UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

BFC 21303 GEOLOGY ENGINEERING

SESSISION 2021/2022
SEMESTER 1

GROUP PROJECT 6

NO. GROUP MEMBER NO.MATRIC

1 MUHAMMAD RIDHWAN BIN PEER MUHAMAD CF200236
2 VINCENT TEO LEONG SENG CF200111
3 MUHAMMAD MUSTAQIM BIN MOHD AMIN CF200003
4 ROHADATUL AISYAH BINTI MEILEH CF200269

SUBMISSION DATE : 12 JANUARY 2022

LECTURER NAME :Ts. Dr. MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MD DAN @ AZLAN
 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Engineering geology is the application of geology to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that
geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works
are recognized and accounted for. Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations,
analysis and design associated with human development and various types of structures. Engineering geology
studies may be performed during the planning, environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering
design, value engineering and construction phases of public and private works projects, and during post-
construction and forensic phases of project.
Fold is a stack of originally planar surface, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved during
permanent deformation. Folds in rocks vary in size folds from microscopic crinkles to mountain sized folds.
They occur as single isolated folds or in periodic sets ( known as fold trains ). Synsedimentary folds are those
formed during sedimentary deposition. Folds appear on all scales, in all rock types at all levels in the crust. They
arise from a variety of causes which is layer parallel shortening, fault related folding, fault bend folding, fault
propagation folding, detachment folding and so on.
Engineering Geology course BFC 21303 organized an educational excursion to Ayer Hitam, Johor,
Malaysia, on November 12th 2021. The site visit took place on November 12th and 13th 2021, which all group
that would to learn more about the geological structure at the Ayer Hitam. So, there are three achievement for
this instructive excursion. Firstly, students will used knowledge that on application of engineering geological
theory to actual application through study and filed testing. Seconds, using the material “stereonet” approach
calibration, than determine the structure off mass and classify of rock weathering by capturing discontinuity data
and analyzed the stability of rock slope. Lastly, develop the geology engineering graduates in both theory and
experience.
The goal of this site tour is helped student understanding of the study of rock, types of geology
structure and the difficulties that com with them. Engineering geologist who has been educated, professionally
trained and experienced in the recognition and analyzed of geological danger and adverse geological conditions
performs on geology studies. These aspect of the engineering geologists’ education provide them with a unique
ability to understand and mitigate for hazards associated with earth structure interactions.

1.1 Project area

One project is conducted to discover types of rocks. The project located at Ayer Hitam, Johor,
Malaysia. The location of the site is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1 : Site Location shows yellow circle

The goal of this site is for student to gain a experience and experiment to understanding the
study of rock and to determine the mode of failure in rock slope that will be potential to fail.Then, to
evaluate a compressive strength of rock and rock mass rating while doing the laboratory geological
experiment.
1.2 Objective
a) Determination of the rock and minerals found in the site area
We found that the type of rock at the site Ayer Hitam which is sedimentary rock on 13th
November 2021. Sedimentary rock are types of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of
minerals or organic particles at Earth’s surface, followed by cementation. The sedimentary rock cover
of continents of the Earth’s crust is extensive (73% of the Earth’s current land surface), but
sedimentary rock is estimated only 8% of the volume of the crust. Sedimentary rock are only in a thin
veneer over a crust consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks.The sedimentary rock are
deposited in layer as strata, forming a structure called bedding. Table 1. shows the types of rock at the
site.

