and management of material
wealth, as of a country, household, or business enterprise.
3. Rearing: The point or area farthest from the front
4. Confined: To shut or keep in, especially to imprison.
5. Vegetation:  The plants of an area or a region; plant life
6. Concentric: Having a common center.
7. Shells: An external, usually hard, protective or enclosing case or cover
8. Silicates: Any of numerous compounds containing silicon, oxygen, and one or more
metals; a salt of silicon acid
9. Transitional: Passage from one form, state, style, or place to another.
10. Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment.
11. Viscous: Having relatively high resistance to flow. (simply – sticky)
12. Dominant: Exercising the most influence or control.
13. Asthenosphere: A zone of the earth's mantle that lies beneath the lithosphere and
consists of several hundred kilometers of deformable rock.
14. Rifts: A narrow fissure in rock. (break)
15. Denser: Crowded closely together; compact
a. Hard to penetrate; thick
b. Permitting little light to pass through, because of compactness of matter.
c. Opaque, with good contrast between light and dark areas.
d. Thickheaded.
16. Trenches: A deep furrow or ditch.
a. A long narrow ditch embanked with its own soil and used for concealment
and protection in warfare.
b. A long, steep-sided valley on the ocean floor.
c. To make a cut in; carve.
17. Converge: To tend toward or approach an intersecting point.
a. To tend toward or approach an intersecting point.
b. To come together from different directions; meet.
c. To move or cause to move towards the same point.
d. To meet or cause to meet; join.
18. Trenches: Can see in the 16th meaning^^^
19. Aggregate:  Constituting or amounting to a whole; total.
a. Composed of a mixture of minerals separable by mechanical means.
b. The mineral materials, such as sand or stone, used in making concrete.
c. To come together or collect in a mass or whole.
 d. Taken into account as a whole.
20. Origin: The point at which something comes into existence or from which it derives or
is derived.
a.  The fact of originating; rise or derivation.
b. the beginning of something; first stage or part.
21. Abundantly: Occurring in or marked by abundance; plentiful.
a. Very.
b. plentifully; in abundance.
22. Fiery: Consisting of or containing fire.
a.  Burning or glowing.
b. Using or effected with fire.
c. Easily ignited; flammable.
d. Having the color of fire; brightly red.
23. Plutonic: Of deep igneous or magmatic origin.
a. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) (of igneous rocks) - derived from
magma that has cooled and solidified below the surface of the earth 
24. Vent: A means of escape or release from confinement; an outlet.
a. A means of escape or release from confinement; an outlet
b. An opening permitting the escape of fumes, a liquid, a gas, or steam.
c. The small hole at the breech of a gun through which the charge is ignited.
d. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) - the shaft of a volcano or an aperture in
the earth's crust through which lava and gases erupt
25. Basalt: A hard, dense, dark volcanic rock composed chiefly of plagioclase, pyroxene, and
olivine, and often having a glassy appearance.
a. A kind of hard unglazed pottery.
b. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) - a fine-grained dark basic igneous rock
consisting of plagioclase feldspar, a pyroxene, and olivine: the most common
volcanic rock and usually extrusive.
26. Abundance: Can see in the 21th meaning^^^
27. Masses: Public celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and some
Protestant churches.
a. The body of common people
b. A unified body of matter with no specific shape.
c. Great numbers or quantities.
28. Sediments: Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid; lees.
a. Solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the
weathering of rock and are carried and deposited by wind, water, or ice.
b. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) - material that has been deposited
from water, ice, or wind.
29. Deposition: The act of deposing, as from high office.
a. The act of depositing, especially the laying down of matter by a natural
process.
30. Conglomerate: To form or gather into a mass or whole.
a. To form into or merge with a corporate conglomerate.
 b. A rock consisting of pebbles and gravel embedded in cement.
c. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) - any coarse-grained sedimentary
rock consisting of rounded fragments of rock embedded in a finer matrix.
d. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) (of sedimentary rocks) - consisting
of rounded fragments within a finer matrix.
e. With Explain: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock consisting of round
rock fragments cemented together by hardened silt, clay, calcium
carbonate, or a similar material. The fragments (known as clasts) have a
diameter of at least 2 mm (0.08 inches), vary in composition and origin,
and may include pebbles, cobbles, boulders, or fossilized seashells.
Conglomerates often form through the transportation and deposition of
sediments by streams, alluvial fans, and glaciers.
31. Burial: The act or process of burying.
32. Marshy: (Earth Sciences / Physical Geography) - of, involving, or like a marsh. (marsh is
nothing but in Earth science it means - low poorly drained land that is sometimes
flooded and often lies at the edge of lakes, streams).
33. Altered: To change or make different; modify.
a. To adjust (a garment) for a better fit.
b. To castrate or spay (an animal, such as a cat or a dog).
34. Owing: Still to be paid; due.
a.  owed; due (or) because of or on account of
35. Extracted: To draw or pull out, often with great force or effort.
a. To obtain from a substance by chemical or mechanical action, as by
pressure, distillation, or evaporation.
b. To derive or obtain (information, for example) from a source.
c. A concentrated preparation of the essential constituents of a food,
flavoring, or other substance; a concentrate.
d. To withdraw, pull out, or uproot by force.
e. To remove or separate.
