Keep, a d/

for your PC
1

challenges

on hand

Usingla unique bl~end of thermostabte emzymes and a set of 12 :standardi.zed premixes, optimiizati,on ot any IPCR reaction is quick, 9 SSy and r,eprodl!Jciil~:).~e,. The Fa~ISaferM peR System Amlp~ifies"Up'to 85% GC~richtemplates .' ,Any templates lip to 200kb .' Multliph~x peiR, consiistenUy

.' tow copy numlbe'rtemplates

NEVER! FAIl.. .•• ' •

1i8,~n

=FGtlIGllitl

~n reA, loSM': ~1lmumlP!re.M!xg

'WITIHI FAILSAFE" ,fi!llSldll-~Il'

~Rl1iC ~ilm:l

PC'R' ,SYS,TEM5,

Bl3:I
~jj,

1
,

1
-

~--------------~,

Arnj:liitl'Calitm ,at alii 8(1-85% GC-~ld1, 1egjgll of J If!8 hJJlJIIIiI '(rngf]e:,X gene. IF'GR MIS: pmwmed US[1lIJlhl fails.atll'" peR Syslu!l!.la!lcsA-L a.ow '1'tI1I2InnPlm~~oo prnwet5 r 8almn.Q 'ri'OOI IisinQ '~e ~21ia1lSaIe PCR II?reM~. rill, iiI101~l!l'~rwe~hI: lII'IiIJ'ker. (ll}1:lmal~m1,P!il~ 'Ibn was OOtalned wi:lb FaliSaf~ PCR PreMii!! J.

pm

S 'art uSing FailSafe and get your PCR 0 work

the "~rsttimeand every time.

EPIOIENfRIE oHers ,;;I money~back guarantee 'JoOr 'su.ccessfuIIPCIA with one or more PreMii:x:. I'f youl're not happy ..you don't. pay. To olUer yours. go to ~w;,EpiBio.cof!l'll and ,ente:rqp.k:~nfQ code: FSA25

TaKaRa

reen
Sy'IBW ,Pre,mix EX' Taq'M
SYIBR® Pr(J,mix Ex Taq1i'M (Pell1ect Hea~1Time) de~ ~verslexclepi~ional~ real time peR results quiClk~y andl e,asily.
• Easy'-Io-U'se: eonvenlent premix formula.

Illes,s Opt,~ mization: glr,eatfo'r first .. Versa:tille:

use on any r,salll,-tim,e :PGRlnstnrnent, .' Low eli Values: high sel1ls~iUvity wlirth de·~eN·.:::t~onf as o 'mew as 10 coples .

• ' 1lP'lreci,se Quantifi.C:'8,tion: ,2-fddl di€'~erenoe

can be
aeeura te,~y deb:3,c~ed. • ' IIF,B.S,t:: wo rks with hi'Qh s peed q peR 'i 11 strll m ents,

"0'"

,.,

..

".

..

"'I

.cuUo'l~e de1sclililnl of :2-(oldltliffl!il!(ln~\ using SlI1R,iP' .Prn.ml.It~' :rag''!' ' ' ~lhl3JI ApJ!lledi BJos.yl.em5: 1'500 ID!a~iIiIliI1.e sYsIelli!'.

Also Avai'lable in a Premix for Ts'q.Man® P:ro,be Detection

TA,IKA'RA, IBIO :IIN'C.

IliIII!

t}imr ...II~liil:l~.I~_~lJ'ilIiIIli"'~~~ 1£iIl. sAil. ftI_ ,.m.~000I,ifl!ilij. ~ i!!L1'i'!i;Q::~(l._' ~"'-'~ ~~

'~U$Yi' 51!l!li:lI!• ..!lap!!!! PII!III1I1: "1>11177.54"1-',,;1,,,:1" Pm;: ~1 T:I'.;m';!2!<l,

I~WW.Jj~

~'~!!iQm!!l~

UIII;T~'~'U!'lIl!l!l'Ijgo."I.!4.~:'''o!iP~Im!!!,~~I.

IFor mom hltorm!t!lmlolll IUiI !ill III I,I)B~.,alir Ti!lkaJi,ilI dlstriibuJo D'S wo:rlmid~. !'IICilM!vls"litOlll!r w~Il:~b ~odB~~

Bringing protein analysis to life with Etten DIIGIE ond Amershorn IE:CL
WI"J>(~n cernes to life sciences, GE Heolthcare is setting the it

stendord, lens of thousands of scienusts worldwide rely on our pro ducts 0 n d proven e>::perti se ln protei n o na lysis. and de'tecti on
every day_ But we'rE never content to stand still We·fle constcrnly stnvmq for innovations that boost accuracy and deliver qucntuctive dote.

The result

IS

new fioorescence platforms like the Ettod'" DIGEImager

and Amersham Eel Ple},{H for quontltauve protein enolysts,

By contlnuolly developing technology thot con turn your scientific ideas into reaHty, V!Je'F@ bnngmg science to Ills' end he[pmg to
trnnsfcrrn drug discovery and

heclthccre.

We call it Protein Analysis Re-lrncqined, Discover the full power of Etten DIGEand the Amershorr: ECLrl'l family of Western blotting systems ot
WVi.IVJ.g E! heaithc

ora.c om

Ip ro tein_ one Iys is

Ge !-Ie~);Ir·1!'
II,IlII~Rl>I'I. GEa&.!Ii>

Ae. !;I Gore_Ill! e'!e;;rm 7!SJ Bt!!J,JlPS-<IIo..~en_ • 0:«10 Gor~ I5f~!lIiC CO<n~!W!. ;,if ~~ f!!:I.tNi'lfI
Qlg,Si;1i!!'K;!§

~pII"".

lDlE,PARTM IENil'S
~ S(.;irmi I1g tu iii lIi~lh;,g 1i~~(mS(opyilf1li~;g af a e hig i':i·lt'mp('!l{itur"'e SUlperlOrlIGw::t.ar (b{)Ul) 1111)

1331

1333

sh O!i\l'ij tht:! rifgllilla F(Jltomk p~nodi g:,ll.y ~r~hL'l' cryMal. Sfmu~tiilneo,usly moo'Stlrod raU'Os of ~l.ec.uonl ilnjedioll 'to e.:<ua,;Uon (top. yel1Jlow) revea& s:!r,ollg villnati'om: in el.ecllronk :stRKlUrE:.

1339
1342 134,5

S'ren(,f! DrlU Il~ llhh Week ill Sci~lI(-.e

[dl'l!oir$' (InOlll:e
c.ontact !ide/l(ill lll:amfOIili! S,am,pl!~ N\~s.mgk~t:s N ~ 1l1lrud ucts SdeRiL,1? Careers
1

SeepageB30.

n47
'1430

l.mcl1ge.: If!ihM" J(;(JbsQ~

1431

lE,DIITORIAII..,
i337
~lIIvirtlnlifi@iilt, Meets liH!!aUf.1, Agail1ll by Richvrd}. Jackson -

ll...E.ITE.R:S
~ivermoPE!' Lab u)ip~ In~o IIll:!'PO,a"ll Q wtl1 ~

1348

We-:.aptm:5 Des.igllfl (onles[

~:'e~i.lr(!hers B:p~grei\ltelr~i.lti'l,les 'to U~phi.lnt ClIJltt~~gl 1349 A

Oo~eof

O~!f't

HlI~n,c,,(fle'

mat Q:u~@tedan :s ~a som!?

Enh Fe

1351 1351

S'CIENCESC'O'PiE

Did lie Dlmec KD1o~'I' Ho~~loWrill'l? K. O. B'mhns (}(uJ N. t Kelker :R,eISponse M. de{ Carmen ftadriglle1 Marllnet @t HlurriG!I'Ji(!$INot!ih@'IK~' 'to, a SIlJSl,lfilllilb'h~' (dl\ils;t \I! B!Jr~u. C. G. GroiGl, D. Reed Illte:Sjlo,!1se E futller el at Iii.

1365

at,

Robot Su 99~"It:5 HrnY~lhe fir'.ilLand .Animals

GDl Wallkinrg
!;>!>-

1352 FroVlQ ((I~~'Ii~r'(\IIUtll~~OO <:ybe-n:::ultu re 5teL'Ian Bralild, the Whote E~,f1th IMet~\(uk. (ilf!,dthe Ri~ 0'1Digital UtOPci;;lfl~S.n1I
f. rUrR'2f"

filepall P. 1416

1 369

ReporrrlleUs NS~ to 'fhl nlk More Bold ly

1352

mrie~:te\dby H. ii'ebefm(m

c: hi!ilaS'u j)'mizeSo Its Sdei[I!;~

HlOIl~ on Ne~." AIDS iDrug.:5, but BiredstaFeeding Strateg y IBad~ijr!C'5, iUr'a'S'Sk (iei'io:nrl~ ~ untilll~ (Qr iYI@Iil ni I~gArtllr Mid~igh~
~~. RepON ,. 1"16

13S4
1357

Q.!!Ii nt:esS'f.ll!lte af lILi*iE! Glim.rJ:s. a~d HorflliJones, 1.8.50-195.0 C'5~ngr)op.!Oj ff!V~'€v:ted bJ S. E(:/er
TheMQ)t5e'Jie~:
)eli.

1 37 D

1358 1360

lP'OUCY lPORUMl
CO2 Anthll!lE~ti(

w- S. Broecker

1371

lPl~.RSPlEC"JilIVES
Wal(nn ng Rmh 'HIll'ur inU'H~ WIll:rldl orr Electrons
]. Z(Jotll!n
:.:. Ilesflrmh Article p. U6()

nn
1373

A~'~1;i' Targ~t, for A!nt~rt!kllicIDI;!I,!'elol)'mli.l!!!t ,G, O. Wrig.M

>;.

ft~f'DF1f1. 14!i2
,ClJ

1373 ,Be
1374

What

(i~Ll Shou
HJl

t~ lI\:n(kw~B,u't MillY

rI!J

et)

1l11l0,2

~ Weiflerl » fI'e(lM p-

Eilt]rrlg ~IfltnAvold Infed.1011l

1376

C lit'is e SOllsa
» I'rftfJOFt p.
:U~{)

OKidle Etectr'On,ks ~mfrge

1377

A.
,!>~,

Po

Ramirez
Po IN?,; Re[J(Jrl . HfJ8 p

iJ:fr:'VIrl

w!oW{"scienaema9'.orgl

SlClllcNC~

VOL 31.5

9 MARCHI

2007

Pathogen ,detedion i1<

I.
•
"at t

'Genlelih: ICllf1IOlly.sis

HILA ItIII'I.dl ha,plo~pin9 '"

PC$: lI<liOp, Gt~~" 0lI0; .. 00"1., "rod ~r!l..aloralW SilTl ..ull ..... 1tIf HIllIIliIw ... !at -.iI_ .... ~ It ""

HA

-,I. ~

;1iC_d

cliOfl:,lo:o; o. ~

100 d 1C'd'II'" '" us COld Cc;!iIIda

Sample & Assay Technologies

Science

CONTENTS

.1

www,5dencexpress.org PILANT .sCIENOE A G i~iI"~till'n-'{llIIp,!ed Rel:llplor 115 <llfllils.D1'11 Membrane fior the PIl<llllt ~.jo[mol1e- AhSdiSic;,Add X. Liu;, Y. YUe', It t~ Y. Ni(!, w- U W.-H" WIt t. Alto f\ mlwl'b'r'iil n~-Dol:llldl rec~ItI'DO rlOl il~(isill: ~c,id i~, entlliect r' id IPlam!t R!~cep'OO~' ~ith IEl,i,~!Fr.amilly ~g
(ilriSfm(J~r1

1i.i~t:!li~ll:lr

PLANHAAY SC~IIi::NCE SP~1llRill'e' oU.steror]c:! (54509) 2:000 P'1115ncrei31siing Due I to tile YO'RP' Eled .p; A:. Tayior et a L SlCIWing; f near-Ea rltl an.e~o<rlil 345(9) 2000 'PHS is all ~!P«tM 'rior :5I!)i;)f l~1efmal o ~,(I1q ues as Il,ed~c;tedb~ the YO RP dlecll:.

'U1.112 6I.'S,ililf!(tl.:ll
IfIERSP[Oi\liltif!" E. Grill ,(J'Ildlt

nS8a:.2

PLANEfMY

5C~IENCE

5, c. LO~fy et ail.

Orro(t

Dete( liolll oi' Ul'~ A~;l:ewidal'1'0 RP ,me('!;

{)\ptic~l.;!lnd !'i'!d'~uobservatiCins of iI n:e~r-Earth 1)S'ter>J)icl show U~~t tile ri!di~ti~ [l~snll~e rrom il1lllp~,tin9 $UIit'~gJh.t~slO-W!119its J(Ji~tion, ~,s prllrlk!l!.lo[fl, s

lO.1121lJs;denc;e.1139040

BREV~A
PHI¥SICS Floorn"tll~mp~fatQjro QUaJl1iI:urn H~~11 ffect, i!'l'Graphll!n'~ 1379 E MATI~:FUA!.S SCII!:NCtE

SI!!P@iFlastic B~1k Mleta.lli( Glassu at P

TemperatulFl'l! l H'• .allet3t

IlilcCl!f!'!

1385

1<. ,S, Noroselovret

aL

The ~U~llIItll," HOIIleH~(!. ulwal!~ ~5W'!1i~r i(I d!?g rees keIVii~. O'tOUfS Olit l r'Q@1Il'I t~mpl:lr<!ture '!'Iilhin single91r~JlMI1!~ ~eel'.i, 1111 ~hi(!hD:h~ dlillr1J~' (,jmiil2Fs lbem!f@ ~,5 l'IlI3,~si~ r,~Mi!.rkS!k iJ<lrlid~s.
:>-;> p,rtl1f!Mrtv~ p. 1317; fttprJ11 p. 1388

TiullImg the Hlmpos.itij(lll! 1l11ld ~~~r~tidtyof :i!iI(Onlium.J~ed

m~!~lli( gliiiS'Sil$ll1lFlll~ ~h~w lU~lI.;1Uy bri~tt~ gla5.cWs, into ~1!I:fM1'fllikl,sI,itmiJternaLs. 1388

~ESEARCIHI RillClE A
PHYSICS

PHYSICS QU~liItum tHalL Ene~t 'i!il Po~~r Ch[i~e Hlu~roS:UU(jt:ldr;f!S It rSUklllOki e[ sl,

All lmitri iii Sij;( lli!l~:nd·Gen'~ ~ed Elle[~r('Jl'lfc G~ss 'j,l~it~ Unlid~ rEe l1olil,al [lomaim in ~lii,drl?rdl('Jped (lIpr:at!~ Y.i(oksoko el at

1380

TI!i~' qlllilllwm H<ill ~Ht(iI.. UMJMIy S!@tlnin ~~mli:[ondlu[ltOl's.is now a Iso S~1l iln a nar~lreC :zillic-li'IfI<I.glnl~~,ium oxKl~'.
;:..;.Pt!fjp~[{itlr:p.

1171; f)1~U

p. H19

Tt.'.u [ami l~~ m (upr.a~~ silI.pcl!rtoru[u Oi.Of~ a r@' ~hv~n to !lna~ ,a (I)JIIilfilo:m eil'lI.FOtli( WIli!ntJ:'IU oori!' ~n'al mOLy !!Ie li1-e ~tecl!lr5(l.r ph1il1~ tOlheo onset (!II !'>uJ!f'l~orndm:J~Yiff. ":>i:!- "'fflP~[{dLIt' p. 13 n

CHEMISTRY

A M©le(J~,l~(a ~ri~r
1\. t WO'ng
1111 ill J1I1~I!J'!1llf

el~L

1391

on a n~hrl3q,llililr;Il'l:l!! mDI~~ul~~ (wIJi'chl <lInd,then c.m

~~nw!fQJ. COl ~,m~!11;~ rui~d ,;!I;r~ <I ",~p",pt:l~ ~1J r[~oo dlf~u~@li n~rty, liIat i~o~,g;pj~i3~'yl be unilo.~d~ at UlI! end •

CHEMISTRY 1393 Mill ~ti~u"di,onI3Il EI'IIC(lcl~dl ~.alrtide~fo~ lIfIigh-lihrouglhplUtl!!,iiO<fiIn,oteclU~~ Aina i~$fuJ, D.C. Pf,~ibGlJ, M. ToJl'~r,.,f! 5. fkJyJe Via mtho9r~p-lfIy,a micJ\ljlf1I11lT[liic.d~~",ice sy.nl!li,~£iz~,pani~les can wi~hldMlif~a ble c;olll~and delll,ctioiii Il!age 1'Its: t~ genera1;e mulliJiU I!I1:llonat f>CleenS 'f,or ,gle~e'tics 01 (herl!llli~trf.
AHA iQ'5P H !:RilG SCIENCE

II'fiI~~r~e Rela'lilDns Behveel'l Afrnounll5 I)IW Polhillion A~r 139.6 iii rid Orog ra phi c IPreciipit.aliol'1l D. R(]5e.nJeid eot oil~. 1"\I.e<18Uf@fflmt~,[IW'r 5ev.~l'al. (jj'@-(:ad~~, cen~r,a~ rna $hiow that <Ii r , in (BfI polMiOl1 has d fa matlcally red IiN:M prec lp,ftalqOI1l from Mctiltfi ng ai r maliSes,1111 lrH.iimu. hilly

SlCIIIE::NC~ VOL 31.5

9 MARCHI 2007

Science
~:IEPIQRlS.CONTINUED.
IMMUNOLOGY

CONTENTS

.1

..
EVOLU'lI'ION

Ail.!topila gy-Oepl!~dl'~liitVilral Recognlit]ClIli by 1393 lfI~as;~cyt:(l~dDl!,rldriUcCells I-i. K. lee ~t at I\nl ul1ie~pedleG r\.lncti~1I .0{ au~o[)h~fJ~' kell~l~r5e!U'.,tJlg~li@fI} ls w
!!Inij~ IRNAfrom imrf,ecijln!1J",jn,JSII!5

wirlh iWl'l11IJne r!;f,og nititln FIliOIJll'(ul~~;

(i'n'1fli, W: De.fpart HndllIP~!!II(:!tions. Or! [Wt! Tristolll! id~!l'!ds h~\N! ~de,pe!llden~l)',e\iOlwd ill~(llw@ IiP~CieSI eo)l;h with p'ro[il!lf~e5 ~~trih!.llt~ W C«Iklgic,!;!l ble

IE,co~og h:allSpeda lion in S'lluithAtI.a,Il,th: II:sl.i!nd F1i1(lh~j; P. G. liIyan. Po Bloomer. C i, Mo,~'Qm;;r, L].

1420

W !'rii9'!i!:!r in,n~~ illlmun~ d[1foerns~" ;.;. Pt.'yfp~Ii ...~ p, .H.76

din!1!r~ nt)~:[i 1:H!!t~1;'1l IfII,l tWQ is~ OOS;" PLANT SI!:I ENCE ((lI,l~~]ng Diil,lF!ilal(y~o.solk(~,z+ Osdlllatt001) ti)' thr~ 1423 (1I:5-iIPij Pathway in Arabfdops,is R. -R. rafl(j eL~L Ain in~~.~lllily of §,i gnfllti 1'19patilways mo'nitlllrs.a nd mn11r(lI~ mi1 dfUFnal. rhythm i n int,ro1((i!i~lJliIt catd U nil in p'liInt mUs" ~esPOl1iding lCll5!O,i~ ciiI.l\:iunll levels ,a Fid l~a.ii1~JltEri3IIi0lil" NEUROSC~ENCIE

BlOCH EMISTR'f S~rtJdll,ua~ Il'iH.igJt'lt n~o the lr',pl"!sglyc!!)syl~tiQn Stl1!P ~ 1402 of !Baoeteria L CeU·¥lIIa ~Il EliDj;J'lflth~$i$ It. t. t,fJLio~rirl9, ,l, H. ,d,1!(o ...rw, D. Utrj~N. C j. S~'I'Yl'uldk(J Thi!'t:.¥:ral ~truOurl1 a nl,e,n~~1e'CiSl\fIHill, ror bacterial ,eell !wll Oil ~ynE Itf'sis wiU all()~ ~l1m:~UrE·ba5M (:Ie'~~glf'l nNia rlti i¥lllcrobi<l,1 of agerns.
~~ P1irsp"'tlv.e ~, 1373 MOLECULAR B[OLOGY

M', F.

Iilyna mh:$ of R,eplk,ation·'lm li'umover In Bl1dd'illig Yeas.t.

(}~''Oll elal..

d gpel'ldent

tIIbt~'nf

1405

OdO!F (ties [)lluiJ1,[j1Slcrw'Wave SkN~PPro·I'IiIP~ 1[)t€'daJ~atiVteM~mo~y Con~Qiidi:uh:DfI e. Ro)(h, C Biklle," S, G,G,is" j, BOln

1426

14.08 ltIis-to!l'e !l.ep~cernleint Malrk'S titl'e IH!Ql,li!1d,pri~~11 0 ci:!O·ii1l!eguil.(lltory IIlQIlI1I01]n5. yo Milo" j. ,G. f/lmU@J/. 5:,. Heni~()J! R~jo:rns 01 ~hf()ma,lin illia~.afi! e<pig!l!netkally 5.ilenood aru:l hi9111.y reguLab&l aile ,ooa ted with hki;olll5 ~hal rapidly Iiin!ll and reLea se ~ihe D'NiA., CELIL BIOla GY

1111URlliII1IS, ~ I'li!"W 1'IiIt!'IiIlIIJrlI 'fofm@G in ti;)t!' l'Ue~rul@ 01 an odori:s h (on.501~dMl!dl'a5l1@r ~hel1i tli~ odor is IJsed1 '[[I iMIltt': n.ctJ lSI aaivi,ty illi ~h~h ippocam ptis during ~rulb'itqLcJ:fllilSlee,p.

:-~ Nt"ln SUllY IJ:. 1160

Alilap,hase O,ilSIR Bef(lr~ (omp'I.ii!It;~VN.A.Rep,iicaU@1i! 1411 witf1 Intact Checik Illo'int FtesI!lQ'I1ISie'.S;
).l()rI1!5·,Rosefl et. a L Ulli@$oc"!]dif~. ~~~t~ mdllly used organism f1011O~U{~d~ sllld~~~ dM~, rlet h'a¥E'!'lI medIi'!! ni~ to prevenll c~u. dwi5iun ~rDNA rn,pHci!itia n ijsitilllrUlompiete.
:-~ PlIrfPlttllf~ p, ll74 E'VOUJTION From Swii11I1r111ingi

to WaUdflgl with .01 Sa !ama ndler il.'obot. 1416 Df~ven by <I Spinal (oro Mod.el A. J. ii~ft ;t Crespi (1 f/:yakQ -M'. CaDeigrJen A simple cirtlJit Ulilt ~tmtf\Ol55Wlilil'lmi~1 in a robot~t :5aliJ;~~OInd'er n ca
r ).

be' oo!werted

ID

ooe thaI

ge,n(!'Ji3IltS

feal~lic walkirl'g Ily the adil!litio n

'1376 &.

Qllwi! l (il(yit~ ftOllimb Qsd1JlaaiQI).

>ll> Nfw:r noJ)t' p, 1.352

11398

MiG!,€l,~:efu:f;(J'"

Fractionation just g'ot ,simpler.

Fractionation is an eS$Jentia~step 'tOir ir1lcreas~ngJprotein resolution in proteomic worktlo,ws. Byfrac~tooa:lill'ng. you 1~d1UO!ll' our SiiU'l1P~9oomlPl'(l)%!lty y
and enric:~ I~aw-aburlldance pmt:eins, both of which aJrecentralto dliSco\l\rS!ify, IBno-Radof'fers blomalr'i«!r

Iy,s~skilts for easy, !'~~we'oiloe . "..,ii., '~"""s.

_",Id', 0;;11

'31'l.~1 PJ~Tn
le~~m'Cition

thle M~crnRotoffar systetmforfr,actijona;tion of prroteirls prior to most downslream pl'oQl€omic app~icatijonSi' indu!diing 2-1J ,gel ,e1Iectrcphore£is and l;C-MSlMS af'la~ysis., ~ Handles smalll volumes (-2.5 mil} of' preelous samples
• Separate5

pl!'o~eijns 'by liql,Jid~pha:se isoelecl!1ic foclUsing

protein mixtures under native and

• Fractior:!ales complex

dena,turing condi~lons,
• Offers 'cuslomizable pH g!1a}d'i:en~stQ further enhanoe

re:solU'~ion of protei ns of inlellfe'st For mme infoil"f'lla:Uon,Vlisit us on the Web

aJ~ ~w'.bio·lI"ad.colMlmvcroiOOlb:dor:1

\l'1:5it 1.15 on U'ie Web atd iSC:OIII!!';l:r'.,bio-rad,oom Call toiliroo ati ·,800"4:BIO~ {1-SOO-424'67,23): outside the US" contact your ~ooa!saes OmiJe.

SCI EINCE NOW'

li'i,NWi.Scte'tl(e,l'ii}w.Qrg DAlL'i' NEWS COVERAGE

Ilt.l!i'aly.~to Be Uw Wirlgmaln 11'1 :Soullil Ame~kaUi l1Iirtl~ ti1ealpila m~~e atwa)"$ g~1:l: a the !lIir~ 1001his, lxud'dy be.ll'fils (rom l.agg~ng iillotl9J. [)I(!dlg~ng a W!i.!Fm~f!g Sl.!'ll@'t Bal'lIIl'Iiil'lg (K5 M~ ~1"!,iTIlIved Cli.'lllIole lot IJ~ 9rN!nl'iol)l§e Iptntcel1Jjal rroml ~he.1IIUl1ospheil~, SdrntH~r!@tll S@lC!lrl::lh lEariV .AJf!iJ erlcans J'O[f E_:I\pooit:ion wi,~ [o(!lk fcrF tro!!:lIS 01 LIO"9I.dr(!MIOOclMllllill i:nll~s in GuM CeasL

SCII E!NCE CAR:EEIRS

'WIWoI. ~~,!l(.e~a

neE rs .m~

CAREER HE.SOUi!([5 FOR SCI EI\I TlSTS

us: Opper~lIlnil~ie!l,-i1he[ldth

\i'i~rsm Depth
!.l1.II~~

P. fisf{·f! Th~rn are advanlageos to ma~nl:<lining a b ms:der poirfl oi viM YOllf I1'a[OOW fie!ldcd il'lleMt

SCi IENCE'S STK.IE

WWWSLke.,ol'g
S IG f'ML TRANS [)UOI 0 N KJoJ OW LEDG E ENVIRO N!'\E "IT

EU ROil' [; I,tatli~,n R!€'seatr:(~ Sl1ake"tI Pi Pe'~din 9' 5. Big!)i" Ilalialf'l eilf"(h~~ awaHl1Iew legilSlation Iprolfll~sin.g I'i(>j\l t(lIOSili(!alS, ~ f uncling,and!~m~dLlr'~, US·; h. Grali1'ts.,.g:Q~
~" K()lQi(
~Iil tirle

PERSIPciH]'liVIE: nllX at FClca.l AtIi'u;::5l0rls-5Lippa~'~ Olltlih, Mectri.llnlic.aL 'Gallg~, m Siglililll !)cepri~ Y. MIOny Wh1i' dCII arious r0(.11 adhesion !lmilei~"s un dlugo diUerenL dfi'9rn~s v o,f oorrelalecl relJiOoglrade 1I1l0!oleme,nl with a(I~111fi liIn-UliFllis! RIEVIEW: The Expill1di n51'ROlle 1m II1AM· B:i!seil S:ign a ~itng Pathwaysi n ~mmll.lllH~Cel.1lli C. .L Abmm alld c:. ,A. Low-fit Ac:~v~t~(m (l1'ilimmullle(ll'~1sIlly lIfIiln)' diilrerent r;E!'{e~tl)r~ooperrld~ QfIIITAM·lN!md '5ij~!'IaUn{l,

Ir[lstlLane?

Willi NS~'1:';(1 n1.~iilll~ its (1m f~Stl.all1t$!fstem or io~nG:rrantSJ!1IQv I(lr eileLllrQnic '!ilrant app1Icaliicm$?

1331

NlIIW 1I'

IN IIlIlt,AIND !I!!!...1"!I.J!!1l!i!ll!._Ja,!I!;S

Phllls,ionrM IHiigh'-Fiide'Hty DNA PD~ymerase from New Engiliand Biiollabs

EX1REM E IPRH:IcS:lrON WiI"lflH UN P'AMLILJElE;[1 SP EEU AtIJ 0' RO BUSTiNESS
,p., fdlliria
m.!Ijjm;ji~

With Pilusiof} Hig'll·fid8Iity' 0 NA PI:! [ylUlel'~~, lihore PS00 fl!ll~ ~D'cClm~lQmi~' any >ilcS1J@ct C!r ~OLJfftAper('OOIDarw:ie. A slll]eri!lr r:hoiu! 'r®r '~"':J:nillg, ~is ~E!Ol,mhirlanl polvmerase has an ~rror ~tl[! 5D'~DWItlcwer thalil r8Q DNA PolymE!{BSEI. rna',:i 1'11]' i l tihe IIl11Sl00cW\lit13 lll(l ITTIll&lable pl}lyrnern se ·aNCi i latJ!e_ Phusi 1:111 mllA.l't)lvrneraS!!:! is; sup,plieai in a ~ta!ri ,[I~~ormal~:S, v...rll~ CI. elY ,Ell' t [}L S tar I mOflJl ita t 1011 for incr-ea5erl speci~ciLy_
,Ad1W1n~e,gQ5:
.1

It

Ex~femle! Flr:I~lil1l' - Higilest o~ 3J1V IheImJO$t~ble lPo1\!,f113r(!oo High Speed -lExtern: [00 times ,8 rE<
cffOlITlilL]call'l' facull:t1!dl - Reornce ro~ tion fail!ll~

1.1 PlIlRilllI

Hi9I'1FFii'i:lB~illJl' ON'A poVr.rm~f'llSIII m

~ fC1~ig!)HQi!:S~ Hr:gU~!!li!!:t DNA Pc~l\rl!llr,:nIl'IIlD

1.1 P1i,!I$iD!I

with mirtllR3ll' o~llmila'tJOn III High Yi!!1(i - I n(J!1'iI$I;I pJ(ld~~.VIl2'lds with mii'lll1l:a1l' myrna 1hi1:lrnUlls
.1

.' i'!Ollt!Jliln ~

Hi!!l!1clii,t!e~iIN f!\&!IU!~i!,f!~r Mi!! Iml w,TI1IIIHF IElIl1I'e;r wlilih ISC,lIuf~~r

f.snStIL
f.S.UM f·5Sali~

• f~IIIS~1I Hlillh,.t1Id~lil~ P'~Btell:

Elli

Sp.oc]f~~i~-I1IUlSUlrlllllJdl fIC;Ol!lOll le!I~~ non 'Spec:Ifi"JI: a filplififl liDilI

M\!I ,fjlld wijil ~h!l~ilJ~HlIII1"Ijj'!J!Illi~IDf!iA P.o!I1f1lllIl!m~, 3Jlllli :lr.lIUrniilirt~l!HIllJii'I:M bo:ita alollll'l ~ilmDi l'IilS arnplilBi A : _l1iing !II :~piil!r.~'rE1dJl'iDllillli~s u~1iI \\<lr.P11i 'B~lHiinl ti~.l"!Ju~itJIJ !»IJi. i!dt{ml'f0Wi w~s,~tiI1l1rl ~~il'j' 'I'm'~a:lmC!1 mll'i II Ui1l'.h1flil!:l ~ntelIt1ll0:n:I Iltte:nsitln S!1lp~! ilfilr I rriMlfll. Ats&,,,, ~gI!J wnil or fhusion rMA ~i!I\li!i!l ~11I~ad ~11I!l!cr\OO!~I!'!oo 2'sGI 5 IlIliIS ~I ~ :rlit;lallll'sEDtIIA FtI~i'3:~
~1?~ri'~II;Ii'I!»;IJ;I![r-9!i1p~!!;d1

~sil)~

i~ ~Ir:i!!k:rna!f;:1I11'1!V1~~

Or

fIN N.ZYMES,
~ CIIII,d:l ·fll'l. UIIlOO387·IOOS illf~_rlllll_alJn .' UK Tel (MOO) 81:MOO In.loCuk.~eb O~
., Cill!flMln'j!
'jIJ

Teel.ijllOOt.2'l1J; ~221 LnloClllitllll~JI:(jm

I;(!flll

Cbiul!' ~!l4,m ~1(Hl231B26S beiJing;lnet!"~hllt;;!

'~I

,- ,eie -ce
!i!!iI

EOlin ID BY STEILLA H.U nnEY AN ID PHil SZ:u,llOMI

Idea l~y.JllO ~el(l,Il~ r s'[~e e,!ilijn:~ s!hol,lld ii!!UQ1¥II'fQW silnllll.lL· the ulll'u!ousanalys'is of man,y motlH::l!.ilaf 't3rg(!'tS •. Pl'eg~[~,cl'I'll ,et at. {p'. ':11393) u s;,(!d m ]'Ho'fllddl(~ an d Hthog I'ti pin h: fIl!,~t5ks·to I!:;r€al~ Hat par~ides wHlllabml!l. dimlf!!V1iSiol1s ,of -1010 miHome~ers <I11'~dlh1cknes)e5 of .llOOlll 30' ml(['o, rJllIet.e,~:s:. IIIe he I:f 0" each IPiJilrtide IIIears ,a di stl ",:t Ut!(l'!'\es· 0 ,~en~ bo1llrco,dle {o Lit o~ IlII ore than ] 11I1MUon pussible '(I(lde~).; the other IhaM Ibeallrs; !I prQJbefor II:! ~g;el bill di n:g, AJrerilfl1l(llIlbatl.o,IJit wi~:h .ilI :SillmpLe, ill nm!l~lJils'lild analysis '~ystll!inl then S(!;!WlS, eQ!~hl p~rtide vi!:! s~ngle·w~\1'f;!!~e:~gth fllu'Ofl!'SC!i!ifill (lefor itscod ean [j e:Vi1deoc(!< of b Ollili1G ullrrget FlUl,o'r'~S'C)Emtty lab~l~d !DNA '~arge,t'!l[lQlldd Ib~ d~~eded (lit

the S;O(h~Uom(!lelevel.

and Su perco nductivity

Electronic Su perstructu re

Ihe (Iupr ates Ulat e_xhj but hill ~-t~mlD@~~lUf~s,\)lp@t((lm1du(~.iviily UHSC) iilrll' fQJ~l11ed hom plulmt .'!nitj-

r~,rroma9JVle:tk. in51!lI(a~or$ by che-miCail do~ing. which rlllrnO'!ll!!:5 elJ1!clrons hom ~he (uO~ !l~tlnes. IYiOSl BlI'S( !heoMes ha~e rOClJSOO on l~l~ u.;!llsitio!"! rrom anliJl2ifToJTIag netic liD superrondll(ting !>tat1'5" ~nd~lh~ e:fllecl$ or O:rl~:t LighHy "llcle doping( U~e
rnal<e\rialls han QH~nlb~en i!\lfilQfl!i!d. KQh~a.k!! et ,al. (p. ]380, lPi!.Ib'l~shed online Il, Febr~alry; ~~. tllie ,over i! nd 'th~ ~rsp ec~'I"~ by Zail nel1l~! pre~tlinl 5(eflfljLimg'W~f1eliH1g ~r,ledro5'c()I[lYfn.ea:stJ,rell~emt$ rl)F t~~o fami ~i~s< (If urtdrm:Jopecl (Illprate supercondiudors.lillith diUe:rent lattice stm:Jme'> Ilhail.I't!'II\~al t'lCO!ll1mOIi1 @leCUQni(Sl!p~~~llftl!(tl!re in OOlih I1Ililt@rillltS..11fuIeo uthars argUle~llli!t lhe ei.er:lrr(lnic. supeor· a S!t11.!(tllJrl!', ~\'h~(11 '~(Irms ni{! uaw :strlll,es. 'i~i~l a 'SPI1lia L periad of rOtlir U'l'lul (ells, is an ill1:tfin~k Iprop-

h.ete,ootif\J(llll'le gfO'l~Tl rfOill ~~e,rs of ZI10 ~u:! d Mg;:n:L_~t'). Nllwse~ov et a~,'(p .. 13,79) r'e;port tim OIDSieMllOl1 'oith~ OHE ll1,g r.1!,phern@ sh~s at JOOn.." lemlpera~lJr~ ..n];fS~ resllllt~p.res.ent.lhe poo"iibilily cd combililing (jlili'lllllU.irn IHaU p~VSr)C~wrlh the' 'ltef5.!lfil.e' 111@.taiQ;l;id!!"S and in llifle! ~1IIlE!rQillg 9 raphe1f1!! .stli:@t $lf,ltet1l) (see the perspec[nv.e bV Ra ~iir~lt

I~ad~ to

te-s:s

fr~uenlt

~Qale;scel1c~into

r.1)~mlroj)s

end If'SS p:f'!e:cfpitaHon, Thill eHe(t 1~thooglhl to .1!ICCOO (Of decreased orog r.~phk pr«fpitaui 1)11". fit inl \'jhi{h Ir<lll1lftlll.ls [illJls-edb~ ~he IlIpl!'l\8 rei de<[fctioo

of

i1!ifII

€iir m~ssby e lFidg~ or s m.(lllll'llain, b.ut~hi~

eflred has n'1ll~elll [e5~ed againsladui3il data 001 alerr(l~~ 1l:000~em!Ugitio!l! ~~ocL!litilli.(lfl. R()~e!ll~ (lnd h!'ld d ,al.• (p. 13,96) .analyze ,a S{li-yei:u'-'kmg

Metalli c Glasses

~I ncreasi ngl Ptastk:ity of

~e~om lJ~ae.r~o Is and pl'E<i:~itatT(m rrOil'! cef1iI!l'al Clilin.a" (!fUl! oUhe 1II1llist polluted .amllsoftill~ wo~kI. WOii1~'ly PQUlJtecliIir proiliided O:i'!~.yhalh~ iJIl! ~(hC)r~ f;\1I)~~' :pre(ip~l~t!Q~~s did dea n!!~r, a

~rty of d,e ell pralle:!: ai'!{Iis ~ine~re(J,Jlrso:r parel1l! pha,~ t{l the enset O;~5upi?f((ll'ld uctiM ~y.he I l\es~Lt:s s,'lIg;ges,t that s~pe!,(of!dtl(tivil.Y i!ll the cu,prrales erfH2rg t'SwiUl in m~a!>i ng hole dl)pi ng as t'tec.~roF.!~heeome delocalized'nllWi lht'inllr~mk bond ot:erUered eh:~(JJrol1i(g!~M', ~ 'C;j ~

or

Bul.k ,11ileti:il~If:(g'las.~es, (BMGt'SJ hord rnudt p~omi~ bt:'!l'Iuse cll!u:llr hig h ~~Irenths. bUI. 5lY~rer FrQrn g hniUle ha{~llIre thnJ'u:gh Ihe forlll1l1HQn or shear bgnld~_ Ihis m~de (!If '~~ihilre is mOlt desir:aMe in Infi~t ap,plk<!Uom, bll(all"i~ Ihere! isliU:le warning !Dr !he iIlJ1l.p~nding!!)~terial fa ilu!l:.UI!!I e.t Qt, (p, 13 8S) rep ort (lb~elValio no;(If la r-ge mmpres;· ~ive!! la:slici~ of >150% oblaililed in ~'I!'er,a Izirm· p nl l!",-IJta~@tlIBMG:) a L 0001111 t@rrl[l!!!'alm'e .a,$ a r@~uU ~ig,f1lycon b'o1lled UJl1ling Ol~l~e iitll~lfS' c.ollllpo!;iliam.linl!' 11I1at~rials deve lo,p a two-phase mic!ro:slru(Wire t~i1!t i!'1c!ludes. ~slroJil9lllf Irolllded reglmns" separraled bIy .. •:;--_ I ~ ~.-

Eat Up to ,Meet Up
[Hffe rem flll~i'ld)ers. or .~~ ToIHi~e re(:ept:or fm~) e ra rnlly' hlal;'EC''E!'IIol.vetilo r€((Igrli:l'~ I;h~ dislf~Kl :!i~g~ Ita.!u !1lS, ~~U p.a! h~g;~ilS, ~I!'!clydif!g Ih~ ~inlll~Iby cslranderl (SM and1 do uble·slra m11?d nuidek acid 9€t!10me:so~ vtM~. In th 11! (a'S~ c~' plasiTla,~ytojd derldrilHc (@1JI:i; (pOlet d'@.tecUcnby TLI;;:~, (Ulmin~te~ i~iii prog~amofgeifie a~:tiviitli(lllli~lfIaJt. h~[ps '!he-se (Jellis ~ ri il~'e i;lWllivi·
"'j- ~
...

ra ~adaplUve il1llmU ne rfspgnses, Ihe respoos.e - J ":!"9

I

nartow '\ljElaMy b~ridoo r~io!1s. ~

4'

..

iQuantum

HaU Effect'iln IMeta~ Oxides and Gr,apnene ~

~ n- i(!UihdJI!1II iH ill_lf~:·l/('llILlE~u, -~!1 ''''j''hU-'1:'-'res,I'S."~ _Jill -- mlt-_::I~ e ..~ ""Ill w! _11: ; 1I1i1Ce a lwo-di l1u'lIlI~iOl1l1ll e~NlrOIll gas va rrr~ ib~' or
!_~.

.AUhough shear bi!lndil'lg appears '" .. to ~e il1li!iiated till tlte ~\ie.alk~ bOlmdedl re'~~om1sthe s:tm ng I.y •. bOlllded' i1E'gicuilSa(l to P!ieW.lillt the fuuhe r gr()lWlh lhE' b\'lm~s.

";

. - 4'~ ~."__"'_:,
...II'.._ .... ' ••

'..

'

to. SOl1fi@ \iiin~~:s.,stich es

"IJ../.

;:..

il1lnuenza,

~5C!ch,evea

11IIIiII" ••

:;,tr--

\lfiith(lu~!!he I'l~d (or

,re pUc,alioil !Dr pi[)C

I~.:!i d!eiP~ndenl 0111 direct inh!!ct~on or poe. Hm~" e~r, I!i~ d (li/. (p. 1398" pybli~h~d (l1'l1~'!1~ 1 feb" mary; !lj;ee Ihe P.i:!ifsi!l'8!cl!ive by Reis El' S'o!IJlsa) show Iha~ ff(l~RNA ilIrU,~!!~'thilill g;~J'ierau! Ireplicali{JJI jli1t~nlledilf!tt~ f ~ the (yt.Qs!llta ,dl fllct indi((j~o~ or Viral repln(atiQn is needed. In 5-\J;c;~ (a~.

or

wh~(hma'ke~ the prQ(ess of

;ffUlilllJ1e a(li~ir1o~

.~ Il:recise~y qiJilir'itlzed steps in f~$PO~S;E! .2 W 11magn1:!U, fiebt ha,) g!!lneraUy been Qo.nnl'led
.~ 00

H~gh and Dry

ParU~lJlate air 1f.l~lil!:ltlolll~a Ifl provide many mort nlldei for fiormin91 dm,.ld drop\eb I('ompa red to UIIlPIlUllteld air. 1I'1h~un~reamd ntllll'lill:!r (If d.Q1Jd dmplel'5, ~hal fOl"m aeUf\!lSeS, the,k size, which

high~!.I(llHy, highrll'lobHity

:Se'!lT1kQI)(ililctQ[5

,i (~.

:~, III (lyog;Bnk~:elllperallu 1111;.f'iiYlk<!Hki

,et «I.

1388. pllb1i'sh~d '!)!1~rte25Jaryll'.arj'~ now ~ r,e<port tileom.eli'll'<lttolill of lhf' QIHIE ~'n an o.:cideo

allJtophagy---'the

s'Ilql1!es,ielnlll1g or Qrgl'lneUe5, alld ContimJed 0.1'1 paj'f Diii

Liight,CycI1elr 480 Reall~T[imle~ eR S,ystem p

R :

Lo,o,king for m 0 re versatlllty in real-time IPCR,?

1

We' hiave' w,hmt and

gCllt.h:~

Y'OIU

need to a,c,collnpiUsh

IJl!Olfte ..",

ntl'w

and im 'the":ut.ure.

(:lm~,Mcthe ,L.ightCyd,~_, 480 S,'rS'~il:.m (%- 'I~~dJ34-wl'l~ rnrl1'~;)l.)power and ncxibm~,}, 1,(1 me~'l'Lhanging research needs.

• Gene IDeteiC'Uon~ llendil

rrnm nn al,.h.'.u:i,~doptical system nnd ~dlMt,~J

multitarget :.m:a1rsi;>.

~11UI~ ip,!exil:~~ ..bilitics ln perform (ilp

• Gtme QUiJIP'ifi,ealiiell!'; I "tHill: sopbi-ti: ated :.olh vtire an .. 1 1 unique

.t.lgurnlhms

to ~C'11~.'r;,l'ul."