b) By using “Brounton Geological Compass” to get the data discontinuities dip direction and dip angle
of the slope studied at the site in Table 2 and Figure 7 to get the criteria of rock slope failure.
c) Determined the geological structure.
Our group found that on Ayer Hitam have secondary structure which is normal fault structure. Normal
fault are fracture which have had displacement of the rock along them. They occur when the hanging
walls drops down and the footwall drops down. Normal faults are the result of extension when tectonic
plates move away form each other as the Figure 2 state. So, the categories below show the type of
faults:Categories of faults :
i. Normal fault - occurs most frequently in rock that have been subjected to horizontal tensional
force. The hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall.
ii. Reverse fault - the hanging wall has move up relative to the footwall and has a steeper dips
which is more than 30 degree.
iii. Lateral fault - involves the horizontal movement along the strike of the fault plane which the
rock on either side have moved horizontally in opposite directions.
iv. Oblique fault - the combination of dip - slip and strike - slip movements.
d) Mode of rock slope failure in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Figure 3 ( Toppling Failure ) - occurs in slopes where a regularly spaced set of joint or bedding
planes strike parallel, or nearly parallel to the slope face and dip at a steep angle into the surface.
Figure 4 ( Wedge Failure ) - Wedge Failure - Block failure or plane failure, that is inclined. This type
of failure occurs when there are fissures joint, or weak soil layer in the slope or when a slope was made
two different material.
e) Identification and classification of weathering grade of rock in Figure 5 and Table 1.
Our group was analyzed the weathering grade of rock on Ayer Hitem. Weathering is the
process that breaks down rock on earth surface. The processes by which rock are broken down and
decomposed by action of external agencies such as wind, river, rain, temperature changes is called
weathering. The table below showed the weathering classification system for sedimentary rock ( Anon,
1977 ).
Grade Zone Diagnostic Features
Residual soil vi Advance state of decomposition resulting in plastic
soils.
Completely weathered v Mineral decomposition to soil but fabric and
structure preserved.
Highly weathered iv Most minerals somewhat decomposed. Texture
becoming indistinct but fabric preserved.

Moderately weathered iii Discolored throughout. Texture preserved and

weaker minerals.
Table 1 Weathering Classification System For Sedimentary Rock (Anon,1977)
 2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Discontinuities Data by using Bruouton Geological Compass and Schmidt’s

Hammer Test in Site Ayer Hitam

Discontinuities by using Brounton Geological Schmidt’s Hammer Test

Compass
Discontinuities is a general term describing any
separation in rock mass that have low tensile strength.
It included all types of mechanical break or plane of
weakness in rock mass such as joints and bedding
plane. Brunton geological compass is used to
measures the discontinuities.
Procedure :
a) The surface of rock mass that has discontinuities is
defined.
b) Hard cover such as hard file is needed to put
compass along the discontinuities.
c) The hard cover is put somewhere along one of the
discontinuities.
d) Brunton geological compass is opened and put on
the file by standing it using the side of compass.
e) The bubbles level is centered.
f) There is level at the back’s compass used to
control needle in the compass.
g) The dip angle and dip direction were measured and
recorded by clicking lock on the body of compass
so the exact values not change.
Table 2 The procedure of discontinuities data by using Bruouton Geological Compass and Schmidt’s Hammer Test
A Schmidt hammer has another name called rebound
hammer or swiss hammer. It used to measure the
compressive strength and surface hardness of rock
mass. The figure 6 show the Rebound Hammer.
Procedure :
a) 9 box of table is drawn on the surface of rock mass
using back of hammer.
b) The plunger is pushed perpendicular against the
rock mass’s surface firstly on the centre of
drawing table.
c) As the body hammer is pushed on the surface, it
causes the latch to release and make an impact on
the rock mass.
d) Essentially, the rebound of the spring driven mass
is measured. The rebound number can be seen
after impact.
e) The steps from a to d is repeated until 8 times on
different box of table then tested another 2 surface
of rock mass which on the side and below of rock
mass.

In this experiment, the data discontinuities we get, provide it into dip angle and dip direction to get a contour.
Than, from the contour we can determine the mode of failure of rock slope in Ayer Hitam, For Schmidt’s
Hammer Test to measure the compressive strength and surface hardness of rock mass, the rock sample was
selected on site.
2.2 Point Load Test and Slake Durability Test in Laboratory
Point Load Test
This experiment deals with determination of rock
strength when a certain load implied on the rocks and
the slake durability of the rock sample. Students
should be able conducted the experiment,
understanding the theory and recognize the rock
strength on different types of rocks in Ayer Hitam,
Johor.
Procedure :
a) 10 sample of rock that irregular shape will be
tested.
b) Mark the desire test orientation on the sample
with line middle of rock.
c) Close the valve of the hydraulic circuit and insert
the extension rod.
d) Set the digital readout unit in zero.
e) Placed the sample between the conical point and
adjust it to close the platens to the core.
f) Emphasize the pump with extension rod to get a
value on the digital manometer.
g) Record the data on digital manometer.
h) Against the step (a) to other samples.
Slake Durability
This experiment was carried out on a rock specimen
with the aim of testing the resistance of a rock sample
to weakening and disintegration resulting from a
standard cycle of drying and wetting. The rock sample
was selected at site Ayer Hitam.
Procedure :
a) 10 sample of rock specimens each weighing 40g
- 60g by giving a total weight 450g- 550g has
been selected.
b) The weight of clean dry drum assembly “c” was
recorded.
c) The sample of rock placed into the drum and
dried to constant weight at the temperature of
105℃ with requires 3 - 12 hours in oven.
d) The weight “A” of the drum plus specimens is
record.
e) The drum assembly for each test must be placed
in the related water tank and combined in series
to motor drive.
f) Start the slake test in 10 minutes with 200
revolution (20rpm).
g) Switched off then remove the drum assembly
from the tank.

h) The specimen dried to constant weight at 105℃.