36. Gneiss: A banded or foliated metamorphic rock, usually of the same composition as
granite.
a. Earth Sciences / Geological Science) - any coarse-grained metamorphic
rock that is banded and foliated: represents the last stage in the
metamorphism of rocks before melting.
37. Resistant: A force that tends to oppose or retard motion.
38. Deposition: Can see in the 29th meaning^^^
39. Deposits:  To put or set down; place.
a. To lay down or leave behind by a natural process. Example - layers of
sediment that were deposited on the ocean floor; glaciers that deposited
their debris as they melted.
b. A concentration of mineral matter or sediment in a layer, vein, or pocket.
c. (Earth Sciences / Physical Geography) - To lie down naturally; cause to
settle.
 d. (Earth Sciences / Physical Geography) - An accumulation of sediments,
mineral ores, coal, etc.
40. Embedded: To fix firmly in a surrounding mass.
a. To enclose snugly or firmly.
b. enclosed firmly in a surrounding mass
41. Basalt: Can see in the 25th meaning^^^
42. Economic: Can see in the 2nd meaning^^^
43. Implements: A tool or instrument used in doing work.
a. A means of achieving an end; an instrument or agent.
b. To put into practical effect; carry out
44. Tectonic: Relating to, causing, or resulting from structural deformation of the earth's
crust.
a. Relating to construction or building.
b. Resulting from distortion of the earth's crust due to forces within it.
c. Relating to the forces involved in plate tectonics or the structural features
resulting from them.
45. Imperceptibly: Impossible or difficult to perceive by the mind or senses.
a. So subtle, slight, or gradual as to be barely perceptible.
46. Intermediate: (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) Geology (of such igneous rocks as
syenite) - containing between 55 and 66 per cent silica (or) a substance formed during
one of the stages of a chemical process before the desired product is obtained.
47. Expanse: A wide and open extent, as of surface, land, or sky.
a. an uninterrupted surface of something that spreads or extends, esp over a
wide area; stretch.
48. Slope: Slant.
49. Abrupt: Unexpectedly sudden.
a. Surprisingly curt.
b. Touching on one subject after another with sudden transitions.
c. Steeply inclined.
d. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) Geology (of strata) - cropping out
suddenly
50. Silt: A sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles intermediate in size
between sand and clay.
a. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) - a fine deposit of mud, clay, etc., especially
one in a river or lake.
b. (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) (usually foll by up) - to fill or become filled
with silt; choke
51. Accompanied : To be or go with as a companion.
52. Rumbling: To make a deep, long, rolling sound
53. Tremors: A shaking or vibrating movement, as of the earth.
a. (Earth Sciences / Physical Geography) Also called earth tremor a minor
earthquake.
54. Frequent: Occurring or appearing quite often or at close intervals.
55. Foot-hills: A hill near the base of a mountain or mountain range.
 a. (Earth Sciences / Physical Geography) (often plural) a lower slope of a
mountain or a relatively low hill at the foot of a mountain.
56. Serve: To work for.(like a servant)
57. Intensity: (Earth Sciences / Geological Science) - Also called earthquake
intensity Geology a measure of the size of an earthquake based on observation of the
effects of the shock at the earth's surface. 
58. Serve: See in the 56th meaning^^^
59. Tenfold: by or up to 10 times as many or as much. (10x)
60. Submerge: To place under water.
a. To cover with water; inundate.
b. To hide from view; obscure.
61. Reveal: To make known (something concealed or secret).
62. Vent: Warm and humid; muggy
63. Accumulate: To mount up; increase. (GATHER)
64. Ashes: The grayish-white to black powdery residue left when something is burned.
65. Gush: To flow forth suddenly in great volume.
a. To act or utter in an affected, or sentimental manner.
66. Shaft: The long narrow stem or body of a spear or arrow.
a. The main portion of any elongated structure or part
67. Vent: See in the 62nd meaning^^^
68. Viscosity: the state or property of being stickly
69. Stickiness: Warm and humid; muggy.
70. Viscosity: See in the 63rd meaning^^^
71. Accumulates: See in the 63rd meaning^^^
72. Assume: To take upon oneself.
73. Shield: A person or thing that provides protection.
74. Cinder-cone: A steep, conical hill consisting of glassy volcanic fragments that
accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent. Cinder cones range in size
from tens to hundreds of meters tall.
75. Velocity: See in the 63rd meaning^^^
76. Ash: See in the 64th meaning^^^
77. Composite: Made up of distinct components; compound.
78. Successive: Following one after another without interruption. (Interruption means
disturbance).
79. Undulating: To cause to move in a smooth wavelike motion.
a. To move in waves or with a smooth, wavelike motion
b. To give a wavelike appearance or form to.
80. Opined: To state or express as an opinion.
a.  to hold or express an opinion
81. Earthquake – prone: Prone means Lying with the front or face downward.
a. Having a tendency; inclined.