Idghll,r accurate ~~nl," qmm!i:lfk',lli<m (.I~l<t. b,l£l"d on superior

• Ge'nOltlllPin,g; Ad,'licw reliable g..c~~ol>T'Iitil~esults r pm;;,I,~N:lt mdu,iIr~g curve analysis,

Be pr,epared

'tOlr

the evoil,vi!1gl d!emlandls ,of lrea'E tiilne IP'CR. ..

11~~hn )Iugk~ lh._t I"nwid.: vt:r:;.,Hilily without cOillll"rnm lse- vis,il!. fNww~,1'i9htcy'cl,er4tJO.C!mn tud. r!

Lcarnmorcahout

our cuuiug-edg

I.~ g;:nat;l'lllill~!!;1iY u~

I\IQ~ ~~ ~

lm,,iilB.m~'O:,lli;l pi'!l>O!!~LI~e.$;

Diagnostics
lRodhc Dia.gnO:SLic:!liGmbH Roche App!liedi Sci ence 69298 Miannhcilll'l Germany

1I1.lJjjjlL~"" ~lIilltiiiil'li"'I"m,~ • I""""" r;rd;i' LJl,S, RwI;ntG.Uuaoi',m:l ~fI;dWr!!!I!'It~!!I'!!~~I!!I.UIld~ _~_ClU$.I~~, ~1IIiil, ~!;~~~~Ilf'~"IIdIim,'n,ioo!F"ll"'lIJii'~~"'I'~b .... .Il!_ iI!f",Emioi'lIl!"II:r'''''~ om.. q'ps.iI!ni. e '<11' lor q_ ~ 1""11.51I!Jf1l!) ~1Ii'1~B;I.~II.........;I""""~~jjr, 1'II_1'b,1lII'Ih;SIiI_..,;;;IIOi'''.lUi~ ;\8O~,iIiii~'tlilm, ~!!liiil;""ililf"aI' .~~

~'I""!i'<i.~

"""'S"t~"o

1IfIII;g'~

1,Ir.~

~'" ~1!i!Ol'~~G<JttI

!JIi!'!Ijf1a1!llt1lll'~;:

__

IiiIi!lmio1<iJaI' a-

AII~~'_"_

This Week J'nSCierKf'

t~ng~lt1J@d PJot~ifi~ f'Qf d€li'il'@ry IOth~ lYSO:S!i)'m,~fQr o€ grada:tlornl-h@~lloo u nit~ :ssIRNA and its; lIlR sens~ng Ilmh!!i If!I in lim!:! Ly~llrol1l~'.It .~~net d~~r if this, link b@l\~@e!1fII lJtQIJI ha:9W'~l1cli I1nale feC091i1~tijQImr!1J'ree! stln~ a b~~der m~ IDlS ,offadU~~UI'I!]iimllfU.lnity 10 1)~ldlO1l~~~ ..

,cell sci,ences
Cytokine Center
Browse ou r new w~b :site with

over 1SOO re eemb in am cytok in es..

gmlll!ith faattus.. rnamokines and. neurotrophil1!;,. Competitive pricing' and dai~Vshipping 00 most ioca:~iol'ls.

Toward Anrtibru:t,eri,al Deve~opm,ent

]h~ b~cteriat ,~e<I[ ,8illi,~Il:milt by 'gl,Y(l'!iliytlran~ferCljs:e(GT) Clmllr.a~!>pepl.id<lse< U1F'}enzymes. ileJlidnil'l W end fel,\!~,edl.arltibictij(:s act, on If (lflZ}'!l'l!l$, by'l, b~:ddi~l, Ire~is~~!IJ(@i$ d~lQIP~hl!J !ilg~~tM th~s~ i!rUibici:ks" 'GT iE!I'IZljif1les are Ellill !li'tradiv;et,;Hge[ for nl:~ dlru 9:5 btitauS~ thty (!r~e-:s5~liItia'l .!lAd: are melllb:rilne hound ai!lld!hliJ50 ac:ce5;~i LO'I,!'erilil,!)lflal. (p" 1.<10'2;see ble, lh~ ~r5p!Kti~ by W,u'igIM} ~!1I1ioE1 deter[llli!1led UtI\! crystill :mlJU!,Jr'~ of po@oiciUif!l" biniling p rol.i2in 2, .il bi~lIl111( ~o.llal el'll.y.me!irul'l1 Staphylococcus ,aurJ::'tlIS tht wntaim bc:tl'li.ell I (ill' anti a if' OOlillain:. StmclillrEis WI~ham! 'll,lithol!llthe inhibitor 11ulenomydll1l b(il!lndi~ ~h~ GT dOlUiIa in: provid e imi'~ht iIiIt~ th~ 'ITieihllJbr~'n or 'e~hwniIlicsynl~esi~ and provide !it starting ~Qil1i~ ror strll,lr::lfllri~~b,;!'Soo de5>lg:!l ~11.j'mtib;;u::terjab.,

w-:-ww.Cytokin.eCenter.COlm

E c
C_j
(I)

r
• BMPs
•. Cytoklrnes

Checkpoint, What Checkpoint?

(!eUS use bieche mica I.sign ali 1'19m«h<lnislffi~ knowll CISc.nockpoints to mOIl1l'ilmrhe Sl<lllU"lo'f the eell '>0 ~hal ,cet~ ~Iivision only Ottll~· wh!?r! 'lion!lJ'ltuo~s ililow r!)f Syco~$s,flll I1I1~wS'is. Ocn@s~clii (h@d:pojnl1!lllom cell d~vi5lmnto (leur 'Ol'l~y ir [)iNA.~~p!I'lL<I[klfli~{ofrnp[ele<lifid !ilOo a;cU~,e<repl.kalkm: rmk~<Ire pre5Jenl. HQ~\!ever T~rres·:R:!)$ei~,el ,(ill.(~'"14 U;see~he PE;rspecli1;i~Ily We~fleirU .aes!l;ri e e-t:perimleU! IS irn l b w:hkh u nuxllipl.eted re-plkalioJl Orr1 bosoma ~ONI;il!, (riDlNA) glen l'S do~ riot lP~ev.enl {1:l1~~ rronn pro!leea· ~!1gj 11~O:;IliQaph~s:e.UiI'iUiS."at Il,~'st jli1lhe ~'Ci~I'lariO SlliJJdiedif!' \~hicih yeast bear mu13ll1l'l:rls io tI'lE· gem?~ ~ni[(lding the 5II1'II('5 arid 51'111[6pl"Ote-~m (whidll fu 11[~on a~ a hele'rod i mer ill DNA repai r), the de ~ayed ~ep'li(,jilion' or rDNA did not ui9g;e;r a che~~,poif!lt'that blads PfO~'f~ss~~mo'~thel cells. 1nto milOs-is;.

05
(_)

Wfde range of prole i!'lS species, Including human, mouse,

01 many

rat & pol'~ne

r=
(~ (f.)

• Cl\emoki nes Reoo moi nsm an d

~ Oefensins

Chemically syn1hesized B D·1, ·2, -3, N P·1

(]5

• Endotoxlns
CD14, LALF, L6P,

LL37. PMB
• FGFs • GM~CSFs • Growth Factors ~GF-I, IGF-II, BPs,-7
• Growth Hormones HGH, & other species

The l(lcomoHOIl oi It! esa l('lmall1(ier [pr(lvi des an OiPP orlu !I!~tyto ((llll1le(l res.ealrch (lin \l'erteb~.al~e $win~· ming '~'!J(h as j n l~e lallillp reyho rese~ rth entetreped locomotion. l~i!5peeirte,~ (p, 1"'116; ~e the at lII,ew~ slmy by Fll!nl1li:~i)d€vellop a 'Ihem:'e-'bhriill.lTloae'llo slll,ow hlJw iii lall1lp'r,~·m,je~y;t~lllI Glim be '~;I;I~I1t1ed @~iOlail~sa~"nH!nd~r l~)(O!f!:OliQJiI. ile m'DrD@'~ W T ~~pl(!f~~s U~rliSt~ii(mrrllm trfllj\~lqll1gto tlw ~landli ng l;'I,I<lll.:'es.o'~ Ibod:li' IJmldlll;aticn~, the <llJl(lmatlic 5!IYit{lll hOIl1l OI1l'~ rnede of romlll1 otiOI1 to the OI!iIler, ~he wilrdinatioH 11l@[Vffl'i!IfII.imb.~a~d bod.y d'!l!lTiog lI'Iiallkingl, andithe oon:t~ol, Qr speed and dir@(~lon. ~(I va lida l~lhe mode l, ttl e! QlI,I'th(lr~bu i It a sala Ill~nder· tik~ r[ltml(lI pal:J~e' of ~mdl,]c; ng! (and switc:hi ng be:t~~'een)~~\li ntmt~~g. SetlPell'ln~,e cu a~li I'Ig, and wa llHl'ig g,ai(:s_

(T5
(_

~ rnterlerQn$ IFN-n. -1\, -1 & meTe

• Interleukins IL-1n. thru IL·31 • Neurotrophlns

!Re·glJlatirn'gl Calcium in Plants

~:nA{(lbidopsis. ~hf' c.mllC:entraticlnI (l!f iIllrr.;lceUu'La r «I~du I'll nudU8f~.e~in <Idaily cycle. above and beyonrl (lithe r re~pO:rlse:s t'~~ig ni3Jlin9 In PUll'S. iI:al!tgl ,ft ai. {po :ll42 3} h~'e 1l0'l¥ ~n:,,~yzed UL>ei r:UertKlio 1'1:5 e,t"v~n b unua(eIlILl~Clr snd {'X~raoellula rr ,calcium mnc:el1ltraliol1ls" a rid varrnou'!; :l]lg)m1aHI1l!1lI({n1'lll po:rlliIlL'S ; n helwee FI, ~Ol a:rr:i1le 01! l <! mml1~ex vi@~\1 (.aJlt:iu m phy:5i~,lQgyin th~ plamt Not silnply 11 iJi!~si,vendle"CliQ.n of ext!!'mal or alkl Ullll 5ta~m., Mle ,cakiu m te'!Je-t~ withilll<l ue~tj Ilg eel[ are active.1y mo~ito red <ll1dl nl;;1~a~ed_

• Signal Tmnsduction Proteins & Klnases

• TNFs

Smelt SI[,e1ep, and Memory Consolidation

]h~ eV{Dc.ilti~m.lme' of5mell i5lo\\'Bl~~IIlOlll'mi. but can :Sl1llell~5, aduallljl '~,nlhall'l(e m~l'Iltlryretention? ;t Raisei'! e:t (Ii. {p. lt126; Set! the mJe\iJSos<wry by Muter) f):.:uninedi in hl!mCirl~ 1W1li1ii!'the-r mt!mOr~ (Or'i51J lijdil~ ~f fIl ~:i(ll::t:lve lya:>5,h;I.e.d bv ~l~I"N\'i:WI!il sl~IilP:S IJbje'~'5I1'i'e:re H r~t ballu!!l;hm an: o.llje'lt:-IJla,ee ,a'~'5\Ki.:!~ion Q ~ ~ii Ir!l'~he p~es,en(eQf ~ dlS.lll1:C~ (lid or. DlJmil&') :s~bs.eYluefit S~(I~'hl'i'~iI,Ie s,k sleep, lhlHld I() r t1,!'g!S remlrl()dlu:~ed § l{l flldlitate rea{tiviltij{!111 Qr fill ernerles r r!l!9l the pai red assod lIloe tas k, Od o:r a pplka'lioll led [0 '~ tn11.;ilued aC~lV~tylUIl~€ hipp.oc~IlilP'ldS+ )ullje(,ts ~h(l e:<IPe-riei!1ced l~.e Qdo~ dur.h'lJswl'I-'\Mave sleep .~ pe,rforllllledi better on ClI'I epJ50dk 1'D,emory retenitimll t,~t 011 'the slllb~ qUlent dlay.
1

• VEGFs Secure ordenng 01'1 our web site. € payments, VISA a nd MasterCard are accepted. Dally shipping worldwide.

1335

enterd awrnOile new eX(litUn!j E!r~ Glr reSE!'awcih. [.~:llrnSOFlH! instam:e's iHJW,eller, me rE!:s:o~uli(ln ,[If 'the: :ligjlu rniereseepe is the limiti WI.g raclor i WI a I'!!SW1eri g (I IJI!' sele J1IUHc rl questions, :111') ~l'e:sec~ses.lhle high e r resQ11J~~'f) (If the' electron miclf~Hi~O'P e lis e S~H!~li:al., ICllm bining bOlliillOght :;:'I,nd IilC.jr,omJ m~CIf05(;tl)IPY is myluEi:ld or irUe rest By ~ erfQ:rliflillig el S(iI' c,aJie-dllCo'l'iI"€ ~aJti\1~' IUglu IEI'~Clr!!)irl i CI'IQscolPy~C1EMl' l M 'e\:<periI1l1~~~ om: h as th~ ,~d\fii!.maJg,~ Qf ,Iiite ce:U ilma 9illigi Cltil Ii! conroe 111lillie rose (lP'fi:.. nd a~ fV!l'>Ellr!1ish aVie h igih ra sol u11lon results lram lrn e trans mis si a III e~e~lrran mic rose (1)13'(lr~hes:ame ce-It lh€llLeicii!, 'EM IUS was slle~!:Hc:aUv d'El'l€llol)ed 10 bl€llllse,dl h1 such ,e_)(!)e:rrm,e~~s,ill conj l!Iir1c.tion wilt1 ElM PAtel2. It :pro'l1i des a hi91l~ me re~~ L!~OI1i 1:1I3't.'!.!iH!,E!i"II111 li~ ht a ncllel,@,C:lron mic rosc.ope, e Cliliolwi~ ~ exc elllellL IllreS'E!llVa1!i].(lI1'I of U'llil' I,II~ra structu rre 'C~o)'SIE! til e fl all,lri31llstate. i31111E!SSiIl!ntia'lrere qllisile! rOlf to p eh1!C1FOn mic rosc,opy. It ,8Ji lows us lJO dec idle 1m p an the el'!:111t nto m ent of inru(!!n'HUII nod,study that pallic!IIlla r E!\flent ,all c high res oll,ltio!i1l.~
have! 101r:PiO'IUI VII! rfl:allille.•. M01iiX IPilall'lek I!rustitime

"With the! ilfm'od ueuen of Green fluo rest e I'll PWQ,lein (13FPl'~ec 1m tmology. ull ~iology :B ncll'ire s cieoc'E!s illg e n er,Bli

O,r. 'Ie ~ka~e Wei rk:s w,j~llthe

to,r M,g 1'!i!~1D10'1r l~e!1I Bi 1l!,I'9SlValrldll\jel[ile~ies" L'EI~c EM PAC12 &. RTS High Pressure Frs e2 er, a

[I~l!fSdlE!llll. !lill!lrrllillO:llTllJ

MICROS1SJ'EMS

-:.D

lH!:: SEU~I~ 1It1·.]acKSOIli i5

aAiijUfU;I;
1~I'!~i~>O!lImental

GdL'VIN SU R.I\~O U N'TAB LIE IHIE.AlTH CfM1UII'IJ

GE IN IIH ~ 19TH

(ENTIU flY WAS,

pr>olessO!" >Oil He'illtlli

i !~f~ct tou ~ di:;~a:; 1:;;.1nthe ,2 hu c~~t1:.ii~ it wi]! bl;' a ~~ii\of gl(1b .. l \~!'n'ililmg •. 1:'i001~rty•. and infectious I;lnd c'~rQIrni:c iseases, Li]"i;: e:\~CI:<!Il~'y in the UIDIi~~d S~tl~i;l::; now twice ~h[d of d is
~:h.e] 9th century, il1n,d envircamernal ~l.eahllil-hcall.hit':1f food. cleaner water, bener places to live (the "built en\"iromlu:n~;")-h"':-J been dl.egrea!;e.'H; contributol'" (~a~~ el:JlvirolfJmen~al ~.C'~I~I.h. rJdmsiS ~ ~sl"c~:rmwry clla]~{mgc~'~~ ~ Envilio:nmu::nnd heuhh ilm dl.e ~9dl cenuuy wmi practiced by p1iaysi.ci<J11.1S~l~d sciemists, lliWJLim:~onamly. OJ1I~ob)' business people. engineers. ]!,l\:vyer5. architects, politicians, and I
n~!I!Il)'oth~r:;~lU!ri'iid~;h·~~h~~mdscienee. Thil;;primary Hlclis fO'f healthImprovemenewere i:rm.l]-as.lrlJcmu ;EI nt1! S3m1,Ul<U re ion. fiQ~: xam pi e.. i l \v;lsFred,er e uc:k La.w Ol.m.~s~:ed.he mau belm ~Ind t IWrbml ~~ndsc'ip",[;; ~ike Nillw York City ~ (:l;lrlm;\I f'm'k. llNho headed the SOl'Ii ~ill!y ! (;,~mm~~~~(ln dl!l.I.'ing Lht" Ch'.!1 War that ~:8i\'ed tJIOlb£a.l1dls 0.1' lives,

..t~he U niVlilr!lity QI (ilF1fllmiii!1 at lil!fkel~~ ;and I®rm ~r dii FlrdDtf 'Oi~ nihe(ent~ [5 for m,sea5!l' (ol'iltrcl. a no Plre!o'en!i~m iNill,ijona~Cenler riO! 1~¥iroJ1lmental. Heoa,lth,

Owr

th~l'lal!ilt

50 :r~a.r~,~~lI\'irlllunt,;I'iilal science .~~ldpractlee

:~~V~

become spf'Cii.~~ ized :&u'talso rrnglne'~;~.ed, Tlae US. E Iiii,\' irOlllllm.leut'l ~IProteetion A:g~i'I('Y •.\1!i'hich~\lf~ti~~t1H,;d ikl!:'g~ly u!;~lof rGd~nll h.1,;~lii:~ programs in .~9f·Qt. ocused 01.1 j,egal 31li.demlgineelii.·ll1igsuategies related lQ f ~~.r.iI'bl.d water polluliml+ iilswe:lm, filS spech:s .m.:! II!)ltliipnltec~~on. Meanwhile. f:ra.,,.j[Om.nem ••~ .~,e,d~.~. practitioners i~.klC.fi!I.<lgem:ies hUll!kered dow[l~10 enforceable and fI.. '{!=sLlI,ppo:rted actlvlties like rood service i~Th'pecti{ll:Jl. And! el]\'ironme~WJ~me,l~ sc ieuusts iacreasi IlIgly empha~]u. s i:l~d mcchaalsrns ofi.uiI(..i:c.ily or inm~:l>swi I]~j~ IOgh::;fu~ btu systems,

This s... -'ipur:;l~iom. h'!:d~o~d~itlrll' \\,I~Kln;: a s(lMjo!~ lor one ~)roblL!ln% d ~J'I;~ ated unexpeeted cellsreral ,enects:.~·l~e Ch.e:UIII~C:iII.1 J\!ITIJ.E 1iI1"';~ wasadded to S'~s.t)~]nii;'l'(l prevem air p(l<1 m ~nn eaused S!'ou:~d\l,ro'~ef con ~~!min<.'ll~I,)~: ~ n.une relar-dllnts required iii,' c:o.UiI_smnelr ~)l\O(]ucts: turned Ollt to be .hl~mliHm. i!l~,i~kC-;ll~t,liYlUim~~rns nd catcillog~Ih;.. TQtklY.~nl\ljro~1111~ril~~~ iii! th~ Uil~t!Sd SI~lt1!i5 is \ie~l~d in ~ l\l!;1;i Id'i n~'<IIli)' agencies. act just these lit:l:e(llEuvi[omrvenl or He,JI~111.bm,dso T r.,ruilpari:,liioYI. 1Ed:~l)C;oliionr, l~k)liSI tlg,. E n~:rgy.A:grtclulh«~, and D~;r~s;c. E;)ich 1l0ll£;i~s t.~rit.iC~ipriUHWY unm ;!lfldme. but c(iic:hl in lluences essereial 'C::'~C[ll~nt::;. or~'h.e are'lu i~neJ.1t to pm~~l h(;'.<I·hh <1ll.d eavironmenr, the The ,colilm,ple~. ~baIIGllg~ Qf(~(l2l S't ceultury C',U!mOlbe lU0( by U ~~ of i>tove:pip~ 0:1$ d~"~xu~n~·.I~t~d as ~,~f;$e, OUl wel~:iI!.tin: presenr s;Y:SIl:!'ln'!T"©ilillstmtiO:IJ.:J. one: h~!:!liOf.~caI31l1.d the ofll.eremem!:ing.le'~d ii1ope,The 111.'31: wasthe S.~1000S.<;ofthe locus OJiI cJmj~dll::ni; envi rolllne~lHll h~h]~. in the I.990s, The [~ QuO! H'tyPmb:l!1;li{}mt Ar,;~.of ~. 96 ~ql! ~rl;}d lIl."I.t chi Id WI:::rfs h~,.~hhootL'le beuchmark t~or cll;,ci~ 9 sions 01111 :JUQ\\1'nbl.c:~evcl,sof pcsticid\c r~ifil:liil,es .~Il [Woad. the tenet being that prottl'Ctung the most e."'~:l(JserJand seas iti\l'e ilia.'~II\ie popu~mit'm pro'teciseverym~f;l. Al the IUlb <UlIli\lel":i3ry of lhi~.ACI. ov:lc-tih~rd.OfpeSlic:i.dc toleranees haw k1CI~ n;:.vok!(}d. RccQgl~izing lh~' ~ml~I'OvCI1'l;c:nll>lh:lIl a ebildl~Jil'~.;J.\;"3 hh tn! I imi\;'e e{~u]dbri '~g ] ~.boULPIi6-skl!e!u C~iIHO~ t'l'rderod tlwt ~U ag~rn.d~s di,;'"~'e'lpj1 st.l<ltegi.es to ~IllIp'mV~ lite heaith of chi k~reUil,ami m'lll.ulal;ed t\\ric:e~)i'e'J'~.y cabi l1et~leV1e1 m:eel~ngs t() m<!:~~it h<"l[lr-.·i), A!1lt!' ;~c;f~~~tiou:;; ~~mJ ~~~~I;;!'li(~itlg. s.i;;'!rt.~~ch ~:gef1i~y ~'C~)gW)i~d d~'lt it h~d large iUlmpacls Qillll,chi ldrens well-bei ng, tor example. Tmllsp m1t3.t ion in terms of stI;re reutes to .':iChoo1 or :H~l!!i'i~I,g terms of ii!ild{_R1~.!:ir qu~.li~)'.Se'l'(;!:Ji<I~imj;lo;rtmn ,r;:lf~1rtlj, ~ll!dmJin.g the proin PUSi:]~. the N'ltuon;,1 'Chil:dren's Study.gre\-\i out ofthi s ini ~i;.uive, for The seoOr:lcl,cl'lfllmpl e .~sn~<)re ('onw.mpOl:ary. 'Pl:lb! ic hi2:f1~til leaders arc a~:f.CI1.~ng-'ls~,md . leaders 15'0 y~i1n~~1:Ii,er-th::'~l (he built. en\'.~rmnne~l~ e pmlbmu! I)' influences health, Tll.e focns bl~ liwl~ is net urban t~:mi~lne11'~s. rather the f~lgmemlCd aad spr ..w~.i~.gconmltill!ii[i~!-l lh~l is b l~1 fm>ler,cardepe;m:lem;y .. ill.laclivi~~ob(!$ity. IOlm~li'lu:ss, fQiSS:~~,fuel :md resauree COIJiSUm!)!Jiion, :md clwioonm€:il~ta.1 p(l~~.ution. COr:loe~';1i1beuithe built i:!'~wi.rollilrl;enls effet:I'l!: on heall,till has CHliglli a fira. \,Vllhjo.im he,,~h~.nd uroml,·pl.)nn~rI,~l·on!k:rtl'mloe~ llnd .$I!:mres._vsessions, pe~di~sh;l£iS:bl~ a ~ ion, <lind.an :ilncrc~.s,in1g mu,ubc," 0 f new ~eh::llt ifie studies, DiS/cil)1 ines hmg estrsnged from .h.e11Ith ;i,$stLe5'-'p~'~IlI illld m:chl!:ect:i<,. ~lirvirllmnent'll~,$~~. eve~ bll iMets mid d:eve!0iJerS-01re ..ets 'b!;:C;:O:n1ung cn!J'lgc\lll,,~ft;a good tU!ll~ 1.0s.pre.lThd ()\\me.!i'shi;pafberllth i:1im;lC:IW~00\tl1:1~!cntdl~ln:eng~ ... llw !,;!lm~lI~n!1iC:;; ~lnhG' 2Jl'it ,"~nlury ','!I'm ~q~lln; h;t~w~r~hi.p(;IfiJd1;,;olk~bon'!.li~.ll ~\'Urk1;l~1hill ~hG H,.~_I,l cel.ltUl'y.~~Ic;;m v.~(l:Ifk~oday,.

l.,'ys,e ,Any Tough 'liissue! cr IC,aUs in 40 Seconds

.24K 2 ml sampls's homogenized sim,uJraneo,ul,' .' ,2'.x 51' IUt #a,fge',olume 'rS'is" ,. L,se etl,icien,'Y toufJh tisS'lues' ,an,d ,cells 'with ,eJcse: ,~~~~,~ttms..w~mm;~~ ~~.~aJX1~e:t ii' ,CJptlm'i2ed lysi'1'!1 maifdx ar"d com;ple,fe le«lr:ac'iQ,n ,a'R,ct ,purificaffln Idls ,for alt four ,needs ii, ,Pmsenrls' tn:t~rJ'I'y ot DNA; RHAanrJ pmleinls' .' ,R~moi~,te samll'ie ,bo'ldel II' ,E'a,:,'.to ,c~DldeGtll:Jta'mi~ate ., HJIIJ'~yrep,mr!JucJfJls' and ,easy ~ro ,use

o,r' Liess!

...

Or,delr 'Told.'V ,Bind SAVEl:

Otrldlerthe Fa.S1Pr,ep~-:24 (CatiNo,. 160025'00), IOiy April301h and r9!Cisive 18 FREE ,lFaSitPre~i~' of your choice! Use promo code FPSCI200"7 kit
Ff,eelJrialaivaila!b~e rOf qu;amuedl customers! U~e jJfOIiflO code FPSC;120Q7

WWW.ll11llplb io.com
1

IMP Biiome,d,icals Nlon,~ Am!elrica~ Tel: 1 ",BOQI.8·54,ID53,ID ~ MP 8,iome{~~loa,l~s EUlrope'~, eil: IIUII,B0 [II 77'17 919 99 T
11

'W

---

,-,-

~.

ED ITED BY S,TEUA HURnEV

AND JIA.I:<E 'Y'ESTO~

G!HHO'G'If

Was,hhmgSoiib Away
Soil emsiOi'!t
,pii'ld kind! d~~ifadi;llti~i'I re .~,riiOI;l~ i'ellls to devetop,jng (.(I~mltfie~, a t~ Not olllV d!~1 '!h~ydimillli~hrQod5<e:c!llri)tvill~d Ultreaten terrestrial eco$y:s'lems:, blilt. thte~ ,also c;ause sub5tant.1lll d.:im<llgle to nea r-s.hore marllle enl'lllir'Olltfil1l,erds. Iii'S· the (.al.!iS~:ii!IiId!e-m.ll>f!l o-h!Jilt @f!(ls;1tQJmt '~~-plo~d ~~ha[n >ii!hill toOward ecm!1l ~ balil'L-g the pmbiel1ll\. hiil;tmkal JEli!.Jxdsare tneet:iedtlli p'i!lce llf'Iod,e,Fn ratesi n

Il!~r~pe(!thie, F1~~l~trtll et· al. dQclJ!meil!~ IhQ~71 ,e-.resioJlh~s an~l.e,d IE.o1!:S~ Afrfca, ill regrDQIl pm rI.'iCIJhllrt~v~LneraMeto the lOSi5of fetrti ~e'lOiI, Iby a naLy.zitng iii 3,00!Iii~~H(m:g rtE!coro of B,arc~ r alio!!: l!iJ (orals~(ll)ll1d on t!he 'c@a~t or Kenya, These filUm; lien-fe' as .1Itg ood Iilm.x,~f;or ~o~h!,r,osiol'l b8c1llm,~ mest or tilt e Ba flu x,~"O the s~~~~t~~ Sl'em,$'from rii,t'€~ disd1'aj'g~ ,a,t 'lihe klt:;~til)!i! w-:htElretihesait'lilp'les w~m~ iuqui~e{j ..S:horlily <lner the' ye<lr[;9(]O~r IB.afC[I ratios bl!1~a1m toimrease s:leiildiLy b~o~dI '~I1I.!,i,r COP'!'lp.1! rrati'oi'@Qy ~tw!'I',i:lW~. if) the pj',e((!~j!1g 2 00 y.e-aJ~$J: t~,~in~t~a~. \ i~i:f\Wse ,Ciol!'~de' ,ciu.e~c British ~!UI!JTi!Mt of Uile:rIHI;iw Illgh !"licis or I(;~fiy(! b i;lnJUtllcl milt time. ~I enl~:~iivesoi~i(On~~a'tt(n:tt pol](iiE!s,~re n.o~iIil15~ijhJtt.ed" the ~itl!lI'liorl will pUlbllbly WQJ;s.~n ln UII~rllJtll~' ~~;;U.t!S!ll(Jlf UN~WI.!I1try's groM ng P'OPl)llaitlOIil, teaclhl9 to m@l'1eil'lltE:'iiIlsnvelalild ~!~.e, s iI'I1elias:lihe nl'l~rea~e;draiM a
e~ect.etJ II\ri~h g1ob .. h'll~trmillgl. "OS

E~ VI! 'R:ONlMIENinjU

~,II(:IRO Ell 0 !LOGY

iI1hedi~¥ff$'t~ pta IIIkloni 1m ili~~!i is 5mprising ly or high, andeven an ;;IpplH'~n;tlytlmifo;nn·lookirmg

body or 1,~Ke~\'~~!i!~ QH:er tlmatlY e(o~ogJ~c~l can , nich es, dependlimg {itill the scale or ~Ile eb'b alnd now af water mas~t~. nil!ltie-nts. l:ellllperalt:l re ;;!; glf!1!diell1lts, iJlnd se em. H1J15m.a1il et at. halj'!E!' IlOW • $~,I)Ii'lim1 ~hal d'iaf1gin~ degrees ~Hig~l poefleUaliol'l Ci '!!!l a~m provide< Ilidles. ,Ill ;Htudryri!lli!)ing hmnlhe '~ (lp~mto(@a!i! ~~ ~il!ool,ock.ed ~ond5" the >i!lIlhll)r~ fOUllId that red pimplilIllUolll'(ab5.0rbil'lg grel2;n ,~ HghU domi f.lal,e in deatr ib~tI \lI<;1u~"saml g re~.n e ~ type~ {a Ib~orbil'ig trEd hglil 0 dill:rllinalJe ]11jl@alt1 :~ br(j~fltl,uJbrd ~ke~. A 1i1100~Uol"compeli~ioi'i ,~ b~h'lll!t!ln tr!d, ilndgreen-lighl-ab:i!Orbing pice; (Y~1i!dba(u~ ri~fn d~Me~eii!tlight fietds 'c~rtie cUy

I
J

this is Ii!)l,Oi:Hlaliz~ h~~~aahl'ated r ce.Hsi!:onduu tift~msi~lves onCl! tih~y've tmfg riltE!d to, i'llila 1In!d tissues, OT tUIll1 ors, BQ!$~onr!@H't (Jt l1~v~' ,ord'~~~ifrm)UfIQnUO resee imli;lewith intr<rvul<!tII1fli(.ro~cop'!f t.O [01.lOlli' ~ytO~D~f.c: Iym.phlltyles (C:iI'L~) a1! lh,ey T dt's,lmy ntmorrs in viVo. r~morr (eH\>~'Ne lfl(lO"lated intte) mice' iH t.J<licn $€'parate situ. om \~th Um~@ ,ail.Illlll,ly on.e siile en g ineen!'d to e!!:p'r>e~s iillfI!igel1J Ul' wh ich 'I" ceUs CQU hil f1.!~p(lm!d. .AI.I.hougll t.he5{1~id lIIHI'!Or5 th.ai[. form eel [It bOi~h ~iH~SbeC,iHne i~dWtil'i!I~edwith r ('elh. thl s ~,~e-

retls behave (illlhe'S!e~it~ !'lm,!!~,J:.gh UVE' [n~lraviti1ll. im.ill!ll~n9!J:!{hrtique:;. A lI1~tlJral, eoJ:l.n's~oll or

Ols ,atlso bl.Jl"rrO\\l~d !lfl ore vig(lrol!Js,~.y intH!! the ItLJllHUli [hilt i!!;(lllwes~ed i311tign.1l wi~llllow b,~

il'! l.eresting 'to d'eteWl!ll1!t-e irs.imilar

behavior

fi1Qn!i!~.li~naFftl~lS'Su~ ,v'here cn~>l!ls,o medfale {)ellu'lar de$tJllictnon (lor eXilmple,in auloilmtIIIiI une diSie~~e~). 5]5 j ..fxp. .M.Bd. 2.0.:11.345 [2:OCm .
/j,

oHur~illl othl'rtull1Qr seUl~~9.s [or I1X.atmp[@, ( \'1he r€ less pOlellil allitig en s are ,e>:Kijlwte1is«l) r in o

STRQ(HI:MI SIn

TIi1H! Sunllef~ect@d in Osib,ornne

cnl11;po5Hi~.n ~!f ~he ~I.ar nelilu ~fIis cl"ilkall ror uni!:lerstandf 1119ow tI~ Su h ,iJtnd plan~~.!ic;(mdem11C [rom 11 doud of 91!1!1i,allld! fOJ llQakil'!g) be neil 1iI1li! rk ((lIiI~pari:SQf!5 aiS :StI!~r $YSrtern lllIaterialls ar~ reprecessed illl~,e< ~ol,u mtrll:l ~nd plane't,,~y all'!q~sphll1~~~. IHo~ii'r. ,aUholi.lgh Ihe Su n (ol'lllaul1l!> '99 ..8% of the Rl,HS !till the s.o'[,ar "Y~H~m, it'>(Ompo5i~iol'l reniflts I!lmleatr. M!!i bam ,i'j't ot: ,U9m!~hat a n.illl:ys~!iG)ir i'l rars !tflil'1.euall,!1 ill n~et.eo:ril:e~al~aHm'ft!d acmrate infelre nee orw~flr n!lbul[a llIi trog.!ln and (iii rbon j,5<ot(lp~ ~allos. A spe(:k. or ,osbornile' (TiN Ib~r1l1g som~~JI'''p p~dlli() W.~s. spi!J'trtl!din,~ (alei!.! m -alurnlmulfI-rich itlUll!J~ion wi!hil'llhe camol'l8l(l1!om dit!!J'fldrijte iiieleoritl! I'sheyevo. which h(ls bet!~ tiWe al~~red ~i cei 1$0orm a~i on.1rhe Ois!mmile i~ n f I'IrodlJtced at v~ry hig,h leH~~enth.l.re-~ {-2000 K), :so' must he've rmmoo by ga'j/~~N{liid {:on:deIlt5Oll1)0111 itfllhe so'lar (;I~lbu~~wH.holdt change:s ~n~h~
ContimJed
0.1'1 {NIj'f J341

hOMl'Ig: ~h€' themitatl

'8

it!i~ror~d nature: Alo!itl'g a grac.lier'lt OnFlCreas,in9

turbldily, red pl(l:IpI.!ln~;lmll are replaced

by green,.

:~ i!nd \llh-e'r,e ~lurbltlilY is inUal1liedJicUe, Ol~ lylP~So~ b

§ IlLC:OIl~ilflklOnt ca n c:o€xi'r.L Moreol);'er, (hang;eS 'urn ,~ tll@ 1r.IO~U'[,atio:nd@m;ll~y of til ~ plO1I'1~lQn fl'Se'U ,~~iU :i: ilHlld hgM a!:n5,QrWnl:.ll ilnd nm.Jlt 11111 (OIlliP'Eltlti1;'1l I exdllsiol1 of the t~OOS; by the gree!i!s. ~ CA
.~

.[5
:~ UMI,'!UI'U3ILO'G'I'

f.tCtJl. ,tl'ft, in press.

.~ 'IJmor':'ltJI!llin~U.ngl'l'teeUs

tg
.!l!

iI' uU
b@~tfi

re5l,pOIll50~,

be-g~lIIinsid!1' lh~ ~li'mph nod>lt1i

ll:

.~ a~d slPleei'l,
IJ

headway ha!l r'!Ii€id@ in mOil it(!Jri['19 ht~~\1tn@'S@· iltlttlill.!!i

~H1d w!l!liderabte

d omill1l.atl~c:I in t he! a 1lIti:!J,en-l'~pIF~I5.ing tumors . TImeIileha~im of!he if'lmu~ting t eells 'Was,a~s~ lI~ea:O;lJr.il b ly d'irnl're Ill, wi th th O!§12'in the .antJi gl1'I1bealrilllg lljllil1l or ,d isplilyi ng ~Iron~ ~ g:n5.(lf !)di¥~ticn a,nd di$M[I1~I. migratiorl pa~tfe;rm. In Illarli(l!I~ar, Ull~h.rFl1l'or-re~di'l,!e Oh~lIIiniltlly dlisplayJlld dittrlfll1r6~hoo n],llltillUy. whit::m lh'~f regalil11ed ,;i ~ UJ fil10r ce U'S lo'Iiere kiUed I)U. ne-se

S~gma also onersthe:5'e 'conven lent on'lii ne teob;; Puzzled over who wHI meet yom ion channel resesrrh needs? look no further. We have the most extensive line of innovative prQducts.for icn
channel research .
• 1

f:cl'll' yCI'i.illr

re!l{!arch~

Antibody Explorer 5wgma,io'm/antibody

:s U ounit
toxins

se~ecti e a 111 tibod ies v

.1
ill

5i,9rna- RBI IHand book of Receptor Cla:s.sificat~on and

Si,grl!aIi rarllsdudHon T

.1
•

In hi biters a nd activators RNAii llbrarles

swg.ma.(o,m/ehandbook PatillfUnder Interactive Pathways. smgnil a .co m/p,atth fii ndem"

.1 PCR!AJm,p~ification Reagenl'i:S,Quantitative peR, Recal-time peR

.1

C~onrrngSystems, k'lransfecnon Re,algents~. ompetent C

Celli Culture Med~a. Supplements, Grovvth IFactors

Cells, Expressiio:n Vectors

:5wgma.com

Atool12fatJIfI9 Cu~t(l,fIU~r!i"S~~mS'!; : 'lhmugh l(lade~dlrp r~ ILifo ~kioBl'I,~e, Hig:1il'ilTftljiIlUI~gy ,<lindl :Sorv;[c;" 'S!GMA...JI;.w:~ICJoII'OO:!1.!'O!'l)'i1JO~ '. 8.0)1 '14., • SI: UJUJ~ '. tA!:i.~OI!J!t!1 ~178 • US_A

SIGM.A

[DITQRS' ClHrQlllCE
~ro~(lp ~c (O!'I1I pos ilt(U~.AS S'upporrlilliQI ~i!:hllflC€, ~ihe measured D(f12( .ral:io or 0,01125 ~ o ~O0 OOS U!!j) IS l~ons:iS!l.@ wilh HI!!' i:S()top~ rilio rll of ~arrbl)n ill th~ sola r p 110t01lph ere, a nd line lIJi'N/1~N raJlii!)'of (2.356 ::!!: 0.018) :1:. W-~ m.alu:he!O !ihe llit~ogen ()CDllljJ(l)itiol1 i1'1 JllIpn~r'!j;at mlll!SiJih re e aod if) the· ii1lters tella~ IrlU;!(iilll ~l1t.- ] B
ktl',vphp. }. 65,6,
IE(O l~;n~YI E:VO LI!JlTI ~ N

bkw~Hs. RadOl"ski NoL sought to !1Ilili1frid~i~ 1J1;"~\i'efsal. rrier <llbilily i II1i (;I! as:y'lIItlllelk mol~mLa r aSli@mbly bv fabr i:catin ~ 11SI)h:@~~G! l multi§h~lled~tmdme hom 'lh~ee ine~pens-rve Wlnl" mercia 111ava'i~.a\)le bui ldi ng blocks. !For lhe
(Orr!!!, they used hypel'ilramhed PO~Y(I!'thyle!l1e il['1rlill!e) (PEU. wh~(h was a~pe~d,~d ~O' al~l d1iadd segments, that in tUHlwere GII~p~d ~)l rnoa amat hyl ~oly(el~yl~!1Je g I·vc~I).•r~e '~~lil1 leml~ths. oJ aU three components 1,i'I'~.r~ varied to op~ifil1lil<e~1I'1IIflspmt properties. (or 9 uests of widelly nmgillg pollalrny in wlItel', I!!lh,i3iIUJ~. {~~O-

id,OiAJ\AS ~h{8 veiii';\b,lrwUl disc (J ~n~r(!((CIl! lfl~Ji.t i,;~l:)!r~iri l!.!S f ,"!Im:;l i~:utm's~:md t:fHIgenial ,£l'D'UI:JS of 11k fHll it~ ed. r.r,';!'l!e'Jm·.~ '[1: id~oshat'e ,<} llJ!V',f! oJ ie<] rn in.g mul di:"c'o\',e':~f; 'J['iiW) ,e't.:-1I11Plaf!e3UJ Ju]y !.Ii'"i2:2,~ OO':f :2 ]~,plom 'n b ~',<11'101""0oftlSlr.al1l11.lion

Come GJ't.p/on: rile world

us U007).

SOWirllig .Sleed IFair Clm'WdNlearnAllh{lugh 11greal deal r,~ kml\lIlIl abolLluhe qua~'i;" ~<!lilVe"'Slpe(t~ of seed Il:I isll!H:5<!II.l:Iy O'! nlllll i!l1!; ~~<or eoziHl1pLe,which '~pocie'~I~ed on pa.rlicl!llillr pl,arlits C! rl d dl SIP ~,rs~lhei r SEf!ds). th~ qualfillila~j\i'e :~lllldy of ~e!dl d i'>persa lts S'~] ll in it'S, iII1if'uuy. ~o~ I!X(!l1IlplE!, (hie re:llali~e ['Qle!!:·,of d iUer,eflit, alFlil1li.;ll sperie5- im di5,pe,r~ingl seed s ove rr dli'r'len!1II1 di5-~~'flte~ ~re 1iI flde.;ll'. Ge ii1oty:pi ~g ~e(Jhniq IJ.U;S, eeu pled 1iI~itJh detaUed field Gbs.er\l'at~QI11~, ,are b~9ii'll1l1!i1g ~Q yielld resu It~.] olr>da!!!Q·e,roJ.
assessed the relaHI'~ UlIIII.ribuUolll5 of ~i!lr'ge bi!'ds. small bhds. and rnJi~·e~~i!'lgl mamma,ls 't~ Mll@ tlj5 p@r'Hiil 01 s@@d~,(If Pru~!1'.r; m'.(jhal€b, ,Q (ommOIil! neshy"rn~Herl tree inl ~mJlherfID SpaifID, by ~e-n{ll.yping S!l@ciS]1I1 r@,cal. ~en@1.ll ~nd l'TiIil!tl!:h-

Jm' ~ultll!nmUSI:st~I1:( !lExp.lorers,FD!U' cenhi ries, [i\01mILhee.<lsl,el11 ,g.'O.. s:sI\m:u:ls

~tlth~~ he~~:1. nn'~1::!et-Ul~~ft.!iU, &

more~

roterm, ,!;Indl)(l[u,ene'. lU,pta kf of t ~e 9 ~es'tmole"

m[e'~ (wh~(;hpnd.ull:l@d an <lH<!y or dlm~ls"vi~· mi ns, and d~~sJ 1i\'.tI1!i S Llb.5.tallililailly '~nlh\llIlKedlll:Y' us irIg iii ~iilrg~ P E~ (Ore ~f1Jd loulig (C1S) a ll!:.VI dliadd. Dyillalillic IligM"5'EtiHerurn~ IIIUI<lSmellu:!nts J\~E!a I!d tl1~tthe l'l1a'iw:!rllole-cu I.e's,for m "gig f€glilte~ ti,a[ enhalll{l~ U~e'ir tran<;;pod ,e:apa,bil.ili,!!'S. The .~~:rgreg,ilItesi \'1.'1-1,(11 eliplliilded with lil'leaJr gllf~~t~ but. tonh,juJed ~th gIQbul[,u ones. werre high~y robu:Sl. prov'f!ll<gslaJble to mUa~ioFland (hroI1lCJto~r~phy and pe rs.istimg fll1i~o!lLltjo n ror 1110~€ t h~11a~~ ~.- MSl
Angei!t (fl!!'~n 1m. Ed: 4&. ]265 (2ICICln MOL.E CU !.A'R: :8 I OlO(;V

(~a.L"1ll)\ago5 ISbu1!ds.
!lrnllf'tlillle ;\ 1/\1 IBI,.ul (fer W~1lle eXIJ~orin~ Ille f.llir:inil1_ti Ilg i GlJI.h!pugo\ll.~I.·Ghtpeh.~o wh('l;~ll \yikll'if~ <Iboum::I.s~ ~F'~om :$4.1.5,0+ ilijl'.
"el1 dl;',ml.'lEdisle'S·

Jlld~f 21-:3.0, 21))0'7 Dis(x:n.'e]'IJill"win':s

em,

"

,.~lld.::iU -:AilIgl),s~ 2, 200' . DisoQ.\!~1i·some o£ '1~,1efUne!>1

."I"IE'.lS in S\,\'i!zedmH~

n~e S\!vis.s

.AWaHcm

AlllS,
bIT"

.
J!.i!1y
f'n

\.~'."nd~_g: pins ~\le!'l!tha high t\.~;p.C.'l.!~.~I.I'.'l~1{1 E"~~ ~:H!!;rg,

2.4I""AII,IS1Il!~16. 200'1

Di d n g lri p lets
Illi{)~r, ~.he'endmi bOl1l1de:a:o;e l2iFkl:1flme at ~he hEt,ad of RJ'.JIA, frUlitfJer'efiCii! (RNAi~. (;~ViE!~ (j'Duble!ilri;lmled RNA, h:1i.;RNA) a no RNA ha irl]Ji ns to rmm (i1l1mNA'5.). The illlp,e rf«.t b,a s.e":pa~ring or miRINA preCl:i 'sor~ req~ ire::>lflat IDieer be r~ilrl:y tolerant or l'TIi~ll!Iatdlies~n its ~ub~t!F<I,~es, this in tum and mean sthat alllJi RNA. seq:llerl(:e ~hal ((IIrrns g passably P'f~5!!:nl:a,b!e doublE! helix (i!l1i M(Olnt' ,11 IlJi~8'r su b$tr31~~. G@nr~~or ~h~ class ,(!If triplt!~-r.ep@i'!:t @;I;,IlI3Il)ioFl diir5,~ ses, im:ll!ldi 119 HIJ~UnJigten's d i~e'a~e, eentarn ~U@t~h@s f04G tJill1ll!!d~HIUde r'l?pn!stlHI~ o are dll'arrna'lnc,a Ily e.xpaFllded in .;lUIiCledi ifld ivid 1,1als... S!il~~the "'limrli!1 a!fqde:.:p~~~dedrepela~s are
~Iir!i!lllintil

_. ~p.s,I..:m'!eme &. 5t '(;llltlleJ:l, Ill,ilIJd.fl(gas'car

.i]

r~'eringRNAs 'siRNA:i) a ~d mi"QI\WAs

to ~hen~I~;:re,r~_erves,~,j;d .~~k~ u..I1iI.'.lue \'''..~:.kll,(e lind...!.~_~iIl~~.... fR.. :~ e . .. .•. ... .... -.' "... ll?llnms sll:Bk ,~s .·.lid n\l]ng . rl],~e~~ ~ '~JI.'" ..'
;rune!I~eren.ly!