The weight “B” of the drum plus retained portion
of the specimens was recorded.
Table3 Point Load Test and Slake Durability Test

In this experiment, we can determine the rock strength by using Point Load Test. For testing Slake Durability,
the experiment carried out on a rock specimen with resistance of a rock sample to weakening and disintegration
resulting from a standard cycle of drying and wetting. The sample of rock we selected from the site Ayer Hitam.

2.3 Rock Mass Rating

A large and indistinct body of solid earth materials, containing features on the scale of discontinuities. The term
would not be used to describe a rock only the size of a hand specimen. The procedure RMR in Table 8.
 3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Mode Of Failure

The mode of failure that our group get is wedge failure, planar failure and toppling failure. This is
because, all the joint set that analyzed of these failure was full-fill the criteria.

3.1.1 Data Discontinuities Dip Angle and Dip Direction

No Dip Angle Dip direction
1 58 93
2 30 20
3 70 256
4 80 250
5 82 258
6 70 290
7 60 295
8 23 12
9 32 12
10 60 290
11 66 294
12 60 285
13 55 290
14 40 205
15 40 174
16 74 262
17 36 14
18 42 13
19 49 91
20 53 96
21 42 10
22 25 162
23 38 152
24 30 175
25 28 192
26 33 215
Table 4 Data discontinuities

3.1.2 Data Discontinuities Set

Joint set Dip Angle Dip direction

J1 60 291
J2 37 15
J3 79 260
J4 52 89
J5 34 180
Table 5 Data discontinuities set
 3.1.3 Identify type of rock slope failure
Mode Criteria

Planar i. 090° ± 20° = 70° - 110° (dip direction) 70° < 089° < 110°
-Based on the between, J4 = 089/52 fulfil the criteria i.
ii. Ψf > Ψp > Øj (slope angle > plane angle > friction angle)
-J4 fulfil the criteria ii (60° > 52° > 30°).
iii. J1 and J5 acts as release surfaces.
-J4 have potential for planar because it fulfil all the criteria.

Wedge i. Ψf ≥ Ψi ≥ Øj (slope angle ≥ intersection 2 plane angle ≥ friction angle)

-W1 = J1 & J4 (291/60 & 89/52)
= (60° ≥ 35° ≥ 30°)
-W2 = J4 & J5 (89/52 & 180/34)
= (60° ≥ 31° ≥ 30°)
ii. Based on factor of safety

Toppling i. (90° ± 180°) ± 10° = 270° ± 10°

= 260° - 280° (dip direction)
= J3 (260/79) fulfil this criteria.
ii. (90° - Ψf) + Øj ≤ Ψp
= (90° - 60°) + 30° ≤ Ψp
= 60° ≤ 79° (plane angle J3)
-J3 fulfil this criteria.
 This slope have potential for toppling failure.
Table 6 Mode of rock slope failure

3.2 Laboratory Geological ( Point Load Test and Slake Durability)

Point Load Test
10.502 MPa was the strength index value by average
on 10 sample that selected at site Ayer Hitam. The
table 7 show the result Point Load Test.
Slake Durability
97.75% of drying weight basis it can classified on high
durability by according Gamble’s Slake Durability
Classification (Goodman, 1980). The table 8 show the
result of slake durability.

3.3 Schmidt’s Hammer Test

LABEL READING UCS

1A 30 34

1B 28 30

1C 34 38.5
1 2A 35 37.5
 2B 32 32.5

2C 34 40.5

3A 30 34.5

3B 28 30

3C 27 31.5

1A 27 31.5

1B 32 32.5

1C 32 35.5

2A 25 31
2 2B 30 34.5

2C 32 32.5

3A 29 33.5

3B 18 23

3C 16 29.5

1A 12 22

1B 12 22

1C 19 24

2A 22 33.5
3 2B 22 33.5

2C 16 29.5

3A 23 29.5

3B 20 24.5

3C 20 32.5

3.3 Plane and Wedge ( Factor and Safety )

3.3.1 Plane failure in wet and dry condition :
Solution 3.3.1
For Dry Condition, FOS = 1.343
The bar required is 42 bar.
For dry condition, FOS = 1.078
The bar required is 56 bar.

3.3.2 Wedge failure

FOS for wedge 1 = 1
FOS for wedge 2 = 3
 3.3 Rock Mass Rating
Determination of RQD

RQD =(Ʃ core pieces > 10mm)/(Ʃ length of core run) x 100%
RQD = 115 - 3.3Jv
Jv = 1/S1 +1/S2 + 1/S3+1/S4
JS1 = 13
JS2 = 12
JS3 = 3
JS4 = 4
Jv = 1/(1/13) +1/(1/12) + 1/(1/3)+1/(1/4)
= 32
RQD = 115 - 3.3(32)
= 9.4
Sa = (S1 + S2 + S3+S4)/n
= 32/4
= 8m

NO PARAMAETERS RANGE RATING

A. CLASSIFICATION PARAMETER AND THE RATINGS

1 Uniaxial compressive strength 5-25Mpa 2

2 Drill core quality RQD <25% 3

3 Spacing of discontinuities ˃2m 20

4 Condition of discontinuities  Slightly rough 20

surfaces

 Separation <1mm

 Highly weathered
walls

5 Groundwater Damp 10

B. RATING ADJUSTMENT FOR DISCOUNTINUITY ORIENTATION

6. Ratings Slopes -5

Total 50

C. ROCK MASS CLASSES DETERMINED FROM TOTAL RATINGS

7. Ratings 60-41

Class number III

Description Fair rock

D. MEANING OF ROCK CLASSES

 8. Class number III

Average stand up time 1week for 5m span

Cohesion of rock mass 200-300

Friction angle of rock mass 25-35

E.GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF DISCOUNTINUTY CONDITIONS

9. Persistence ˃20m 0

Aperture 1-5mm 1

Roughness Smooth 1

Infilling Hard filling ˃5mm 2

Weathering Moderately weathered 3

F. EFFECT OF DISCOUNTINITY STRIKE AND DIP ORIENTATION IN TUNNELING

11. Strike parallel to tunnel axis

Dip 20°-45°

Fair

Dip 0-20 irrespective of strike

Fair

ROCK BOLTS (20MM)

ROCK STEEL
EXCAVATION DIAMETER,FULLY SHORTCRETE
MASS SETS
GROUTED)
III-Fair Top heading and bench Systematic bolts 4m long 50-100mm in crown None
rock 1.5m advance in top spaced 1.5m-2m in crown and 30mm in sides.
RMR:50 heading. Commence and walls with wire mesh in
(41-60) support after each blast. crown
Complete support 10m
from face.
Table 7 Result of Rock Mass Rating

To conclude that, the rock mass rating in Ayer Hitam was grade III which is fair rock . So, it can only
excavation on top heading and bench 1.5meter advance in top heading. For rock bolts need 20mm diameter and
fully grouted and shortcrete with 50-100mm in crown and 30 mm in sides.
 4.0 CONCLUSION

As a result of the extensive use of RMR, a vast amount of experience has been accumulated,
confirming the usefulness of Rock Mass Rating for the study of rocky mass, as well as the acceptance and
recognition of this index by the international scientific and technological community. Surprisingly, these
variations result in higher or lower RMR values than those obtained using traditional field methods. It was also
demonstrated that when the quantity of measurements is insufficient (for example, when rock slopes are
inaccessible due to risky fieldwork), the results strongly depend on the surface of information, as demonstrated
in the case study. Furthermore, according to the case study, it has been demonstrated that in some cases, when
orientations are affected by minor variations, the RMR results can vary significantly, causing the class to change.
This fact emphasises the significance of a solid foundation in rock mechanics. Finally, as demonstrated in the
case study, this study demonstrated the reliability of RMR in predicting the occurrence of failures. The main
benefits of using a remote acquisition technique for RMR index calculation (that is, extraction of orientations on
inaccessible or risky areas, quick calculation of RMR adjustment factors, objectivity and reproducibility of
calculations, as well as reliability of this rock mass classification).
 5.0 REFERENCE

1) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343054639_POINT_LOAD_TEST_LAB_REPORT
2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343054598_SLAKE_DURABILITY_TEST_REPORT
3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_hammer
4) Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (1979) 12 (1): 3–7. Simple equations for
determining the Factor of Safety of a planar wedge under various groundwater conditions. Retrieved from
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/qjegh/article-abstract/12/1/3/147960/Simple-equations-for-determining-
the-Factor-of?redirectedFrom=PDF
5) Jen Holmstadt (2016). Slope failure. Retrieved from https://www.wsbeng.com/slope-failure/
6) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225580487_Review_of_rock_mass_rating_classification_Histori
cal_developments_applications_and_restrictions
7) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rock-mass-rating
8) https://petrowiki.spe.org/Structural_geology
9) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology
10) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_engineering
11) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunton_compass
 APPENDIX A

Figure 1.1 : Interbedded Rock Figure 1.2 : Sandstone Figure 1.3 : Shale

Table 1.0 : Types of Sedimentary Rock

Figure 2 : Normal Faults

 Figure 3 Toppling Failure

Figure 4 Wedge Failure

G6

G5

G4

G3

G4

Figure 5 Weathering grade of rock mass

 Figure 6 : Hammer Rebounn

Figure 7 : Criteria of rock slope failure

 Average Equivalent Point Load Sketches
width, diameter of Index sample diagram
Sample No. Length, Depth, Upper Lower Load core sample, Is(50) before & after
width, width, Wavera ,P Strength,
L D F failure (use
ge (mm) (kN) 2 (MPa)
W1 W2 Is
(mm) (mm) attachment)
DE (MPa
(mm) (mm) )
(mm2)

1 50 50 60 40 50 8.33 3183.10 0.167 1.06 0.177 48.8 44.9

2 46 46 75 65 70 1.20 4099.83 0.026 1.12 0.029 41.4 41.0

3 75 33 37 45 41 2.80 1722.69 0.085 0.92 0.078 59.5 59.1

4 58 38 34 50 42 1.54 2032.09 0.041 0.95 0.039 42 41.7

5 45 35 45 70 57.5 1.47 2562.39 0.042 1.01 0.042 56.9 53.2

6 47.5 50 63 70 66.5 0.71 4223.52 0.014 1.13 0.016 58.7 57.8

7 42.5 25 35 45 40 3.03 1273.24 0.121 0.86 0.104 58.5 58.1

8 23 39 29 45 37 1.20 1360.17 0.041 0.87 0.036 58.5 58.3

9 20 23 30 26 28 1.92 819.97 0.084 0.78 0.066 49.7 49.1

10 32.5 35 24 52 38 3.17 1693.41 0.091 0.92 0.084 58.8 57.6

Table 7 Result of Point Load Test
 Weight of drum (gram) 60.3g

Wight of drum + Total weight of rock sample 593.1g

(before slake)

Total weight of rock sample (before in oven) 532.8g

Weight of drum + Total weight of rock sample 581.1g

(after in oven)

Total weight of rock sample (after in oven) 520.8g

Table 8 Result of Slake Durability

Solution for 3.3.1

Topic: Plane and Wedge factor of safety (Lab 4C)
The information / properties from the site study and laboratory works are given as following ;

i. Rock unit weight ,Yr = 25KN/�3

ii. Rock friction angle ,� = θa = θb= 30o
iii. Water unit weight,Yw= 9.81 kN/m3
iv. Cohesion of discontinuities , Ca =Cb==50kpa
v. Height of slope = Height of wedge = Height of plane,H =50m
vi. Tension crack depth ,Z = Tension crack height, Zw=1 meter
vii. Upper slope data=1000 (dip direction ) and 200
viii. Inclined angle of anchor (Ω) = (ψT) = 20°
ix. Bars for Y25 = 10 ton = 100 Kn
P4= 0890/52
To calculate failure sliding plane area, A
Formula = A = (H-Z) – cosec β

A = (50-1) x 1/sin〖52°〗

= 62.18
To calculate weight of sliding block, w

Formula = 1/2 Yr.H^2 {[1-(〖z/H)〗^2]cot β- cot α}

W = 1/2 (25).〖(50)〗^2 {[1-(〖1/50)〗^2]1/tan〖52°〗 -1/(tan 60°) }

= ½(25)(50)2(1.269)
= 13218.75
To calculate water force acting on discontinuity plane in a normal direction, u
Formula = 1/2 Yw.Zw (H-z).cosec β
Wet Condition

u = 1/2 (9.81).(1)(50-1).(1/sin〖52°〗 )