'!iJ!ll15~[I111 cling

h~l1I:odll)!:ni:m~

'l,

1ft:. .~.. ~il.r~~i!~,t'~'~(J~;.

,.

.P~.FiUi. &.M,iJlCh.u P~E:cbiUi , .h;d!t :29!-A.~~'1t~s~ s, ZOO?' Di.$o[n/eiu·!ill(l~nC'~~ {']idli z;(lion and r~erll''<;,eultu rill ,Iilel.'ilage 'I.",ril,11 experl UII·•.UroillJ(gIIas :5haJI.'omlJ, E.;,((llol'e

.Um,B, C~!z:.t:o. M@H:h,1!;1 Pi![}r:hu, the N<:!7£.! Line!'! -& more! $3,1695 + .wi!:".

~Uii'gl~'~11lI loge n(llJlP~~

t mee5;. AlliliOlJgh dTsj),efsal dis.laiflce ,atirrel.ated haf~ly we W Wi~!h i:llClrea~illgl si.z:e of .IIni mal, ol'l~y ill )rn<lll subset or lal'ger $peci~ !Hade s;gnm(i!!iI~con~rt· I;m lion ') to, lOlllgelr"d1istame dis.p'lm.il~ oyer self" e{~I, hrlJrnd r@d !TIel>@rs. Lo s.:; ofIJh@s@ crft iGit
:5p@de:o;or fragnu1!'rn~<!lio:n or habit1it Wll!ld Ulll!~ nii'lle dispropo:rtiol1l,i3iu.e efferU~ QJ'I planit di5IPe,r~C:lt amJl gene H'Ow.- AM:S Pnx- nUll A{(ld, U.S.A 1104, 3278 (2007).

or IIl~r~flt

Xb1ji,a.lllg&. flunza
Dl'. Ch:t'iisQ!!~~pe~n'C~~. Vi~il.lh~ e!ltGitit~5 ofThrpml ••ncl Urur~~q i, .~egend,nJ'1{;)f,Si'~I·'
Ol!!lJ:i }'t~&'lJ5t5-2,:!.tj. ~i(lIO '1 Di.som'eiU"la:le 5i~.k ItWLd [n ral' We:;uwn i(~,linJii, ilb troil) l.e'id.e~' liN

able to [orm Ihillirpimil'l Un! Incesse-n-ger RNA h~~iNA) 1!IiI itro. Arl!: lnesf.l' oop~ats a~o substrates v for Oker? Krol el ar.show that in vhro, D,jG:er [;3'11, sp~tri(a Ily dE~l,i\@ IOrlg er, CNI(J h~ilrpim; bo~1h 'in ~solalUQmI (! nd~11l tn'e! to(i! ~ s:e QU@'IlUl c(ml~xt at
Inldl..i3nt I1JlRNAs. lFU1rlh~~more. (oFll!paring mRIMA3

aline! se~I'IIHl K<i:l'OlIkol,nn ~u,dlliUIl za. $3,8~15-I- f~nJ~

xi.

io'!.1ilhnormal

o1llilorl

e(lJh~$ fmm billayer ve:s~des l~.all !;;ll.rl '5L.aun ze b ~olalr fI'Iollitwle~ intheh ltlle~~ors hihile IW(ap,' T

11(11 b<itJ{hemi{G~

'~llV~rOnmllrlb. ampnlphHk mol-

pa,(iel'llS, Dtr::er seleaively re{iulJ:le:sthe I~el!! or 11'IIlIIkin~. tramui,~1:li be.aring~he expiilrnd,oo l'Iumber~ Ol~ lrepeall,>, g:e<I1l!!rra.ling :siRNA5 rSLI(NG5"~ that ,can l.riglg,.e(hu!ilu'!r rounds of (~.ava9i!. ThE! 5ol'IiIIIlie erred cain bea;{nieved by the illlrrnitu:li'ofl Cl'r ~o9'~nQl!$ siCMG~, suggesting po:s~ible thera-

e,;piln aed repeal:!; il'l (1I!1lsr rom

Ca" '.10'1' ,.•.;,.1 b',r'{j!,cil U~S' liLfi., t be .~,:u:!'flili,(jUf t:O'!JI,I,e'I:I"'~III"

(SO( ,2'52~4\fUrej
1 )

AAASTmve:ls
[70,1)0 l\,IOlllliElbe~b .Ilmtd
(:.:1~~PH~'litl.[]I, C~~UfOnl!I!.!

peutidl'n teNeflill)n~ balled Q~ RNAi -0 riv'en5el'e(~ivlit bo~kda\!.1l1i f th~ r11lJta nl mIRNAs. - {J R o

1

9snH.

:5U la~ ingl lI1ionpo lair 9 !Jests fn5,i~ eolh~ hy~mpho"

wMV.,5'Cie'rlCiemag.org

Maf. {511:25, S7S (z,oCl7). S(:rllIENCE VOL 315 9 MARCHI

E'.r:n.1[l: A.I'I.fl$Si1i~I:i{jLdlm;ll).ql!l!(:! i.ilU1JlrLSiOOi1ill OfJ ,'I,IC 'I.:\>~b:~VI'~"II.vJmlf.h3i.II1m:llccl.ni.l:ln"ul!llI1il

2007

1341

SCIence
UIKI Ntw1tOfi~Jl/IiMIJI!!,. MY
·iWiiI~ingl)im',.IK ElfIDflilIl:

~WW.Sc;j,Ii!I"I(if:!m.1g.,QrQl

~~IT~·"!'~H~I,r
IliJirlu~WllmllOii:

Dii:!i!!r:!r~1 ~tnnectll· M:ll!mriii M. l!f.ulrb:rd

Inn [;D·jtQIl !CIl!'ViIlIllQf~

'~1:~O\Il1'o'li~RISII~R

,~~II)

!. ~M!H'

mfI!J5H~B!i!fl'I~fI'

D[PiJ""~~I]Il!~~. It. B!'l!~u HiIDlOOl,.ll;IfMOl R.1iii~~~ Km'il]::I LllllllJu

HI~Il~

:ilGOOli

2~NW.~551a fA.'( 202·~:N'5oi'i2 N~ m·:3~~'SOO, r,I!.'( :;:~Hi'1~~7

BI~tm~n llilou~t".B2~:e:IHnlll Riodl t~rJlbri!IJ~~,.IU,l!! (liZ lIlQ' 'i<44 ~Ol ~:~ 32~S.'l'!o,. FA:( .~.q. 0) t~n:t26S0:!l. (

_11

.i!:b:l,...,.[j4-1!J1AS ~l:~2:n Ci!' 2O!N26-6417,. FM .j!Q2-;8:42-106S. ~Uf!!! .adil!t~t:!~ MPS,.P.O. i1<';u; 9~P~. ~~ml'l'iJql;fl<, ~r::~09J)'6t7:a< il'f ~ ~mb~ :S~~~~ .m~;~ ~r~, ,!'(;{cm!.l.1'" ~W. ~ljJl1!J~, ()( ,OO~!i
oodN:nmi:b,
iii1TI~i1"N~iiiI,l S3U liIJ~:~Iil~H q~liOfI5
REll'otIJijR:

Sg~~~~I'!1>!i!! ~~'!!!'~ "~C~~!"I~~~I oiIc!df~j.J" ,~IH!if!~!~~IM. r!~

l,w, ~ntl!~iIlfI~:

~k!0i~~

IHI' inrf~tll'l~rM(]

,,~u 20:t·~2.s.·6i 5~ Iflf ~"f

IEM~_\. ~".PIIIW5 nIlD: EIIffl!I: lP1JiMip[ll S:ilJtOOii; Y'J,-~It HO_ ... _l'Im'l'nl.if.llll), ~;;5I1OOIl oo_{o1:wctt ],(tm. ~Iol Jl Hlnt!!, ~r.,Ii. IOOI!I~ ~lIt Milfc1 ll1,m~([0iJ It!111ll. Bl!!lellIy.lt 'PUrfliiD. I L.II~M~, foUl!' R(d;IiIiouqIi. H, ~ ~[1h. ~tI.:I'V'Il1~ii, IIlMiI 'IIlYi!: ,.,;i1Q(!!!!'Ii 'iIMf.OM .lil~ $. 'II'tI'tM,. Uilr,) M. £.l:i111!;'~E ' EI:m!I!: Stti!iUt WJIl;;~IIIIHlIIUlUIll_lIlriil·S.IM!ilfOO1~_M;lIi1I!ItTllnllltSIlrnn.m J, Silta; M~:.mmr~m~ tQ\';'!~~, ~~M.i;~t!I~,~ llm~ ~~~ (Rn ~M~ 1'.!:!1!l:r E.Cll>il~. ~Ih~ ~!Ii!i" ~~r~ ];l~I'!. Ilolrbilro I':Ofd~. Jmfll!trSJLII, Tr~ '"~; ~n'l!i!Il!M;i. L;)u it'B ~c, Pdfr.lli!~r~dt;: ~!im!!ij,i;~~g~ii!i!!~_llC~(~~~.I!l!:i!'!l~,Y ~~!Jtj;:~""~!l~~R!!fIl~~!i!.~I!)ii~, ~~Fiuav'l)1i~l~'S~l}l!; M~~j~ll1.ltill]~ ~, S(ot1 Ml~Ji:m)'ft1d!lilrdlo!l, Bm~ M]f~lIl,ItI!I!~ W.I'fVl> G!1'Ii:!JI,i.i.,&1Q~.~ .. M",",~,""I, IBiJl", IEm~1i' GijEsil:!', f:.:triIu M,iMOOr~.JIIlriiillf It_ 's.t!ibBll,: IDIlmlIlWClIDi.!!"iI'5ylrAiI.S·,IKillilt<l; ~~~'~I'j'I~Po'I~~ INrIll$ illlllllll: ((iI!_lo1ilil:mlil' ~1I lUau:: IliIIM'f IIEM IEllrrtl,U Rlllx!n 1 {7f)oo:i2, ~ji'lll. Mli~hlIll, J~I.rl!:I' Hll!I1Ii~ ll!lLiP. 1t'IliJ1!Ii1S, ,[IIIffflf.,l.I:nt11~ I!!InDti lH~o!IlI~1fi CLII.atta" PcJlI!f Sl'lu~man; IItElin "'.!lIDS 'lftI!I1l~i't

iIIi,!.~1I Wa~!.;!!1 8!.!nClr; 'ii¥.nJ,IrH ~I'ti!lll!un'l\lI~iIo! '&r'!JIll' (1lSI~1II ~EII!I~EIlfim'i:5G11Pil1: l!U:ifllf,:' itftlllWliri LIUrU! Bamr, ~ :r1Hl~~
TllmIlITlAlflO1'l:
_~om

RlIJII1IIIIIIl''& MIME_II!

1lEIII!KII~ trn!llmll~Ii-'h:p@a:~~i!cJI'I'!IlrIllJilGil!IJ

(111l500,pf:l1!l[ RetiDl!~

Kilrl!fl~r

Smillt

VltKl Jjnkr.lI.lloilNl'j'll

(a5~~

(lUI!l!miII!I

~llUlIIJI'i'SIl!PIIM!oIlII (l'~f'j;f

5!paMi(l!;'I51Qfllltk~ ~W!'.

J:j~nlt:l, HI"lirlillll~

JlIIlns.oo;

!!!!i.it!!!lili~ ro~~Ni!!I. M];! ".~i"!!!Jfi'g]!!!l!i O!!!:J('!O~ i)cbOl"~!'I 1tOw:!1IWil!::lli~o1l!; 'iij!'iii~~; ,iI!iU~r~ A:<;!!d~ iI'd; ~~,-go.~. jij~!.~~!iI~nl' 1.Ii!'I ~O'!\iIn; I1l!lD.tll.M~'fSf j!oM'II:Olt!~!lr, !W!~~,"'i!A1.~m,"'II::~;)l! !WBiji:, r~ri<!./!~mEn; rl!i~liIIii~ I'Ulll'!!~Iol!!i!!;.~lIliI!l:l,!UT(ll!: tmi~ic: 1!I<I\li!!~ tI.:!'COIWI! IELi~j)I;'I:" Samllrlr: _5ifi, IIUlniU ]Oh~ t;!~r!;: ,_O'I'E!!Il!, !i!i,io"~E!l ID\lIr"!l~ ~Iu:r; AI'~ Prllcl'li!rd; _(IQ!,~ ]~[ilI1re ~~.M~I!!'· m~ 'eror.tt!~ !OJiI1~lif)l! lFaJ"'!lfiJ:lIli. ALi!!GlI(IU"lf~t 1iaJ,m;n Ll~1IC Mf;t!lIIIllllill&MiUllmI!i[;_1lI
:5lEIlIME.lIlooro!IM

"''''_iiilfi~

Auiillllf 1.lW;IuirY!~200· 615-7 ~:IU

~1la[iBFf«', H
E

CfNl]mll!r,l'ia1.lhllq~i'~ eO~·~:~·~$'.R CiIW~U~i ~~Z-3il',ri§!!Jl

!"RiijIlJQ$

,roz...3,iliri-70:I'4,

~~il~-"~

I'IWIU.

ll~iI'm;

wrm..oil~5.orgllifli.:

20;l-ll6-Mlr: Cl"Mi~ 1!:3f·d:M~rM! 8OO-~O-nll: (It Root:lt~: H~fII:l:100~s.4i-::i~Oa'CDP,il;~l.(!~5.7, EiTOI~ SOO~~OOO I!'AAj'iU;' MAS frj)l'Il~ ®!lW~U,~~Mit!~n~ ~Olh!:!i~'lne; ILnI!! t'I:AJr~[(It: ~U!'f s.'Sm[t)lSOO~~o1~g3:; OOH;:r~~iu.:~~!S~~,
~j!·~2~~4'~r_~~~'!!<t1,grgo,. lIlicll'lCtc..l'IlIICf'Sfl\lOl:l,;lUrg
iIO~~t1Jl-Iii@<!il\)l;~
!ill!l'DI~~1hl~

iroakWl:m;: ~rB~DifN'ol!k!.((!i'I'I baok:l'~~ C~1 !l'UJdl!ll5!l! d~~t!Ufit: SlJli1Itll VIP l~t(l~I'.m

INJiliii'(. RDbeiI F. XMel! ffiM!iHc Niffl. d.:l:aMS~P!M IlIl~ml';«!mlIlrli!!iCl~~M:!!im:8&l'I A. CI~f;l, .~r! ('olloo ~$i:ir!tr,C]gO" (~, o!ll!leL F'trDcr. 1aI~, ~!tIb~~ ItcI!<!tt!l'tM. I'll . d1 USI_~. ClliHt'l!! (, M;l~_ii" fii{fl~ Strlllst '\i.artTlf.lb!=I;. i~fMj Wl(~~!l; C!!!'!' !lI~!1*J)]~I B, '~!l!.~o, I 1~~ditiLCl!r~~!!"S~~m (Jol~M"~.III~

A.dliM Coo\ jl!i1rlii!J' (Olllfn" il:l'l'id GI1mm. Cb,M!:.'I1t@ ~1!;t!1;, l~id\Olld ii. ifl!fI', !Ei~~lfllilOl!'i,P>r!!:l!-mlnl.tl' {M!!!'j

W~ndt Stu 1f~!f.l,iili!ljIjI[tiO ~~IJIj"''iI~['(ljfi1'f f.I!~: IoUom'l'ili~1lIilJ 00!ll F.lJi5Jo:,; J_lIlWlEi ~il500, HDJlIlIaI[!l!I!!l; ~flIi.l!IoIIlISI _ COIIiKl~Trim II'flIFI; u,W,""'~·iIl~l.~D'lM1 ~!3F1I00.~~rn. i(iil (ail1BriI"I~ Hol~fidl. WMd)o' Wi;,e; DlIflIW!fI:C MiIlliIlo Ml!!Ilo '1(iEII1 I1Ilil'iH!t!l HIlU'II1LfI,; ri!i~m _1Wi1l!lll; Tfi~UI lil'l)1il1(r; 1ID1!WolI1 !!!.I!!!.I!"!!: l:IiIIiSit.:ln!oril "*DQi:li~!!~W ~fhtll" to!'i~:I1!M!. l(/iIf.1mliy (IoTh:Jf

"~Iie.

,1iIi1l'iBlli1lilli

_rnR:I'!!("a:II~.M·_.[lllili.

P&rilll
,iI~!Jf

'[t~·

~~ll(~J~r(j~&i~~a~rrl~

fi~~BQfl!9f@l.ll~~I:
'IID~llilJ~

CI'\: :S1(l-65a<o~OO::, ~. 'S,t4)-6S2-Jle;7. N~ ~!lIlI!~:nd: ::l0<7-5ot9>7'~I55" ~~ l[!o:i~f), CA: 1~"'~ B25~, lFAX ;~
IrijUiiill W:~!ol:l~. ~j!.4,9'l''''
~!)fli!'l:iQi!i

Jil!;h~roil5on; ~.""~ol!Ili'i'!1 ~_cl Scll.i1rr<llr!!: Moid ... ~~rui~' ~~;

Pildl'iclM'olIaw,,13E ~·%3·:I:~(i !)!IJ!:(~l<!m.~ !;iJllidflf, ~~-,qil;~~

65~''J~~~M~ ~. ~~~ .~. CM~i)J:ifJ!:'!i'!lrelll~: 4.!l;3·'S!!'Z· 'IlI~o.~JU<143;~lN)ln ·1Oil'W._U..~u'~Il!S~ *4ol. {Q) n~:·
3z,r,·5.2>1,. FAX +M (eli 122:3;':~2~"ji~2 ,(l'JI'.A!il1llll!ll'rr ~1Ik.tw.1G ~1. n2'~1l 's.961. ';AX. ",(11 ttl) '!In~1l ~~2: 1lIo1m(.1lMlIti13ll ~1'(jL 1iIa1llllln; 5lI..I!E!l,_III\!d(I!f[li!l:il1.1ira Slmll\~

;I:J!I)..tIiJ(5·mao.

f.!!il(~)o·~10IU'··Ni'I.~_.'_;TiKIf.a

~rn

~>W
Mu!ilji!.ill:!ll

K_ Slullk;

·1ll __

Ra!lLiECIIDR

5jlM 5ia~

Z00!"3,2:6-Ml!Jr

1!.S~~li1' ~'"

Ilaf ~t~r~I,ediIGI!~l·qU!!rk!sl·
tfor~~<!f;Iw,~~~ Ilom!u~ m.IM(!r![lt~

I!lOOfl'Jood; T!Im~1lS;

_Ell M'm:m·5~gII!r.~I't:'fI\!Dl'IJe~

~tleu:.a IOOi5llt '~~Ii"U!na!lil!lm Cl!Ir(!rl (jilfi~ ~'" .ill:Hli\loU51I ~ I1Orf4!i.i~r. i\lIJal1lIIi1fJ lIIl11D:!It D~'Oid M.

f'QJ1t!1i!tierillirr'iIle

il!i!lI'!('d)>>~~'<lI~~~ ~Df ~~ "~~ I!J,!trlo3) Aln~a:l'l~ti:llll'llr IDe Jllt.\!l1ltemflnlol ~fi~~ ~ Sdll'NoI' ItroN It!; !C..:l~~.M 3 !oar!'!'! !Of tll~ ~~t;x!GrI ~~ dlJ(~Gii·~ irnpg;jlitll iflUU i1!1AIti:l1~·1Iii! ibmJ~jjjml O~;lI:lrn~, ~ Ir.!clWinI~ !I1e J'f1}'il!;:1l!t1l110ll O~ ~!lI!Intl'~ ~on!llcll~ ~rms (If!,iiti!!l
I>lIIiIll1IN!"! iii:!' 1!\!~ih'l~1

bT MK1~ I!:i!lI~ BlKllili!Ml. ~fil;u~~i!.~I ...Tii "'!l1r_m~l: lMM~il!!,inlmUTiMIS (]lfi.~.8id~ ti1aJljilfioo:5lJii:~i, !lIMOIl:llliT,i!.5lSi)a.o.J1l~ Holt)' B~op, lA~fli (rni,!(!IIfi~.,. 1?1't1lll1l 'I!Ji!!~' e~nm~ 1 ~~(lGrn1

rurM

~~~J.t

)c!fII::.II~!:Id;~,~L.c:.!I~
:iU.I\'fll!' linnIlliTlIIIJl~[

l1lfol:i'd

~~dlK!~.~~OfiIialnll',' Jl~. rttdMpi;il1l.i~iOO iii S'dtl.lct---"!!'I(li.ld!!i'l~ a e;jlrlJ1irl;jl$,I'iIli\IO~ ,~nnl1fll.;WjIi;;:)oII!~~~'!iI!l"'!'{!~I1i!lI,I<f!~ ~'I~l~~n!J,e<!!i~~ ~t~l'!~ Ildlltl,d~,~, by Illi!!MI!,SQI'!lIl! iriim'bJ'~~~ w'tlIYtflM lI:ICilIM:ir.l are ~IHiaooll.
MJi;S, wit> fatllRlM:d !II l~iII ~d ~Qlrpl!:rm,d!lI la711, illl i!'I~R k'lo Mr.lnro !lC:lr!rIP1l! .ind WiOl'Nltia..11fu~~i'1!!.It rilil! rtIIfril'~ ill!:! bmtl'::l o~"'" ~!1" lIMl' ~ Qr'tIUN!~;MJ~';!lIll ~o:~~~rt(N'lll'llgrrlc.t~{ICl .t!riD!!g '~f!~~I.I. t,f!lJl.~wj;and '!11~ ~bUc; ~!!J!;!Ci !ntl!i~~~O!i1~l COlOllptr.l!ali !Ii< ~~~ ,~!l'IiIlt:I; ~JlJll'(.lt1(1(1~ IjII"Omlll.C! Ihil fOfl~!Oibl~ 0!I1ld!J~ ald I!'5t,lIf:!<itll~i!'~ndu.;lw1!!li.wf; '[~r ,[,'dI;;Oli1ioor il, ~~IW;~ iI"~ ~~luliQlill'!JJ I~r (iMllfj'OllIl'; ~"Ilil:ll(t .IIIl' ii(,bQ~ ,~fldlt«"f!I1)!~iI' I'oIDftlll:l>U!' .11111 i!'lfrMtrlllUJif\I!::tfilM:l5I! pool£.!: u"d~J!i~fid"lii9 ,:jmal a;ppt~offiltioo ofi~ $dli1W! ~!OO1 ~dwllJl!!l!lJ; .am ~tre"fhm, s:uppDl!l f.DIf ~ ~ ~!lii~c,;tOOl ~d1l1(1fggr ~el~. UmHtlUilllOIl ~Ol!l:!!iIHD'C;ll~ l

O~

~CfI~l

CI"!

wl*n .~W1'lWlW~ Alti~.

swp;

lli~fill'll!lgm'i1iQll
MEW!>! lI_: R

JWIWIl!~, Tr;a~; r_IM'MI1IH 'EDI_: D.~riI81.o(I~~; (QllII£5I9I1l:!E'!IT GF~~CFl VII91ll ~~vtni +4'1' 31112lIlII11 ~'jIO,t!.. ,I'I\X .411 (0) ~ ;JlIO'i! ;1Ii~·S)i·~.ygfK,·~ __ >m.~Jm"Ud'lMll8:ll~.,r (P;w1~, .M!I1' r! IEnJtrW'k toluru!l::raa!!'! ~!!O:!! I?~rt'j), l~~!l! io1li!l!l!N'~
JFRi5;
IlIU_ JDlllI

IfllI:iIH ~i~Ili!~@!I;ii!1ll~~m.lio,ulc) E~iloIf"'" ilifflEllfii;_,_R~ AtId_M.'5iJ~r.; ~lllilinEDfl'i)_Ift~.Iu~a ra1lJf€'ll~mp· Uw~rilirink~ ~1l!!10tI:RH'~1I!i (aro6f1~ A!i~ «]~: +U (OJ :a<1 ~ 310~), 'Sltll.!i M. HUfiJ~, I4B $, oOf.borFii'i, s;,~~F, SIm.p:I~llret~ !ilMOO:i'~'!1 ~~:o!!' ]'ooJ!~ ~!)~~i!!"'"~""!'Q!ii'! AliQ~W~lC(l';
Hilmll

(~~I1i!~ ~~~~@~r~""'~~!lf~gl; IL~ it~lf!'.I!l!Ji!!!!i'! ~iIllI!~ M!IIilJI.~11Ii Ilil~ Kirig: 2Qi2·;h2it;·,r.S.~~, IF,A)i 20i2.,2JU·6U2; IJC.liJIlliD·U5I1I'1'J I!NHrIlU 8Iy~nt ~l'-3:2~,~n; iIoii!il'!i~ ~¥YIi ru.:~~! ~O~\· ;l2~·~H. liIiU1IIU1T2 Alli~I'IcI, 1!.Ii!~r:. ZD2·;126·6!512; _\Ub .1lIi1i00OOIl,1Ifi(~: ~0l'"3Z6,(il~!JiMm KIIi:i~ ~tnef. 0!!02 ] .•nf.~5n: ~lln'llllo:lIJ:oII!JiIIIU l:ril:iIi Bl}Glrll.llMhilll E!lmillli~l'IcI. SlhIr,ll!y 'M'urng; '~ID:.-'flg~'!loUoW3_r"'Tii!(f Hll'hl1115; TA!4(00111:23; :i!6:S2:~,.FJ!J! l ~.o!, ,(0), 1113 J.~6!l31~~..n~(]llllhlirla HllfnSGi\, :9Ii1U~iIa IlmMf; MW _6IIAJilIOOIA!e l!oIoo!f~l_J:lSIlm H,!,j[n.lroodt .all (I)) ~<! 151 '5..36(1r.

.n~

iIDlIIlllit!:I'I!lIJj'I{jJ~t!I'''''Qn)all~.C~,,~

e,~~

EabM 1ki~,lM::If)' L:l~ilI eOli.t!l 01' Dnl1>m1l:l A~!!li_." r!II:ill:jil!r1l,·~I!\Ij~ ~o'lin P. IilOOI!!m; IME!lIlI!ElIl'I'lQ.ri~ M~~I'I.El<IIIEJiI.l8KfI:mi!~ J. ~GlIIIllf.ir!Wi5(;1.!111!: mJiil:.IIIi:lmNoiIl

W ·~l ~~. S<l.1:S·1 '5cJU; MIliLUi!!!Hi, _llUrn:i!fI om.,.,_i5 ... .Il.i!!in; i!!I!:b!lr~11 r~IlII:Iflj;;"'jllXl_ggCtif!l11oo ~~lL AAV !i!~ll!aiilU~: ~

MM;

«»

~o,rt:l e;, :sn;u; (fi!!lf j)jj~!I1WI~ !X,FKliJl flilMI i, i.~00f; ril~i!Il.lIOtlfl ~~ ~L!~1l¥11II! W. ,El'iq!J~ 5~a~ M. ~tlfiilUil:~ A1i;)~G!WI:"lli1!dIi~, 5. K<!~ilIl~" i!fil'I'''l''n,. ~1:1'.~,:r.l11>!1fO~~.{i. fi)U~fot, ~fh.'l'" 1rJ.·s.J!UIt~lI C

(iIIbl:po)}; i!!tP!'" ii:~t.II~!o!: ~ ... }.)~ 0!1l(C'~"~ Q(\IlOfi!tfOl!I

1!3,.!ilk<J!~~
II!!~(!!I

CIIt!!Q-~',.O~~.

Ell'o 1l'Jl~ ~lo '!limlllr,110 ~!rn\ 5i414;)~1!0 li!1}!i!l>+SlAO),~

~~"@'IIfJ!I!J"lLolr,iP;

1-.

6202 62JlOl, i:AX. -lia1'(O~ !I'i. 6202;'",:!l'1;

RiDilafl:! 1Q!:ii~ ~fifllI MOIfij~.~ ~g~~~ Q~O\ IFill( 91 (0) ~ S~3;1i 3Ul;

1iWI,lil¥ll5

·5tOO!'!·lI<~li.l!li62 ~l!!'1I~~,Ji;«~; S

...!l'!!IIIlI!iIB~ . el. ~aQ· 1-3.91 3

_5:di!ll~mag,gr,gt,r!NItIJ/,~rilJjn!~I!mMhIlmL

:$ Cf I!!~~~~l~O' ~.n!!! tn Il)I·trn~ S ]anYiI"r:!' ~OO7 f;l~~ Qr ~~Qm

~!I!~!i't!I ~~.;ij!l," :@6~j 1!)r900' ~!~ (ID &~il' ,di~!511: tinltjhiD@~Ill!i!iBJO!'ID; ~00'111 !l<il.L P~U.all:i!, BagiIil,t.!:OOi· ltiootilJgi,oon!5pllOOelll. T'n. M11 :t!:2.n ZIl%; plJ.:illl.a@!llSrilllOOrni ~ll!Olimt~(Io!llll~~~~rD;J~!t~

to

Remarkably simple system .. Simply remarkable results.

The, neW' SllepOl1e'" Sys.llle'm makes it eta'sy to glBt, hi'gln-qua,llirt:y

Irle\a~4Ime PCR, results.
The StepOne Sys~em combine's pl~g"Zlnd..play convernence with the uncomp:ror!1lising perlermance th:;l't has made Applied Biosyslenlisahe leader in reaHtl1'1E!' PCR. Whetheryo.u'lreafirst-'time user or a real'·time peR expeu. the StepOne system del~ver.s Ihe highest C[lJollity results, using the~IJU range' oHE!qMOIFl-Gene Expression and SNP GiE!'Mt.ypillg assays_The, system's sothNEll11E! guides new users t.hroug.l"lset up. ope,r,E11nana:nd an8ilysis. wl1~leallsQ providing power t1nd'ne;;:ib:ility~o meet ~h€! expecl;;ltio~)s of even the most experien,C€d users. The S'l'GlpOne Re~l-lirn€ PCR System is p~rt cl ~Il optlrlfli:zed system :SQMion fo:r real-time peR that lncludas software. rea;ge'nts. ,and IllslI1ument~lh:;m,8 lor a rema rk€lbly bN p rfce. II
• IltJffl inru~i~B • C~gi,jg
iSrnt'lWre 1.h[lI~ga!:hBS ~wwiruJoo~,llJtcrists orlmnuais;

• fffll!J:IidBd ~mrlll[ft;3IillliillIld~ • Sl'fEIll. spiltis-Uilingr

gBt \!W UJl! me runmiru!l fils't

fGr'pe:rrEl! ,or ne,\'l\!oitedlope.-a!iOll

footprint

• fa.,hunli!<4IJ m,_iwl!~~lamd ;slmdElrdI1!JM ~<:2hlJwr:slm'tli mil Mod;

fo Ille'i1I'rr'I 11'II0l"e about the Ste,pOneReal- Tlme peR Systt::ru orto view 'liis if'!: il'il.fo_appl i€i:db iOiS'Vs~toms, com! st€liP DI'IIle

iii SOftwill1f1Ei'

demollls;~lI'ation.

Ii- laM him!'!] TiIJ'~-IbI-1rIlIDI'QII ~'~~IMfI!~ IJrlJilllliUlN\'no:!I tI)' AiPrB Coipllliilim t4~ riltrl i~_~ ~ilSlil~.l!J illflicali!n, (If blfllllJJW!llll ilpfillit.lJ5." ~~~, Ifu"rOr fBuhml OIlUi!!l (Io11EInll~. -ms~nBI~ f~ fur.oor i~6cnDl'a!1!l!11 DilI11:tU'~ Lic~ AfIIIlnm lIill!>Yl"'~ 1I!l111Jn~IICrntriJ Iiiv~,FII~r Cit\l, Ca i illia ~ [!I!" LJSA_ 1t®iQ' ~~illli 1Ii~1Jm!. 1\,l1iI~~ IE:!I!'lIOI.lifllllm. ~io:l B~~~ iIIiIl1.II ~IlIllifiN<II1I 'll!I~allr~iWk:i.m Su:~1Ii I~ nM!I'II\h!API!~ ~ C!wF"lilllfllJl!f iLl, :ili!1I:iiiI~ in 'II1Ii US i11li!i:!r mr.lii! W11111' tI;i~riIi:I_ TtrqMa~ f1Jil!li~uxllI~k~l' i~,g (ll;:IDc t.~1M ,ID,~~ 1m;.

HlIJIIIl1J(] 1lJ~

EDI1IED

il:Y CONSTANCE.

HOLDEN

To (eL@i:lrat!! lhil! 200th ,aDHlliv@~$aryQlf ChaJrl@s IOoiln1.liins birth." p.tJir or IBriU Ih.a".:e gottel1 togelitE!'r to bui~d 11wod,]IDj'g rep,H'ca of &lMS, Bliulg'lll,the S~iIP' Illlal OOI'e< DaJr'l'!Jin
a rrOlJ i1dl the

A21 st Century Beagle

wOorld.

The I1IM:5, 8eogtr Pmf~(lWa'le5, IOlllnded liJy David ~m·l·pm.iWlls, a Welsh ~.i1IrliTler,. ii~d Bifili::ihr ulvfrQrllm~ntoi!ll, ~~.rileF ,Pe'~'F McG,falh, intef!:d!l th~ $hlp a~ ii1 !!aJilillg dasseoem and ialoor,atory. IdenUciJll to Dhe'miglinal. oln the (lui,side. the $6.4 mil.lioIDI, plri'v<lt.ety funded ship will b.te hilrnished wUh 21st c.elltury na'lligation •. ~ar,ely. ,and

(o'm rliIu,n~'a l1011l~6~ l!i pment, For it~ ri r~l 'Iloy-a '1Je, 'the retP~ka, c:r,eJ;'l'~ by 30' scientists a nd s.aillQ~. will S ~11.iUOL.llnd Ithe ~'Mmld~o~lowing lh,e path o:f the originiliL Smole in ~:hE11.S31.-3:6 voyag:~ lhall ilupir!:d DarwjiiQ's. O~ rile ()~fgit~ Q/.'5{)(!(ies.•tJ.ffter thlll s:cieOli~l!! "1m be ~'ble ~o use lite' Inew B~gie ~or f'E!'S@ilf'(:I1. primarily on clilll1i1.alt~ (hlng~. !SaysJ\'cGra~hr. OM' project he is wfl~ir:l'~fi!1!g~~ 'lising lI'~,e .BMgle.'!> ~og~to co m palre the di IlIl i3i~.eor ltl e lL830s 'M'I'iU'n ~h!i!llc:lif today. Bmadcasl'~ of @'.xp~rurn~nl!i.l'!~ wen as 1,e,tU.!Ft:'SwiU be a'y'ailaltil~ t,o I,ails and d:u-sroomsarour!d lhE! w~rld Via allll<ls.·yeHJiflbuilt \I\Ifebsite. The l[;)rQ1OC~i51td1ended to p~~. some ~ai.~e INlck i!'Ulo 5.{ief!ce" .QJm;faurr~<I'J, ore~lJl1g m Illeo;ple liIJlhe rr ~1d1,says ~G raUII: "We nfHN:I to use IProps lik~ tille Boogle to g;~l tlW'ir p'lIl~e~ to. 'q ui(~eli!,"' (QilS!r'uctJiQJi! is L'O be gil!1 e-a I'ly .fII\i!\Il.t.yealdf!1 MiUolid HilVef1l, Wates, OOl!gn'l. Th@ gafri~ 'is. [~n1it@d to @.xp~rl.SwhQ ar,e orr Pr<l.MED, the dli;5~asE!'lIl{Il'Iitori n9 nelwor~ of 'the IfI~iemaU()fli!l S:o.del,y r(lr Inle(~imJs mS~,M'!';;. ~~rn!1~ pe If:Sp,~c:tirve. ",elY M~ovalive our it's arnd 11!:t:.cnt,irng," :S<lrYJi FlroMED EdHClr larwfern,r:e C. Madon c'~IHaf~ard M~kal Sd'iQol iiJ1IE!O;StOfi~ I,i\I~O' n@jm teen roll aloo!J.!l :1.00 p1.a.yeF$ (S;~~ fh,l,I1~did.lo.n.JUio'i'lla_edlil}. ~IIi1i\!'ers"ilyof ~owa .. phy:5ic~an Philip POI~I~Ei!l!1'I sa'y5lh~ Iowa E~e(ttolilk Markels., wl1id11 beg:anil11968 by predkU illig ~iheouteemes o'f we5idenHtll e~e;cliDnli, ~~.arted selling Irlu r Lllmes to r the slate ol ~OIO'll<l 2: yEl1!rs ·~go•. P~~Q~,~nys, d!es,Pil:e< ~hil!lillY IP~Qr· ~
mern bers its.--wililllrers (alll g:aln ol1~YilbolJi! 'SlOO'-I.he pwj~d. di!ICiCEid to d@a~ ill ~Ol~ilJf!i1b@C:"!J~@ "'lhe~'s a~e!il~ 'th1lll Pe!(!P~etal~ less exllielfle P05~'tijOmJ!\~if real !ll"JQ!ley 1i5, i.!'IJ,!-o![ved.

WI~llNO:rllhiAmerka IllCI'I,!'e r.r5~ {onfiumed GaS.e its

~

!!)ff~~n il1lilue!ilizailefore Jlll.y? HeCllllh agel1a.es Ciln"t. a~r :!i~uh 'Quli!sHQn~.But they Imary gain .11 fI ii.ich be~l,e,rsense or the bfrd fru Il'lem! ee thanks
[I
rI,

,~' to

JOl'E~d<It !.he UniVieirs'il'l.lor towa that IE,t!;

.~ e~pe;1:Sp~awb~l:S Om! hilW th~·d!se"s€! iII~U$p~~d•.

;;;j; With a, $250.,0001 I']filill frulfl lllilt Ril:I!bl~riI, ::'~ W{loci ]OihI'lSQlll FOl!lndalion, the utliver~lY w'il~ ;:!!' 51(lk~ '~.iIl;pert)to Avian$lOOO ~U.S. $100') to ptary :~ the ~lJtures oga.me 1111'2~:!u~alr e,xperf!rnent narll~g a this IillOn'th. Playe~)will.lgllY ~yesn Of "rII0'~ shares in n diUe:rernl pred ktions" ,§ltJdn as wh~,n ,md
'~

I
I
;
CI

.~ ~ h~r@ I~l@'nu ifiiiUspf'@iJdi ,al!l~ ~\lIH!Ihe~1 rl~WQ~ld .. ;..', HB:! ilh Org<lni.Mliol'l ,vi U ril~~e it~poi!nderllic __ i I/Ii'i!ini; rlg Il@v!!1 befOl1ll '1 ]rI..!~y. 1f11 ~ pri(@ p;ilf shs r~ . o rnnge:;; ILiP tCJd!J;\I'i!iln~ ciI!!pendi 1119 th~ 'rna rkel. 1 en

.~
't:!
::i!
'~

Scientists keep a dose eye on VeSUi~l!5.,ene or

the
~!lQ

rld'

5- !ll,(n:~l d;;!llFlgeml,Jl s voh:allQes,

~\lhlfcill

W~fii 1li~1'I(1beltt~:r~,C!oUe'C'! via~S 1 for ,every :sha ~e A

..
'" 9
,~

,r'.
I'm""

«When

8
[jf

!
'~

'Weibs Q~UJlIlem.nm~(.~~d IlJQl~i!fQ:i ilFld gu'~s :-1 'keep cells mnning., lQ,explo,re these networks. cvisillBloGRID rro!'ri Iil1ICileolaf blolo!Jjisl Mh:hael~yer~. of [mE' Samurel Lll! FI@'n'~,~laJ R!!i@',1!!J'(lh r nsti ~L!'t~ 1n Townt!:l,.
(alfllld;'!, ilrnd

Moh1!~(uLe,s ,M,e,e'" -- -

the Bay,Q,f Ni.1lple-s..When j'~empte-d girl 79 C E., it caus!(![i!ho!lllS.:l nds of d~alrh~. PIsl mi~lr efl.lplio fl, lod~ \~ouild be fair W>Or5e; Mort~l~a f! a
lOQmHlve~ ildiU·rnul.lion people now liVE! in tme '''Red lOne,"
il

d~)igna~ed e'll.1iCUallOIii area around the· vel-

csno. Resear(~'E!'r!i headed by A:l!QlIsto Ner'j ilIl ~he N~ticmlJl I n'~Wlli~e Q~ G<eQphysks ;;!Ind \l()kilnology il'll PiSo1l, I~:a~y. hlIv@ 1iI01.!iI wmpl~~ed

o ~
:J: '~

:~ e
,.,' 1:1
,~

..
~,

(oIh'l\'lgUe:!i,. St~wed lhrerre,aJr~aU ~lflO\'i.rlg;enelil( a If!~ IJrot~il1 im~l!ra(~101il!;flfl blJldd ing ,Y'E1E1 !>l. al.0Il9 will;h palrtitll11 ~ fou !1rll!l!1ilau. iii~ilI'IalO~leS, afil~ [rryit '~lies--miOre than 161iClOQ ,mocfa.lim1l5 in, <IlL Curalors gll€ii1ll1 d:ata IiI',tDm tm.eli~rBra~lIreand II pd,a:te~l1~ oola~di~mIIlQlilthJy. Each el'ltry maps the >l['flisOJils",r ~ j)arliuliH proteqlll 'If g~llleilnd ~,l!mma,riz:e~ l~e e~errilmel'ltal evideiil<oe 1m e.al!:h aSi5(1di;lli'~n. Abl)llle, the ilFl~erac:;tij·QfI neaw0'rk for the I1l11zyme C.dc 14. wh~th ~on!IFQ~S the e",ftl rifOIlll ml~t0-5,i5,,, >;;>0 wll'1'W.lh,~tJiQr;gJ id.il:I flI

what. ~hey :Sill! ar~ the! mest de'la~hM .~Dr.imul.Th(ions yet or just ho\!,Ithl ng:oI'I'IlgIII unfold. Above is an ~ rnag:e rnmll ~ !il1Mi~m·scdte eru fltiol1 smnario ilfWo~ving "partial collap~" of the vo~(a,rlk c:o~uflm.ll~e' t.wo glray douds r(!'p:re-sent py,ro(lal~.
ticd'ensity 'wnents-a'll(li.anclle'5 of hot goilS.eS" a41, and mck-JOD ~e<(!olld~ ';I'~te,rthe on~l of

the (o1lap.s;~.n,r: simlllaliolls anll de$cl'bad ]Ifl the 27 hbrIJary Geop~Y5ico{ Reseo«i) ,(ell,Ef5.

w'I,iWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31 S v

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1345

You could
Vies" il1'van bappen to )!Io m IFecSearrch~Ihenext Eppendorf . Neur"obio 1:Q.gy oo'i,IIld be~ol,J r$! This a.ranuiill' fl'lge;1!rrch and Scknce Pirizefor

be nex
pn2'@ irre{.,ogll'1i~@.s accompl~sil'm@,nls

lif you"r"e a young SCieinHs.t makingl lnreada in Il1eUlrobiok:l:9ry

in nei!.lfiob~oJ,ogY'researoh based on methods ofmo~ecu~r and cell bio~agy." 1I1'i1e inne r ,al1ldfil'lallists, are seleot,ed by w a committ:oo of irndependelntsc~etntist:s, dhairoo by thle cdiirtoif-iilll-ChieM crr Science. Paslwinn,ers
includ,e

POOH:iocloral scholars and assistant p:F'ofesOOffl. To be eliglib,h!!!, YOtli must be 35

lif YOi!.l\re selected astlhis year's
yeaJi'S

or age or y'OulI1g:er:

w~nnell':, YOilJwil1 ir€{leive i'lf!~he pliestigi:aus journ>a~

$:25.,000. hav'e youifwcJq-k published

Scienr:;;e ,iilr'nd !nViltedto visit C'pperlldorl ln Ha.mbLllrg, G;ermmy" be

G~t: r"@"Coll9I1lwZ!edi! Deadline for entries:

JUlne 15, ,2007

www.epw'{!nrdQtf.connl[pri.ze www.epJP'{! I1Idorf:sc~enceiPri2e.. rg o

eppendatlfi
&Scie:nce
f!'FI:IZEi: F"OR NEtlIROBIOLJ1GY

" WIUD

'

BY VUDHIJI1

:BHATl'ACHARjIH

Movers
Pit:RUt RJSIIIN G. h,'aI'!Ghi.'iit~ of U!t'i a '$ P'(lra i rid;l U11iV'i.;:!'~.id~~d 'I PUCP} ,~<ISbecome tTh,e "J·c~.3eology dilrec~.or for tb~~n~tjt~H(l N;;!dl~)il,JI d~Clj,llh.~n~-in dJe'ct the mlti~ll'1';\i h~~~d ~.I'>CI.UH::ologisl overseer ef one 01' the world's mosrimpenaar and .~rchaeol ~)g~,'l,;,pani mgllii es, The:¥"ie-lnJ ined researcher, whowill a1
C a tQ~iii:ade] Peril

h'll!p ~,li 1P1JCP post S'll.C\)~ed3 Y~lri C'1Sl roo s G he'L1::~be'~o.biI,~s a grm ....ng 'Cil(j re of L arl n1,A meriean O!IJrch~l.::fll~ to i oglisti) who ;U'~ g<linin£l intemational prominence, Ahhough P~nr\,li~!l!~ h~vc m,fld~~~~~!'!'ti,al c()mribmi~)~s ro A!~d(l:f~!l studies since the d<lYs Q:If Julio C. Tetlo ( ~S80~1.1J47~. Ihe field ,~3:S typic;lilly been dmll i.H!lwd by beuc:r-fund!r:!cl~ he u.e'r-cq~1~'PI~ed. nd bettera trained ::<cieflll]st:ll from North Ame.rica .JlI1d E1lIWpe:. N·o\v. MI)'S ar.el19.eolog[!;t.lILlLi~ Cm.tiJlo ofPllC~ '''[her~'s !I ~~.ewge~eration ef ~re~eIH1cher.s"..;1:10' can \"lOm as ,Ie.~dersor equelparmersv .... irhpeople from Fmm;:(:, Sr~i u, ~Uld t~c: U S," Th(!im;::Nas~ i~ IO(:~I] t:':'x]1Cn I'H,;~ is!~. ~y~.isl~~,di~~ to "fI'1;!J~ and b!i.::'~t!;;r w!Jrk," One ~N~lmpll;i:Ghe{'~r~ ~1mly of a 23{Ki~YC'iQr--old Oh!;e:li\,'l:UOJ;Y in aertheru coastal P'el"l~, thtlt OlPP~!lD"0d .vn Science las~ '\'eek (2: MO!!reh. p, 1206]1.

M,O NEY ,MArllE,RS

PUBLmc :HEAlllitii U.I(. TthehJl!!1!del' or the la rge:$t IPhalrm.lc.e LJ!:icalld ata sellVice$ company "'fI,d his; wife nalle' pl:edged $SO mil~ lian to lrneirii:'l,litllJtilon at \,';ihic:h il,~begall his ~(.i3,demtc (.;I reer, l3io'5Ialb;tid!1lf! Dennis 'Gimll'llgs. who once
~!IDrkl'~

sereed on the feeu l~yo f~h~ School or PlIIblk HeilUh at.lhe !Jl flIlV~ rs.ity 'of Nlowlh
Carolina, OI~pel

\!jiorl< onissses sucha s a(:cess~a,clrinb rag vlIai<er and ~nidel1iCY of di,n](all tnals. "there nlLIS,~be' a roil!i~Xl'ri1ln:di Ilimryb~sllf<@r way [~o (olldll,l et lrialls~, parfku la rly where '011,1 r compln~ngl P.O\lJIlUCilil'l come in," GHI~f'lg$ s:ays. TijH~s(II1Qol hOlpesro foster the use of"bu~in ess p r .ii(tk.~)~o, thillt~.hi2 d~ mlve-ri €iS,[m ad ill by t.~e ~dbs:11((I11li !be dis$~minatedl, ~ IR.inrler iJdds. "'There ere too moi:lflY 9 00<1 d~s(o,veriie-s ln lJublic. heo1lLthit1ut s;n Qr:1i 'shielve5." FUS·IIOIN HEAD,. !Raymond' FOJl.ck ls tlH~ ne~v hedi[l ,of the- Office ,e]'f FI!J~ioFil Elf1le~gy S(i~r'Ice at the U.S. 'De'p'artJTN~'!ll of Eller~1V (DOE). Fom:.I<,who e'dlrilil1!iF tl1ii~Y~ilr oeocdirrH!' (:hi·~f s:ciientist. of the IU5. ~:J'Iojec:lofWlce'ror the I ntern anen all Thill r mo n Lil dea r IExpel'l menla 1 R:~li:lQr, 1,I'IIm be .re~PQI15i l.e fQ r everseei ng b DOE's p<Thrticip'!il'lion in the<$12 bHliol'1~non. Hie (!(Nne5 to the PQS;i'-\lIl'Ciar!lL S,l!1Ce Iormer head Anllf1leDilVi,~s Irellrll1d in April ;;t~06from 'IJ~epmY)l(:s, f.1!(u[ty or ~me University of W]scon 5il11, Mad]sQfL

I-IliH,and now h~ads Q 1II ijlrlti les Irans-

n aliona l wa iI'IUtilt!

s.chMI~o, ~timLlild~tlt jn tHI¥,~tiijnl 0 n key lcca l ~l'Id 9 leba l. IIIea ~t~l haU~nges.,. :11'1 re-c:og !lltion of the gW:, c the sdroel has Ibeen, retllame.c:llhe D~r1ni,and J,g,an Gming~ 5[hoQ,1 ,of mobal PuMk HeilllU,. ~ . ThO' SiCtlOOl'S.dean, Ba.rbam RfmQr, says ,~ thehJ,!~dswilllbe !~ed 5_t:illrt n 'endo~m~'rll ~(), a

'i

~' 'thai \vdL :s.uppm t nnnovaHOIl1 laborato I1(!S to

~
.

They Said It ~'.'.

"IIIa~5!oWl1lntttto show~halt people need no~ Ibe ~imiledl by physlca:~ handk:aps .als.I~!ongl as they are not cI~isabl~d 11111 s.p,ir]t.."
-.Plil~sicis~ S~!i:!j;lhen H~~illig, wh'Ohils Wlil Gehrig's diseaise, !llI11l1 why he wants I/O t~lke ill ~erQ-gf~vily W~M Ulh April,.I-!'~s~y~h:~ IlPlmal)' J'W~n f~ ~e~r!cctlm~e p1,jlblki~~~r(1'stI"] I ~pi3{'e' night. 50URO!;"; lire f,k,'{t York 1i.l'1lfS

IMCI( 'N PLAY. WhHe S~U:~fir~g tp dliauJI1QsJe T:;mHlIjit. K.allillf (ablJllII',e, left), OJ paHHlibiijli)E]f'S,~ oiIi·~ Virginia lPolyl~i1 nih: l:ri:stH.uu!! a nd ~ml~ U nliVoersilyI,ll ,Black$bu F[I. \~'Olldered wl~e~herlihe[e was a wwy to r~dU',ce the: envirol'nrn~flta,l,ifllP1.ld of herr rese<:ilr(ih, Wi~h lh~ he1p of an;hilecl mr· Leagul2' Man Lutz (~bover ~ight); she's come u~ \vlt.h [Ill an:l,~\~r~ the' ";odd 's fn rst fully "'O~lalp~b'le', !liIoblile [[QJbo.r~to:ry. Th~ two-story f.iiolily C;]I'I ho,ld IiilbQm~(ny e~lJiIP:rl1le~t 'on the b>olh:m1f[ijou,.i!ldJl!di!1~1

dn sease irn chi mpalluees,

complJl'e~$, m'i(iI'cl5(~IP~, ami

,111

re'h~D:eta'lrIr,

and four r,llse2!wGI1!1l!"fs onlhll! s~a:o!'lld I'loow. Ill's m,i!d~ of fi!)~rglaS$ md!: and s~d~~ga~.iJnliiinumr p~!'Ie:[$lhtil tl1ld, in~~, ~l;;'(i~, The !~b

win be~if,!j)~O'y,(i!d this

~!rll;ere1~~U(5 gfQupis m<mitmil'lQ prGglam

'illmliller

in Tan,z"aniii,

e:stab~ish]ng a heQlUh~GlI (hiil'lilpiil'ilz~es.

w'I,IWiI.sdencern ago org

SC;II~Nelc.

vo L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1347

NUCLEAIFI WEAPONS

Liiverm'01r,e Lab D:iIPS In,t'o:the Past '10 Win 'We,apon:s Desi'gn Conl'e:s,t
\;llhat's lhe trick ~t) ~l;"Dnl1ing a camperitien to des,ign :1 nuel ear hn~d~ \vh(llin you
C.Ul'l

d.eMilo:l.do!l

O~1ireemputer] r.tu;dlL::~" d~ri~!:! ~.!HQ~~il't'l:red [ u~i~g(:<)'~'Venli.o~RI ~xplns1 \I~S al Livermares S~te 3,00 r<licu~,il.y. That \\~lS both "very ~li ".ry.~ng·'i<~the teasn Md ~1:we~l~'liy lIISeli~1 j)J,\O'\rillg tbe dleSU!?iIl '''credibi lily;' S<lYS ill'l. S

liv1;lrmon;: m<li'UIg_erlB'r~lce Gomiwin. Bmh ,v.ullni Il(gand llosing clesii£lIls ft:lul[~d

comrcls [f~ 1J1iwart deteuation byl~.h:vcs and explossves ti:la~ are safer 10 handle, two lei! 1:]iC(ll'S, NNS}\ hm:l \ii;~m~.lh~y also (lOf!l,li~€'d IlO beryU:umn. an element used in :Jrollkes that ~sell health l]mbl!en~Jl;. TbeNew Me.'(.illO teanu a!.lded ~~her bel I~ou'ld\~~liSlltl:i. im:lmJimg afea'llI:rerc;\;~~I.'I:~1 1 :>t~ltteel,eel.ri~ily, 'ilvhich can h C<1l~1. e <ICC ideiLl ~ I d et 011 ..~,l io n S" Th e New s .. Mc:o;i(lo <l!.;:signhad ",ml!lY liCatJl,lil'iCS thal \"~rc

bluwi

s~,ow ~,tworks by ng. it 'iJ],p'} lm irate

•in ..h:emJY·ll'~It'\d v.'io:~p(ln

jll::>t ~:~u:mghto P:[f'(M:: your de$;ugli ,'\,fiU do~i~lejQb. nUlll':!; Iheap proeeh

I'ull~ IW~ db
pb:ysi,c.;h>l:S

y .H

,,\I'4;i,U

j)'U!1 ~

m~~ lrm~r:-;I:bmlO'lli(]~l.,1 [~~i'!dl ... seme

<I rg ue

'1>HJU!ld

Lawrence

Livermore Nl.llion..-.1 Labo ..

li'atory il1l C<'!,I ifm:i1~hi i.l~ a

are ben Q r" ~: haa t hei r :dvi:d, says D' .l\glf;)stiml.a r~\ft~'!~ ofthe rub ts rup'l~nui(_]n as boeiJligl'I~.e mO:IN,;: Ol~serv<uke or llill.e lVl"Olabs, c

Bali'll!: Grill i~:.llirlP~E!!.tin' world':!: h:limh 1'I10Sl powerfiUl :~i1lpem:l<impu~~r. gree '"offQln~.lu::~ear tests ga\~e it the edge, I new I~-b.)mb. 'fhl.;: d,1UI~ Ile~ped ~rm'~n~ liverlll'1O~ wii11 ~ b~ml~(le-.sig n ~oltil,pe'M ti@l'Il. n~u,,~~.pidc31~vklcltcCW1~Y nothc c'J1.ough ielllge.which piue,cl Liverto i<.eep the pr"O'Jr.lllll 1n0''I''i11g fO:J:'w<l:nil, .h.mVevt'iL. ~::O!'!nl;ll" Lhlif;'ri!~~ar~ di~(1l1!r B·fl!fC~ Taner S<.'L1'::'; mom .agatiOClst'l:reh rival Los Ali}.mos Nmio!lO;'ti by scourlngthesrebivss uf t:~~ rnu~hhl !Ie, daesn'l, Ih,intk DOE 11~<IIs ~OIne IUp with <I ye~: Labor-nOl'), in New Me1>!.i 'W3:!l IiO de5>igUl. a ee, ~000 u:~(leu:griluumlml.cle'lr~~tslh:;lt the IJl1i'ted weapon th~lt \',voll~.dn"t require nuclear testStales lsas peI'Jom-.:d. But l!hey leaned dH]f:relllt speeific melhod, to measure 'iI\~l~~:~.eJ," des;ugn the IlIiI,I;;"!I;:tN the \."rii~d;gl~ gfbeing Q(;:r~il'j;,j,bk: ··wi~·~,. in,g..apractice the US. efl'~I,;'~i'i/dyruJr$~t'Qg,'~ 1~;Fl$ fi"\..Jftllhe J:;'u~. Livetmore phy~ici:i<t and in .~ 992, A1Ud IDOE. ol~ciclals say tlm~ soundRRVV lco:!~~il' .H2111k O'Brren ~s l]~il a. Vi'~]101l Oli,llll'C([lli.ring nue IcaD: t.c&ting" as it advenlses, uess of:l iV~:lr,mJ,ml;e desi gil was 5Upei:UOI' '1:0 a '5 dle:)i£!!] tested fcur rimes ~1:Jm the I!}SO:s bur Some ,~awm'I~r!i i1:1 'C'O~,1gJ1-e;,5 are wOJ:uiedn.£ (l:eemed to be lOo"overs.nz-ed. and he<I,VY" b."lL'ie whether R.RW is. even r.1it::ede(t g,[V\cn recent IlnQre n,'tlve I pro posal ftoml Los A Iamos. "Th~~W(i~.about :sun in g o~Tw ith the mO&1 d~iri~~,! Cnhj 'War turned mlt~n he J[lg,~rad fiffildi!'!~ I)~Jt tl~ p:l~u.on~ inside t;I~~\lI~I.1J:lm:itoi [he tum Ctll1l .1.,:H!.l [anger l~l,;1Il expected ,[Seienct!, ccaservarive appreach," says Natjcnal basis: for the :1J1,ewomb. ln eentrast, Los b 8: D<;c~mber 2ll{J:6.p,. ~526l'they 'l]K~) \,\o'urry Nuclear S!<lCUrh)i Ag",ncy (NNSA) interim Ai<"!l'!Ilt\<1offici.d GI-'1:1 M,!f<l ,[!.1;,'kn(l'I;\'l~g.~~ !:~;AA head Thamas D' Agm:;t na, v.,'~m i aunonueed hiis U~"d111'j;deS!i;gJIl 'ViiIS IIDI. in the "Hlm iqtlc S\ve:~ about its impaet 011 erm.1S 10 (;mb ~~Hde3t, prerhe out(lO]l~!):' lasrweck, ~p(n_s oi.·]pI'L 'iflU~ [~dfic] .... d\:.s.:i.gJI1SL1ull \l;~r,C in lil.~rnti(lll., "[he pmgl'$1n !w£ ~. '1mllb,"C-i[.-tll~~~ 1:IiI.e Rd ii,lble Rtl,lli<lc:el;m::IDiI <J:meOiw q RR:Wl W drne s;\OOkpile.:" ,dhmlah m1JIli)" m.Iin,C'Ie<ID' te~1S and you~s.o ~ong '1:~<1I<1Jt:ter:'~,,~,)I~ -a lq)res.elilt<l.'~ ive P:CL~VilVC]fiSky ,~DLIN).~h~lir. of a I<~y I~k)u~t;: pnlg~lln \1J;!1!; ~~ up,b;r Cf!11gr.~.;to ifi;~0mit;:c ~W{l4J.;:lli>i:~:rn:rm~ II:> d~igll" Vi,tillrn basjc desIg .. ill h1l'lTIiI11:1~eCalilbrnia ~\Indillg pmtell. He 's dlli;);!l~ene<il, to C.H~,~md~ng the <1giIlS, u.s. swclp:ile. The l"\'I,'O labswere h~ cmnpeti~'!g to ~pl,,~~ <i. ,\ ... !11~~uJtll!;Qt~Ul~'f~T!!iiy ~~mll\,V~~~ O!~ to PGrftlr.~~~. 28JlOO ;.;;im~- for 'RR\:VIiJi:~~:~J.;;*,s ~G~S amere ··(1!\)h~Nilf' some :iiit:; <l~llP mis!iii I~l'! in U.S. :i~!lJmiilru~1~. mnl; yf S lated l;lx.plosi~Jn!j fthe deviee on t:t~eIeh 's e..... o ~Jh:II~~.tioiil purJ:l{l'.5l;.\. of~t,.\'i time oo.mbs are ~llQ[lre[han 30 ye.:1I":'i; O:~dand sei~OO"~~I:3I~'!JI)s s.ulX!'reompu!el,·" These rum. :mg~ A panel of .ml.c~:ear \'\ 'C<lpollsexperl's con" el]j~:u51.sCaa 't deronaie them [(I see hIJ\,v l,\i~1~ g.e~tA.-'rl hew eeuaia 1iiI,1~JlI!II.I:~'!JCluriL~g defi::lils or vened by theAmerican t\s50ci ..riou foa: the t~1ey',rc 11~f:1dup, AhhDUg!~ lim: fllC~LS is, rdlfln.ij." des~g~. dUl1mgcs\mu~dR~foct.~lS pcrfhnmmce Ad'v~utCemcnl of Seienee '~wh~,chpublishes tiry •. R~{ b; 1l~.s('1 ntcnded Il'O cn.~ne s;;"rer. I.T!Clre ~ &i(!Jlc(;,~ hm\;caned for "imlependem fit:'fiew \li.'iJ:mL s'ubjecreci to Irlldi<l!t~{ln. sh,;;~kinS.mKl high set: L.I[e, di.Ul.d gIlieenerWeapons, IBm. cr:itoc.,s say tlhe l:empe:~·:JHI,re.s.111I1 e:!llr~,y 2006, Ihelc:'ams ~:ed!~,] " to IIno !]ito[Jf he next ~lluge:sof Ime RRW s t pmgram.liCl:>AIa1lH.'II>. hm: f~hftd}1 '~L;;il given rn;l.\,tr.-.Iln, \"~hich i.1!lu~d('(]i5l mo:['(; tI!liU~ $7.25 mil· I,;\xchal1g.<;d w~~n ;(1111"<; ufl'lda~de~crH~~da~ ··pl~.{lale-1xIDk~ized'· dollsi.el'!> Or,d~ls.s~ir~oo, d,na lion by 20 ~2. is ~.ui.sdirecled .,nd COUnle:w~ ~1~'1l <lIS a ,cQm;olnl~OiI~ ~lJ.iz:e, lLive~,~M]OIl'eS [~Ie OtB;rie:lms~ws h1;!l'~··n()UiIji~(r' II<I\'~\,\,t)~.• ~nd 1'0 pmJU!(1~\;~. ··niB: could $(;'r~il;;~O "nC~l~~!~ ~le 01'1 U,eir \:\~'ip<"~n, ~m!"'oll"b for I~oorr~vi~'\I'.\,~~I! kll nm,otiv~ne~:.lllU uliI:.'t! I:he next s,t,eps.• wh,i.ch very p,rolifemtion\w are' tl::lI.ing to pl'eve~,1C' ~l~,lIDj,i,e]dled so.~~,e:~ml"ilt,o\'lelnenls,. (Smne ,of los A~a~~o!;'s, R.1W fc,fllures might be:i~h1:c,., hu;l~tdcfu~~~scal(: ~ Semim [)uQIlI1J;:F(!hL."t~in] A). ~!mlgill\eer1ng l;!udueli ~1I1tl~l!J'gmtt:::d il1llto~lme C'.. ~dbmi<l design.) Ihu the illl£, resctlrchel's llO ~~.Q\.,~~Ii1.e d~igl!ll rent;;ts to To look 1:0 the fi.lhqre" bo~~, tl:'<Lnmsslaned : wit11lhi;,': p~SL Bolstered w~th el1~J,:uu:;e]"i!lg UWli1norol~!lm.~.., O· Brien, ;;t k!.;;y !no.m~ll OlI"]ifctlme ofs:h~lke. It'<iu.k, Ilid. l"" S~s; ~ ~m Good,,>,un. ··We·'\.'e taken l:ilcfiIF8't ~~Cp5. hut ~ Cl"et">'S :suppl,ued by S."ndi<l N.u:icnll~l~, ,[,aOOr.ilifo· came h,.s~:A.~.gIU5t,\"rben a n~loc~U'pofrhe h.'s.~ lur.uggro;;ut"..jE!l1 ,KIN:liIISCIiti S ri~s i!l1!Albuq~loe~ll~e., N~,'v1\,1,e:>< itXh 't~lfi;")'~'g;it!'l \:\'~ap(ln s~o.,,'(;,j"lim Gxoo~IC,liIl ;;t!;lOOJ.;;l:nefUwidl

Departmeut (If E~lergy {DO IE) cnntest 1;0 desigll,l a

8m he :IOlysu'vii:nTloi!'ir;:·s. e'x~Jerimenwl "pedl-

rOwe

mr

WllDUI'FE

STUIIiJIES

PIRETOR~IA,:SOljlttill AIr,:IRI'CA-O~IIs:i,ze dtrack-

POI, Items. Zooklg

i s,~[R.1lIi vaH1A<lrd.e.c d

ha ~lr

been superficial."

ing I::llU.H5 <nul dml ,g~~I~:-;w:itl b e in d!l:ll!l:laQ,HI as. 51(.': ien~i,:!~5here embark 011 an ambi ~ious
rll/ilW

8Qth van A.!rd,~ and Owen-Smith me Univ'ef~ily of Pn:'wri<l,N COIIH\A~r\'.t~ tion Ecolo,gy R.es~ ...rch Unit. argues dun members of the Elc:phal]~ Science Rou~ld
of
lhll

week
h::y

research 'progrll1lil~ announeed last ~'!S part of the gcvermnere's draf] pom~

one r~mlcdy ~s to reducethe Iliu~uhel" of water~ng ho.les. and reraeve fences to create

Table, whkh

the elwil"oml~m:;nt

]i)~

i Ul,'is~.er
a S'C:.i~

eSI<lMi::;hed .1 <ISI: ye'Ol'f to til)' toreach

to ~.ll~ml.g,.;: aml~ S

Afrkt>l'f; g~'(!willg ~I~

transberdor um(;1g~r;lfk.S:"
Several such Traasfrcrrner
'lion Areas
~UIVC~ been

ph,lnH pcpularicrr. Tlte :policy's II10!>1 con= II'oVlCr:s'i<llpl'ill' i~io:~]wm.I~J,!)1low U rIm,n,bed clllning-\~,ihit:h is l1Iot ~~i ig doue in!J!I1j' r A Ir~ei'ln ,eollnlwy-if at he r a:ppl'oe.c.i<c;l;l'hi,L :PIl!esell'I~liiglhepiJ~lli,q;y Addo EleJ?~mill at N II 'I ional Pu r k, E 1.1 i rtl !l~");len v f\ rfairs

Cunserva-

ma p:p,e J. and are

l(;nHfk censensus, ln Dl;ce~h~L Th(; 2. I = IJ'IIembe Ii p~mel" wliil,ucb included P:lrik Service e~ep,&1~nH experts, submitted a

t~:~

Seh a ~k\'lryk :said ~~ plan, suggested by a .,;C'iegH,ifi.c old", isorypane]. "'\'iU hopl£lfu Uy reduce the s,dentific uncerralnty" <Ihmu fbe OlrdJlil,nds' numbers and movements whi le managers de'al with "immed iate ~h:2lII:~ngcs'"s~ch ~I$ !l'Dli~li~mlizin!l: t~(;: darn\',Ul

M~fli:~n\:rManhifl~$
rIlllnltuyc,Jr research

age'IIH,~Ycause in parks

<mtl reserves. ]n
~)l(;!lrn.~.p]I;: .•

Kn~g~r Natienal

PM!:.;, Inr

thil?
[I

Illmnl)er cf'ele ph.l.l1ils has ri seu from 180

to

about 1i ,5000 sin,ee:cuIHllg was stopped in 2 I £)94..Nnm,bl,iir~ arealso reporredto be on rhe rise i~ Bt'Ylsw,an~a~md Zimb,;1'b,ve.
ThascOmiI'<IS,'ts ;':lh.nply with the Irend ~n \1l'\e51 .1)11(1 ceru~I.<l~, frica, where ivolrY peachA

ing has deeimated some elephampopula» ] ions. 13a.~ed O'Jilthe an~.ollnt<; of ivo~y sei zed .~ndDNA :;iOUf'Ce lmcld~g. <I r~s~.~n;ll group esrimared .i.1llI1 the Proceedings l~f'liw
j'\hl~i.r)n(lJ Acutfem.v of St'f(:'rJ(·i!.~ {PNAS)~QSl week H'IOl~ .2J.orUl .f\Jric'l'lIil e~.eplmI'lH'; were kiUc\(11 ~h~iu for IfUS! ~e~r alene, "Overalf , the tdepti'U'fi,1 pcpulatjons

UJI~"'~

b(:.i.~~,g :Jmcg~lti~h;d

~11llii~tb!ii.1JC'rl,;:'ISir.l~ iHlll$ihrrp,; nv~' or ~ix ellf:jJiham r.Hlgg;: ~1'UI.ii~··in ;;;[It:I~her!ll ~~ric';i!. A :l:myslilt: Ie.,,!:!aurhor of the PNAS study, S..muel K. Will5~i;r.direcrcr of '~he('.~mer
far Conservation Biu~.ogy ill the University (lrw~~sh:ingl:orl.Seattle, Bm declin~,]Jb'g Imp~1.~:It 01.1 are <~preble rim, i,~l '~'Im otlm ell 30=pl u s 9s ·e

in seuthern Aflii,r.;:~~ I J ~p~g.(lp.l~u th~lt C.?iUS for Ih~ cloev~I{'ipri~~~t Ihrough I:~,le efforts of rhe iadepeudem of predictive mcdels o:n. c.~eph,mt managegO<1!.Is., The mi~i~r~y hOiS P~ac~ P'irks. Found,lti()!l. [u ~Idd.i~ifl~l,~s m~mt ~lnlgfig (l!f~J;:v p,~rl of ... Ioilg-ten~.l meg11p<lrb research i! Uecated ,Jboul $,700.000 lO start the work praJec;:t. van A~)fde's gruap has outflued n ndw ill seck <Id{llii.Olm fundi ng later, l al

n~n~\:~la tes,"
SII'.UCI:po,iicm.l:1ghas,I~'~~llj,led i'vory poaching m SOUl~, Afitic~'~ w.un~ p'if~~, m~my b'lu ~ ecollog:US1Sblame IHlOr managemeat-> :i iu elud i:~.g H~e dr iHi ng 0 f l1loU'et~] an

I 3 n0

~ century in KTU~C1ir.lrk-Ic.\L ,~x@.ccrb;;dr:ag

~ rhe pm,'k:s ecol:ogk'll problem
b)1

'H~ ific

ial wateri :lrngh,oles oyer

~Iil:~ <I ~

ch<lngins

~ c lepham

~•

fI·'10\,,(':[ll.e~H

s a !HI f(;l:edi !lg

last resert ifothcl" opl..iJom;.-bel ieves l hat the new 5(1 uth Afri.c an i~1 cl m;,hng relocat ~OI'I. ra nge )111;1 [1 i,Plll<t[iJtl~. and contr,;u:epli.m.-dun·1 '!,\fo:rn. But l'Iejitt~er reseerehprcgram shoub.! :focus mlo~tly on "adaptive ruanagemem," nr'lUrli'tori f1!~ ehe o wen-Su'ili Ih nor V<ln Aard~ .. b(l~hof who~~ .J;t.'ill,ernl]y !>upmmr~ l~,lell:lJlilli:s!er:s plan, Ihinl,ks ecolegieal ~lliTIlpm:tOrspecir.c actions ..such fh,~l t:: Un~!,gis now \\'l)(!T"~r:Ii!1;!di!:'l! Klfllls,er 1P1lrn .. m~r,~mnvh'!Jl: ~em::es Of wareri ng holes. Alld rraekiag needs roceuuaue fOIr' "seveeal and both question its l,ong-tel:iI;TIl effectiveat yen rs,' S~yi; Nm:1~lml 0 \''lMn~Sn~:il~~ii1, a Imrgc~ ness, "Thc.rc is :lmO poi~t i~ ~~,II,i:D1,gIKI1,Igc 1","' 1lffi,<l~IiIHnOl,1 ecologist who clIin:C1'5Ihe Centre s~:ys van Aarde, "We know now thatjhe for African E.C'oh~:gy the Ul'llivcrnhy (if at t. 7'~~ar c·"d1i~.gpro;,>rom ~l~re.whid~ ~movcd rJ,l.e1iJ;;,r.u~,w.al:erl:l[I;an,u il~. Jolulnnesbur.g!. ·'.~I~ost m:<Jfl.y 17.000 r::le'p~'<IIlIs.did :I~(.n reduce I~J.e~r ~f!1:)Jpa"".i'l [j,le ICHm:g.nJ.U'I:· ~ROBERT .I!)OENU) cl.eplwu~~,~lVIo\"~mG!nswdtGS so h"IW
!I
1

91 d.ep'hIMH:i iu seven so mil ern A fr iCow coumries with OPS tracking collars. He

The euvircnmearrninister
culling as

Sl!gge.'iil5

r,n

www.sdenoemag .org

SCII~Nelc.va L315

9 MA!RCH2007

.' M8!XJlmum promc~ion agaInst aefOsdts

.' ep, Dualllil,tEIII"UI.IPkS •. availa~H!!~n ·mn SUloo

Unique two-phase filter protection with ep Dualfilter T.U~.S.~

1'~e l"eW IEp:p(!"d~i'1f' {liPIIi)~aJ"ili;!'r 1'~~.P!,S~~ wi1ti,tlfieir
IYlnique two~pbat$e 'fiilter~ pmvide >a:gaJinst(lo:nglminatiioliil" ·the, periectsllilf:eildl IFeMurf\es· ,g,ftlte ep IDIU:alil'tfilf i;111.IP~S. IDoub~e pKrtec,tvon pr01!i~ded by 1rnetwo lpililasefi'ller • Prol!ol'ides maximum prot€ot~Ci'Jfl war both IPlpmi1:e ~dsamlpl€l' • IUI~jmate abSio:rp,Uorn !1!ierosonB: 0" and biomdl:ecules. • Fi~e tmm peR irn'nit;llklf actdi~Hv:es • P,a~e:nt pencti!'l1QIMO lp!nase~llter· toohno~ogiY • S!.:!pp~~€ds~erihll·~Eppendorf PC:R olean ·and PYiiOogen~t,,€e • ~V[) 'con!ro:rml:ty • 8l81tch-r,slated cerillir'ti::a:tes ;:Jiv,aihllt:lh9

The ·~!tE'r,cof'lfSils.ts two,vislt.!~e, phialS/as, eacih wiMla o~ dlifter,'em pam sim,Thistwo-plThase,mme'( prot~ction enSllIf1eS u~ti[mate abso!!p~iio:n of aerosols Gand br:omoloo~.dea 6., (nJ~matQhing aU 'o(mvlI)f11ion'<lll·fiitlllfS. Rely on ~t, For more inFom'llatiTan glO ·~o 'iNWW.e,perndlill'f.,comldua,ntiler

eppe',ndorlf
In' f,ouch wif\b life
Yen:llI'lOCIiIdi!i.1rillutI:U': www.e,ppel1ldo"' •. o~9[dwJl:I!I' e AftjUCMten S~PP~r1:~ T41i'18lMI,OOG1 691 Ep,pendc:u1' AG " Ge~ • +49 tliOI·500 m -0 ,~IE~OOriIINOrIIh Amemi~ IIiICL 8OO~M~H30510

, "'I

'

I-

,METEO,ROILOGY

A, Dosis 101:DUisl That Dui'siled An IEntiire H:Ulrr'iic,Bln'e Season?'

1

B lil),ad !Iii sit:ilufe 'G;~lJen$,uIO MUUon

'Tne1tkeady ,flfll!)oYl"ICed a $100 million giJ·t rrom a ~~e.aJlthy d i~e(l mar keler tc:!, COllirlur:t resBarch on ~~v,~re n1@'nlCllu~1mJIlSs.@s such Ci s l:ripc'!,a r disoFderand '~~llilD!Ihre nia.Ih e fl!lnd ing r rmn the .S't;a fill,~ Medt(al fie ~e~lnch In:Sli !'ule wi It aHow the Broad-.1I joint 'II!mh.!ull:J;E!l'Yelm the! M~Si5.aIehuseus ,I!1iSh~llle o,FTech!1!() log if ,j3 ~d H~W¥aJrd UlnriW lfSuly-lo ere-a ~,e'iii II1l1nt£!rdi)(~lpli ll1l<lry ICe 11" ter lh.a~ r.m ll dr aw 011 the u ni"er5i~ie5' exp erti~ in neum~den(;e and g;enomi(s, Th~.center, ~O(,[llifd \\Iithill l~'~ Broad IInSliHI~, will be led bry Ed.Y.llrdS:Wln1i(~, i! f~nll@r N,Uiorhl,t In~lihl~s ,of Heanl1 re5ealr(her .and I,ne~id'~nl ,of fI\'~lHu:!f~ed ro1lld l'mJstiLute in B Cam bri d'!Jl', MaI~'5<1.dhu5,e<~.tS, ~hil5l,\1eek

The: 2006, hurrut'anc

t>'!t!;tson \Wb~ ,~m)killg:!ilinim.

E ~ NHio'~ h~jh1CI~

a~l LI:~unic ;~.on~~s i~ A s ~~S.

Three htl!rric<'l!t~s hmJiippe:d lll{;'n.~~~, HQrid~ I~!efp~;,roiled in ~ht::e~~ei"i1[ffirit:~i]Adiilntk. ;is dm,il'lg the 2.004 season, Four hurric.mes,. .~l ]1,13.)1 ~:k"lJVe OOlle l<IIs~ year "!ilhen it pUl i,m!, :SUI'" OJ ind,lL(~n,g K;nr~llI,~. f"<'I\"<'I.~>d ~l~ G~i~fC'~l~.stprise uppr:,.m~~~ b~i!lning in All.lg~l~!, in hmJ Bl~t inJ{Kl5, Now me;t~orologic3~, !;fgJI1~'!j!i,'CreU:~,<Lnthe' west, I~!.'.'arthe Cm.'.i'b,bean and the United immq,i'j :~n iti(l!l;!lelli~l,gyet .mo~~er hyperaetlve Still'e::;,. dust hOl:.'ii b~enl,~e dumiil ..~m external tlm;ilricl1'lID,e ,....e;.SOUll,. the: eigh~h,in I 0 years. 13m ~Ilfh.e:l:lce. they ~bll.nd. "'We ',Iie not dftrl;y~ng the ~()r'l;i'Cili ~I:S\J\l~re Iflr 01T th~ mark" 'The 3006 El NiilO had:a1l1l illi1!p<!lcr:' sfl}I's Lau, bliI1~"n,na)'t~e season was normal, and no liI:lllr,~~ C;i1n~~came ;ll!!l.y\vh(~;~ ~,~.~r[he IJmli~d St.nes oethe Dmi[Jbeall. NO'w [WO el imatol o!:l,lil:S are ts sllgge;o.;tin~ 'h,1l dust Mown m.:w5S t heAt'I!I:~ti{:' fro:l1tl the Saharawas ~'iVQI"11 tiu,e busloofureC'ds~s. The in dust t>~I;:~~iM,~O b~i!ve s.uppf'~s;i;ed
Sl~Iffil,ICli yil),
{,l\'r;;J

th!,;: s,uuth\\;~::;t-

Mer:ck R:~$ean:hLal.roralQri~. The Pl1(1~,ey~rom the Slanl~!2Y ~m:nlUi~e.'!mlnded by ~Il!;!'fdilTllily of ThoodtlrE! and Vad" Sta!nley. wm help 18~C!ad res.t!'dir{h~rs apply ''Ihe mOiSt advaII1iced ,g'~i1omie lQo'l~~ to Uilf biolo~y or me li1iall illn.i!'SS, sa:v::; lrni:lFVan:l PrOVQ5t Steven nlyman.
-AN!'J!RIE.W lA'W!!.I!!Iit,

em North Ad:mJ!;lc ~ml C~rib!b~'i1n by bluckln,g some ~1~ergizing 51.1n!]ghL they say. '''I If 1m lhey'IL'e on luI;; to something," s.aysmum:i.cune

G,ang iiii g Up

(Ill

JupUle r

researcher KJewlr)'Em.lmrel ohhe M m;~Lc;hu.'\Ctn:r1 ~~$i,iHn~ {)Irr(\d~ItDI~

o~r in

COIm:lni.dgc.

:IDWI,sl"miS~,l

~,~~y b(~fa I~"i!1J y~~r-hl-y~ar <l n ~],otwniQns :in ,I\mrriem'le <'l~1i...ity.

As'lhe 2006 se.:1St,~ pproacbed, ..

~"V~;H.Iirions :~QQkedpifQpi IIou ~ :Wtlr !:lJliO!:herb~uslcl)' ~:urrica:lrlC season 1.:II1p<nticulilr. therewas no ~i.~J~f o
E~ N:ii'io.\?!.~lOse P,1tciJicw;mnl.og cam! reach om h~ rhe All:;;Lfllicm~d;)lter atmasphericc lreul ,1fumll to. :mppn::ss hurricanes there. BlIt [hI'I!Ie~ m."rhd by lFt'!!ru~a~H~n>l.~!!1 nU!ill~maUy heavy surge d[l:SI.IJeg:nn blowing ot:lf Nm:iIl. A~ll:i{.'~1 !:l~ldil1JtO the wesrernArlan lk at tbe I. J ~LtU;: beglinnunsofthe ofJici•.d l,n.nic..-Inese!}S'Onl. Tv,'O

or

\~~k~ID.!r;;r. ~'1u·ra-c~\~'[l;.T.."; Df!:~~ \~~st~rb1 ~1~' AH3Illic began to 000]] oomp"1Jied ,\~~~~,temper~i~n,;':;i!l~:~~A;:~',~!tlu." ~~1,~(1~~, c~m".l(llog:i.~lS '\lVil] iam L~UIof NA SA.~ i Godd111'd SpiII.(.'eFlighi[ Cellle'r i.1m Greenbeb.

we have neglected an cql!<'I.lIy ilHlXJ:r.ttInl: 1~~C!:c!f .. irnnt ;;\mere ir1J'lpooii1:am f,telO:r_'" Many ~llllrric<lilll.eresesrehers are inrrigued lJl!J\ (:.mil"h.1l!!'>."TI1~ 'l~a~tlu:.ll\ how,\;,: an imrigl!i!'lg hYj}m~~.esis," ~ys Chr.~s.toflllC:r Landsea of" the' N~ti.m~ 1 H tltrri'(.".a~c Cen~~r :~n111 i.fn~1i, FI.Q~id*l, IJU[ "~:here8~cvr much evidence lhm. there is a dii\.~t. cause ~ll'1d t;:lleu ,gtling (in here," A~,dir dustwere illIwolved, it. weuld have been urore

A iMASt\. prQboe IUladillg lQ f!lQ.!loand a bnvpeall Spa ee A.g;en(.y ([$A) 5pac.e(~rt on its way lit! a I!:Ofllltt.wilUram liip In cllmin~]J'M;:tks insn ~fIlJ<5U ai efr(lrt to ob5!er'll'e ] ~piter. E5.#\':5 R!otieitta. ~~ulflched in 2004. and Wrr€n~ly 'iilll the n ~ghtborl'modl o:r Mars, liIIiI.~. exan~ ine U~erin.g ~f @I~m~c.ilny (h(.irg@,d~ntcles around l~~ gas 'gna I'll. pla,nellh 211. lII1Iay'stern hOin vokan k ~rl!pti;(ll1ils.'Ilnl ruts· oen ~IJ.lI.tk!'arn!tl1ii~eo, NASA's m New Hori:Zoll1lslIfIi~iQn {b~lllw)'~ped pasl. ~liJpiter ~ai$l\veelk aH'er le.w1ng Earth il'l]lal'luarl' 2,006. ,A~tlile pfob~ !l!SI!1!!;tilE1 pl,anillfs 'gr.a,vity to 5,Ung~hOl it~ \!,lay tQ Ilh,H;O,l~'e (lJ1booIFdl ins.tw" ml'rlt~ <I r;eIIJllOI1HmUfi 9 'th~ ]lJIpil~.r ~ys lem. Ihe rough ly~ nlulLa neOIJ5, obS€Nalio!il5 rrolfll~il)eh\IO' pr(!~e'S 'I::Oli.l p rQYi(j~ a lun iqlfe 5e'l ~d of data on Ihl' planet, ~We rnu~d n'l. pasl> Iii P' IIhi5 'opporlu fiity 10 sll!oy JI.]~il!I"s mettrofol.ogv,

c~~!l)plk"Nd ~I,~an !'>imrl~C{)!nli.~. ~y~ J~$[m a D'UI~i()nohh~ N;:~li{J\~al ce<!nlc ,!:~d AtmO',~O gr..phic lund MCieOf'o.logncO'II t..or,.llOry irl b
Mia:~!rTi. The du.~( OOllleS
i~l
[IJ

phcrh:

Adl:il.l.i.J:'bi::s I.rill,don '"s A Ihun:i,c Ocea no-

Mm:yl.md "!Ill! Kyt~·1\"yon,gKim of the U~liv,ern~ty.of Ma[fy.~ml(1. Ba.itim!Ol"c {'mL~].t.y. in B'J~lillnore 'll'd,lu!,;in du: 27 feb'JilQ<lfy iS~lIe of ~ £o,~'!:hlEll~;l.1e arr:ii'itl:l.1 oft:he lh~lck dllSI. o:Ind tille

layClJ: of "dl'\'I~lfJSC

e;<;;l[eme dryness OIndfuJ,gh wiM:::' iI we dUJllg1\rr to i

dis.coul<lg:e S~'Qiml d.e\-elop:L1]e'~1U ~nd irl.tellisifi= CCltiomg)S \1\I'(;i I. If d:U:Sl is <I m<ljcrr facto:r iI~tille At]aun ie. ~,l

!
i
~

ti;;' S Ub&et1J~L~''H

cuu Ii!'lit!. wer~ no cQi~~idell'le~.

The {hisl bloc.ked some: sunl ighl an.d cooled

~ ~he~U:if[!r.,'e.l~J;'y Thill ogo~i~;\!I'em o~ to s.ly. M nigg.er ~ shin to\!,,'<IIrd ,~ess;n~VOf'db.~e .colldi~ t~o:Il~i':or i"ol'lmltiml ~J,1!1ld i:~]1\t,:~1!l!if'iclldoll of t1~.e so~orm~. ~n the\~'e.s~:ern Admni'C. t~,U;1y3rgm: ..As
~ (l

\\·ill.~"!lf~y ,eunnpli(~m~:I~l'le~~Sling~J~J;! .~'I~rity nF

IlulI:,L1C1!1,ne seOliSicms. A:llDlk:i'~lti'm!.g th.e tIiliriv.d of EI Ni~10 ~~.pl10vung j,nh:::ky ~lto~Lgh.PooJicii:UJg 11Ir·tl'<Lveiool.s0l~mm dtl~t ~rn~Dnth.s 'l,le:.Jd-OOlh a ~h~ f11~e'SSi,.lry No;rth A~l:ic'lil1 dryness ;iUld tile du,st-c<lfJ:yiL1g w:ll.uis-{.x}u]d beliolil.1li:dil,b'le. ~r,(HA!RiD A. l!IIER.R:

rl FIgs". all.~~(lrQl€. ~tenntes.. ,and fnl.a ~Ilelo:spheref " 5<lYS,if'IJelt~ Horizom principc.tinvesligaw:r s. A~ In Stem or Soulnwest. ~~eaKh In~tirute' j n Bol.! ld~J" (o~or€!do. The .ioint effort 11 IJg~f~ Wl?1l

~""lIh.
l;l!.U

1'0 :slOfll'11

~I'acks 'c~er:D

w,~'a.Cn;" ImI~lC

ror fllture

~ t101,d pa5::>eJ dle previollisseaSQJ,1.

im:er f'latiof!(!I~.(Iop~,r<llljonilli Si!l"me ( Kiene£!: Stl!!m !tJk!!s. ooer as; NASA"s Ki~,ul!!'

@I'Id

Kj~ll

fi~ld th~n hi:;;,E.O:rk"Uy.

d11;ef

l1e':Ilt Il'IIlol'Uih.

~NllmiRIE'W ILAWL!ER

W'll'!/ll\tsdencem ~g.org

SCIENGE VOL 315 9 MAIRCH2007

I
.... ru.,iiII_fldll. With ,ius~a [~larnlg~in ~ignall.~lreng'~J'~ h ~ tlM$ n)bo\:. m(l~@ldalfter iii sal(lIt!~lltdiM.can $MliItm

to 'sh~n~.ua'flll (Ill to !.a!ld., and: w~l~ oilWilPj. sw i~11, Once t he nell ral Ilieh\'o:~'k!' for 1110\'s i]lg,l~gs wercln place, IHdc iu,hHt.iono;Li neur~~l kc~~lry\o\la.s c !"~~Iuin,"'dljsp~~n~i"idhi~ colleagues report oump<tge 1'1,]6. "This is. !,;I~<ldy 1111i'i..;enel1~ fmj~lIl1! of ~ b:iolo£;y and robotics to test neurologieal .md e~'Q~lq.li,QIU~ry hypnrheses," S"Y~ Fg:a~,lk

Pisi1.
be:
,I

<i

biomechanist at West Chester lJ~,1i-

Pe IlGll,SYvan ia. "'TITh is pflp(':r wDil11 I high-profile example ofhow IiOb01S C:f!!1l be used as surregates nl!i U'l!i~~g;:l!'ld fbst>:illsysl.f:rns." Sa h.ll~la :IM.l!tus arca I (H :~ ke th,\! rh's l i hH1d-b.~~edt~trO!Lpods, These ~ulll'll~11].~ [IS: 1b :!Ow iIn ~lll ~l!rir1le1'It:I1!I~ Ih':I' as prillli;~,hive fl sh •. tJilc such .IS lampreys, andthey waddle, with I.egs. pl.'ly~d out, W{C' ~]H~flto.r~!lnd, l~leiu s ~~n(,~ie~u relatives, The ;j~~lt'l.m<i!ld~f "repreVeT);! tyin
senrstherefore

the evolurjonary rransirion frern swimnml~n~ to\Va:~king:' 5<:1)'3 ljspeert, ~~'h.o COIll~ bined lon,::es wil~l ~NSERM r!eurobiologi:'ll J ealli-M.llri e C :!belguen () nhe U 0) iversi~y of BordC:!lux.Fr~!1JCC. and I.WO ~r~dual~' stud~mns tn de~-erill ine how the !br,) iIli c:m.nrels U~~s:!plllphib:i~" 1';. mO\~$I.h'l'HS OO!il~p~!'~dtJl ~11,e .lInmprey 's, They fceused 01'1 two neh\'Orks of aerve cells. called central pattern generators .. located al,oll£" [:1m.:: spine. 'W.fuu:"l1. :Iiii.ct\~k is ill.

11keY1minllil:~ [0' lIndermmd

EVOLUTIOINI

IR,ob,otS,lu'uges,ts H'DW the' IFirs:1 Land Animsiis Giol Walkinlg

SaJtUl~f~mll"(;1 r·:o/)o,at'(:I

is !I. triathlete. She ,..... ks, She c rawl s, She sw im s, One of \fcry 11 rew :mbots C<llliilb]e ofmulriple modes, of
!UCO~H)liOI1il.,

:swinr1f:1r1Ii.llg to wal kjug is unexpected 1'1 ""I!"mig~:llforw<trd" e~p,~ili~:lS Auke ljspeert, a

physicis;

at the Swiss Federal lnsrirute

thls salamanderfikc

m@c~jl'lt'

it In<ly have been ['I!::I.·.niv'(l'1~1('<1sy for ~~~y .,n~n(HII!' rn '~<I:kr,;- their r:~n'lsteps on land. From a aeurelogical
l:l~tSdenlilonS'tn:<lled I:h;lt

of Teciln,(llln,gyini iIL.ulsfullne:. Thanks IJ) SMmJ wm Ira , he and his.celjeagues have ~~~ullivnh'!l ml;;relyd~<l~g.i!lg the !'tre~:!gthi;'lf ~ the brain signal dl:ivillg im;:ornlolioll can

Hel iv.;ned. its iI'Id:iJV id aalaervec eHs alterIJ)f~leberwees fiu'i:~£ <lind bt:nn~, quiet causin g dlydlln~c~m~usc lee mn r.;~c[k~n~, Il,(J[ih the: la:lmlpn:~y ami. the salamander have one net~lii(lrl Hi d rive dl'~Ih!J dy nfilmu,; !I itt ure. For l

swimming,

this. network

sends

WJVe!'S

of

perspcceivc,

hl(j,lIcilm.g :I transi lion frem

~c[erl~~lne whcfl'Dcr an animal

walks

0.1'

1~"Ht~elll.mr comli'ac'tijm'~. dawn the body.

U,S.

SC'~ENCE IPOUCY

NSF is [lot ;,1.8 we]oo:m:III,ing as it ShOllld be to such res-e<ln:'Iin.:' To erase tlm;tpl;\'~ep~conl.iili'l.e report s(~!i1,~SitS f1:~W. d~Si~ittC[,mm.d ~~'p8111Ue~(mliii.dia~ ·'3.

~Flm;Ihil' US. Na(ultJi.Iiii.al deneeFmM:uliu,[CJImJ S U~SF) :s,ot~e[JOOoo cOJl2!erV<.l.tll \ff~,!A uew d mJi report from ,illS [)ve:rsiglll !Jody ealls on lbe'

~edel"O;lJl ro~~reh,

n;~~:p<I:uv,e to rlUln.dilTl,g. ild-eyed ideasthat, jm'~ w m~}ybe. ClJiiJlei re:'ilohft i(lIliz,~selenee

1~lls'[gffii'/l!iI!S:b). Thf!! H~:il!n:CY"s. d~l¥ctDI'. Arden B~m~~l,

ag!;t'l-C~~I(l, emooo b

id,e:lmtDfy "pnrenrta Ily lr!l.lm-sl·onn.~,~tiV'e"" rew;t'f1Ch. il><Iy:il Bement. ~Iddi~gthatanether pr,ognltn \'.... ·ol!JlldWlt al.~.a.lready everburde·~{;~d ff. S!.'! NSF's peer-review system :ms wi.de~IY seenasthe go~d:nandOlrd fQj;" ~~'Ie;C'~in~ some scientists don't even oo~her hJ3pply fOil ~f{!l1b;. .For Dd~a5i,ll~ ~lJ1t in;:ro::;;S tbe sel.• n e:III,I:ifi c ~p~'l11beca use of \~,'tHI t l:rrn.e d, ~;Ift j,
:mli._gb-qual i'ry rc,sieal:'e~pro:p,o:l>~ll;' Blil bCllm:d memoors ~.Iy Ih,ey are wnrried till.d.

rica-wide

cbanengil1l~prop(.s~!I=,." The nlQJ~~halllis:l1I~

would serve sciemists uddll br.iUi.<!llubm

pro~ml1l des,igneclw solicitsnd $IJiPllm'l t rans fOrl]]l"U ienal <IIU~, pi!f.<ld.igllm~'"

l1ol-ready-f~!r-priirnil'u::;-lim.El
l:~~!U"'might

ide1l['l:. (~e ki~d

bsat odds, ~".ilh d:li.c.fWII'Jlenl

~~,:~liIlshe boar-.dl~ ]pmfm:sal fur t

<I;

sep ..fi'tle

"'ll:aul,brlll;;ltion~1 research ,i!)h:i~liv~" is irsc-I If <'I bit O'V!:tr the: ~Ilp. fhe $6b i]~iga,llhulTI,~ (I'~li O!1l is a~fe~dycl!o:iug,,ewr;y '~1Jling h c~m to

til ink~'~!:l: f&~~. iJ~~dts..y...bo~rd ~n.~lllb.t;ir ~ i~. f 1t<lll1dalt <lpl<llntphys,io~Q,W5!t .'1:1. ~ the Ug.liv!.1::iSily of M.is~.(Yulri. Col ulnlbi~,. ''1\'111(1 ~:r~ ~l g<:tes. nte LIiI'1Iillllillc'lfli,~"'r-e~f~e\\'rn,C;a1 i gljri~ulcr" ;;:
.Dmlsj<ls ~l']~JUSt yel

re pon cal ~$ ..t:~l? e'mliirn~i per!c~pLi Hl'I ll~!;H

spit nut"

N SF itsC ll.llru:emly .. I'l" iyzmg the results of ~

. •.

I I

I-

repeatedly creatiug S~shi'lpe(~lw.aves.~h<ll move lai]WIlI'd. Alllphulli:i3llS have !l second

ered by ~IO meters instead

o~le.\"'hich

(,IOI1l11fOls

~heI~mh.....

.111 100]1" Cabelguenand ~~~s elleagues c d1i~coveTed the region of l~.e ~:<II<l[J]~mde'r's 1¥IJ]db~3i:~~. fin~g ll~at s ignall> ~fl these hV:O

of mm •. es. d Us.U!l!.ga .rc.m.c:nc contn:)]. ljspeert and JlI.iS gmd uate s tu den~ J'de ssand 1'0 C respi Sii.:I'll si.gmds of V~Uiy.~Uilgstrength 10 SoJ~~.1~J,nll'1hf .
A~ [Lim. abelguen'sexperimems, C less i!1iih;~~ISCslgnalsc ..used tile' rehot N) watk. WHh ~lropS.~i' sigimi'iis., th~ ~~'g~!.>p~d~!j)'. [hat w.utliillse stl1Ol'Igest s.ign~~ls,.the legs :slopped t moving and :)~fl/~lfUmdr(l began dil~ering."Thi:s c lese corte-

Tlll!J,e ConUnu aUo'1ii Sellgal I( ConU

It') blll;!ln flt(m~l~a n a yMr siru:.e l~e U.S, Patent 1I1ld Tri3ioellla rk O~~i{e ,pro) j]rlJfXi'sed Hmi'ting ,a;ddl-.on pall!:!olappl[ca!!ioJ'!s., ~'!jhd 03110.'\1 .addit&ona~.inlorl1lliilHol'llo be ~lIbmiHed en e:ci5~.ing app!i(.aJt~Qlilli. P'TO says $(H::aUed rtof1tim.!cUcorl:S are 11m~1lIg [!liiltE'nl qUl,lIily al1d drOWllling eX<llllI· inersi'ml pape;r ,t)cie:1lce'.23 July 2006.p. lIlS}.

.on'

c€'!UIi~li

p:Mtc:rUil gl.;;l11!l.;;:nH·of~.\;llhli;:!~lh~

researcbers

gell~I}1 srirrurlated

lhl:is part of

The pnopm;a~ 1o'I'as \'Jil~ a iir(1'litom'l or attacks met

"This paper w~Hbe a high-prOifi~e

example
(If: ~Ullil surr,o'g,ill't!es

haw r.obo,t·,s can !be used

:->p·ondence

:mggesl ~.HH"~: the

fur living and

fClssI~ systems."
-Frank Fish, West Chester UI1IWersity
~he brain dtlctr~c'IUy, dley caased lilt: Iil~lbs
move 3~ if waU':'UI'llg.A.s they grati.ual]y increased t~.H:;_~llp]ied CllU'el1lt,lI1e:u:L':a1 activ10

researchers [I1JayfuJ:~,,,e <t.ccur:;I[ei.y rec rea l~d some of lime aC~lHIIucural 'co 11rrol me chan is~lms iSala-

dti ring oil I)l!IbUc: (,OITIf!'!ent p!;:riQd lla st yea r, SQ!'I~e blol1lledkat sde-nti)ts ~ay Hllltnm.l<ltiom are neeessa ny to keep' pat.ent a.ppl.k:atiol1s u,p to dale,

'~~re must be seme kind

pJt"55Lue on !l.OIlle

~:r neli;:!cio us pdl~lVG!! ~

WillS

nLJlffibflllL~.aIt.lfnlt' PIlI, bec<ll!l~

manders

usc,"

~21)~

Jo111.!1 nn.g .. O'l L

fI[mosl E!VE!'Y

OJle!

oif lIloS!! rl!lbl~ccomm@llits

i.t}' in