= (4.905) x (49) x (1.269)

= 304.99
Dry Condition

u = 1/2 (9.81).(0)(50-1).(1/sin〖52°〗 )

=0
To calculate water force acting in sliding plane in tension crack, v

Formula = 1/2 Yw.〖Zw〗^2

Wet Condition

v = 1/2 (9.81).〖(1)〗^2

= 4.905
Dry Condition

v = 1/2 (9.81).〖(0)〗^2

=0
FOS = (CA + (w cos β – u – v sin β))/(w sin β + v cos β)
Wet Condition
FOS = ((50)(62.18)+[(13218.75)cos (52°)–(304.99)– (4.905) sin (52°)])/((13218.75) sin (52°) + (4.905) cos
(52°) )
= (3109)+ (8138.28) – (304.99) – (3.865)
= 1.343
To calculate tension of anchor, T

Formula = FOS = (CA +[(w cos β – u – v sin β + T sin〖(Ω+β〗 )] tan )/(w sin β + v cos β - Tcos (Ω+β))

1.5 = ((50)(62.18)+[(13218.75)cos (52°)–(304.99)– (4.905) sin (52°)+T sin(20°+52°) ] tan

1.5 = ((3109)+[(7833.29)+T(0.951)] tan〖30°〗)/((8142.15)- T(0.309))

(8142.15 – 0.308T)1.5= 7631.55 + 0.549T

12213.23 -0.464T = 7631.55 + 0.549T
-0.464 – 0.549T = 7631.55 – 12213.23
-1.1013T=- 4581.68
T = -4581.68/-1.013
T = 4153.83
= 41.54 bars
Dry Condition
FOS = ((50)(62.18)+[(13218.75)cos (52°)–(0)– (0) sin (52°)])/((13218.75) sin (52°) + (0) cos (0°) )
= ((3109) +(8138.28))/10416.52
= 1.078
To calculate tension of anchor, T

Formula = FOS = (CA +[(w cos β – u – v sin β + T sin〖(Ω+β〗 )] tan )/(w sin β + v cos β - Tcos (Ω+β))

1.5 = ((50)(62.18)+[(13218.75)cos (52°)–(0)– (0) sin (52°)+T sin(20°+52°) ] tan〖30°〗)/((13218.75)sin

(52°)+ (0) cos (52°)- T cos(20°+52°) )
1.5 = ((3109)+[(10942.29)+T(0.951)] tan〖30°〗)/((8142.14)- T(0.342))

1.5 = ((2858.5)+[(6317.53)+T(0.549)])/((8142.14)- T(0.342))

(8142.14-0.342T)1.5=(10942.29-0.951T)tan30o
12213.21-0.513T=6317.53-0.549T
-0.513T-0.549T=6317.53-12213.21
T = -5895.68/-1.062
T = 5551.49
= 55.51 bars

Wedge 1
1)2-4 (72-36=36)
2)1-3 (8-173=-165)
3)na-mb (225-287=-62)
4)4-5 (36-66=-30)
5)2-na (223-309=-86)
6)3-5 (173-141=32)
7) ψa=52 , ψb=34 and ψ5=30
X=-16.86 , Y=-0.745,A= 0.579 B=1.385 and FOS 1.0
Wedge 2
1)2-4 (338-150=188)
2)1-3(340-358=-18)
3)na-nb(30-142=-112)
4)4-5(150-343=-193
5)2-na=(6-112)
6)3-5(358-343=15)
7)1-nb=(330-248=82)
8) ψa=18 , ψb=60 and ψ5=52
X=2.242 , y=-8.579 A=2.826 B=2.587 FOS =3.0
Figure 8 : Wedge 1
Figure 9 :
STEP 1 - Outcrop Preparation:

STEP 2 - Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS).

STEP 3 - Rock Quality Designation (RQD).

STEP 4 - Spacing of discontinuities.

STEP 5 - Condition of discontinuities.

STEP 6 - Groundwater conditions.

STEP 7 - Orientation of discontinuities.

STEP 8 - Rock Mass Classification based on TOTAL Rating.

STEP 9 - Guide lines for Excavation & Tunnel Support.

STEP 10 – Application from Field Work Study.

able 8 : Rock Mass Rating Procedure

Figure 7 Scan-line
APPENDIX B