~~~C

li~l1i!b~ sped UI? uutsl

Hmi.H.ily
!'1i t,

~h~~H::r'l~ ,eJI~ z.;i'lut dOWI1, At thi~ poi

the <Illlphillbiau's ~,i~,uh:s slo:p'ped asin
SMIimm,llli lg.. ~

biomeehsnist <U.V;Is:sm College .un :r~)u.!:Jhkee'pli:uc. NewYoik. The "est! Its, L(lmL~ .• md o~her!" say .. ~llg:;ei:a tl1'l.l ~ar]j' !.Inim!!~!; idmi'~mi€ed toumw~nl comd pleldy lj.eWll1e~u:'11 rmlh'''''.IYS ~oe.... p.I!1.1d their ~oomnQtor repeztcire, Sorne r\~:;;~"f\~h~fs tll!:!i! k ~hh, s.i~~p I~

re$iO~ndimlglv J'leg;<lllive." Wt011e'lawyer 1Y!<lIdt P~rdlHi!' of S.1~rm LlP in D.a'l~a5, Texas, 00 th~
popular P.tI~.enHr-O blv9 lla6l sum mer. 1M!) Director J~Of![Iludas disag ~~s. "·W@'r:e b e<11ll'gvery t hOlJlghUtil. Cll00Ii1t Ilhi;s .... he wid Serenee. "'P~ople dem'l. want to di a~g,(\l. Hll ~Vs ~ h!ll eJ:pect·oo thll Dai;;Mtlllh when he proIJQo:se~tile Umil'S. He Ih~~fil't decided whefiLo ;~lIe·aI nf!'ill d!tc;i~~onon the rules, AnO'th~; IDuda) il'l~tflltilre.
·aI

moving <'IIil.d

mechanism is net l:l~ewhole :s~ory. huwever;

IIIn a, Bcr:keley, says Ij~pe~rl tlnd D1i:iiCOUeilgue~ "deflnirely need net OI.llytn~·[Jd,ude merion il1l, Hl:e:ir an ...~ys.es b~!~3so lh~ mcehsnlese f t hL; body andan ~ llll.Q;erstmu:lli Il~ (If the en;vi ronmenr," Nftrl~~l\J~Ie-t;s:. ~~YSI,AI!1g,[~1t: :u:nOOl is' the bestI've see.~1in H::,I,ms of clQmbinlin£. COOII.'~ din31.:h:lg,<II]{i.~lher.na.tillg difterenl vertebrate ~Jr~p~!~:$ive mechanisms .. IJIJ1.(li:hillg ·' else, [udds.M]ria~~ Ash]ey-R.os.s,. ill. fuucti OJ.l <II mOII~plm:llogi M <1:1 ab.: fo res,tU:m,u'!fellW sity :LnWi~$lOn~Salem. Nerth Carol lila. ,.] th iu k lh~u~ulr~ C~J~liib(]:r;:!d tWI\"t::eiill bioens mechanists ~lIldl1l.eu.ooscien.l~SlS <tml 'Ci'(pe:rts h~ C(lfrl!Pl!hlf~~ndl;;[iHg\'\tiU !'n"lr~IL!]l m'ld Il!mnu,:sh. spurred on by l~lispaper."

rhe body sraned ~~ldU!~.~~i~~ much lusrer,

Ijspeert's greup developed a mathemaric<~l:I~tmle~ o:fthi~1:r~.U.1Si,tio(fj, from \virli,cl.111nry

Un lVCI"S il Y 0 f f:' <I Ufor

RobeuFl]H. an imegrative bio~ogis~ m the

~iW:t pro1e(t kI.~ll'ow l~le p:ublk to ral!~ l:e<hni-

Gi:I~inh:mn,.Uon

to ~elp e-lamilil~rs with)Or~.li'!Iine p\!l~e'nl'5. f5 eID.~e(Jed lo go ontime SOOI'l.

-lEU liiIilIN1rli5C1Ii1

concluded lh~IGbe I~n~bs'eerural p1UN;:rlJl .!.;ene~~t,tl:f interfered with the otla,er neural !1e'lwurk 's ahi lilY to ii:e'l up thL;; S-tv.(lWS_ This i nterferenee produced the slower body
bending necessary faX'walking. Only
,\~hle'U~1

o iffe.m'\o1111 e W

,S

flO

COlhlPrleite

~h(;!limb '~ 'i;~I11:~n Ip'U;~:~flil generutor r

dQ\:V.~, W3.S title
Sll~,~ m~lIldcr'!io ot her

was ::;11 m
network of

nerve cells free to fire as. f~U:llas need~X'I to

gel:i.'er.uie :swilHEli1l:ung 01'1 land, cm",d~mlg. OIW. Ijsj'i€'erl·thcn built Sfdtll~lmidl"amhmk{j W l fst 1:1~.em.Ult he rnl<'u iC;1 [ m odie]'s pred i c~ !

~jon::-;. Abou~ S5 ,el;lHim~~~lfl' from !'inom to

!a.:ii~li P llIndi\VD t.h fom mUll ing I,egs <lilld SUx l'lnlovab]c jo~n'l:l' M~o~g he r hody. iOhe i~~mlW~ .

When it comes to improvillg U.S. 11'1 110 'IIaH(nlI, rolfli]~ ~~i5lflt~:rs a ~.e·thun kiPilglIr~g ~\l11.'l\lVN:S. orhers s afY~hat SIII1 [!JU is belter.lrh[~ week, Seni3ile Maiori[y iLI~'a:dE!rHarliY Reid (ll)-iN'W led ill biparHs.a 11 (CI.a,lition of $@I1I.1l!tors '1I11doJsing the I\m~rlea (OMPUES, A(lt, a sp:rg,'I'I.I1i g bill[ d rawJl~rn:I'Il n the- rl1mmlilll!ndalion~ o~ a 2005 Natiollitll Ac:ade':f!1Iies reporlr:!l1l ~'ow til) suengthen the U.S. s.c:ientilk enterprise (S'df!lJtZ:f!', 21 Odober

-EILIZAIB'EiI'IIiI PEINNI.511

2005. p. 423:).1'lle

pmpm.;ll W01I!lrl alil~horicze a

~!!JoublinQ Dlr rlUiiHlingl (en the N(lljQn~ I :Scien ce

Foul'ldiallio:n (NSF)allldlhe Della rllll1ut of Ern!"Qy'lj WOE's) O:rfi(@ o·r S(~@n(l! !lind S L!IJp(ltt 11 of pm{lram:!; 1;01traiJ1! rooH~'5dE;'ll1ti~u ami imlprmoe' sc:iei!1~e fmd educ.ali:o!1 ait aUl 'grade le'!le.~'i, id !iaid h~ plam..i!I HOOf !l()le >Dr'l ~ lh~ bill wflose pr~isiof1~ ~'I'iiluld $16 bilcos~ ~iol'l @overII 'years, som,etime lI'I~xt 1110n'lh. Meanwh~~~. IoIl~ Ihm,e Sd~FI(e ami Tech1iI'l;)lo5lY GllnlmiUee last Ii'!'e"!e'k.~ppr'Il'!l.e:d iii measure to e,;(~.;Irndealrly Cil ~er g nd g~ad!,iial~er aint ing pr'Dgr;lIrn~ al ~:5F and DOE (fIlld lIumitor tht n €led! r(lr re-seam:h Ifli5tru i11le~lllllkUl .a:crossthe govermnelllll. The bu~lH,~ .. 363) addre~5ie£ a ( tiJllVslice ·0:1Wh3~. U~'e5.t!'IDl<lt£! r5,~"~fon: m~~,rs., Leg

<II COlllllnl\l~

de:leri'l,iil!i iliil: Bem~'.IIlt. &ns:p0QlS I~l<tl 00 rliOe],,~!lI1 ilia V'I'l gOO\:>o'~;

y de si.g:uIl,cdi. i11 pOIn to ~lIrhil:l il,q;:r l~<1:~ pen:'epllitll1 i::. h·iue.

~t.y Sl!l.rve

in ~lep

\v~lththe

rising

Sh~11T6 f lOp·f~lted o
llilOW

PK'lpOS<l,~$ llful[ NSF rns. ·UJllI.I'hle ~(I [l]ln'ld.

nlJ!~ i!l throe, H~ '!!:~ys; ]~~ .a!:!roo~ wid1!d~~ bO<lird 011 l~,l(: .import';l.~ce of Illhlld~IBl~as mUChp(H~M£Ol!lb n]ii$fDrmOl!!~iv~ reoo!lre~ <IIspo~~ib~.e but nol wi ttl ilt So cOJ:l:I::~u:si 011 that NSF :Jlho1Jl~(\illaunch II. SICPl!lriM,(! ru:nlw~.ill.'ltive .• .. Eveu"Y di Jie,cto[;It1e has 51J ec.i.a~lpJ'ogrnllli~ s
ftlr Frolil:t~!.'l!:'· r,~s~~n:::~:' e notes" "'f\:IlG ~v~]"y b ]JKlgrnnl olfficcrr is ,~ookiliS tk!:r e1l\,cilillS [:ImpCliS!l I~ fu l:'I:d," ~p

~la:;:riisC:ll, by 4',% sinll.1e1 2'O[lQ, WDI'tD,l ~ .Ii: fll\~l(h i~l M<:!!I MQrui~g~l:g., ~lq.i:,,\'proiui,~ i grn~m. Be:lmm~m S3yt>. VI'Ol],]d ,1C!'2IIwtev:efl I.~l!is lime to 5tlek out~he IYlIl~ ofre::''e<lllxIiIIH'OpOS.I~Sd]lU~he :report ill c .. l~iilg fur. S.~v~nllllHl~rof!l(,:!1li:n~rs $~yl~~y \'\.~tdd llike ~~~,e :fe'\~iew pr-o'cess to rdace more Illined
s.1,t!l\!,jing thiil~. Lheprojecl if> fe'.1Is:uh.le. ··Hm.i:~ iswhlilll peor,l.e;.!lre cij·.fl'ifott~ ahl~ with.W~ ~~'!.'l~d:;nl1l~l~Jing , difT~r,~ ...t~" ::>i:1YS bo'Oud cha.ir Steve~1Bee'ri 11I(g,.TIlllI e l'eil~o:1rt
ne~:il as mIlL ltd

~an

aoo

ewnph~sis Q!lrh~ i!1v~~Uga(or's id~1)$ ;u~d u~<ldk.record ancil ]e:s.'S nu 1~:IIel:iI'l1lilit,IDl~.D"Y dal<l

O~~

,:;oUlls,u'lli!H.

he says.i!'l.

!:!

he;i1'!.iY

asks NSf 1.0come ~tPwilh p~,anby l\l:Ig~.Sl.

.'1

m'HM:I.gclwe~t

bu~th~ pf!Il~I'~d11ali{·.R.IljJf@'5@ntativ@ Barl. (iulrdoll (D-lN), bt'liev~ tjljall narrowly fows,ed

~@gislaticlI1 )tamis

C!

~\1I1o:rIkJo<1d: The 'IIImnbell' u:f propO:l><I:~s sub-

by (il)n~res~.

Ilrit~!!u: ham,'@ or p'.Ilss.age ~] EflFIRElf "U~R.'llI'I~

W'\I'!/ll\tsdencem ~g.org

SCIENGE VOL 315 9 MAIRCH2007

China Supersizes Its Science

WIII~ililllli~lne'f,aIDiai1e'~,Cltrli~IIiUil abO'U~~)DSpleflidhluflldl1eds ID~;millliilUfI!S i:s ,of ,llio!lllalrs, to I:rll.ll~I~d rna,"llis;cilen,ce liallciillllliUes "10:1' everythlil1l,gfirl111 ICfIIsta 1111ra,pltrl, III Ilis\l!IfIlotes:ensiing
IE 1]1N'G-A:s rbe ma.gleVI:l':a~ 1'1 frmll PWJio:ng airport n:~ce:ll, \"'.~rd ,Zh"n~i<llllg w l,li,sh-Tt::!I;:h
p.ial'l." 11K: spalla~,ioml souree
<Ii~olle' ~~ll. w rece~'i','e S ~63 m~,]11 ~~fg'mthe NDR.C pO~.\J1I'iti1l i·gl~l GLmlll£dollg <Io1Jltbo:riil:ie.-;,chippi~.l£!in dlerest" So

'li'I~ilfl!klli1!11! lilli"
B~~ :sdelte~' h:ol~l>~h~lrurn\t~d I)~ in C~i~l{:1., ~~.

wl~~]"e[(IP ptiIHkit!~s
<Ibolll.t

OHti!'l\li.lai(
'.'["1;';'0

!,!o~t~]l~~c

bombs mJ d UI1,¢ Mm'''; th~ dt!vdo~iI'!i:le:lil!~ ~lfthe ~Wlmlic ;)!rld ,ilrydrn.goen bo:r.l:lbs<lllJld~ll~ecc!ulI,11t1·y's,rulrslS3t~:I,I wte iin the '~9608 l\':3.deUj Uketo l'H~fJ'POU .."

liang diJll ;1'i .'I:i118o, or

:rank

O:I1II~;e outskirts

of S~:l3JlS!hili.p"155e]mger,~

me,gapmjec~:s

can glimpSJ2 whal!rmks lilkBmJ gi:u'll S;U~\'eli"~~UE tilas onthe huriznu Tlsis :.Hj,.OOO"'S<lJU~1reolJIIleteil:" ~pim'l MrM.emf\;':is n~(l ilal'lgi1ai Sym:hnltm!'! S Radi ..!t'io~l, ,I?;n:i~,i'ty,(SSRF), :schoo~I,I,edtoecme c:di.~ ilJlOfl9.

omd~1 ~!'().f1he.m:d [0 fi ve of 1:2 P:lFoj ec ts: l he seve ,II[ eth ers .ne ~p~d!",d to rc,'e0h~tlPl'l~l'!{~[lah.,1r y~!r; !~i~
I~. N D:R,C ha~~wl1li en Wmpo'r~lenl,s ilI:rgue'~hal C~]in'lneeds to inv·esl ~.nl1lilcgl'ltp[lojeCl:!i: 10 'l100S.'t its rapid otS(!eJlin as a re~;ll'd1 pO~"<eii. With I.~r~~f<lt:lil~ ities, ·,'\W ean pl.·Qud~y sland] up il~ fhe i~,~crnarienrrl ~cief'llil1c COlhllill~llt~ly andno
Irt{l]y

Can.

3IJii.

expert

ro:r I:h.eilrvi~ubfu~ily:~ :says, COll!!

II)

~iheSt;ne'Ufl~'I.?ersily orN~,r York in Ne\~tYOrk

n Chlitnf,t50e s.c ienee rOtH,cy at

City. M~gapmj~"C~,also fit O:i~;t:"!.'flP"(!(lWf! ..

~lpprmu:::.Ii1, research .. ,n-I!! sm . messful projW:i> ilO jll~~UypO:~hiC<l.l .1~fflitll\8:cy: JW>t9S t[u-: nuelear W~01.pOrl!i: prosurnm in d1LeI 960s 'li'l.r~l.'jt,QlMlJ6d .IS ~I uilLrnl,p~o~;lVl.ooZ~miijg T~~{lUgbL Bocij[ung Lite Ele:ctro,1.11\]5i~omi 'C'ollider lBEPC) WoIS held 1IIIp as praoforD~l)lg Xil90pii!Jl.gs forcs~.~hL SEple' \,~'1I~ 'll'lJe fi!':Sl big s cie.f1¢1.;:p:l"tlj~Gt a!1tx;:'D' OJltlirnl. Revohnien ended ill~ 1976. the

.1\.[ !Hli[wes[]L~1Jr~:I1,l of 1.2 bim inn yuan

($1:50 mi~~,on). SSRF u:!;ta'DC~U'iSI cxpeJrlsh'e i ru'ndam.ertta:llte·sellltrch pmjwl em illiia 'h~15 ever undcrta~n-for th:{l li~e ~i 1lI,g, th~t is. The

IOI'igelf

en fomign.

oqUi.Pil!l.lW~.t

10

do
!Ii!'!

!1iiIiI,lJ1lY ,~1(~r-

fad~"i~}',\,'!I'ht'CIlw~ll g\'nl>irn~ p(J\"'4;·fr~l.",-~!y.s : WI' stmlyI.lJig t~~esm.u::lm'Cs: molec::u~c:.'landl Hdv<~I!I'!CedllIJUIW:ri!lls. " v 1]1sOO!'! be j(ll~"d by an~oth€:r Ile3vyweigj,n ch~mp. Lu~tmDl~th., the Chinese hClldt~lyofS(:;iem:e:s ('CAS) 8~gnoo Jilil ~Igreeil~en[wi.~1l1. GlIa.ngdollig Peavince in sou~llil~rt~ hi11i~ [ill bu ild lh(l $25[l m ill~[]!'l C

or

.im.er!.l~,"~l)'::> l i;;ms R,O'li!gji

'·big~:SC~jeuc:e'· ection orCAS. s

olTi~;:i~1 'th~ m

However; someprom iue r!~resea rehe rs

qUf'stUOIl the deeisien to st]01i~r sueh iargess,

on maehines, They ~y w~n China lmlLlOOL\; most

<I edtica'! mass ofscientru$ls ~ii[lImI"1liY dise iplillfl~K to g(!lt the .111:0$1. ofLhe new rae iImu

.is to ~mii Id ..

h dem()i~$nt'eS hO\v a I~rge ~~cililY C'.:I.1iI mke rom in (,hina:su~,:poll"'t ,II the :Iin.igh~stlevel 'Olr gll~fel.'[Jme.mt~D'~Ilg.:hirose! f decreed Uttll it l'Joe bU]~I: he'll" from :iru~:ern<l~iol1:d <'ldv~sen; and
co:Hab orarorscan dmasti rl"lJ'pon~n[ Iy" I he work of indicem:o'UlS:phY!'>i,cisl:S I:r.l.il'led in ~uclea!i \Wf!po!mS:<lmJ ~rtiel.c ri~y~icj; \\~uJ

China Sp<l~~<Itlliolli Neutron Sour-oe 't I(,SNSll, Tij'~mksi!l Po:lJrl to a pl~ctg.~ to rai1O~It&D ~1)en,dil1l11 from 1.3% '0 r gros;!:; domestic

ities, ·'MOiI:Iil.y people

O!Ii'reill~:u3iasli,c e

about

building. ilmstWWne!llE,b~l ther~~lOO~J)( e'noliA,~.h

l)eOf)~!e to do the :.;:c~.eml.oe:".says Gall Ziz:ii1!i1Lol.ttl. physicisl at. lkiji.1lig Univer.oity.

preduct

.111200<5to 2.5% illy 1020

(;SCient:'~! .•

IlIiIlalll<1:[l,oo, to~m,',1iiI Delli!;'!; dream of <'1111 e.. penx ~iv!;:'pro~o~,<Ii.cc!:'lc'.mto:rilllo11. more modest

NDRo(' QIl1~ici;d~ decliaed to pmvide~·Ili~:"q}r" ~u.atiOI1 O:Ui!<II1iY of the prnjC'ClS., C'~a~m.il1gthat )"ea~1'>aud 1111'i;~W clllm;oepl:5 <Ire fil!jl bel;xuning c-ertain d~ta~~~H'Lre secrets. Ami ~nos t sci~t~]te reOlJluly. "fhe eeneral govermnen,lt's N<nio:lI1l.~1 enlis;~:s declsied 1.0discuss.~heuniti:ulvii::S ani D ev stopme Ilt .ul'ild Reform Cfn1~lmJissl ~1!'1 the n.::cnrcll. ~xpl"~.~sin~ COnCI;\:Vlllh,flll'~eilr {NDRC).. the 3.ge:n,cy responsible ['or all l'Cm<l:ms c:ou]d jeopardize nm:(]ing for proj~ sets no[ 'y1;!( fi~!l~.it~d. But rr(lllj~pubHshed !'naj or &ll];~~inv!;;5~nn.l;;mt~.is b.nikmill i',g 't[li;; construerion ofa. dozen major faeiliues-> reperts aad i.l:Ii~cr\l'i.e'VJS ,,;..itll~ two dozen s.cie.IDl.~ to the' tune of $750 mUUon-durullm.,g l~~C ~ists aud ('I rnil:,d9Js, 's,{,'i.t;IJ{,It; has p'icc~d ~og:ether a picture ofChiu!l's OJm:b~,I:ioll~IEhg I h1ll, S-ye.u plan, whidtruns dm:msh 20 ill0. {SS,R.F W!l~ ~au'1J(:,h~din IThiAl' !~l:\evit'iij:,~ 5~)'('-!u' Sd~miJ;,'e !~nd!l t~hlc. p",IJ55). ~ ~~

11 M,Irch ,2006.p. 1.54:il).big s.dle:m;:~ projeC'M,thatfulave been o.'\'a~lliled:mwilllg bmn:d far

b~i successful cell i~er;

Among i,IS ili.chicve.nm.el~I:Ji, BlE PC' boaS1s.1hc 1lIiI,{JI:Il];J',IJlec1se me",nmWl::I,m:ms ohhe~<l.u '1!:,pKlIIi'S mass. d,)t3 lh.u h,1'\1Chelped verify the S~,m~ darn Model o~fp<lrtk~(;phy~iC':ii"'i'o enhaaee cell a IbQJ,'atiolls \'I~.ll toreign seientists ..IBEPCs bn~L flm~I~$lil'l!~~ High Eah;ll:gy Physi,cs {'If (ll IEP), forged ,CJminl:l'SifilrSL hig~spced 1.lller"
noCll~lIlk to tlte o1i,lltsidc wu:r!d-a ,cm,UlCC'UOU b,e-ll,:\ioeel'l] HEP iUHt I.he Sl<'lnford :liml,em Acccle~wr Ct:nll.W"-ifi 1994" 1\!1(1BEPC :~~

NEWSFOCIJS
h~lp.;;d Chhl,f~develap h,'ld!lic'~!capaclry,
"Co.IiIIMnu:::tion ora large fl1iC~~ityneeds :Imnnry nevel parts and teebnolegies," says; ]rlEP Director Chea Hesheug. "'M[I~leriny rile pIiO~CJ;S grcirtly iiInpl:rovCS ~ltd igenous ski ~]s."
Project tead

II

Or~ilililati{ll'l
Ellterronjn, CA:S

NrDm!C F.urldiu1~ It)(~(te.d '($ rnutions) Com:lllelio~ l[i(UJI U 4,£1:

2(111)

A'!Ii~llioo RernlDre~,nl>il1g

5~s!Mi1

In!!iliitu.w

'Q<~

A.rh:tr 1e'.!frIin~hO\!,' ~omake aecelerater rmrlcs. [H E P l'ii~'!.I' CXI~tlr~l> ::iIOl1U:: 'CO!HPfll~I~I£ m ~'';~I'~Il. Smi[h KOMI. Wl!dUt~ Unil.0d St~.~~. H~ljJyedby its success, I3EI?C has auraered fril;l:l1d;:;in h~gh pl.I!C~::;;h;:; VU'I vi:-;gt1:Jf log is u Who ·~W1.10of Chi[m!; poUti.ca~ ~.hc. TI~m.has

Import;iliJilt Eng[iJilleMl1lg rII'Ia~rial, S't'Ml.le ICI W :~ '0 IIIl:

IL
I~

s,!l'r~~y ~1lJ~h Mdl~y 1R~

H flj'hr .Ml1gneUc Fl~td Fa~'l,]ty

Eleijillg l!J~efSi~¥ 01 S<ien,"e' @lfId1r~dh1!IQ!g.giy tlelei IHlg:h "Ioagn eHe FifiildllLab. CliiS~ IHl!.ll~'lhOf!g Ulli'-'tJsrt.~ (If Scien~ .iJlfld i;ecjhH'!i!l)!~y.Wuh¥!

MIA
S~<lir~

'Cil

I'lWrid iiln Space- Wealil1 er MolllilOrinQl ~rojec~

Cenler lor Spalte!S(ience ~dl

!\ppltei!lIR:eSN~ch.

25

2008

ke;pl the fundo!<lHowing. In 20(m .:~~.~. .•!1 eenn giQvr,;:rmn{:;Jill apprmred SE~ million to r-eJlovont:
I~'n.c facili[J'" 1Ii1be ~upgnllJ!.l:~ca~,~~d BEPC l[~ls

Plilowe I I\gri(ju.nulra~. Bi05i'!ff~~.y R:@'S@tlf()nr Fai:.~!ily

CAS :1;8 2~Ofli

2@1;!:

()h:in!:1sl! (adiMf (Ji~ A J\r;rtcllllliLIral.'Sdeoc:~

IHEP,

scheduled [01" ,comple~ iou ne.,,'H year, lts PQ1r.!.'CJ $l~nuld~ncr~m;.,;:OO·fold. ~n~.bli!!l.g~\!~r·fin~r ] rneasu re:mne'.r,(;~s '~Ir t111L! .~ep~on rLK'lS!S., [lIowmI.lhe· mad Il ~EP plml!i to l')ui Id lhe $2biUiOJ~ :1Bc~j.n£ i Tau·Crnnn r.iCI:OI'y to e'.">lendi the,IC(-elernlof enc:rgy ~LPto 3. GJ1:V far (,_'iipe'rrimenl~ 011 bOlJ~1 ~h.e1;m.iI. lepton ,Hidl dli;]l1Iiill~llmrk., And the ins:rilute is p'lrlidpa,.i~lg ill the h~IL'fn;uio:nl<l1Li~C'~w

!t;!
::::E:

11:11

Ii

Clhilil'1l Sp~~Ii!tj,gn :N'euir;g n ~Ullt;~

~CS!IIJ$).

(M, Dr;Jn

9igli1Jn

M3 125
Il~ NlA
WI!,

FJlia&11!1

if:
iJiI\'I.
'II.iI

P~(lttlI'l5dence

Re5~rclil

f.acilil)i

'(Ij;S

WA 2fi1U S ~aJ'~
5)"e~rs

~ ;0 :~
.iii!

F We-I!i u ndlrerlll·me'ler Jl\p.etlllr-e Spherical Tele~O\pe '!IFASn

Ni!I'l~a<n<l! ASlilol'lomica l
IO:t:iSlel'Vat~ies; G!:FiiZhQUI

Cu.i~lid~wprQj(\ct Thrunkm!l!!I biigger

leaders. ih,(l'pe to steal OJ. pilg...: from BEP:(:'sriowbo(lk. CAS Presid!::iU Lu yQumg:. x i.n.g. \~~m ~.1<1s made innoV~IV~)Or !l CGUlltr!lJubemc ;;U thl;: ;;9.(·ad.~my. has
China's current sdem.~lrrk often I.IIf~ed researehers W transition from

~ ::;! ~
'iii.

::::i

Conllrnenr'lal. Str'U(lull111ai'lG IEiilvijoollinmnt M.on~liOcr1l'1gNetlffl)r~.

Ul1r''III~F reqlJlency 'G~el~CUlom~ln~1I( E1!pllmilti IltlI N~m\lll~rar Ii.IAder~lIfCilnd Resow rces and E<!ftl1'l1U.~~ PfIE!dijcliolll 40oo-T1]I1I O((!all (lgrapll'ik RJEsf.lkrcll ~~I Id~

(!hrin~ E~~tl!lqililkle
IIdmil'il ~t~atioo Chrilll ~ 'E~I~~ilq,UI!J~e MmirlilI5tlfati00

'01

ID::
'!G;

Ia. Ia.

13

:1!l! Ie!
I~

·SI.a1Jli Ore-ani( Mminls'.I'i3'ti~FI 'Gh,il:! a AemCid~lIa mit'S Rese.u6t'i, ~ DevlillOf!ment(!lflar~,

Miill1I!fSliIg. SiChuan

WA,

NtA
WA

1l1li

:2

Wind TUii'll'iel

WA.

··fbnowin~\.vh.a·[ ethers do" H) "oC]D1~ing up ~~!ith ·\\,h.1.Ito do:' N everrheless, s,eve'lii1I~:L,fl b science projocls<I]l~jea!L' to be "rue-teo" FaoCir~i~· .~ ;~nc~~!d CSNS. '1/\11 ichb~~n~~ iawd 'l~~.r cueb.ii~ni~to a p~ Qfbi IllilHl.1 ba~I's:' :-K\)!'f> .Zh'1\~, ies, iill,g le @ tour [:Im ]000 of [SIS. a pulsed neurrcn EIII.clmprolt1iUD, all shear 2:0 to 30 ucutrOJloS o!lrthe c sou rce ;It' RUIh:e~tl!il.-d..AppteronLabm11.t{lfY tdr£e>t g:~~.ler.!llif]Jg an intense ];ml:se~u:l' probillg nemr OxfoJ,\(t Ueited K[l'Igcl.OiIlil.l, m icro st ru c III res of S~. pe:n:o 1'1 due tors ... ltor instance, Oii p~)I.ehiil~t Phasel CD[l,~m!..lC[~flll is AC'cfirding 10 J K. Z~l~.o. ,1 senior scien~]st;U Oak Ridge Narieual Laboratory in eJi:iJecl:ed to Iflike 6 :ye:ml. Tennessee and Ol. e~l~l1!~ld~:;lm 'SNS. tM In Re~~rkahiy. 'CSNSwiU h~ llUiH ft~r from W2IS .impn::~ssed by !.he nmhjidiscip~i.llNU.'Y the Imd~.I.iOlI)131science stronghnlds of Be~ i.Dlg .reKC~.I'eh III ISIS and ~Ib:kodCA.S's lnstirute and SI~~llg.h~i[){'jnggl~!!Uli. ~I 'C.ily i.UD. the prosof .f'hysi'L"sror'l fe,1sibi lli ~y study of'J si mi !orr perons Pearl RiverDelta in scurhern C'h~ml. offered ~i~ii; md and $63 ntiUion reward h 11:1C~~H~ Chi ilij" A gIi"OI.J1P' rif neu IrOI~ selenil1 ~i.s.ts en Iisted Zhao and othel, ovesseas inlrastl·'ll.r::~ure costs ,"]f's a reasonable deal ff)f Dt:mggi,J1~n, WIWfl;': =-t.r(~~g ~~flnomic experts to h~lpdr~lnl.:S.IS-i.!1~fl!irod plan .s .. CAS .~ppfOvl;.ld the cone epu!l.'I.l. d~~ig~1 in, gn.!wil~"md w~~lk research c:!pm;il)' result in ~ligh.l}' ull~}'II<lm:edl d,evr;:]op!lnenl." sa.)!:!; .:WOi5 !1:1m.d nded a prepamlory fru leanm, led by W1I;lU of BrooikluJ1vefl Nat~omll Lab~mro[)r in, CAS"::; Uarlg, "MiI.I1y s,d,emifk 't1.~e.111S ]ifl,ay j'ie Upton., New York. i:u~d~;!~I:.r. to stan on :'Ill be anmC'!0d tOI:~M::dty." tl en,gilno::ering de.siglliD1.1]2(J{H'i To ensure reli;]b.~Ahht'lllgh .Zh,1O \\'Ollde:1rS hen!,' rmmy~n~ur .~ ity. tllne ~emm.l wi~1 <ldOpl m.U.llI:e t.ecl.ll'lolo,gy sci.elll:is~:s willJi f'lInlil~ies \..~i:Jm reIOC".u.e to Dong= .~\II/~.\;;:Ui(.eve~·po&$.ibll;:. ~I~IS Fl! Shin ht~ •.,~~~ ~~ l;U~Hl. hi!;; i=- C(lnnd~in lhO)iluV1l~versiUrl;ls~n § d!ePlll)l ,It. IlU~P: The pha:re I d.e.mgn Cil~I~ for iI. GU<ll'Igdo[lg :andH.ong K.ong wi.U pack the .:ll Ih'!t\'~lr ac~l~r.n,~)r)D1d 1R!llIkl~)'C~irl,~ sYl'I,dno· ; Itl,c!Hl'}I \'II'it~. Y.1U!'!!i:~~~..f!irdhtffi. ~I $I;I}'s,~n~(j!i ~ ,~ lron tD s]~eed.UI' protons l~) ~,6 Ge V mu~,del iver ~~i.enth'lo;;rom Be.ijingwiHlrairilhem:>:opbyti.::s . f but!'lI;;kllml\'lodgc.~ tha~ "~xiPCf'ts S!I:~ltby.IHEP ~mulliii::tJ be~mpt1\"~!.' of .120 ku~:rn\~~~I.S. :\,'1]ich c i can be dOlllble~ .~nd qmldl:1llp.~ed ]UiI: 'Iutu;~"e O'I,loliI,eent .. ilnly <Ire :!m.ot ellilOlJg~,'" So CSNS wi II
.",

tion en Adv'lItced Neutron S(:m(1;li;l~.dIe fin>l time the evem will be held .ill CM1l~"

('h~l'Ie~~ ..S[II:tJ\1i10men;.:i. I :l!iIu:.,m;u\'~lile. ~:~uld :l>OOiJrn hear a decisinn on dl.e .nnmln:li~ NIJIRC
wi II :spe!'l.dl OJ1~rl~~ '\'\.itlrl!d~~1;:af',4C$l I~!!e i~l si m.d telescope, the fi'i.le"iIi~Lr:lJd:red·lneler A:pe.nu.re

Spherie"nele~"t:upe

fFAST)r. The hl~.uru~l~m,

firsl proposed by C~m~,:lm.3.·:!iNSllio~ill AstrunOllif1ic~11Observa UTld~s (NAO lUll 19Q4. would ~H(i\'" <'I.:i:tromnnern ttl peer f'lr~hef than
ever

he r(lr"~ JClCI~ i~I'ei the (!2ir~.yuniverse, •.

~~:rl!ol

pmjec~ direcwr Peng 13.0.

NAO c;ho~ ~ Hm~s~(JJ:a~hl~;t d~rr~~siQn l 1m!ooU.th\.\1'C5·r Gu~i~{}~~ P.Ul)'!.'ifH.:e .u::;tll;l.sil~ 10 sm.p.emlilre<ic]\! ~ dns~.rn!'If~e of 400n tn:i<lnIll,£; gul~r pam.els. t~ki!l;ag ;Rlhf.~flI~]ge ofd1eIDI<li,m.a11
lOpograpl~y :to lreduce com;.tillJClioUD. cost.s. ]~ T had been ~.~.he Wiltll in,g ~o ~l!O~~' he AS t 't S (I ~I.al"e' K.~IOllil]le ter An.,,:,,!ty •. tn'll :iUIll.le i,o:II1I:I], rl,l;U fluho (Isl~'lomy proje"Cl U'I<1U would ~!l<lb]~ <I:l>lronmners 10 Obsel'~''e Ihe' formal ion .of the

!H~'rly l~nivers~ arnd u;st lEi rtI;);tl;li.Im'~ ttij;);ory('!f

:r'tlioltlv,hy (S(;.f.L'J~(,,{:,.18 Au.gm>l 2006. 11.9[0)' .~]m~velr. bs;1 S~ptemi:n;:~r. he il1l;~crt nat i,Qn<l~. cOJl1!>oni.mn mllru.ui.re'llllhe :sa.i~s dO\vn [0 c;;Il1d id;;lt~.f>iil Al,Istra lia ;lmld Saut hi Afric.a •
!:J,elR~l'a]

:1

.~ upgrod.e~, l:'hc Ingi1,.en~rgy 111"010111'; bomba-rda

.~ h~:<I\,)r..,ilm.C!:a~. ~arl.~t,

such

as :t\Jng.~le'UiI.liO knock

.~ off~ &proy o~'neiUt!'Qils, ·'If~ li~ shof.uiiil,g the

opefll ~ts. doors 10 ~o:re.i,g~ r~SiCJr>Cbcr!;., For s~"ne[IF£. DOIm,ggmlll i ill Apr~1 hO:r>l Ihe ~xtlli M~e'li!llg (l:f~l~ ~nl'0nl'-'!liq@~J C'oJI1olbf]iI1't-

'wm

Th~l ··\'\~on'l·<1:wrec~ the ~:llIve::;.nnem,lnd

sm.:lC'~i(l~11offAST,"
S~:i,JS PeUil.g. H~

'COIll-

e-~;~hn;lt~s

w'I,iWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH .2007

NEWSFOCIUS
be'1!Ulh~~~'~,[I tlme as needed," -~;;IysF~.dar! di.rec:~od
l)hys,Lci'l.l Zh'~.I~g X,i[JIYi. who Sym:1lW~!I1On Radiation lab (NSlll ) in Hefeibefore l1l[wil1g W Sh;r~gha i."But il!Jl Olal1l1'l •.wC' ~l.,~leto Ima Id ~l~ fuci I ity as one big 'rrnjecl because allthe flliiLdilll£: e(jilii!~~$ ~itlgll~ehunl\:." iE~~.
IJ\tC Naliona~ [11addil

U:un,ivlershy

in~. iU~\1I'fiue;',~ndc: an

~rs~1

J~1.eilily S

ope.~t
budget

illg buclg\f'l. 3t

I;:O$t "·On, ItHHly

occasions,

o.Uile-lcuththe

l"OllS1u,CL10n

thl;l !~P(;;f(!iillg

thnt. FASTwi.U cost :lit ~eil£t.5;86 million ~nd ~'lke 6 )'tlou's or more ~o buikl. .111eemparison, lhc gestatien [hue oh~l,e H,igJh M,1Jgl"ie~i!: fie,1d Facil it)1 has been muc hi $'~lorit;':r. Scren~Sl1> fin;tpMflos~d'l~'ncbi~ ~ie'Unc¢ p~uj"ct:ifli .uUIU~l!l2:0()4,<'I!!lidf!.)l;."!;;]v""d N .c>R.C apPI.'mm] 'e<'lr~:i,e~'~'lhiis ye::iIJr.nt: lacHity will be hosted in h\iO chies ~o 'If!ke <ld'ii<lmuge efrhe exhidng k:d~ll~tmll C<IJJflb:i:Mly of each city:- says, Kll<I!iI,gGurtngli. dil'iXtor orCAS'\, Hefe;i liign M~l£nelic Field tub ij,l A~]:I~ui Pli(l'vilu:e, H(lF(li wll] bL;; hoU'lu; '~,!J l5~ till 40-wsl~ ~'I'<lle'N:()ole{~ and supen::a:l~dwl,cljn::, steady~ fie~J magnets, priD'lHlrM.y for m;u~r]~~sels
ence research, saeh as p:ll'obinglhe quantum ~,4 m effect,<lud for ,magnet ie resonance ..

wm'I'~l",HlI.'C,. air d~n~i'ty,. el(':ClrolmgnC[1.l~ ,mel

J <lUI from ~Lbove <111!lltn.l.ude: of ,20 lki.kllm,t!'I,eF.ii

to several ~Ulndm:llki ~omcteli"'!;.h~ flir:ot pha,>~

w~U cast :1;25 rhimi,on and is expected tetake .3 }'C!l!1' to Dom.pl.C'IC. P.r'Oh"'Cl :s;~.iel1.ib;ts~{llv,~

alsu pruro~~d.r!ll
Meridian

]t1t~,!CmJ~lkJl!'U"Li \Ve;lI'~J.'f Sp<!!1,;1;i

is determined before consrrnction begiin~:' 5<lYSC AS"~ ,li.mg. Thi,~ ~,m~,l.l:;,trillgl'i reseaechers when unforeseen problems arise, r1.1r~'Ii~II'l~ipth~,\.11enNSRL in the: I 9911lSen(.'01,II'Mj. aered trouble with beam srabi lity, which ~l\:V;;1n:~d~p~rim~i.'us. ir.~o~~'"LUngbud.gl)'! \'~'" insuW'ic:iielm:to C.'IJ,"ny om a fix, NSRL.:S sy~u;hro= t troll source ~\I<I£ stabi.1 ized mn2;004. o.un.ly~t:n:C.1i" NDiRe ... prtl\'&! $15mil.liml tba:'!fml, p llpgr.'lde. ZIMng "!m'Inllts 1.0 a~)pljl I'CSSO~l:>lci21m@:d ~rmTi m'ln.lgiing lin: Hefei sy:Jiid~il.'O'tI'Ori to the consrruetiun oluthc: Shcl'mgh'fli ooUlrl;C.Hc has :;;ugges!~d t~l NDR(' that ;;i~I!l1~ !'!1UlH:ybe set
aside so users carl bid to des,ign lin.ei:libealll~

.c;u,'IFCI,e fmg:mllil,n. 1:0 1:~mll::; muiomll ar~Iy.'ii ~Jf greund-based lfn.oni ~;(~rs'o ~nh,Hwr;; SI)iUJe envulml~1,m~'~1t cil).~ell""'ltuon wori.dlwi.de. Ol~er b~ SC'iI;IU,'~ ill i~iaH\rt's. are ~~s~\\'C[ I

lines OIm.1 c:>\pedm~:~~~~~ stations. However, he snys NIDR'C p:refcned to stlck with ~1S;
usual [Ipproo!c]:u W <l!UlN'::;J[in,g mOllie)'., .Zh.mg sd~ I hOIJIil:s.lhal S SRI,:":" mElIl~lgeJmlen t ''''i I~,be fli'lor(: nc;:x~itll~~it has; akL;~.dy agreed 10 lin him d,e5i~ll h.is own beandine for eesearch o~ ~()n.dJens~d ~~1.lIU~i!"phy!>.iesand s)lrl(.':hr~)I'mn rmJi<Ii'lio:~, im<l.gunl~with rundillg

defi n'oo ,T<lke ~~~e "timared $1.25 million '~}J:'(" ~ t~'i[tl science ~e~ll~b, I~ilhy," 1I1C' AI! ild;~hlof the SARS mnlm:<lk in2(J03. :rurter Rw Zihe:s ~M~patQinghu~. Univ~rsilY ~~B~aJi!!Ig.cl';;!.C~ed

the crysl,<Il S,n-lLc~ureof~he m,~in ~jll1oteaseoflhe

facil~ily at CAS

1~IrQlIf:I,1,

im'lging. "Wuh'ln. :inl-h.lJei Province. 'Ni~1ge~

5 O~to 80"'lcsla eomp ~,e,l,ne an 'ex:is;~jU1llglo\lIl -te mp era ture h1 b m <II ndpu lsed-pewer £:0 neratot. jR'l!:sc<IIrche rs ~h~fflwill plu III b HlC ~IJe(:~s. u1t~,1 l¢i"!!1I,' (Jf 0'11\1 perarures and ultrahigh m~1.!;lIlD,etic fields. NDRC h~$!!nm~~d M~m~mun f~f !,h~5-}'C'l!f eonst met ion e~lhrl.
Infugncts to p11 Ised

SARS virus usil1g ]]';~EI?'ssynd~.rol!lnlJl OOUI\;-e, NDIC~lir.,nted ~Q("l;l1,v;~rd \\',~dl'l m.1jQ:rproi<IO

teil;l cry:SlaHoyaphy
1:;:

r~eM

Insdune
diLCeCWl

(Ji1':BkJpt~il;S, ,,,,ht."1i'I: RliI,Ohad

lx.'C(JIl,~,e

in 20M. But ~hep:llojeca derailedwhe:1IIl Rao left B;~ijing la!'i~}l'('.$ur to b~(]m~ preside!u (11'N~i1k,1i Ulli.ve:rsily in Tianjin, CAS Vice President

Thmnk:~ngwiid(!j1J'
\V~dl il'~C'~I~'roj I,;C'I:~ l>1'1:i)~~ti"iJgl ike bamb eo I s:JiaoOIS <lifter 01, spril:lg rain, biS science is no

In~.~~'[' fh~~()l~ i~1;.\G: ~~fCAS:~p.:~~}'!i1.'I;· rro'.. .. 1Kd· ences divi:s;ion. Oth~i;L1ew el'U:~~ie5 ~lNmfiil;lbbil .s,lIch as ~lg.rh::~l,:IIUl'\e. bilology, geoi.ngY.!Ind
re~,1Lme ~.~tli!lmg. One oftillC firnl.p:rojeeu:;NUlRC' finalized, in 2005" i.!l'the' Merid iml S:p.~ce We.nhe]' MOII~~tol"ill].!i:rlrojecL ]I :111;1::> 01\vi.de :weach, fromlh ndam(l]ilt;;~ a~Hophrys ics-~aud~& I ~!

Chi,Ollll!~u ~l~~ l"Ji,vTI;:IPOO<oo b~~i dl~ f~iI iry ,H Idi~g S.h~llgha.i:S.Z~~ngj i~ngl ]ig tu- TechPark, nesr SSRf.lu mlk(:m;h!a.mL!ag~ofl~!~c .~~.c\'!,1 s.Y¢lcl~ro~ tron source, 8m lImn)' bi:o~,~;i,,,ts ~<Iive~id dl;Jt" protein st,:i~Mje<e h. man; I.h~n ,ci1"sUillogrn~~hy <lInd lIml tline ne\.\f centc.r :$~lOlll!d:1,101: 'be so far foom ~'X~sting: iol~}~k'=ll i!1c... tiiML;;:i, b l'h~ ~J(l.iitic.. 1tussle is he~d1ng up. S(lIIIL"\:l;:~ say thin Qr:l.el'act.iof<l: is lobbying r~r the iadlity ~o 'be bui~l do\),t,~nolwml. m:~lf("ASs Shra.g;bi
I:lms[ tllJte-s li Biologk:i1J~. Scielm~<" ... Z~lmnrut!lllg D o ,j S [O() n"f wgo for e.1\.Pt:Jil~l!enb i r you M:wld)! prot:ei.llu\ ~n li\i:~n&!:, 'I;;ells." says one ['Cs!(!.rud.l>:'f,. O~hGrs.are l!J,l'ing. 101 Cflf~'('l off liunds far ~~i!~1illg labs i:llI.l3eij illIg. They ;u'glte l.lial'll ir too ]lIludl

BmmrlM would ..oo USIilI1i dnrJ,Ol have the Ct1'l,Ipkof:mi:llion dollars ff"Qil"thiskine! ofi:lmst~l1I~ ment work, I:HEP's Xian :Dingdmng. one of Chjna 's tWClre~]N)sts.y.m.c1~ fI experts .. says roue !btn I.;~ti!i!g m~~f.(yii w.~rs~I:I1~dPJI!w lin C'!11'!S,IIl,IC'" lion and 11KIIl~f'!eme:mt is popular i~ rUI,-eign $yIDlcl1rolr~nl abs, b~!~"uUJ' $:ysl~m d~if,;~mlnl ~llm~' it Ol'gm~iZl!LtimlS ~""am.to (iOfll~ro~. ;El1.llhe
rt~{}urecs th.\:y'vegoC'

fu~;hm 1I~1 iversny,

Xian hopes dl.tt (]li IIiW~ '''lX'L~~'1It~on1lim~:ron S f Call dlei ben~r.Accnrdin,g ttl F~r, ('SNS has involved users IWUL1I.lthe beg~:ll1nmi'L1lg and !1f'!.(]dil1..'1,1 d~;;;~~~~;; (;'Irl'!,:ri!lr~U frO!ll I~rg~ ~!~~~I! m~~[ ing~. ·'Weultlo learned lessons <iixmllil.t: opeWo'It1llgbudl~1 :Hrom pn::v~ous j:lJI\ojeclS,:' says
so~~rc\;:
::llIU:! Im~illMjUutCe

fk\,\,:~,o ~Il!ill;ml~ ~:rgltelbr :~ill()reu~rn~i{ln to hllnds, IruUlm, Iln.e ccnlmlgmr~

emme;~t.

G'l~'~:migdolligPr(w.im:e ~!lr~iThtl:vas h

prq:nill]'~~i some .illel p.

Su!~ Chh~~~ S(':ie:!'Ili~l~erh k:!:",!;;he g,mrt

fO:WP:Ii:ilz il'lg

p~Obi,Ulg 110\111o~m fI~res ;andl.comna~ ~.nas;s s ~jecliOtis :~!!:II1U!,ml;l;; E,whts, upper ,,~~mo:;I"' pbere-to mon itO'li"i ng lle'3:11"- SirIll ~1',H::e to E en,-,I,!~ safe ::mtd~it~ o:pcr,~t~o~ .. R1!Lll by CAS":; Cem,ter. for Spacr:;: SCii:ence ,lind Aip'pHi,;d Re~furch,lh~ proj.,;\c~.\',rm equip
,Ij g:ulOund,':based obsel'vali()n s;~3tiom;.wit'hi

er:IiIIIl1ICl'lt 's flJlld~ ng s,Y!i:l,em

nHl!'!i,Oyis

.iip~IU I!!:I ~i~~ipl'J!iwqg~. Sill~~~I1"~ciMly.

m~LC~i~~ Q'!.rer p~tl'pll;'. UIHm,lt'~ly. :~!_)\'\'ew'r.il ~

il!: wi:li<ll !!(;~filHi:!>ts m::hJieve with CSNS liutd its ~ big, brei:~~n~'u:i, \v~.I]p:ro:vc th-c wisdol1i~, of ~ that "hilma:'" bigim~lmeiln :an B:vg Science, ~
I

W<'Li>~e inevit.,b~,e. is :~ ndced.rC:::'~!'\:!1 rC~lers 1~C"1k.1l0w]c{]l~e 1hat. Chimt's IlmG'il"S sy8~em fbr megaprojects has .<)

~~ri.ous no:l\!,/.~t Jbv{)V"S~mC-EiholpmjcCl.~ ,J"evo·

huiml.lm,o~ evoh~tiollIl' "1
1m:

-HIArCi' .M.INI A.~IID' ]~~ HEPIEIIlIIIGI

]i<'l ~ep!!lR9Ii!l,(l Miter in 8@ijimJ Witih refl(lrijlil!ll b~ 'Gon!!!

6
0,.;1

htp1.l1l'Or SOlU~l

las(lJ rad~r:~ ~.!ld odl~r

]!l::;t!:~inlcmi1i.H)

r~CON

K,or~;;~.dl>e}1 bU!i~d~y~liI::~rouo~ SO~1~ce9:· one VOL 315

'I'Iid®JligOil rn'~a retl/ufes ill'l ~i]ing!,

""

l!i

9 MARCH 2007

:5CII~.Nelc. W'l!Vw.sdenooml1l.g.orgl

NEWSFOCIJS
R:ETHOVIRUS MIEETIING

II

H1'OIP'1 N'lw .AIIOS, Drugls, but on Breast ...Fee,d:inlg ,St:r,ate'g]'¥ ackfires I B

Two n·o'l!!'e~drugiS sliruow promisi!;!~i!ilrnn!iiJ!lrd-to-tfeat j:hlth:!nts,. but. br'east-ifeeding snu~Ji.e'.5 ulmidelrSic:OI'le<the dilffilcl!l~:t.y ·of ,iilllPplyingl aJdV'an'il:.es in ti~e r~all w,ot~~d
LOS ANGELIES, ,CALIIIFORNIA-,Im the arcade g;mneWI.~'l.c-.!i- M(ll~~" ~e·t-wi!il:hli r:lgplt1.ye.lf,\'i. ~md pcmm~moles irno dUl ground Ofl.~)i ~o have the buck~hl0t!H,;:~d pests pop om. t1~',finolht:r hole" HI,V has ... lot: in cO.mm.on with lliil.os~·moles, .A.!tll.I'HUgh ros;e'~:~ch h~!> shuw~ IhOlL breastfeeding carries a fiugnHk::lnl risk {)rlT"'nS!lni.ulin~ H~V I~'(:mll, iuJet~It.'d~~.other an tnllite\l" baby, UCl.V s·tudLe~pre:Sentl;ld here last l:vee1k ,n [he 1000rg;el'l~ annual us. AlDS i~~.~eclung·' big~ll~~t tht; d!aUii~
gers l~<'Il <Il1.~eni til\~e :stn.lte,g ies such as iufant ... f:orm~LI1~,rroC~n-J;t. in pm:)F ceumrics, Sillllikidy,
lTIiLlCh

81iliSWillNA
G~QiilfOO,,"

Sifir4iir~ ~<Irly \~mmhlg.lJn~[~d no he~lU;ln[+"["h~ study. which compared abrupt weaning ill <4 mo.l1Iit.11so beeasi-fecd ing for an averilgc of t I() mum hs, found jU'l equal nnm oor .[1 flnV ~nf~lirms:. and dleamhs by 2: ye~rs ofi:\gc. tl~.e n~n!lt p~"CJmising new.\l .11: IJ:lelJ'l.~.ee~ i~l£: c~ncfn:1U' repo"~Of~fHrg~ ~'n1caeylr~ab; ufr'!.w A IDS drugs, ~m,~tIltll" ~'riJli"li'V~l[~ twit), ~"thi~ yea I'; th3t hmn: :ml.o\'e·It,,1Irb~l~. of the d:mgs.. One rnhc:gmvir. nmd;eb)! MI;:;~k & C~l.in Rull\!,·.W. NeiW Jersey. C'r.~pple:~Hrv's ilnl~~se eillZ:yIne. In studies ul'niil.,jd.y }:i'lJO pil!lili;lm5~'l.rhu had viruses dm~ were .~~£M'y r>e5.~:SHrlrn:t m exils~i~.l£ d rugs" abm~1 60% I~lil.dundetectabl C levels of 111V ~.ntheir blood after.24 wee;b; 'o~· ~"~~~meill w with mJu;).grn\'1rfl[ld~ln···upHm~~d" c(]d.;(~!ilof other dnJgs. I n the controll. ~.:roup,. whieh reeeivedjust the Oipli.~uLredreghn~ns, 'l.'ina:ll load'sbecmlll.e mlcle~OC'lt11J~.e in roughiy .lO'K~ The ~Q~lld drug ..n'0fI'IJ',.Iiroe.mrgel~ hlU1fll8in imr~mll1.e cells It'o.Ilher than lhe v.urns.. II [V egll~rs cells by ~u~ld~i~.1!l the oC04 f\,"CII;:~ptor OJ~(: i:o ~nld

~o:~~k~ the n~~G1ill]g ~!r!d~·~~of4;id~h.u he ,U d!;isp

5tllices.<>inim::w&iling access loanni4l drll,gs. gre~~disp.uiliC's slille.'iist be't\ ...... the -e]l de\ldo;ped fUiI.dilhe dc\rebping woa.·.I!d. But there WHson!:: br~gJu spor: Df1~il en l\.\ u rJ.e\Vm!;;'dk:n.. limn; [1I1clcate '~Jrn"11hey cm~ knock down .111V s i !
lful~t l'iU\;~bt.;"cOlll1(;~n;:Ei~t~1Uto tCi:l:r.rurll. drJ:J!g~<l,~d

rrv

.mJlH'lK

OCEJI.'1

~(lU11H.Jl~R1(A

uft\l!iO >ehL;;ffiO!-d!lG' reeep ..·

H05p~·t.Bliizedt'liarrlile~ frillil(h~own, Botswal1a
'W'
\oI'!O

2~

mrs, Cn~5 or CX.r:1R.4. M ara v irec, 'IiI~ade by IPnze'r' iIII NewY()J.'!k Cil)'.

Ihall:1 ]V-i iii reeled \vome:IlI, use Ibrmub .. ()~.~Iy \~~lell it is. ''<'I:(X'epT'db:le, fea!l~ ble .. ~n:Ord.d)]e. ~"i~i\iilftin~hlc. ~11:e.") Ne:l!ITly and ~\~.·o':I,hird.s. nfected mothers ill !Jeil S.Wtl:nltl ofi !l.l1W use fonmLll;.t \I!.+!i,,~lln Ii>,pr(I\'!~d!ioic]free by 'the: '!!! governnn:lll. Brut ~hal ~)oiUcy3ppe'i!U:s l~ have ; h~~d3lr.;LglcdtlwIlSld~·.Rc:l>C3rehc!"1l !>tt~.YI~lg au
~f(IS~ recommeuds •.

<lire IXlrpin~MC'k. tip. The m~!iild~un~ltic wlk 0".1:1 alt1;:n~~U\~~S to bre;<L~t~~~d:iJlg. focus€:l(1 0:1.1 B ms.v.."!L:l.1a.where the g:ovcnunenl advises aUIlIV-umlfec~ool "".\Omen to ~u;r:inf;r~tI1;~:rmul.., to avoid trn~.lsniliui"g ih.e vims, ,~r,~c XV{)I'ld. lth Org,ani.za~kllli, 'by COl ... Hea

c(i~kl:l:gyes s~ur:li~d l'Uilorl i~ :; ,20 ~ of L53 B()t:i!1l'l."I~lnchildsen '1i l'S; ho:;pit~liz.cd far d~!u·ullcn" fii UI Of tilll!Se', 33 cljed. and .aU 'IE :Ii bUll (m~ \M(\f~ lil~mi,nb-lloo. :i!ll: nle~nV~i fected !.101tll5 of n the motber and theillf.\mt. W'1:i!<mll. as$'{_loCi~te,J i1Nith;my ol'a~.e de,alilins.SI)]ol s~Ulm;p~ shewed widet;pre,ad infection 'I,'I.'i crypto5pur.~d:i'lnm.l. Esdr~;riC'M(,l th edt. and S3lloo.~dl(!l. ·'Ifs.a r.UIl1I~ii~@:5'lorny:·Sii'Ly:s rtt_[i,..~trficktn ]-[fI\~nC(!n\'';;idj,o ol"l!llu;:Uni\l'(:rsi~y

gl!1nm,s pCCR5i eo prevcm u H IV fr1(lm binding. In it.

stud lcs 0 f!1r!:Hlr\: than 500 people .~n!k~ed~'>f th i HlVs !hllI prefer CCRS:
[il

reee prors, rna r<'IJv:u me dm\le vi:mllevd s drn\!n to !I.1nJ~b;;:clablei!ll 4S.5% of l.~l.CI.n::<lil,ed roup vcr:sus .24 .•6% ~r:l, a oo:w;tm:ll g group~~atr«"eh'ed op'rill:1.ized :ltlegil~].le·lJqj aloue; David Cooper o['du:: Ull;ail.ve[s~ty of New SouLl~\:va !es h11 Sydll.ey. A ustra 1i1Ji.\l;.Iho has

.~ e~~e?i<JI .cr~~II.y.o~L~~re<~k , of d Il"ir~~C\aI~ d~~~~~.~m'i.t ii5 ~ye;l'Ir repo rted I:h<ll infllmt ~~ofITh~iI ~~,~~unl'~l~'\d ~l. . tn .~ bn:.~54..feed ing.incrl:"L~d ~ a l~ d's risk of dei:!,llh hi~ ~ t~wmd i ~nht'.~ di :fiet1,::i~ I :in times, ilike~y boci:!U~ 11 ~ severe mood cont.H1Ill" 1lJ.,u,edlhe W;J tel' m,ed 10 fl m-Ire III > :r.- m1JLll:llI,ii!I, ,_,L;; 1,;1 _",;;!.,

b:.

orK:w'aZrd:lli"N~ua] in SQiulhA:fril!~l, Creek's '['I;;<IIn has advised Botswana IU ~e\1'a]:mne ~lS nlliven>al fOIli1l1!1Ii;t pill ic~ srtrcssil1g th!u Il,~ of vir-al. u~al,~~uu& fitUlflJbrea_"triSl!.: s ion

tested botil~.drugs. s:::~ys f their potency and i ~(l~~y hold up, (:I~nki.u·l$ !'h~lUld reevaluate
when W gt,ut !:reatlmi.u:nl. CWII:rell~l:eoomm.end:Jtions cnCQ~lmgc dcla.yijng[~!n1'll~fn IJlmitil~rieus ~mn,1;UiL1e d'Jm<l.s:e Of.:ClIIiS. i'ml~u't lO redute

feedi IlIg

t11l11::>t

f~,g:f~irithel'i.1

be b.alomC',ed risks OfrCir-

Hm -

m.ul.l use in:m~ii1. ·se~tilngs,.

But

Ji;lIl'i¢.' M~.I.~tyrL;:•.!M~

§ g

12 M

iM<1!'Ch2nU6. 512 dJe:d from .~ undier;) the !..'Ol.mlry

~F:Ii'OITii J'1Il1U~IF:r to

We,eks. evaimlling indudit1g

ch~~dren n~ dli'U,~·he.l. u~ .~ fro[!Ii'l. 21 tile yettr before. M:Cdical cpfd(:J'lflioh gi\5~;Tn:cYC~ek Qf,t.~e .S" ~O(:DUt'er~1br ~.il~se ~

:s

owlJ:lrici'~!1"g)rni;':Ccolo.gi Sf ~[ :Bari:li.gwmllifllhllo:sp.ita I ill1 Sowe'l~l. Soulb AI1riC.I. U'lul~on~ddl!u reseru.iChcf:> ~1;ru:J po]iJl.}r.mtl;"~rs s:ilO:lJld !:1m :~ose sight of ~Im.e real gO<i!I: w make tHnh :lOOding aplll'O,tche:s S;<1.fi::r. Sev~ e:u:id ~lud~~ ~lnd'ef\"".lY 1!:~ a myri<ld or !>1:ljlI!Ie~e's to do. jm;l. (illat dUS.i'!"i.bl;i1~ing !l;:h~.QI.ri~"'.ion S!ol.u!io.~J;
dn:lgs in ~.Ulot~l!i:n; 1Ii1lli .... <L~~d

too:j~(;~lh't~" mnh~tmd\:"(lilf~s 11~$ B :p00~lJ~'~~ sui:' fe:r from~he pll'n~(mged i~.n mune sl illuul<ll ion t1'b1J[ H IV ~rigg~n.;.whid.l Ctl(~p~r~y!> is lik~~y I'i:$pgns~bllilb the ~ncreu..'ie~number ul' d~I~:l:i: fI.'Ollrl. heart, ~ iver; and k~dney disease .... If YOLI
:-;~;(]Jt

pCQple

f;<I'~

ier.

ytlU

11'1.1 igiu

tmw;: a sign]]

~r-

.md IIJsing mni-HN

.~ CQn:Jil.m~o;l!,d Prc\'t'nuJ()J~I".A~,mil~. C~orgna.

!Ol •

~.]l~

Utlh (i(l n I~r@I1ICfl'OIl Re~lr'(!Io'IrU!!lUlS·OPllonu msuc ~,",i:I ;~ rllfecH:I!IflS,25~2.a Fetl.ruary, los:ll1il9ete~, Collihllmia.,

I;CClOO. b~i~ Ino[C ~l~ss!\1dy. B1,l~<l Z!1l1"1bia!'l sluely pr-esli:ilated ,It 'tille mee~'LI.g nnql1ldll~.n ·one soollll ngly IogiC<l~\..~y m m~:k~ bre~:s~.-~~'edhlg

impact 0.1111 all ofl~sc:·lmc s:m.y:;, rOlf t!l.e V'<l.Sln~"tiO[~l}1 ,ofHIV-jnfccoc'ti ptlClI):i.ewho live in poon:omnr:i.es.,hm'!,lc\-er.Lt Irll~jl b~ many Y~;!.I'$ b.efbrl<: mo!!lf~wilf(J(~and ndwglOmir ofler.my rei i.ef. Ma:nh.i'lll :Eg~'r of tile 1JJniv~rs]lY ur Bi1;;I1'[il1;; in Sw i~t'Kr~~und,I~Hi..· I;:~d h~agMt'!l;repo.l"ted dmt 59 d~.'lfe·renl Jlmg n.'eg~mens .11"¢H\ia.Habl~ t·o rnoSil AIDS paticlli~ in Nordl. Amli:Tic<I. but only three <Ire l}ll'ic<lIHy <lv~li~.aible'i~lAsk~ a~d l\rricfl, SO~\'C (lll~pmbCi'lIll

I.em, <IlIlOlher

5tnJlICe~,

w'I,IWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31 S. 9 MAIRCH .2007 v

I
urruedeut
tfl

bumans, TI:i,egello:m.e of GOJ'{I'tlufax f)oMjY!(,b·.a. !for cx.3Jmplc. is 18 t U[!llCS tllilesize of mtrs.. A ~(l~l!liOI:l sons emer<dro in t~le 1910N~

h~w~ bi.gg~'rge;;'lO!n~S

d'!an

or

EVOUJTlON

so-ealled junk DNA ..In a(id[Gioll to preteincod imlggienes,.~e:lftome~ l"'OIlI[!1 ill ~I:re!che!' ,C) r DNA th~~encede RNA~1~,oICllt'li.l les or 3f¢ jW;[ w~[ig.~ 'of old g~n!;;$. Mai~}1g!!ni:lm~~ i~ltud.. ing our awa .• u,"e dominated by vjrusl ike ~~]lI!~n~~:;. DNA !;",II~d ~l(lb~I!~ of ~~rw,'lm~~h,ll ,""Ull l.llaH\;cnew copies of themselves th.u gel im~m;.'ldiuuew spots ill 'the same g~IUJme. Th.e human ~lI;lnonlt: is 98.5i% nom::o<.iing DNA.. Comp(lrimJ,~~I~t:::g(;li1ioln~ onu ving J';p!.):ces, i sc:i:e.I]j~istshave tound Ilmt geL1.0\Im,les ~rul,ex,lXIr:uJ and :;,li!J!:~f'!k qluk~kly. with !m.lobi]~d~nl'!l~lnS spl1eadilng .~ikre;1ge'.~.aIl1,~,ic lague'. The ronan p gcUl,OIllC. forexit.lll1l,J.::Ilc. U".i~:l,.lcd size ov(:,r l~.C iun,

pJ!';1.5 mi IlicH~ UJ ~,O[L~in~ml yetll"$. On die uther

D1lnosa,ur fo:ssih;aJr~

hellP~lllg sdentist's.
SOp edes

t:E!,j3j!iIE!

,aJpallrtw:hytl1~siZie;$

,of !£!I'E!nom~s !lrar"J SiD

dra ma.t.icaUy ,almong

Imliiid, Cill~yiiU'ligerro:rJ;c~n(~I!.~h"e(:ell.~1:0 !i:lJlipout Iotrge cifl,'t~u:Jhof li.om::O<iirlg DNA by accident, !>hrjnking their genemes iI~ tlrepD':f~cSc". li:l te~t \~~~d:iI;:r ~..,t:~~f~,~ selection pi.Ol.y~

.1

1:;::rtm.rUJ,\lUWUS H!'\". it rums Ol!L~<ld .11pre~ty sm311~ genome. A team of Amerlean aUldl Brirish~ie~,l~bl'S eM~mllresili.n ~I(om<1ined Il, r>ei<uve~y puny 1.9 bill ion base 'Pa~rs of DNA.. i a~~uk:over ha if I~,(: :SUI'_(; uf'!JlIr. o\\,'fl !,~1l0IllL3. The !S\:iem~~lS\J)j,'hocame lip wli,l:h this esti!'!J:!l!;1li!,.~long\',\lj,lh ~IU!nmM!l: filf U'!l: ~OO!l!l~." af .30 ether dfiinosmm species-s-had ~,o"lllc:ielU DNA to gtlld)r. .1: 1:t'.V,'lfl:ea:' iL~ll, beesme e::o:tiililCl

,(~5mimofl years
goncl
n~lead;

'lg!~, li1di~:s g.:nmlli!:is "

Eong

ill'l~p(h::'ton tracing the evcletion of bird gf.!nal'bles. "13 irds arc d unos<l'u:1i"$;hey·.-c' the :~mH t vestige," says; O'rg<J[l. Sciemisrs have long ncted Iha~ birds have ~rI1I'l.U genO[lrnl!es. cernpared h1 ~'~ptH.(:s.. thL;irdo~~S'I: ivi n,g~l;ni\'C1O. [ but i.l.,';"'.ISunclear maow .lllrn.d\\i.~eH that cm:i!ln!1;l eeeurred, OrJll:~m's~Hudy sl~ggl.;':~'tsth~t 111i.$ d illostlurm:toe~t()rs of b.iooJ> lll<ld evolved S!Im~OI.11 geililOJ,ues lo~g before bi rds tonk~Q the sky. "I, thin!.; !~lS vcry c;,;.cidn~:·' saysT. RYilll Gregory, "Ill expert 011
£;el:lo~,m: size at the Unn.vell'" sity of Gljelp~l in Canada "[f:s thekind ofp~lper we've ~l;,~d~dl(]{i!<1 l{l:~g tinl'l~:"
(iiillltl g:e:l!l,OIill~'5,il!ll

:S1'Wmlgole ill de~enniHung tlre size ora speciet;' r g(,llm(lm~•.&ciemisl:S h~~'!.ie~Omp;ilred wide ~I!lg~ tl of species, sC'd'rcl~imlg oorrol13tlimlS between lihr geJrnome sizeand ~JlhefHili~", Ill'[u:t:mt~]~l!bellid~lpIi ve ,.findil~g lil1ese (OITe~:Hta~:S ])mao; been dilfi(lull l~0'!.1!ro.'\i(N~. because rc:lruiwly few .g:~nomcs I13d been mea'MJOOdLllll.lil :u;eClell1l:ly.and m"my of I:~O);~ m~~~sur~~~IB'!~~S DUlIn b~\\I!"tlng.. turned Gel1l!Olne sizes are ~:sy to mi,~jLldl~e ..even ~~'ilh
moo:eCillgellQnn~' seque:unc.ilng

they disco'i,\llred a re'\i'e~:UUlg C>Qf~ rel<llti.on:: Big ge;l,lmm:slJ;."<!u! to berul.md ~llIag,lp·, mal s wi~;~, ig bone cel~.s. By Qom~ril1l~ 1~,1Jeize b s of Cli:11~in (fIil!~~1IS'-RLr fh~sil1ofifl[1i1Ifi.~ fIn ivingflnlI· m'l!li:s,~:heseientisrsgct S~ll~sli,calllysound.est~. ffi':Uil'iS I:ilf rhe !,ij~ ofthe d[no$;i!ur g~!I.~!:l~l;~ The fi nd ~ngs. lJubhls~led by /Va wro lhi is week, ~re IflQr~ tlmn just a curlosiry, Chnd~ OD:'~lln. a ~!'II.·\f.tl1d U:l1iversity ]m!ool'ltoloSi~~: ami dl~ II;~d ;';~ilhor uflli1l..:: 11t;\7!,I p~~r. Sf~ ehe eSlim~le5 slil.ed IIlle\V~ig,llilon" big puzsle: Wh,y do th~g,L;ln9!~l~~" vi~,g sp~d~sI;.'tJfi!H;: :~n ani :;;~!C'~
'U Maggl;t~:iu~g rdrilg4;l uf S~l>I:::;.V'dII:y,~ng nillm'!;l tiUHiI,

Genornes Big and Small

N@maJ1iHl! (raemtll!:!'bdilifJ: etegali'M'h ~o0 miniM ~p '!i~!l!I~' 'm~~~ fAf~i'dQP1i~ tIrD~icJii1J!l: :li,M)millitm lip F'ruil fly '(Om.s:ophila' metafiOlyacfrlff): 18® milL~oobp pulerfiso (rQ1r(j!:lI~unimpes)::
<'100 mi'Uijrll'l :bp

merho d;o;,,'liVhen sc 1,1;';]1.( ists sequence fI genome, I:h,ey gener.d~)' breuk it up into rdt;::,C~ t1mc!ml~ng~the'r like .1 puzzle. NO:Ulcod~.llg UNA ii' l(.lad(':dJ!;,v~~h r~p~,uil'lg,
sequences, wl11ich ~'1i'II.'! dli.Il'ILl':uh hire&<;..~mhk:pll"l;lPC'~~J~ Things aee improving .. i!>fiy ~ G rcgor}i'. N ~w leehllil

f~aglHenl:S

and ljil.e:ll1. I:ry

to

~oW~Y'

(f(!atl!!l~s:

The wid~ ~t:r!tfly ·(If g.cnoqnc

s izes staetled scient isrs \ov.~!(~nit ~~m~ il;) I ighti!'i lhi;': e'lrly ] {)50~. Ul~till1lut:n. thf;: pn:vaUung wlsdum had been '~h.H oomptex, .~nim;JI!'.i
[needed hi~I~J~:,er genumes

"u ilfIaliilrHlmlt! sapie~,d~

'li.5 ib:iJlion boP

iquesaee ena hi ~:~g more:-H;: ientists

<!rl;l

iPi\':CiS~r!I:J"~'{~t'lure!mJ;':!1i~-rnli

instance,

JOOO-fo]d inJ,m:unmls1 A~hdl

11)ISgsnome

is

15'0

li~le:i!!'m(l~I:erlhmrn

ours, wheire<ls the mar-

bled hu~gfb;h geuome Is ]1 times bigger" R,eceE:~.iy. SOilll,e ]m-ge:-sc<lle eomparisoas of 1e'II,lOm,(! sizes h:3'!,'e suggested liKH, I'I<1Hual scl~clh)!'II m;)y f~'",or bi.g g~no!n",s inf;Om!3' s,per::~es ,mdi smailgeoomes in alhers.., :Bm SO'Uil~eikf;!'p~ !U''!I~:U1;'i th,Mt ,~~~n{lmeite m~\y n('i~ & ies s be <'Id.<I:pli,ve <lit oaJL Now. w.utUn. the ~dwe~~,l of wh~t o.~1Em~Hk~"wC<lU "'dlin~ogICllomi.('&;." Sid~

Lea:l'i<ir,a~r.o,g ~iTlJ\flpfpif'IIi:(II; ,5,$b~tiQIII bp

IOniil!)liI~!fium ~j\Jo): 10,:~'bimonl lJ.iI!I

adeli mI~ DNA"1>tahdng cem-

~)ound$ to cel~s,md [h~n

m.iulg: Ilmlge.;pmo~ssing sofl~ \\l1"lreto an .. ~,r"Ze Ihe ;;1momn of sla irJl, Ami l he l1e:S;lI~, (I f ts

than si mple olltel'lneeded.

A I'Id y'et,
<liS .one

p~~p,e' ..

cx~)~ail1i;;d"'lS,fl iOf~rlm!<lmd'-lr 's

gemnne ",COflil<lius 70 time~

NI.OlI!mahil gr,as5StO;lfIper (A:ldi~Q ~di!!''''li15): :Jl6.Sbil~Q:i'I lip 'Figie;~~i,al'li!!al!i!de!i'(Ambylitomo tigllinllm): n billiolll b;p

~h~$Iil:i'~~.d~s are i
s~orod
i,1l1

~0l,:V

being

online dat!lb1.lse!>,

!li

eilli SiS C<lDilI be,sinliO ~eilse $ome <U1S,\iers by mn (iddifl,g c~li[1dSFedl~lnl:hc emcrghlgpi.cl!.lr¢
of g;e'l1<Jr1J1ecvo,llmiQDiI,.

Th~ n~"\' s,wdly

wm h.w~ hs mO(i:I: di~6'Cl

!1n~l:hDNA '~$ f,ound .~. .~s. .1 cen of th!! dmue~tiC'Cbv.'.I. a flu·more' highlly devdo~'ti, anirllla!.'· A.s res'enrcilers !li,,,ed ~Irlno:~ ,~~IlQmcs.the p'<l,lOldio:x £J-e,.\~dl.oep;er. ,s'llme
;.1$

:rmikhlg ptl~iM~

]!ii!y$-~(,tl4;l ~.

E:a:s1~~U~~ (l:l,I:MIm ,!'ollglJ,i'liiwm):

.~4IiJi!llijj)FIbop, Miirnled mi1iiil9fii~!il(pmta\PI'tl'''U-s atth1.opi'GlJs):BO billim lip

:> i.llg k~-C'eIled

p:ro tn~oilns

iL:Ompiiml,sons.. 'Gri:£,OIIy nl<lillilt(lum; <I dail.'thtl_sil;: nr.l~1i,rna~ :g~u)me S:~l~S,at ihe Unive'r- ~ :.ity oFGuclptli (gel":l.oo)Ji!£~uze. ~ Ci(lil~l). Kew 'Garde:lm.s bio~,Q- "" l!i "" git\,Ll>m~nfl~~01]~ thr p](llfntS ~

9 MARCH 2007

VOL 315

:5CII~.Nelc. W'liVw,sdenooml1l.g.ofgl

WSFOCIJS
a ~~d ,(lI.gM
(\liI' W' \~'.

II

kew, org/g en om es iz~1

WIYIl!!ii!!iil! (rooodiil:!!
,2.13,i1iUi'oo Ibpl 3.1b~L1an

hmnepil!l~ ,00:Ll1r;1iI) ... mel b1oIogis;~,~n the iL'>'Ionian University of Life SCit11CCS nrn. ;;1. d1maDa:'!C [Qr tung~.(ww\'\'.zhi,ee/:rmll,gul-g,enome~iz:!.:!!~. TQgt.~~.lc'r. ~e dahl1:mseSCQni!ai~ Il'I iorl1latuon o.n, ~ mOIre thanl O.Ol]fD S',IJec ies, One On~l(: :rir$'L 'l~orr~:~1;]t~on!>selentlses
~.h.e ize ofcells, s Il-cmllped ~IP iln a study
Or!

bp

Emu

Cr.ow
'0' my a

jt,6ibilLiQ'l lip U: bmiillll blP

notlc ..... """~!~~lilv~~m size of ~illlm!.;':s ~:nd d b th~

red

rliiiremtot1.f
3,2, biU(oo lip

7Jm~jMIj:'al.l~

L9b1LliDm

blocd cell s in \1-.:nehn~t,i,;;:;. li!~~r :;:t,\!d~~nI~lll

t:oulul a link between cell size and genome' size :~nolhergrOl!p:; of specie!'>. ~,ulf;;h RS p~'lIll5 <lnd proteeoansand in oiher types nf celfs iIiII \'Crtib:rntell,a Idmu~h nol <TIi~!. Some sciemists have :I,['S~Ledi th;'l[ n:mur<ll. S~l~lioll r;fu~,lors big (]if ~mll] g(mrml~ be~iU~ ~,h,eyprOO:l!ice big or S:1,1)tl,1I (le]~s.Take the case' of rNt'l'uJ~lmUtlfJi !'Ugh'lllis , ill. sexuiMy Innstni~tt:d pm~OZOHJI1 [h.n .~i~·~ iu~:~tl humml 'i!<1i,~iml. When a Im~ltJ.~nt>lilmc group l\cd 'Ily JIDU: Olrilo11. '\F!~fl is now <at New York Ull1ivers:~ty. p~~.bli~hedi tlte ol"!,l.ani';;~l·l!; Clffii;J~l~i~ the::- 12 Ja.!lUa~ h;l'iu~of g ~ :x;iclfc'C(p. 2.(~7):~~_k,)'!flb~r\;~~l~ll T: H.WiuJ{dlt~ t:l 1£ ~:N,lrlded \i\1Hh ~~Irmore mobile elernents than
Ap.aitosa!ij'i~
2,.1!'illmi1l1n bp

!i!:i~i!OJj¥dr!i'S

1.5:8;IHIJ[~ I~p,

• _

S!iI!aU Med~ILllm Llr9~

~ ~]re foWld in rel~~-d ~)rUiiC~!))[Ul!:> thmiiY'-c:e]:;eI~~rhell'l ,un the body~ The sc.tea~dSls, sli1ggest~lma~ ,~ td-1!!!11 T. n~gilf;f1lf.~ ]'[L1!Ov\,.,J huo its curreru IX()Q Iqgil..<llilm iche, iis gelliome f:xplil.1.ded :l<lJ:pid~,y.Jlhe '~ prctozoanitscl f b{:1C ~I!;HC h i~g;c!"a~aresult. ~ ~'I'hi,ch mtll!de i.l more e~;rcct~ve n chasi ng <md ~
Oi!

l!i)i!'!o!l!.lWlQmlh:lO, Sd~liIliSillO h~l1j'e CQme u f:! Wii'lh a melrholl! tQ~lil1ilo!!hi'

t]iJ~ si ~s QII diJ]QW!Il r '£lll'nQI'I1!:l:;.

11I1.~Y ,oOlldllldE! !bOIl tgd~V'~ b~rd~ge~ Ih~k sma'll genom es hom their cHru~s.tl.lilr~IIIIG:e5to rs, .
~.l.appot.::ldili:> IlW~SI,l~m~'I1!ts O!llO a~, IilVG!kltion~ h

<!Ir)'ree.llulcG:l'reb!ltioilll !,!!,1;1LS good enouyh thar l th~y oOluid lISi~ iht: !'l,i~c rlfgl s~d.Q's' C1, t~'CH:yt~:l> s :~ (':n~l,ill1ng, it'> baeL'l'!i.(1IP~'YCh!l1~~lg cell size mEliy bea;lel~t ether kil.llcis ttl O1A.:c;m<neiy predi!ct its genrnci:l:ue size, Tihe sciillg eatists t'~].elm.<l,ddcdto the tree branches fer ,~ of species in ol~.cir\:I,1ays.ill some £)I'oups of 3 I species Qfd ill,'lICiil'i,H!iIf:S limd used the size ef <lIllinm~:>~$p~cie~',\'~.th high m~H]b?htC f<lleS ':! I.cnd to have small gel.lO~lCS., forexample, t h:~~ro:st.eocylC's to est imf~I:Cl:l:l.c :5uze 0 r tl~.e ir they .~ whereas :i!J1ecie:s with ::l~O\~'metabol ~:iiom::;~<lv1: genome!:>. from that iufonnaricn, ~ big ones, One possible explanarion is ~hal inferred how d~e: size of dinosaargenomes I~~:umillg.~mnlml~~ iv~ rise [0 &tm:flU blood eil'1 ls, g ll~;;td'~"'ll~\ll.;;dove r ti 1m:1;;_ ·~which have ;lhugh :Sl'Lr~ll~to.:\(ollJme rario .u~d Theiranalysis suggesrs t11;n the ceannon 1.1, ,~ l.:a1i!l~an"'r0rt oxyg00:fn. r,lst~r aero".....[h~~.!'IfI~~m· O1tIJ.~~lnrof d~.n~Ji\;lli1!r:;,. ~m~LI] rOI!JlJ-ftlO1\;orj rep.~ bmua.es. [if a VJ.1l1irm-Ib.~oodedaniD'l~al~~.eedSI.olll;~e t~~le .i:i;'I.'e-d .00llll 230 ~lu~,lion ye,Hlrs ago. had l~~;mt 3 ,~ ~i~m of O){y~c:lm to the lilS mcn:llIOOIil;~~1 slrUI~1 •.~ (;l rclatiilvt:'~)lIh.ig, yenorm~~about th~ Sl:11~£ &l!z(:&<; .l!!' genome II,nu.!;lhlga.ve ~l ,m ,evolmi:OImryedge. OJ n!IU i.~'IJ:or·s. That t'OmM.on ancestor ,~,I\~e~~e to ~1iiCr-id nuti1;)!1" '~iIJlC'h..;:o of Ji.t~t~WIn>_ 011(: of b those br.mcTmes.the Or:llll ith i&:h:iian!S.i~achLded:big ~ The: 'Ms·s~l[ Im~ii'd 'Ill Ctm~,;iSi~'~~wit h ~hi~, hyp(ll~M;;l~. h i['(ls h~l\~ ~wrilb.nfi;;1S $m;b ;;t." st,,;:gosmqifl> {.~d TJ1t;CJP/oll<t. d n,'lI!!ch8mal~e.r g~~lG!n:~.I~~lnl~]{}~ oftheir ,r~f'· Their g~~{J(~~H;::S id net ch,rlilg~ much, ··Tl~.et;;~

d lnosaurs; inc! ~l.di!l!1l.fc~uh~'r$.ra ridl !i!JI;W,lth •. and neMiulll behavior, "Yi;UI duu'r decide you N!Jli n~ to fly aJ1d 'be warm-bleeded ~iktl
3
b:~I'{iI, Ol,ndllhen 1n1lk.-e:<III Ilrn.ese~~~a1lge:s:'

:!!a:i"S

Orga.nt. "T.h.q·re all 5111<1:111 CLu'il,u~athre i:hillg;; lh<J~ go \\~W, ""',J)' buck, ~md~1meycmn~k>gether ~o pood.ucl;,'; 1.~lis end l!arm," Ah,~,ough G regolry and others pind::;;e O:rg:l.ll·s paper, some scientists HI1€: not as j,mpmfl-%"!(.t ··h~;;t cm,~p;:~'e:r"bml"rl.~' mu ~r~.,
b1y confi.dentin the
OHlQOIliilC:' S<I.YS Mic'irlllld

II-'

"' ....

tyq;gd:a oflndi,JIf!I;J! Uniwr:o;i~y. BI~l~lming~()!l . who questions whether natura] selection is re~~m~lsiblc druvi.ng g('non~.C'se dUTcru.lu filr e
sizesto fill1l.eH:une m,etaboliisllIi!. "There'S <I CO(fr(::I~Uo~ [)n:h~tWfi. hut I dOl1'! know ohuny d:irect demOIlS'l'f'<'II:ian, of' C:l'USi:\~ i'ty."

ta U~.liIi:rll relatives. Btlit ,ut birdscvelved s,I1n<"llle'r guys hWllc a lypic<lii r.::pd,i.illJlJ"Slz~J ~:I1lO:I1~e." ~ .~ gem:uru:!)lur' their hi~h metabo.lli:iln1.~~.e '1m:;$- S~-l)i!iO~. ~Iion Ila.tum'lm.yari:sc:s, ~vhenl did l~:1'I!t ,Un,r~nkagc s But illltoIJ~.CiI.·brn[lch of d hln5!mr.s,-b~pcda I ' precMo~ km.. ~,s~1merl()p()ds-e-io~"ed sig~ w.~~, ~_ ~Hke pbl!1.1e'! o'rg:l'm re~d ized (h'll di mI,Q$,1IU[ I'm;· .~ .s i.~::;~:niighlhok:l the ~11l,';\\'e.r. Il]if~.c.mlly jiln:! IleO" yen.anlile'S. Thelupoclls \!,l'O~JId

G reg"\J(ry c~J.mJl,,~-d.~s. ~""\;:!.~~fm~!(:t~b[jlis!\!~ th(ll" l can aC~QUIllt: ~iJ:rI,he M~l<lll genmne::;. of .!lI~imaI~ such as dhlOSilI.lkI'S and birds, i~ \mlm"l exp.l<!Iin ..U ~hep;;;~U-eHiS il>ci ~m~~l;:.', fi fld ,P~'ln~ fbr s,. cxampk., i~Jlvre n ::;;.~11llar co rrelal.i 011 be{\\:ccn i c ~i.e <lind ye~nOl]M£: s.ize •.. ,e~"'<lJl1Ip]e. b!JI t l

en

~or

tltley

Som~ d~!Il!)$ ilU r fossi is .a!\l 'So \:\N;;U 11_ Ii'~ 1..1 Ui~~i):~i;;ly give rise [0 birds •. "T11i!' bIo\xl~our ,= .sef\1ed t~lill;~ !!l~11 ~,1."ve'the cmrit:~esliKm. once' ohhe !,!".uel" the :ide'~.lil::H S1111l1111genomcs they held ~h~~r bm'!~ c~lls (kliLu\:V!~IT~S o$~e(i(y~e·g). e()411\'{1'I!\t~wu~1:I nli,~I'Il." S<lys.O~J,~m. '~ But ~o OimiC ilm.,d eVf:1" establ i~~,cd~ I i~,llk.bet.v.reen Org~.rt gU~B that [lten~"Qds evolved to :2 ~nlJlm: slz~ ~UldOSitCGt,'}'tc !i1¥e. ··Tha~.\'WLS,OlJ!r have h~.gh,~r metaboHc fates tha~ athcl: anioll ::;elec~ .~fitsl ~~ep:'s<li)1SOir.g:mm" They ~"ll:uilned ooUil,es J ~rlios<ltn h.~,L as a,~:-'lIh. ~.la;~um~, ~, fmm 2() sp~fe:i of biNS" reptHes. m;;l!:nm;;L~s. d,nn n'lvorod sm~I,IGr ~;eI1C1mCf> Olnd ~mo;l~hlr c:dls. Other p<lleoll~ologi5l;s have ,allw ~:b~Ia:IJd andamphiibi.,llS, W:iilh co~I~.£!lI'e::i <It HOlP!tdJd ,~ ~tld d~~U~~v~rs~~yflf R~~ding .. U.K .. he cvid€,!lC:~ f'l;)f bird bjo~.[~g)'i!l hip~d~d
:I:j

i
g

ilm<lve <Ul allilll.l~.I~.~jik.e Ill.etaooi,~"'m. hspos.. ..ib!1;; thallt I'JI000f!I$hav~d~fJ:"e:rolilt~eltom~

dOH·I:

bec.m;se ~enQim:le size cl1:anges the' 'Wi;'l)' LI~l'l:~rcen::;: (:'\pll!r~:;;m:'l~ili~~ ()rm,m~poniluids. "AIIlIY orte fe<lulI:e i5Jrl'[ .re.tlly gQ(ing~D '!.JO\'elr it" Gr~m:y ~"Iy..;,'''Yem. hllVJeto :Iookfrom the' bot~om tip mmd the top OO,!/\flliill every C<I5e:"
-(ARIL ZIMMER

si zes

me, 'wilttM?

Carl, Zim!lfl(!r':~ la~Ht Iw~. Or1J

IJUttli:tll;~d ned'wrinJ}

t. ~fi allci!he

~nii!1lg

·of

w'I,iWi,i'.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

Even seund ::;]eepers have restless braias,

leal Scheel in Boston. "'W~mi the

bnl~.111 lis

~:a.vn:ri.l.espor, :Bet._.;nn,s,e ind~vid,u.3~ p]!;Jt;>eells c ,a r.J[ ~likcs,a din~Iit':~.n rome.a d ilTC-fI;:nt~equcn:oc

yg~~r body m.lY be: lu:~d.yl!1,~g~hn~ 1~:-;5 ouce

YQur head fu!uls the pmClW, bm inslde yom' SK,UII, i1lil~n iOi,15 01' Hi::UHHlS ,Ire bus i I)' :Wi ri ng <liw:liy. ol~en il:). syn(;Th.r"(:!I1I.:~z.e(lbursts thi'll: send: Wfl\'C~ of d~'Clri.dly ~,",\"e(:p~lll~ ~lcrn~s the SUf'~

re1dIY~Tyi~,g lQ du is exnaet meaning,"

SUG h idea S aren "t ~1fIversal IY~l!::: c])~e d, l c

~'SJX'ind

QrllyilP

a "pec~II'iC ~:~lc.ui'l~iU .eaeh ti me

however, On:le.llie'\.\1 muJ contm\ler.l:i;l~ i~ypoll~e- ofplaoe cells fires. Sub~~.~enl :smudies fOlmd sis s;~;ggesI:S'~~<1l mem,o.uy and other cegnirive I~'M: sequences of plm~~ce~l:trilrin£ that ·rn;cuD' ben~nls;!:Ire m~rdy side efWccts or the 1[IIH~ ~",[I n'!,[explores ;) m;{w I~fi\'~m!ilme[n are face of your b[~liln. funcrion of ske:p: dialil~g down ,synapse:!; dUI! re:p'.lt'I,ycdILl.cnext li.nm,eIh.cn:;;lt dozes, ill> if lhe What all lL'ai~ !Hmr;diH;:~ivi ly accomh,O!vt;:g~lU~-.Il tl>V!;;r~dl€ld by d!J)ftim~ <u::'livi ty, mlima I~m'u;1;\'S~l~ S!:t;;rli." dmoJeWlg~k'\;'lp. Arid some skeptics aren't ·conv,ufI(;ed that 1luIn31IJlS Ull<liy do :s;om,el1'n~nl.g similar, ]n .. plishes, il'anythi:ll,g~ is 11 my:stery.i!lnd p.un of lh~ c\,~YII.I!ll"gcr' PI,]zzle of wllY we sl.c~~:I• One . lil!cC'l"Il~~~.anyLhing to do \.\:.~thMClli'lJfln' m al I. liOO.:!, a rcseareh team ]~d by Pl\crl~ M~qH(:lOf , i.de~i~h'll has S~li ed fa \'01" i~1 rece n'I years n GU"~I.l.111 the uaeertainries, researehers :my l.he U l'IIivers.ily .of l iilege. Be~g~~Lm. used p.nll:it.rtJ.!Jii.!;,1Jijlis$lr.ifiiJ l.iOll~.og,'mI.lhy .'PET) t.O iUO:!l1iiE.~hat dWll":b"geer~~1 i!liis~~,g~~~ll' sl~~~~ lh~ .. th:~ qU(;:>l 1.0 unde:r::muliJ the si!i;.le~~h~~ is br~in just beginning. But tll.ey'reall'ead;y findin.g ot:'<L in lrep~.'IYS,~~", iences fliol:m, rhe day toO per i'tor bra in activ uty in :n.]CII.1 pl <ly ins 11 vi rtualliilr~~gt:I~~I} !lll;m~llryof what h~.ppl,;:~ll,;l(l !b~d~'lti!l g d~t~~ ~lj;put \';h~1!1 ~.Pl?¢~~~ hen tbL;: .h w re.~lily g~l1mle i!lii \';~h~h~lm~yl(r"'r~~d tu n~v~Suppou<rl: for this notion con1:!>:;) fm:nifl ~~\~Lri}l:lly we're olT]n Ih~ Land QfNod. g;.lle throu£Jh .~ \.~I1,'m~1town IhM:t~~,d~.y :;CC'UlL~ a ~:'rom,he shoot ~'em-up v~(.l:e'(lgame Du ke t o f'e )l:P~'1:imemswi lilm rodents <melpe c:rple. Nuke m). T;~,e:same n;>,g~{1 >0 r ~ hi ppcus 11m!!;!: inclmlgflg~. :i1e\/t.~:l'i!.ldyii1d~is issue Sl!gg:es:~~ L~t !lI1Iil! iSI~!l't!l!llt agaillil i ng that bO()isti:~.g such meraory-related T11,C :furnl c1oipocrimellltaJ evidence: I.~~at the 'I}I"!I in c<llmllH~s dun revved up \\.II~.cn the )lUbjClC~5; activiryin file ,~I.eei),~ng rain C<!J! imprnve b exploredthe irulO.lI elwirorulbe'~:~.d!i.obecame n:P~ilYS,recent eJ"];te\I,ieIl:CfSd!Jri~ sleep ceme me:1I],~ory performance illmhumans, fil'mn expell.; mcm:s 'with rats begun :i,n tile :~ 9'90s ;ICI,'U\'C\"I,hellthe men :lSI ~ilpped lillll:O s~m\r=wmre SO'l'n.~,(;; resssrehers r:>Uf;pG'>Cl ilh,fll r~p~"lyin:g, by nel!wSC'i~~nisl Brw::ll McNiatlghl'<Ul of lh~ sleepIh~~ igM:.n ~ u ssll,~pl'(~g(lis eflen con~s the recent past during sleep is more' than 3. LJ~i \:er:s.ity of Ari7JJml. Tm.::ml~,and 11 :gr"<Lr~l~ si dered the deepest: Skl1;,v~w.lli\fe sleepers aee m~mij;lr)l 'Lid, This rev~¢\"t m,~yO!b;ogive I:h~ a~e smdem Mm!h~wWils.t)~. McNmighu,'l!'i hi;~rd~(I :rtll!~~. D~urh~~ ::-:~etlp t,f~il;.'!.~l~cffi1this S brai.11I1 a chaaee 10 cau::JI1I, i.:lm~por[al'llt ~:!iifarl1i:1l'1~· and W.ullson recordedthe ·e~el.:trica~: <lc~.ivil)' of eueep ba:~ogr"<I,m {E EG)I raees S~~Q~l!''wmrcs;; .0 f ~ e:leoC[r,[c;:.nJ;H::t1vity Ihl'iHU1il;~]Ollt the braiu that ~ tkm h~l~~S""C'd firstt ime a roand, "l'll1cr,~:1;. ~~~Lrons,caUed "'pI:,1.~ Ii,lells"'illthe .r,,'I.1lilllm~ i:lu: more an:dm,ore ev~.dellic:e a'Ccn~ililg Ihmwhm: campus, These neurons, have an ;)Ili n~,tyfor peakabout once 3 se,cond.rET SC<H'IIS .~'n.ippoca~up{ll ~. w~'l:\e seeing d.uri!m.,!!, ~.~~~~p ~.Oi _~ is US~ a particular lccatlons, 100 that as ."1 riM runs revC'a~ed ll1![U the more ~fil~Il[se st lren,gtllc n ing 0 f memet ies, '" :S<'l:ys Rober ~ <lIiOllnJ,ils, em::]m,m-e, ,J given p·~3.oe cell fires <Icli.\'ilya volui1H:e:1f had d1urli.n:g slow-wave I!! Sti.ck_:gQ:~d.a ne lil_~sd(lnt ifi,l .:'It Harvard M~d:· €'~!cl~ lhWl~the mde~l p<1SS.~'l dll:,o~~~hthfl~ c~U':s \'Iloop. l h~ better ~H~pei!' l"onll~d Ihf;): ~H~" diu)' ~ I

,I

9 MARCH 2007

VOL 315

:5CII~.Nelc. W'liVw.sdenooml1l.g.orgl

NEWSFOCIJS
;;vh~n he sprhu~d lh!'O'"i;~gl~. "~nual t'l)\\,m ~!) the f~nd certain objects as qlUic:k~y as possible, M~quel and colleagues reported in the 2~"'! lll(ilbeit ']n04 issw::ofM::,unm. O M~lqlUC't's, l:llil.d~lngssl~O\:\~e:dnioe corre:la~ u liml bt'ftv.~e~ Illf\If<.!~. Lct~viy (~ur.~n~~ieeJ;)and ~ su b&~qll~IU. lnC'mory pcrl."o:nna nee, says J:;liU B[wn, .. ~1 n~urosc;:h::n[j~q .at the U!'!iv(;;~ity of
Ui,bec:llin
Ge]".I]1I,my. The namral next step,

II

hypn~.h~sis.

:!11iI,elln~~)ri~s fir~:~e~l'Codedb]l are

the hippoc<unpus al1d~a~er-pe:~~aps, bllel ma tter e f hom s or d~y s=-rransferred lor long-term M(lrdgc tn ~h~l:\f;rebr<l~.(<lrle.~. r e ~CQ{}QrIC:CSevera] lines of evidence su.pport this seerraric, <lIllC!lIfnS '~iliae,IH~he ebservation t hfil m.~myp (:03~lc \\'110 sul]":(;,' a!li1ln~.~ilafi:l'lowl i!l\g: d<imag~w!he hiprp(lc~!m!H~S c~li!'1 l'>.'rill IL"'eC'31.1 events andf,u::IS learued prior liOtheir

pl~pl:!!yiW;g a gj,in'll~rhat rsqulred !)11:<l!liliplukniimlg; ~i'tlJ:illgSofr:llmnbers were more th~lruhC'!rk:e

likely enabled
!IS

have a nJl!>.hi of .i.ns:.~gbl that solve ~he PHlb lem more q ~Lickl.y liner .3. ~ igllt of .s~.l;'eP '~lliI2ln (Iller ;:)iI sanli;h.u tlme oh\·'lke'11JI:m:~s:s"
NJ

l~,Wifl1l!lei

M:O!r~ 1'C~ent~;y.~1tfl s;ll~1!p[i:.."'~~!"C~, Inl)~ting

lust mn:iJlth ul ~he Sulk

ll'!~t

HJljt~for BiQI(lgk~11
~(lnll~t1~.Qm!· \'I.11il~

StmJ ies, Sri.ckgold presented findin,gs. suggest~

Bot~l say~..w~]st~l seewherher <lflifi·d.,Uy boostung memmy-:rellatcd neural ..aclh"ity dur:. ing *,Iee.'pc(l'u~din(lpTtWe ~lllemo~;y pi::r:funn~ <11100.01'1 pOIge 1426. BO{r,~lS team describes an $th~lmlptIf) do _f uSllhaL nerese;u.iClhJers had! ~'olul'I~eers pby :I video vcrskmtlnh~Cflrd yi!1:!1;~ M~mory"also k!l(n,i\rl~ ~s Cmu:{'a:ulliatli,mll)~ in whech they had to leam and remcnll]f!'r the loesrl ens of Il3 i:rs or (,9:rrlS. Dr.mril1~llle :iO.1Jne i~]l"~ illl." srl.)ujJ 000 ctI[d~·. EaC'~]m~l'Ched I'~ir nu1hed ililii th~ sereen fo:l" a few seconds. one lit <lU.ii,m],1.e, with .1.U the o~ll~r c,l:udSk'I-C~f1lg dm\,Ilii .. AliCl' ~h~¥oll,llllii.t~t'N

injury r:'~1l1 Owug~ (~,t.>y'n; ~]n<1.blL;; furm to ~1 rn~'.m.orie:s.,~,~such p<ll~.enl~. oidnm.enuJew

riesasust r~~ide somewhere ot ht::r[ll:la n the ~lUppOC<lItlIJWI.s. How the bruin might ~I.·~uslbr memories from the ~]'ippOC~11IiI.lpUS 1.0 Ihe neecortex ]sn'[ ik:uMJWn, lH~CS assuared to b require some l!;iud ofbOi!ck"l,lnd~forth comIlulmic,niol'libelween the two snuennes,

j,l,g thut 1J~~~pLt; nd m~.~~ I\g fi

lfui.eysleep, .1~.lli.s roup had volumeers play a g card !:,;<lm1;li~ll\m~,(;h .utool,npt~d to pr~dilt;.;! ~he'y whe ther it wm~1d "ra iI1.1.'" based CUll cards the researchers hlild S:hown~'I~.c~itl, ~me was The r.ugged so tl:l:u. Ute eard lJ.f.ilh dll.e diamonds, fur h~-nn~e~, w<vsWoUO\\.·~d SU1!1ny \1\.'11.~~~~(:r s lily 8IOU.4~f the time .. E3!l:b c3Jl:1 hold us 0\'1'1'1rule. o

had. seen t he l·oC~gliOUilIS of

~nt h~p;_dr~,.the

researchers tested the subjects' recall by nl~l1I~ illlg Cil1ne:Or~1m.t:30(,,,005 roo~upul\ld<'!~kin.g~ihem W fiLlil.d hs mntch.l1lile researchers then used

EEG eleerrodes to fl'loIliu)r~ht: velanteers'

br.li~:lm;l;i,,~.tyw'hil!eli:tey slept,
Onc~ lh{l\roh~~H(:{,:rsentered
:!;.hnV~\1i!.flVC'

and Ji found ~haLlnw.::h like hippocampal ,t'CR s, 11!.:::lJrO]lS the \1~~,~lal ~ll CQI.'l¢l~..t~f~l~ lwepl!ay f:ilr~.:Il1,gsequences l.luring slew-wave &(;% ~('If..~~bj~c,;:n;. 'd r~~~il'!i'G-d~Qod~l!n\:hi I~ :;l~pdm!!H,II~h \VhD !~~~:rJ.;tiv~lY dm:1ng lht.:r:r!~s' " d ay~ilrn'i;l ~1.1,111.\l !1! nrli U],g. J\ilm~;n.r1M. the seienslell:p'irl.g. Sllbjifi.'i~I:s who gut rhe rose odor e:ither while awake 01' whUe il:D IREMsleep, QUI~hi::' dsa:s fbundlfui<lil the replay in the visual ClJ.I1iCX o~~tlr~tl!I.llJ. !mw..::d :Jro,o meIllor)' bOOM!nllJrdid s Ih.,ppemi ~r1 lacktli:t\P \\'ilh repl~y in the ~]ippgp[1!;!Senli~l.g the od.or Ilhlring .slm""~lw~wc sleep C'alllpUS. ··IIt',; tile I1l"st lh~1IC\'!I'e' soc s.eqmmccs .fl3 hdp :subjelo1s '!.vho h;J,drn'~oc"'en ,ej"'IJ'OSl~.~orose bot.lliL .ill die hiIPlj)Oc.~mpm;. .md lhe WI,eooCo:n,e;", .~ dur.iing the Imi l1Iill1J:!, ;es.'i~OI1. "~Ir:~. fiffi~ "'~!ill.dfY ~mdl~he if ~1C!o!JTdilm;I.Knilli nl lime:" s.~y;sM<lqLLC L s the
place ~~U !'Cf!lly de:t:lliliHl=:'I!1!ltc th~~Um!;t;: C<l~l ,~nfht~nc!,)' b mi;;:I1I],orywUltl1.1li'U:lmU lh,ll eXI~li.ci~ll)l m.:tuv:lIH::' s

sleep, dlf' ree<irchen>.~.;]\~e ~omt' afthelll:ot p~llr Ofr{lt':e~~e~m~dak Th~y'd:pre\'itlu:s:~y ,~iv(,11 some of the ~mbjec~siii whi!fotl'lose d:urin~ ~he:urin.alimllmining SC!>SIOIl \viuh i:~1f!'cards, ru.l:5onirli,g th.ll lh~odm \l'iQ~~1dem;~\."ltelll~:em" r ories of the uilLII1.ing S(I':!lSJtOll iun. th~~e :5l,11bjects \1\!i~~iULH w"tiLkil.g: ~l.eml" ]udeed, fl~nc~iomd Ill'~~ net ie resona rice iIll a gi ng (I}'/IIRJ) SC~.~.l in, s de-(';p~l'Igs~llbjecl:l: revealed that the ,od~)raetiWlted! ([le Ilippocmn~.pusiln dlOSi: who had e~~ rienced i~ pr~~liousI)'. even l~lUl!g~ the E I~'G .sll(}Wtld 1110diS!mplio:I1~" in lheslIbjecu;':slmmll:lt'!r. Ah1rn.OlJgJ~ tht;:y did~l'treniu:;·m'be. ll'!I[lclling reses i.lll.the.~r!:i,l!~et),. ,~ubjell"ts ,,,,1u) g~~the flr<l.~"'U'I~ the ~r.!l'im~~ rem~mb~r,ed, th~ Imultdu.;(i 1~9ir~ b~ut!'r ~lil.eau:)!!.1 lfi11)'. genung, 9'1% cortect ,t:Olllllp'1.red~D

A MmJy by Wi Isun [~~.dpo.s~d(J(;H1r.;f~ r~lkllii;.t Da.oy UI1I, J:i,publiis.hied il~ the Jallu;1 ry issue of Nmun: Neul'u,,,t'i~>fu.'I:slII!wons I.hi.sitk,:!t WUiSOll

lM rhe vol Wl~~ef!' d~d~nT kIDL(:I\,V1'", rules '[;Ve!'1 [ existed. As expt'cled they did IlQ bener thsn ·c~~.m:c!u.first. B~11~flt.'ir 200 prodi.t't.ions. their ::;ucoess :ratesil1ilpmlVe:d. When the subjecl:!i

came b.."iCk12 hO~1.rs~a~r til:j! .~~~I1+ t~~~y~~d t() ii'mllp:roved even mo:r>e-tnd. thase \!;'ho(l s.lepl

i~Wg"!i:)V~dabout "there
'Si~g:ro\\I

~O% more d~,mthn~~

\l;~~fl

h.Ldn'l. A]d1<~u.g~if!jtl madest iI!'I~JlrQ\'1;;m~m.

iIlg sense t h~;I: here's aetlve ~
SHY::; WilSQ1IiI"

I.e.,..niin,g

Then':: s. atf)lOiBlCreao;;lug ~vid\.':lltie ~h~ltdl.ffer= ~l'It s,t,Jges {If :s.~eep~l!leil1~,'Ol,'Cd :il:l 00.1]sol idal~ "
:i:ng differel1l1 kumls ofnu::luory: says .[V[3U:!i1.eW

during !)~eep.;'

~ IIW bi:p'J:l(:H;,impus: d~~!"1,~sh~l.fl'~" ~ysWH~orl.

~n OI;:s;s:oci,ue profes;sQI" ~t the MfI,S;S9C::l'mofIechl1(l~ogy 1111 C~llbfldge. ~ 80m's findilng:l> fit\V,~lh,) popu:I!<lr \'Uli;'I,V gf .~ bowl~le bnd~l m~Jnuric:s. ;;Ii\'\I<;lY fU(IjIOJmg~
.~ IliO~:V i!'l

.scut>lnIIHI!e

m,,~
<J,

'~ ~;elin~1 s,wr<lgc.

pn)ces:s lleurOM:i.ell&ILS;~5'c,111
U)

.~ !1111>em£l.ry C'on'~oHdudnfl+ Accon.H~,g

d~i~

M.o~'emanm@m:1ll11J Be:Y{H~d :;:i iI'n~p Iyrfl:r:~ ~ i11 ~ m~~nur ies. dH,~ f)! br<lin ~mlay!be ~nflin~ t~uou~h 'recent e:o:pel:.iem;cs. d:uri.ng :sleep to i.f,l!t,:~]t:ifyi!Julcsabout ~a~];_"'ii: <L~1H.1I elfec~ (lr o~heilrIIJse11111p;:lHe;m~. S.OIlfl,e res~areh~]'l> S~ISJ'~C[.o.~,e ofl:~e flrnt h[ril::;,of t hi s p hellO m'CIlJOI1I !Ct'Ln1'C from ~1 200"'1 N~mre j:)>1perby B.om 's grOtlr," They r~·p'0~TGdll];ilJ~i"~SC;II~Nelc. a L 31S v

\~h!lkcr. f! nl;;uro$!l::iQ:misll.'lill~flnl:r.rd MiI,;d~c.id School. Sp<ni'111Il'1£mmies.. lilke lh~ formed b~~ pt,~yinsMii;nl()1)' orb)' mIVi~l~rI,g.:Lhmulilh~ m~c.e 011" \',~rmal tIl~~'n,seem ~o be:c0Q1Si.)1ud.1ued during S.~OW-\l!J"d.V~ ~Ie.t;:p!' TIl.{: ::m~1C apll~ru.';.; to be tme !for dedamtive Ilii,~lemQries" which
~IWO~\1'e re'll~!l'll~rill~ li~~I~"""":bl'LlI10lmJ~s.\'\,fIil'li,~yothe:L'klinds, ofllm::'n~ol:-Y, Some ::itudiesw;tLve

fUL.nl'nd~l~~ ~hd;J!l'fli!l POO(;'(':$8e'J; ~mi:mo:ries w~lh

o;Ii

w'I,iWiI.sdenoem ago org

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1361

.e -,rl..ne'le'

anage ..

Ill1I,brr-odw::ing Re-~el'lence Mana1ier 11 - a ~erl1J1 upg radeto 1

me

W,~:a~'snew 'ilil v111"

bib'i~raphi{ software that S'tream ~nes research. wrim ng and pub~~hing. Reference' MallaQef has served OOfjDate. 'govemmenl¥1d ocaiemc resetrchef) ~o~dfflde for O\~f 20 ye,ars. And rtO:# l!el'5iool1 deliveG ~ew way:, to~re flooview~oor re:ferel'l(jero!locti:Jns: rust ~ ~ tolhe We-b..CoIlabffill'IE ~l.ilh((Il~glJes O'!i'ef a ool'lMrl:" Li1 tofull te-xt ~ fires, These are JllstSOIl'OO or the po'i';'elful fe.at1Jrei ~t. aI!lrait }U.i , R!eferenteManager i~1f1)Uf oommand and cootl'iOlcenter for all tIi1ngs re:~erenee relat.oo.

'. Publish Reference Mallaget databas6 to ltleWw or irttranet

• Veate 'SUb)@(l bf!>liogrcrp ies ins:tal1· ,

•Au:..~ss nll."N and upJal@dcon:t8fll files a[ WilIM .R!'fman.m •Share travelil1g libraries,¥ntn colleag,ues • Cormecr to daten ·s.ualizaOOnlools. Put inrlO'JatioFl into actioo. Ordei or upgFade' lO~.
Avaifab~' 'for\lVf ru:nljl6 in a singte-user and ni:!lWOrn edition. Phom~:801l n.2~ 1227 • 100-4\38--5502:6 • info@lsJr'@'SeEl[{hsoft(OJIl
'THOMSON

....

Oownlload a free Demo lo(illa,y \WM.n~fmaJl1.com

C! C/Jpf1fll'Xo!l_,,*~I!.o."iiI"
,I;I~'
I'~

L"t_,.,~Wt_
dl~":~IIT'1riO'

NEWSFOCIJS
$~TO!1g.('l~l,ll1.~omll 'Cl;1iPl~p(lrtl~f1t LA'!i!l~,r"rid-~y0d

II

(RElvl) sleep <1111,d precesses ,mCM.lllOlyfiJll':Iuotor skills, such as m,P'[(linlgcml,11

moveurem

d~.ff~c~lhseq aence ()~!1~! ke'ybo~nl. during s'ta,g.t: .2 and REiVl :sleep {sec dimgn':lIm, pcl 36~, l W hry I:his dii,,;·iS ion ,on<Joor exii,~~ us <Ipulzle. b~ll '\~,r~I~kC'r ethers !>POCCUI:;ll(~ t~,'K: i ncr~ ,Ut~~ lh~lt d I;l!uphy$i{llogicll~ Md Ill.;;U!l(l,eh~mieO!Ii'1mJj~ it:'l~~ assnciatedwith di:Wl"cllrent slee'po stagesmay
~~l\inr ,celt.lh'1kili1m. gfn®._U41~

also bi,gge:r.[aki.ng upprecious space.•t'u'I,d f:imdly: II)O much [TP rmljl S<iltlLl~.'a~e :SYmlilipseS. 1e:<lJviffilghem uffila!Jle tD gel :lilly s(['QI1!_!;er hcu t w the bt,Jj Ii! needsto learn ,~(nm~lm!ill:1gnew. S:tee·p reSlo:res hmm~cOSl;l!Isi$ by ml(;hcliblg down symlplu:(; !-l1il'l:.'11~lhs. Tommi.<Irrgll:es. ll'~ ,01
far ~nt)1"C'In!ITlpmWnl service
~l(1dC;i~l SOl}'!!.•

j eets were l~!l1'lbllilt(]I~iu:m ss \~tel.llh~ n~);~d;;~.

says. TOItOtli':!> view anile role of'slecp is "an i~W11ii:rel'>ling .~mJimwli live idea:' Widker ~<lyS. .1~,calso Lhi inks ~.fs;net llec.es.~~ril}1 incQIffii] p~[n,ble wit hi. hen roli on, th.u ~deep euhanc es m~'!llO~'yby !ltrcngl~.cniu~ the U:m1.dcrly.ing
TOI1;Olll

boostin

in~m(jor}lp~~lofm8lne;J.,',. he

l~li!1Jn pnwi.dimi.g ~

!>.yIH\~"~e~. Pft1pOi'lellh" as

uf lh~

~l~ri'H'i:i)'-

"Sleep istno h ~gh a p.lice to pay [for lhll:

pIOl$tidW,

Some rescaochcrs poim out. hmven:r,ljl!~u: Ihq: Hu;:n~~l!r-eQI1J\,,'hit~h ~h::~]J ~1ug;es lebl~~ W

whi,C:~ 'I:ypes ol'I11.1."iI.nOfyi~ p(lppetredwiJiTh

COIl1,~

~,5% impttwenle~~t '!i",!: seein some thii:1g...;:' Toneni ~. "I.dl] iuk :il does :!lometlljl.lg much more :~'ij,nlll~~m!l;nt.d tdittl neusom lf~du.: price 1:0 \Ve IJay for IPbSl]city:" l10'!<\' mig~t sleepreser
Iished In d~\;)15J~m~Hl[Y ./owwrrl
PIJJ'~:io.log)'. They reponed li13t

fe:phl)f scenaeie fuI<1iv,egenemliy assumed, ".~ t~i!lk thi.'W QQ~ld not j~!u.tindl:lp.eIH,f~I1!~J}" .m;:~

Inn. s)fJmcfgust.icaJlly," But nnt I;lvelryYII~e is :n;:01:J.y embrace W

n~um!>ci~!~li!!>l the U!1l~\I'CffiilY at ufOdifl:l[,Uli'l. los. Angeles.. S~lickgo!l(j,and other pmpommLs of." s!eca~-.nrlem(}.ry~£nk~c:.b.owh:!"'l:gc t~l"llihC'y f::ut'e l:1IllIIII)' miru!l'!tll v~ i~\lI!s ab()l1~[he roll! of sleep i;n ~n,el1lory t~onSiol:idalion. "T!lc're arc rIiliJ~i\~e qlles.~mi s tel'mJinill£ aool~t ow e%lie'mI:h sive it is, Im,v imp(jr~llll. i~is CXflct~y whi.cJ~
.1!i

~radict iml&,,'"lr ~ere is illflcon,~j5>te,UD,CY here, and .smueone has te be v.'~con!ll:· says, J erome Sie'J)';:~.

Tononi's proposal. S<lY~SI.. ckgQ]d: "lr's an ~ synaptic stre:Uil.~IIl!~'! One due. 'imHui ·~ay~,. el,egalili~. ~lypolhesi;s that doesn't hfl'vc 1lI lo[ or c1Qmes~":om.1 Stl1:tdJy by Swiss [e::;.elll,d,~e'l:s· ubp data b~.mti~ldit,"

~f

.~~"......,.......a..~.

~lillm~.m.ing sliees ofrat bl<lin

ttl

These adva:ffiI.cing the I]uks

eause enee-per-seeend

bet\vee1l1. sl:et:p .md memory h~\'c ather Imrd~e~

bursl!!: offfilK.mrn~ ill'in,g

St~!#I;;:S gfs;Ie>~p ~ln;''Gt','!I'hic~,lyp~1il)fn~A;l:m~Jry." Stickgol.d says,

AIl1(lili.;;r \,dd~-O~!Il i~.W1J1.;lis ',\lhe~hI;:r tht;re's, a ~inkbetv.;een dlremnh'lg :'lJru! memery-related !iJ;:uF'.lI",oovjty dm!iJ.lg sleep, The kind ofdirec[ replot}' of recent experience ~mgges,led by \V~is.)11's. 'wuri<:. fUiI CX!U'1~ph::•. dassn '1 K~~. to be the stu ff of dreams, s~ ickgol d's grmlpllnas. fOlU~d th~l (lll ~y] % to, 2% (If t;:ph.ndI;;S from dIL-.e;nll.~;:; reflect events !'110mI~~eJcnevicms d~,)I. U' dre'ams don't directlyreffect the tne'rno\liy~
"Vllc'r~ ~n~.O!nj)lU~. ~'Dd;:' i1I.ys 'iVaU{er. S

ind uces <I lype of );}I'f1(1tl'Jci: ~~·\!!nt2IJk~~1Ji.mg e a ~.I lo flg -te nl~ "d, depll':~ton ,{LTD}, Thnol1Ji ~hiunlQ; if\! [!:aO ceiacidence
tliHU ihe coo rd .i [I,.nedi neural fir~ i1ll.g durin!;! :f;~OW~ ·~..we sleep iimppens, .tt

to overcome . .one of t1mcmost di ~(m.ccrbiii1.g

iil!';():l'as;btl;lf!-'
the sleep-

'0 iesjn

mtlmm.'j' ~,i~eiJ'n tur e . Siegdl ,exr]']~:Jm!\.. ~s(~<d

tJm~~ SU,L;i. ~;r,~'tl !"Icy. ue

The slow W<lves. ene pel" secand, (loulld .anduo(: LTD to
tao sirong

srudies of total s h,;'cp d~prj'''~uio!l i:I'<1Iv·e fa il:ed to fi nd <l d€'ll.;t~rjou'" o!:lll'(;lel on

dec:1[mrlitive
TQi~Olli,
mE:llllm)'.

Like

S~egd [I~~OqooMu.om;;

censoljdation process, ,,,,h:iiLl do they rnXlect'~ d~1)1 dO""'.J;I synapses th,ltgQt

,A.n~til1ler ~potlil:es~s b NO[ 1.:W(;)r}iOlH: is onbeard wilh l~.e id~~ thtlH bra]!) aClivi[y dUf~l]g sleep is Ipl'li.miU'i!y :abolll that fOl.ttmd tha~, iD"",,' \!,1,<I'1,'e's S rt'iplayin,g !rocl;;nt experiences, GiU!liaTc]!l@ni. ;,I. measured by EEG in !>~~~ping ~Hbjl;;c~ \,\il;;"r·~ l1eUl'CJi.SC1!emi.Sl at the UflivCI,;s it.y of WiS\.\onsin. IlnCI5>i:~te'nse un jj:r:;}in reglrons invol.ved illl.ea,mi M=;I,,~iroll, has .reecem~ll)l 9dvmtccd II very d.ii1cr~ .il1g ~n arru1J"'maV~11I'!.Cnl t!ls:k (he I"revioui> day. em hypofliile5~s.Hepropo~s Ul<1t the P'lI!If[:lO.~e nun's c:oliI,siste·l:u. 'wlI,th thtl idea tlml lhe s:~m."· of S:~~P. ar I~a~l ,!I~far ~f> ~h~ bi'i;lin h; {':{n1!~ liIW'1l"'C;)l h~.p!~~~ \vhere lJJ.1CY-~ n(!;~;dt;ld most 1'0 C' ell"lled. i.st I) Weakell1li ne m <II ,con, liiect io us' [restore sym.l'pl ic hO:r.I,l,eoslm,i s. CO:Ul;ve:n'£e.ly., !.~~ltigh~lit til'!,;: bwin. i~l:lm'QbiU~ing ~ p ~I!'SO,~ 'tio1i r ii11 it'! <!. s I i!lg In. To,~tmi's vh:~,~.lh!ol yrmptiC' (;llnn!:;l,~ti(lm, d~r~,!~~ :~ilQw-'\~1".!;v~ s i~n~p;J.s.ily iUi ui'ln-n;::I,,~~lild b~~''WCe't1ln:eUITH1S gel: J:llngl'l;:"o;s]:ye~y :;;;;Imrn,gt'!'r ~.U~ Of~lc:ocoJtex the rollowililg n~glu. TO!ml!l\ffili dJ~;LI]I\g t~le dOly <1SaI. reSll!h of:l:ol\g-term pote.mniami coH~ap!e;s repontlCl illlllhe: Sep:remoor 2006 at~!On {LTPl'. :i1. ph:rsio:ID£:tcn~ 11roecCSS by ",·,~lic.h, issu~ 0 r}'\In!w't' M.>nmscien.('e. neurons (h,lt fi:liil: ,n the .,rune tnme $.tren,gthe:[1 Tononi .'I~S[n 'poinls to.1 p.~'per\¥idker'!'l ~h.eir (.."{)\m~e>Ct~om. i,~~, w er~ch,o~u'!·r..Most neurOo group pub.llisiled ~~l.~ NaWtl:~ Nt>umscieun! in ,~ s('h;m~is!Soo!1sk~~rJ'P .a I'll~j(lr T'n',~"t~hH~isttrl~ Jalll'lll~aiY. Thl1~erosc~n; hi¥"rSfo~md Il~"u utnd~rl of lle[Lf.d phl'sticilY--3.ud therefore ·of ~e<l'li.mljn! gl"<'Iilmtie 'I-'Oh.mteel'S depf,~ved ofa nigi:lfs .sklep ~ nnd mil;l!n(liry - 1,:'\'lci.e,tlc~." O~c'l;;mltll;"r 20116. \wre ~01!~$~lb~~ ·thalll 'I.wl~-!'!;;~oodre~!'l), ~o I~~!m ~ ;:p. 1854). Vel a days worth of LTP c,m be too 11~e\!,,'\!o,'Orul<lif':l LhflUl.cxt dl<liy. UIl.~Ri I sc.ms :mg,~ l'!1,t~ch of~ good i.lilullg. TQl1IwnJi ~~,ue~d~. gcsi.Qd ~hal the deficit \~S. sped!i.caUy [(1!lated to memory-brnilii l1egioll;':l Umtnm.odil)' ;;u:!,en;; Stmng;er :))'iIl~:~:ie:; mcr:em,e I:he I:millln:S ener.l,'Y !i! oced:s-o;! $~r.u.ousC'Oi!ilCCrrI for au C]ii.~r:gy~ don ,.!ld a.le:n:ness $ullc~.ioned lil.ar,~~@.lIy th~ ill '~ hoggimg o~g,m th~~t (~hie'<L(I), t1COU mt'Sfor :20% a sleep-depriYcd IJ.lIl,ldeTgr~<il5. ~ Witllii,[1.1.0 s.lo\\r,~ tu perSOI]I;; men;,oolis~~l. S~.ron~~!i synflp~:<;; al"G' W~1iVCS:~e~'P w d;;;mrpciJl th~~rs~nllps!ils.. rile: subdll~riogthe day. Oth~r evideaee comes !'mm human stadies, ,illclml~ bll,g oU'le r~om T(Yl1fl:ni'Si groul)
H'M 'l::l!i0t. it~G re((lr{lingls. {ill,lIring s le,E!'p indicil~.e P'l2'i:I~s li:l·w-wa 'II·e .uuvUr ber:!) i Il blra~!il regions rrl~(ill~win (ilall~irm~llellrrl~rng.

whether relntively modest

IncmG.iY ·~u;;fils.oni.::·r c]l.ough
o <lUI. ad aj) I: h'e .• JV<IiIMage to u conm'llens<lte for being unrespons.:i,v€, 1~~JJ'~oWlrsa d<)l;},,: ".~ 'Im~

j ast not ,oo:~\'illced that Ihe~1t:s i

;J~y cnnm:iClinn .n 'll.!'" b~~'W,!;':~~l~!~~p ,mdm~mory •. Siegell, SCkys, 1.I.c favo:U'£ the idea tjJal sh.'!ep Cl\.'olved to hell~ iI!~liml;li~.~, COIll'le:r'¥'e! ('1Ilcrgy for t1lileiremire b{ldies<lnd to pilir;wem ·tln:nn frolil.~, b~ililg !l1:.'t~,\I~!lllim'£Swl~~ th~i'1"l:::t:e$sI,ikdy 10

rind food and ~mmre ~i It;:eiy~o !be eaten. To b~ ~t~re. ~~l.flr}/i~~ i:ia~ u~ly f1;J1mJ.om n(l~
[~,O!'l of

:sl~p,

~,;(m~lt!:'Ub S(i:c~golcl.b~1~h~e'\..~-

defQ{,A: lh<lt it: i:s one fLulcliorn, of s~eep,iXl: J~CflS.~~11 Itn'ln1:nilills. ~s, wo gre<L1 to l~mre. Once sleep ~vol'!Jt."d. 1m s",'l!y.l, e\lollJtkm ngurod (1Ut i~m~' to

I
f

m<llk.etl1m d~w.Dl:~ime.<lS produc~i"'e on; pos:-;ible.

Sl~,ckgold ab;,Q OIrgues th3J the modest jl~~plrrn'e!r!£'mstypic~~~ SiliG!'l in :;;1"~rHn(~!llI)' (1)' ~lmli.es are' IJ,O[~l illg u] yaWfiQ. at I Ie' i£ fond [)rpoi!mti~'~()u~ (h,n ~ ~5%~p ill ~;Jeflihml~1I1Ctl is Ihe di~]:erenc;e betv.<eenl 'wi:um~i~~i:rtheBQ,~lOn N.I.m'l'll[hon;l~ld ""omiml~ill 3000~h. 1!J1 cOIllP'C'tili"lJ'e cin:unu,lalil,ce::;. sm,,!! advant~.lsesc .. n !l1o;Lk;c;)I big dilJ~oc:nc~. BtU whfllcwr you do,. try IU)[ to I05e,JnlY s~ecpm~er it.
-'IFlIE'1 MIIUER

or

w'W\'iI.sdenoem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31S 9 MAIRCH .2007

1363

LETTERS I BOOKS I POUCY FORUM I EDUCATiON

FORUM

I PERSPECTIVES

LIETT'EIRS
a t:{lmbin.~tion 0 f rhe TWO m;.i n M<Jy.:!glyp~ hloeks): U~lJ;yda IlfM ran.. do~d}l"blJnc;;h·' glyphs as a/1m the C!l:st:*~lbl.ock ['IJ.r, (I )]. 4) M'lI'l!)' of the so-ca ned ;1)/'11 s repl~ ate deeorar ive mot ifs h ie IIN iiHEIR RIESIEAR(H AR'l'KU ~EA~lIIE5,[1" WRITING liN AMElRIC/f 1(15 fmma: Qilrl iI wide .range: oflm:gely ll,I'l~J'nMeIUinced (i!.c.. I~]eir Iom~helmiSept, .2(W6 .. p, I.() I 0). M.I. del Carmen Roclri.guez M..rl~:lIu:tzet til Ii e i~yi!ii.nOI.pr.pv~.l!ii. :l!ii~H· it Ix IU"Ovc:d I sl~'lf~~I-se.al~ !~:nif3(!:l'S. NOIl1.!' eal!ii sugget-::t:tha[!~.c im,er.bed '~CIli$ca:i~1~leek" ls I.he filt"llt.di:!lcoverjl.of b lo:hhes~ Illotifs ill tbe.iir origirm! cO[l~eil(,l:has been ideillined as 01.farm O~If'nec ''''!'iliIiS, J\.lthulIgtJ. \"'e 'lgtee w1.l.11 authers dm1 ~I pas:-;~~ nfwd tiog •. t.lH:ii:·;;]'!'!'1jP~G. "ghtph" If, 1 241.38l5.2:~s. f~]i,lfl d ~!:> p,l!"~u hh,~ the is h~(l rllJ,;9it til..;: 01mIX d~d wm'i~[~. ll::tv-t,,: trong f(:SCfVBltjOI:!S coacernwe s headdress <l:ssemIb13~'eon a Imnm,belt of the ee Its (nos. 116. :~117.I I g. 11'Q) reproduced in OJmec .rJr{ ~Ji':1 ,u;:.h~,u~J(,·."(;If.:n (2' J'; ·'glyph'· .. ir~g lh hi, flrl g f,l,ct ~~!1dittiif!d~1;'ld motHs, ~l' :Belli!£: fm.uiI.d by persons un,known in <I pile ofbu'~ldo z;~r debili.s fr 28/58 is found ()[I1 another c~h (un, Il4) .. and '''glyph''", 4 is iIllsc:1iibed 'O:~Hl s;[ol1erigll rc 1110. 47)1 agai un,n the same cam log, i does not censtiune rel~f.lbleru'ov~ml:~ce. :n The block does not fh ~tnyhlOw~;lc:alcgory of MeooRI1iTI.erl.cm~ 5)WhO!!!t'l.vecan [lulli}' describeas l~e "ceetie" glyph ~#iI2Jf501 ] n1jl~rihed tin ifact i.l ~s !l(U .! stela, celt, sc W1lpw[\l! .. OJjewel The he.!u·, fits illlClknown cmcgory of M(lSo~:mclfic~1l g:lJl'Ph~nill ~ogclbc.r\C\li~h .~and Olmee did 110~: build ii.m1. s~oU'l.e:.there¥.bn~. It CiilIlilOl be .1!1l ;nc~u~ Ibe centext onhe d Dficovery. SlITN1g~.y sngg,ests :J pract iC;11 joke ..
t\,H~t~II'~1 in~>cripl~.Ol~,. ladeed, thereare IU.flil}~~llindreds ofsilYlil,~Jr S4;:F-

peutine blocks. knuwn m l,IVenl;<lliilihll: were usedas basal ()!.nm<Lme.U1I;~ o.n earthen pl!)!l~ibrmsand !Iii! the bt.uril,;ld ·raV~imI~L;;!ln,. utnot .~ ll;i~,g~iIt. LS:.an h Fra!l~hco Stat~ I.ilI'1Mmily. San Francism .•CA94:lIJ2. USA. E.·rna,in:~blillihn~@~r,~u.edLi. ,rMid!d~e]'~~ness.e(1 Staw Uni~~rsilY, Murrree~:bQm, TN!37 HZ. liSA E·:[q'I~1In kel~er@ t one oflilm.elleh~s e:lrngmving or l.'eliefc1Jrv~J1g, The <LlUi1101"l!' mll~il1Jgs 'rnlli!!l.oou abnetthe blcek being used [or practice ."lm].re~)ea~edly erased lI'el~nmO~5 (~::;lIltilng, in a concave :-mrfac e) are farfetched. ~, J, MaIM, oMi!'StltTllnMffill ml.lin!l' :S'~h!'m.l': Pt(}f!D.g,Q~~ ~ alld Hi~POf,J'~' fOrJl AAdtm J J Knowlm Me Stoflmerk: ~m, AffiM((l1'l Ci'l!il1mlia.l'u (PriIKtIOI'lI(jl~f~, FI~l, PlimCtIOO. ~I, 1"2). writing sjfl:lu::m!'i ,n;e: ''I,'rifil~m'i'hie C!ilSl~a]1!1hu:lk. b ,. 'E.. p, 8~n~l!i!I,E,9. ~'liI fue:rlibil. I OImtc An iQj hKiem'~i~ (N~lijooalIGa~te')' 1Ioit. IlIf ei~her v-erticaUy or linealrty r or Wi!l!hiD1g1OO..trllC. 199'lt

II(AtRE,Nt'D. IlltUlHINSl AN D' NAINCYL KEIIl!U~l.

IR.eslJ!I GlIl1i115le
WE THA.NK IB,RUHN'S AND I<HIKJE.R Ihra rlieu h\'t~Ill£, s,e'vern~..issues th~t Ot hers: h~\I~ r,;\i sed con-c~rll~ ing the Cascajal b~.ock'J'm1dl~o:w provhJing till the uppprw~ity t~1 1f~),1
them 10 rest,

me·~nthat i~:s i a :kcy addi lion l;o~he eerpus ofi~Kcri.ption~ i~1

Il,Il:e:smrDll,l,e~,ic~ ,
2)1 The aurhers cl a~.ml~l.. .t '·[~]1:U.~ heartland Oln'il~t: did not bl~ild in sion.c;.llu:ndore. it t':0'I1U10l be 3un are:~]it~C'[llral ~J1:5cript~on:'·Theni.1i1 ~heir rle~J sentence, they .. c.itel,l).red:sc~.y sud~ 21il'chitocUlral O:l1ULlllCnl:s 3.t the {1 l!lffI.oe ~it~ of L,,'I Ve~'[(.l. '!.Ve nm ..r s,!,g~pm;:r that the' [block: Im~yhave served su c::lr1 0:1. liI:li1.c~ uon, Sueh '~l;l.ili.[S. ~$~dfull>' frnm C(~'lS:~f!1 Veracruz and the' M,IY<I region. clm.al"iII.cliel'i'~l].~ nd~Yfl re !;l:l\l.;;cl!led in sl\ia Ilo\\! I ines, h'l!.lee~:1 the celebrared bMoj arnl SI.eIOli;I.fOlllld ill cireumstances much likt.= tho~e of [h~ Cm;c",j<li Mod. W1JS hQused ii1l, the J\,:lu~o de Anl:rop{).IO,Ii;!'~~.x.~,I~p;;u fo.r mOire tha:lil fl Y~1llr • •. beron;: <HliYOI,l![;i nOI:ic-I:Jtll more than .500 Ute ~l.Yflhs.()i~lhi) f:oce',h uIDk. some liurlitel' ti me to

.111 The

p.~IJVCI1!i1I1Ce

of the 1:I1m:1is wha~ il

'see·~~~tl O!I(.Mib OII<!~. rex rappeared on ~~. an s :Ill!d e. flrl b. on a seu l:plllIX:under Cli<!c:e:P[J.!1l~~ <IUy~lrn,o rolug1l. scn1l.:i ny (.I}. The lie rote. 'lj:!,-e \vould netbe ~u!fJ:ri~'t,lIIO~~ili.l"iIl ~I.l~t('ilh~rp~ ... viou:slly cl:isCQvC:'.rede.x,<lmpIes '';'C,lI1t unnoriced, J) The s,igll~:;:ormp~tl.1Xli.o;eflill,1 sequences: t I~ey do IUJi "rando ml)' 'bunch,' ., '~!'i n!llm~ B l'Ind Kelker assert, 1',~\te pauerus inllhc Last'3ja:l1
I:t"."'~·

is,. repcrted by nonarchaeolegisrs

f':i,l«':~ll10 3'~.a1i"C"<!, ofa sqmll.'c nITlctc!1J"S lhi ~, wl :1 knowa .[lrch<!e(llogic.~i. site in Vi;r;u:nlz., Mexi,cQ., :;Vi<lny other bona f~de examples of

~ew

btwt still

are spel ~edUllitCI.!l rell~~.lyn {ll!rp<~per. :i

'$

..J

anelem \'\,Iraling

Il~\'1;:

even

~~SJ~

secure find

'~ M~'llt.l,,,m~ricii'l'lbnhmio:l!n, Scripi <I~d E~ypf~ Rloseu~ Stone .. Such objectS> will CQ:t1tir,ullI.C' to .1lI.. t apr c~r :we.~m.n I~ly. \1!le '!II Ih.-.vc dOlilc this lO the e1'itent of Cl'~~r bil ..ty ai :~ wit h file' O:USiC'lj<l1 Mock (mel M:rll.d by our ron~
c<lrehll sl1~dy ~i;n e'Vlu el:lce of

spots, in"'~~I.dil'l,g everykDllolY.';lm

e'x.:n:Ln,ple of

:~n the:

~l~tur~\ ea~h ;~r~bU' ire :'m(ll i~{II~L

4) The bleek coetains s~g.~n.s found on obj0Ct~wit1~p!:o~r~nanc~ nd otlle:r$tl~~HI~ck .. it. SUI1m,eof t~.lf'lkntf'r have been kll,l(lWIJII,since I~.;:~ 9:th '(';~rlUlr1'HI-!.;.- ID~ "Humbo Id[ '~h" I (1)" One p:rev,i:ons.ly lInknovl,ln sign (glyph 191 ~~llpi;;~un~d>~~O!rs.n~r~he d~ "I SCO\l'~ ry !Jf the blm;l iaa s-6clIre<lm::h.leologk-:'11 COIlleN.t <It C!I.utoOi O]rralitCl. Chu::lp~&'M,c,~i~o {j). AU
k.1~D'I\'l!iI

~ sl~k::r.f;ld f.qH~ liD !UO:S~ sc~.l1kUr5,

wllid

.1I&sI;1~$~

rehiue to p!iC-Cx~!il.illg i~onQ.!~: rophyor ('Od! ned tl)rmboli,sm: ne,v :s.i,glm:s<lppe(u wlhien W<l'lifamed by sc.rihill needs, Any hif:'roglyphic

hi er(lglyphi!i;

sYSi:I:I1IiIIS

iniheworM

w'I,IWiI.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. va L 31 S 9 MAIRCH .2007

1365

lEITERS
sys~eiln lh~l·d~vi:<l~~d jhHnkic'l;1i~ ion!l:ogl"olp.hy \",-'{Iu~de uct tl!'illy unique but, indeed, M i[i!~ b exp~,i.c?}n,k' phenemenon. :5 Ji [:~ the •.~l:1 sect gJ}'pif' w 'i~~. r<l.ct i,e'll p joke. the joke sterwas an O]n1:lcoC. T~c mot iI' is :l>hO\:vnlh!\;'~-dim~liIsi;()!'Iall>, in the dimim!1.J1tuve MO.nullne,n:t 43 .,~ S<lIl, Lorenao, diseevttr~d ~lnd~}:;c;lVii!i~d by oi1~ efus (CQI!~ ii:! Hl66 ~U1Jdpublished by Coe ,uld Diehl iin, ~9'fmt 4). We ~l:ject d'ae O;~Llth{Jf's .':!pedr.c criticisms and lhe:~1'h:n.pUdi. claim [h(u the: b.iock :~~iI
II]mderUllbrge~:y.liO'!'>reve'r. we <lJJPiIr-e>cu:ne the 3S4!ai7. USA" ~hparlJIWm ol.Al'!tn roptllo gr. Il roWl'i Unj;. V@lf$ity, llioYidemm" ril!1 02912, USA. ~D~arlm~n~ 01tin'hro1 ~log~". Uni;;efSIl!l' of Callfll)fnia Jllilillul de, Rt~er$~de. 0\ 9,2'S;21, IJM,
IIiI@f;~mm:;~
l~,
;1,,!i,,

:5" .I~JI~

I\;in.!!lie\

~.rl!:I~~

'Q'; t::alllf!!l!'l!1!J1, Sdfi'!{if' 2:7'1,20:1 {:ll'99'7.1, deJlr.t~,&!e.ri(Qrlg Antijjir.Ji1, ~ 1 SilIlf:ld

(A~hef. Berti~I18~ot 3~ D. OIleMIillfi'l',:I. E. (1llI1i;,.xlt.~;~a'

O'!,'~r"'t.3,shOn) ~he lormef ~m:ath)fl o~lhe (oa,stal

!jJ~;!}m:~j

B.lUJl'C)'O,. E. Ml!jia. Ms~ ~l'iIifili,~I~ri'oe CIlIli!lr.! 'I H. d G!l\rt~<I!il1 (iijo. G1!~!'T!;lI". 20061 ~. M. £)., (m, R:. A.lDftllil., tll1hHalM'~/r~()JffiN:; vm. OJ~~'!',cf r~~ Pfli:~' ,I!,m~irnl TKo l'jl',BO~.
~~I!lir!e1;

,At'~!fm6'9'i~~ Gr.I!:l!'E'moJ~ ..Z005, l, I!, liIpt;Ifile', eli

!l;ommYl'lil\Y 01 Ho tty EhHIt:h, LA {l1h~t@ taki~n lS INO\!'ember 200'5 Of 11'1. TiJJIlIE:'~), E.

j

<Il1Lho:rs-eonclusien
l1ile'~,t lotl~.e ooast

all

ClUI

the 1IIlimIJOl:1t,am::e

oflhe Mi~~i::;~ipp:~Ri.voer~m: d~liverillg sedidefies

about deltas sudtheir ~usl:i!~n1f11bi~lily_he T

facrthai such challcages arethe essence of scientific enquiry and that they evemnnlly
~eillid truth. \lVe' still affirm :110 lin:M. rhe Ca~<Ijt'L1

an l~1~ weknow

Hurlrlic811es INotthle IK,e'vto

II Su,sta~nabl!e
IN THEIR DISCUSSION

bleckis

l~,e t'lldeg! ~x~lmp.le of~lj,rr~li[l~inI,he Nc\~' Worldnud mnongli1e' most inlpo:rulllI. I'intls. ever made ]n MIt:M)~mer.~c<1.
MJ\. D,ElIL (AIRMEN, 1t;~:[)R:rGUEZ MJi\RfrNEZ} PONClANO oRril'CEI!!P.lWS.~ MIC:HAIHIl), ((lil&} IRmCH:ARDA.. 'm~HIl,~ S'fEiIPHEN [I', IiiI:OUSrolN..~ KAIRIk A. llAU BE,,~ .AU1RI~D G) '!)~lGADOI CA.LIDi.R;OirJ.IJ

C10ast
OF THE SU'iNI~ICANICE

autlmrs also do not IlJJ:clltion I,h:lt ahhongh some m~lfgilln.c..~received sediments, f! nGI ImOl~of 562 klill:! of coastal rn<lrsites. nalum:ll
levee I'.idges.~md b~urii!'r [:ii:~~lIldswa£convened io open ,VlIiler dmung the l'l:wiThumieatiies I( I, 2"

i~~ml.w d@1 an"5lillJlW NadaJ]a~. d@ .AmI mpeta g i~ 'lilistmifl, e l!lei!'lj,1O .~lJ~riJ?,z N!ifl'!~'1'i) ~.2~;·iUl, Ve~acf~, Me:d(iII" 2IMli~llIl~ ,d~ Milli:pc1o-gia !leo la Unhi\EI~id'ad 'ilEIJIl(]flJZilUlil,.

]Uo!ll'@'l Nlimfl[9 :10. Xfllilf)',iI",'l.i'Ua(IFUZ, ;I;im, ~

Smree', Nilr.w ,",21~en, CT 06-:511, USA. ~iDeiP"v!!Jf!e!1~ at IImJllfm)pOwflY'. l!I!I1i~E1r~iwW Alllbal1llll, lu!icalo~a, At

~Jj!6 lliooon

Turner et nl.. v.,su~~)' refer lo tlre sedimentd~p()sited 'by du: t~MG! ~~urricflnc~ as 11(1\1;;.~dimerHs. in~1[) the ~~HU:;,~" f"\"'1~~hmd i.~g '~ITiY...d "frcun aft~hufi~," R('::;'l~Sp~~lSiu" se d:i menta I iO:~l from H U:I"I" ica nes Karri 11<1 and lI:"'lnspo~;I: of sedimenrs from oflshmrc ~ fm d Ril"'," Repons~ 20 Of.:L 2 U06,.p .•449'). .!nd ddw-pla in sources by storms are <~mo~lg~ Ahhongh this 'lm.€!W stud y adds to tl1,c;: odly b liliu,:!'m.ech!l:un,~smls hy which sedlme]1lts oll'igj~ of knowledge l1ont'~ming the role oftr{''1pi'~ mil]), t-iupp,lied byri'lrcr's tire dlis~ibllt~~d ~ cal stormsin s.edlimen:1 n::di'snibulion. the ac russ the M ississ i'PI)i m.HI ether dehJs ~.

I)h~~i;;ilhU1itl~d:u:l!:I!ierlmtiorl! dm·j.UiIgHurricanes Rila ,~md KI!~l'1l11a, It. E.. HLlli':mif:r ~n1\d ee..llJ..ll1mors ecaeluded Hm~ "riverine sources br1n~I'\C"I[ iv~.iy (wi vil'l~. am.QUrdii ofillorgilni~

Science Alerts in Your Inbox

Get the ~alest l1ewS and Fese!1JIF.ch

from Sdence illS soon as it is publlshed, Sngn up fm,enlf,e";alert S,~rvi(e5 andlVQu, csn Ikl1O'1'1!' when the lilil'€stiswe of Science or Science ExpreScs has oee{1 pested,

p~n.!!s,ethe t~test ~alMeof ,COrtilenl$ for Science or Sciellce'S Signall Tral'ls.d.LliC~rUrikirnow[edglB' EniVTr()n· rnsnt,and r~d stlnllmarlif:.s of [he tOl!ma~'s re:sea rch, news
:Sl'If.1.ETIOC
We6i1!j't;aMe'

'C1Fcootent5,

cents nt, or Edito:rs' Choice (jolumn, a~l~rom your e"m~i:l ifllOOX. To start rr,e~ejv[ngecmBlill.updaltes, go to:

f:ditQf$"IO!l!o!~ H'~Iii1'1hts·otUIII~·
r~05nt lil~rili~j,j'@

Imttp:/ fV!l'lW!l.scl@ri('@;JiI'lig.orgl@mi!

Thn5~kli!l~·~· Stimlini1.!11H; of re9!\ilfCliI

,COI'llt!:nt

.lETTERS
i(3-6j. Th~~:!samples, m(l\i;~[),1~;a~~~l'Q !llOll!ry k ~10me I ers i '1'111<111 We: re no l ana I y zed in d, a mi!n[!~r thatwould ~H~If~1bI,-, [I[) deterthem ml[)le the source, ie .. offshore or inshore
\!ri~uterbOUIQ]1!;].l;. b~~wr~cl" islands, ar pretRcl'er.eIrl(t:. and N\QI~e:5
1. JlreLlmil'iili'l J5~~lIN!l: or I~(!I Vittllilnd II.c:lm~. aJliI!r Hwrii'Y!~t::i!lrirnOl o:i!lt! M~'!'!'e~~lrell:iIl(l!! 111 t.liie 1,Ji.). ~dg9i~i!I.~r~on:~ f/Jg'l\. 005 2

II

onHH~~t (II' i.lJi!flrg;:i~ic sedi!liiIemsn(wvirlg

over the naturallevees

of an uaeonfieed

e;l!jsling marshes, The (lQm~~ril>Ol~ ofth~ K(dtll(lJU b;:;:!liit:nl~ of ~.lll1f'fic.mes '\Vil~.l the bene f.i H., o:W tile Caernaevuu Fr-esJIlwater Diversion structure

U11(p,:!NJmI;niJjJC.iIJl~~.91l"'.IW!~a~~r05_00 i.ltilli'il. 2:. ~. A, IB.arr;JiJ:., !}. S. G«i~ .s~/lI'. Qpm-fil~ Rep. 1!1,1l·U'1l4.2000'~'OO ~J. ~. E. lImu,pj,. ~n,~ GriM/! 81llin~ and M\11I1IIiru:, VM..J~ ~il'l.il~~Y of 'hi" GrJ.1/ oj .M!!.I;l'..--O (Nj~·(~mb'JNJ.n Sto. A. l t,!. ~(li!'!'\,. r. G. :SteN.~ ~i!I~.(KIi~wlTIl!lei~ ~e"\I '!'aft, '
]~75).

chf~nnel [IUHj rhrolllgh crevasses l:1m, (;(ln~ (l~~ s true lied levees, b u~ not <II the river mouth. They take us. to task for In il1i~nli::d.ng

by Turner

Cl

,rd, \\';)1::5

OUl~ Qf C~lll~e;'I:;t

l'igItCJ;il~j~js·

strucrurewas

des igned iat he IIIid - ~. &0s 9 1{I~on\'>i;ly filitlsh w.,lter «(;lot sediments), to manage s<lUnirrie:s. and [0 benefit oysters.
Whhol!l~ IrIi{!jor 5O~dimcl'l~ CQnlrib~ll~loIlS by ~heriver, ''R!di~el.ns. ~di:sn·.ulmled by stcsms

4. [I.. 1Ii~.lmJllrl!! :1.1,22;! t:jj9tl9~. ~ :I. L.~. Wrigll1\, c, A. ~ilru;oll(,I,.~lWlTfill1 :IS', ·4')4 m9'S,~. ill. ~.l'.'l,COleman. fl. It 1~1l:, G. W. ~~!:.1. (WSl(1r Rrt.
l~,ssa (19~'IIj,

'7. flf:OC,~pOl't'QI'lh

Future ah!!e Gulf (lI!i1sl

TN:nmitllt Gf4L1\P.,. Emm~omiR~ 1M

I

Uui!.lrwrh'!Jll!r(~~tgr9l'l~~n~!r~.pdf)

(~Q6).

arc l1lB domi !KI!'!~~dhll.l,;m !\()M.n;:~f<:frW~~1001m.Gs. Comraryto tl11e eonelusiuns ofTumer ('/ at.. tWO recent ~~i<lmiric panels havl;; l'UI~;estecl th.ll more ~n::s~ive diversion of I,he MiS:l>b.si.I~'Pi Rlverwaier mh:~ ~c(Hrnlcmi>is needed W build .m1.1:l1il<iifitailii ~<lllclif! omlslall Louisiaoa (7. t~)_
VilIRGI N nA ~ijIRK!EiIiT,.1 C, Gi. G'IitOAiI"~~ [I E.NIS.iE RJE EI[I~
Illl!(.~~tte, U\ n~1j9. UI$..tI.2.l~d~oli'l Sdhoo\ of 'Geopc!elf!C!l$, UI~illl!f~i1;y Te(!!~~1 UI1~~II!f 'S~~UOI~ of CflOo. A~im. rx

g. rI:i1il)i'I~1 ~o!i~th (j)i.ii"l~gll DJirl.,.J~ ~oo1s~'~' l\I'J!'JIi' MJ'lPl A'IJitfMUil'lf £lIl'mHO'liIi il'J ('oru;rill' lo.~rgf~~1'1 (J!1aii;lDnilljk~em.l~. ~r~J, ~~~i!il!iioJ1.l.'Ic;,'(ID61,
1lp-l]~'""l[HL

Res.ponSIf!'
BLIIR:KElil HAL ,A.CKMDWILHli(]E TtHA:T OFFshore sediments provide eoasral marshes with iliilor~aliiljJt; ~1l:dimc:~.t1O and ~Iuuour qUlllmific(\t~QI'l ofdn::s:e sediments "addis 1:0 the body of k now h::dJge ooJm,{;erning~:hc role of tropical storms in sedimeta redisrribud nn," They clearly realize ltlmet we made ('om~l<tiiSl(llllliof l~e ql!ll<]lIllhy of hurricanederived inergauic :sed.iI11lCI:lIS \\rw'~h the

the eontributions of river dn\'er$:~i(Jn to III a.:~.Wlt~ln ingwe Itt~ nd ~Q~~B .• wh ic h b; 11u i approach lhey r,)Vor. <l.iliuiWor i.gnOli'i:lm.s: wetI.arul loss c~msedJb)' hurricanes. T~~ey alse meutiouthar P;VO t~t~I;l!il~' panels endorse r.~vcr diversions .. We made ul!llr CO:~1I.1.p'!lri.:S!Jfl5 about sediment de! ivcry because iris part Qn.mHdi~lga sediment bl~dglC[ for this Cfl.l;l<;;;L There am Imblished estimates iJ;\'~ti.. <}b]e Jllld v:U.iOLJlS ~ !1lO'lnrl1,l:~mcl'u drl!l;!um~!nsth~n bighi~.g[llt ~d~·· ment :iint1~oduCli()lls vi;!. divi:Ji"',!;iom; as <Ii positive alnihuu~ UII.\""(~ did nut examine The I'igni.fic:,uu ~·mrric'LI1e·iIldm;li;-d :1Ii.lIOlfll.h-m-open "Wilereonversions, whlch may ~m be perm
;In.elli l

p). be cause

~i;(1.I:t .

\'\."IS

not thqiF ire-

-us, GeolC)gkal 5~ f"I!eY. 70 0 Ciljl.lnd'@m~ flouteward.

Ui$J\. ]

memltai Sder:lce, 1Jni\i1er~li!!I'of Nii!~ O.rleail5, !few Or~~an$,LA 7014:8, liSA

7871l2~.2S4

IDe par~ent o·~(llflli a.ad En\l'~~rli"

search (lbj~c[ivc.. We' o tTellfed, <I hypo t hesis, not <I. cone hll s. ion. 1hal these :n.c se<Bw'nn.e; nrs C <I UiI:U: w from ihe sll!lUoW w.lter ZOJ!l.e immedi~l~dy of~"'sholl'c' of the depositlen site .. The Chenier NOlin in Ib!;!: western half (If The state reeeived abom ;5.0% OfpO!![~HLr.r.i-

IMMUNODE.F~C~IENT O,DELS M A·ND X,I!'NOGRAFT S.TUID'li!ES·

INude Mlice

lambda .OG-4
Hiqh-speed

wavelength switcher
And vE!'rs;atiiitle~~'fhe Lambda DG~4offers rleall·t~me video' and dU<311wd'v!I;'l'englth ratio jlmo;l:giing with Ulr!lif.ormspatiilli iIIIuminat.~on and integl'al r!I.el!J!'Uatl dens,ity fil~.tJer ilng •

iNOi1!J1 ~SCID

IMil~,
ClllslOIi1

Xenoglrafl
Studl:es

We. Oilier 8:Xl.oellent: avai~abmry of nirU'~·lmrrunodefioient !rodent mod\l~Hs. ur Precllinioolt O SSlNioes grOLlip also !provides xenogf8!ft and otiler oncoioQY":based servlces.

._,Up to 4 interference 'filters (5 ava'iJabie ·on CHi-5;· - 1 m5~Cfilter to filter swi't-chi11'g - P'f:f;!·-i)iig'ned 175 W ,xenon
light 50Uf:Ce • Prog{:r'Jmm~b}e .~ttefl't,uatiQ:n'

Felalt!l.llfes:

..Adaptable ro .MQ.U
micr'05'Copes

ro.r ·eac.h filiet

.~
Eilllmpe~ ~nfa@elllw~rI.cOIIIiI iMW•. CRilVUi.ODMI

'S~t"".(lR~!iiI' .. 1

CHIAlRlES RIVER
~."lirdl Mod~,s and StNvitJE$

SUTTIER
EMA.UL,

IINSTR'UME':NT
I FAX;.: .4J~~~"ae3.0~"::ll

LABORAlI':OR~~

,I1'HOI>!IE.: '15.ee3.O~:;i!a "

II!Nf'\CH~S.lJT1II'ER'.COMI U 'llVWW.SUT'lliER.COIM

w'I,iWiI.sde ncern ago org

SC;II~Nelc.

vo L 31 S

9 MAIRCH .2007

136'7

LETTERS

Need career insight?

tet the experts IP ut vou In the pictu re'. Vi siit www.ScieliloeCalr.eerS.Qrg

cane

sed~.mlrn.elUeposition. d sedimem

has no

hl.n'gc
'"lS <l

rivers or b~rge 1:: stuarine

between-hurricane .,1 n d t he

b~}':$ ~,(I

ae l

S;WD"<I~"C site •

ne wl y d epos ited sed in%etl rs oIL( the eeeanie shoreline Welte mostl;y sands, Burlk~u {;i (:II. ,offer no ~~t~rn~,tjvc:hYj'lot:~csis for t~le ne'~'ly deposited C~l.e:ljliier PI<'Iin ~dhn~nt 5;lll~~!,JC~S.Surl,jlyrh~ orher sn%
is P<lf!,'uaUj'

deposited on llln.edeltaic plain frnm (YnS~~nr~ i'i~l(!r~~:.;,.

We d id no '., ,;uHI do not. 11K. kea recomI1lCnd,ll]UOI1J I!lOOl,ll buildlng "iv(!!:I" dlversions.
There are m<JII1Y factors influencing

such

management ehelces, inclm!ing S!ciC]1li Fi:e .:an<l~,yseiS and sociopofirical aspects, We trus t l:I~.~llrepulali:llc se i,enOepIlIUII,f:']:S and ~lil$iShtflll !ldmiw~~'tnuClrs mi~bt\I\·i!).h. t(l 1·~ce.UVC.IiI.Ol CXe]I~ldc. uew~uformalio:~ll. Fo:r example.we O1gree~'I.'il~, Burkeu e/ (II. ~h'll
~;,ii1I:~~,:u!y ontrol <lit the Cae,m'U;'VOIl, diverc sion it> f~ ~,h::"ig~bjl,,'i~~iv{': o nW1HU~(I c;;~h'IP~~~ oyster yields, Would <I scieece panel not cons id~:r !lif;.'i',\,' in form.rt i.QfI ifldk'al i!'l:g I be dilfl~.i:lm~:ihedw:u~h addmdonall 1:liCshwmcli"

oy:ste~· yil:J:ds i:~lhe Gulf of Me, x ico w:UI:I1 t introductions ,~ I'! J

f~.,

for

Bu~ldullg ~ marc mbus:t Slcdimcrll hudget [he-sill coastal wetlands can be part of

llln~ process of uH1J:j~lgmOrt;iI~funl~ed

deeisleus, W~ pW'!,lid~d;1 ~~1~ld·Iil;J!&'lid qt~,;ml ifieatien 0 f the new sedi 1'Ili,e.~u:> J!eposi ted dUI':irig these ~\VO hurricanes. lI~lhe$e d1.\I~1 31;1I:! co.unc:;tructi.ve:l)r c.lfi.dqtl.e the methods, but
CO:I,lC im'liiO~,l~ no~

p lease don 't fear the censequencesa bcml made,

It. EJI!lIG ElU RNIUt}j(ilS Brit

EIPH 11, B1iII!llS'l'ilA.N.:t ERIC!!: NL.SWIlNSON/ ]fiINNIIFg;:R5.•S·p~UIRi!:

l'S;ch,o,~~ lll'll~ (I~ ~~ ali'i : IE!II~lrQ)~II'I~!'It. ,of d

Lou i~hull" 5t.a,te unt\<e,r~.IW, ilatoo Rwg;e. LA 70'S/~), UStl .. 1'Worlh ~fi~·•. wrfll1ah EI<I~' N~!10i1a,1 ~ E~h,i~rli\~ R:6earch R>e'5E!tliie.
fll:i5t Offim Sox 1~~0, (l!mJg~lO~,
R~ri~VOOCi~

5C .294,<l,2, USA.

1L

'U,i

COlEO(!mi'I~i'I'On ,~~ Sh!ll!I. ~~~'JSI)

IJ1ill:p',/~m\i'fi,~~OK~anrr~.m'lll!~ljt(:aoJ!nrn~r\!Ont

Your ca;rleer is too importan~ to I~eav'eto chan!!:e. So to Hlild the right job or get career adviee, turn t@l theexperts, A~

Sc::ienCeC8Jlr'eer5.org w,e know sclence, And w€!'are committed

[.0

crm .~~ Op£tl,JJIt: Rril" 2M'." ::I!2'~ utGIM}, 3. R. E. T!lHler;, BrulNie~ Cr)!1!~ts :!:~:5flOO61. 29',
2.

Gi~nt;li'Io~.Ii~ITii).

J. A.B.!!rr~$,u,s.

help'il1~, lake your csreer r'(lMar,d. Our kl:'iow~edge is r~fm.l~y

rounded on the expertise of SciEln(e, '~he ~u'emliiler ~s;~::j,elntil1i:c. ~ol!lrll'1lall"and the 1.ol'1:Se)lperiell1,ce of MAS. ilili!'ld\fcHlcin,g science (lim und thewlo,rld. 'P ut you Irs'6!llfn the p~du re wh ItI the experts, iI'D i

letters to the Editor

LQttN~ (-,DO w()rd~.) a:i~(u~S mat~rial pubU~I,ed 11l5nenre m the pre\ll!Jl.I~3 mcnrhs or 1~SUC'5 o~ gf.! ner tlil if1t~ reS!. H1ey ({! Ii be su b mine ct l~NrOl.lg h tho Web (~""'1tl...~.ubll1i'll~i(!ll(c.or9) . or bl" r~gu!.ilf mail UZOIl NI:'\'JIYOf I<;. {\YI:'.• NW, Wa,shlrt\jcon. DC 2000S, lJSA). L~l'I~I~ Me no'! ,l(HIOr;!e-09·ed u (lOll rl?{Clpl, nor ar~ ~UI!im5 9cncrall'l' COl'l>.ul1ca: beiore publication. WhNh~r pubh!>h"2'd fulllJf in

se i,ene!:!:. \n~itwW'w.•Scienc;eCaw'e\e
.AlBEiI~ ~~i5'l~ . ~',IJI'"
lMOJj"",ji

I'S.O rg .

~""1fotJ_ MnMI'III'f,oI'l."",.i.JII. ~ Jmj.,Illo ...... 1I'.!!",_J>d. ~ Th.~ IIDII'"

,Ii~"'" lilt., ~rr-.lG>l~riY>i!I.

~lhI.•'''/11 d

in pan, letters ere ,lnO'~ila,~.

~I"il:l]~(~10

edrlinq lor (I''lflt~

COMPUTERS

who~.e~!ltory
\~,\'lek·striip.

fedl of a lOIDlrist ;::;.hl:lring mhnra:11

p¢r0ep~~OJ!i!~ftller re.mlimlg a ,l!uideibo nk ~md <l Fin.10f,dl. giO l!'liu:k 10 allJi;:,'l.'!l~ seme of ~he orlginel SQ~trecs.. ~ fear ym.lnlgcr readers .U'lm.ighl !1ew~r ~~v,~ a Whole Erl,I#" ('cutdng. h &6\~n m<L;rno~ g.e~:W]nl:1iI, the fuss is about just fr'UlnI;l fl;'adinS Tli1m~r: .. di.;;~·ri1:'Ti~'i!l1> ;;lind Ithi,;;b~li]k'$ rUizzy 1-eJ:nudm::t iio.lll.!>flulO j)'OlIges, Ted Nelsm:l S o ompUlt'r Uhti}~~(lm McrdihrJ;:;'i! di ;.;mi~d ( !). by TUlrm::1" in a :;ingle sentence, ,di:e\v the 1;:X:HJlm", ~CI:'CU~,D,lro·rc:ybel\C~dull.'C ("f)mlml.oclion e\re~m1. ore m expli.dl:ly d'm,1Ji jtlholc earI'll, S'teNe:~:l Levy's llc:ldtf:i':!if Cl) is also a must. B,ffind's mVIl short

Im!.;jt~~l~\l"l;" tl~l\VO'rkin whi.ch a~.mru[ anybody (:,m r~II,L p~~Mi<,~"H!fdl~'l;f",~mm ; PMty mach ,.111)'tldng.

e'll,lf:

pr.t:tty

d.' <I~l~,nIm:ky

=. did:il ''Vorldw!!.Ii::

n~y

gO. ·llhe

<1.1OJiI.e sli ee dm:mgh lhii s marvel eus sl;a~)', Umilik¢ lll~mty ol:htT his~t'lri~s ~h1!l fg(.':u:o:~lilrhe

technical

ffinIllO'mliOrS~~~]e

Vi 111 eJ)",k. the Ti:m C

CiQu:ld IlfI~ been domiuni11ll~ by a I~w I\Xlr~1m.'a'tiOIlS,., spoon-feeding junk-lbcd media to the masses, jus;I.li~ t~k;vis;i:on_ 0.1" balkanized cmmnulJJi.(,,;J:tio~lLs providers ,oo~Lldh;we s:oodlt1d ~~l1fS"."ith d~"C!f;:pli'!.f€: chflrgjng sel'M;;m.;"~ O'lOO ~"1ifled li(lchini(',11 ir1lmJli...~lioo.jll!i\·1~l\e l~~pll(a'e~. . ,C

:~td:~dn'1 ~~i1i,ve totaru

Berners-Lees,

t[>g~

A~.wil K,~}'~. Murvin the

omD~:alw:ay.h

Mi nskys---<thi" <ll..CC01IUlIl:focuses Oml, ,Ike)' p.I<'I.}'ill' ,'\i~~.QSCrole w~s ~n~kh~glh~ CQLlmcreu~~[JlIrecyberclJllture OOlm.ectU10Ili: Sle,\'<UI BrmJld. j3,lllml i.;. C'omriblJI[ UOIm.WfIlS,verarDi f1J,~ em ahi!O p~en()me:~.olrn,: tftl.emizilllg <]bmn iI:: '~p~Ll;lrizins u: cih~~r>ll(;,:;lding. for it: aad (l~gfm~ting. mnwnlt-

'1:lIII,d ililS'p~r]llg'·Sp.u::ewar: F.l'Im)tLc l.ifennd Sym'oolic [)e,al:li~, nmmg tlhe COJllpUlif!U' B nm!i;" A

il1~..,a oopnwnding.rum~roll:>

fbit

it Bmnd. 0111 ic-

(3') ~imp~)' U ~II. $..1)1$.

\~'hClleiil:SIBL~ml .is al! i.'I.OOIJt. cm;~lusi~£l1rll. Turaer's ,,!,rFil]mtgis iml!he drY'J[Ud det.,ched slyle ot'a see iology ~he~is.B.rnjrnid IS a t~rrifie '\.vrit\.'r. h~t 'fl.ii.~~~~~r~10Br.and_ Suo. blli.~g yut~r is 0\',1111 enthusiasm to the book. from your own

ulmetl tl.'C~Ul~pDkc:li~ ,oonJSC.~n:l>LJI:!> v'l~lles of llm~ cO'n1~nuirl[!ies, ]ft> 1111.001 to ~ ~x:~lctl.y \vl'iiat he did. b~I.~: everybody knew hi llill •. <Imllhillt sure helped. TlltH!gh~h~bm~k~i1:;9~ .h'lls d personal de~:<Ii]jsof Bm~ul:s Ii:Fe.. tlD5 nUL <l bi.(lgm]Jhy. 111{,3ther. h :fQ(;nses, 0111 ,evelllt;:;; thm S'lvir~around him" It traces his illli,,-oI\lenit.'1U wi,tiill 1960:; ,COlllmlU!bC$. ~f1id ~oill(leprul art ClOllmH!!1IJllities, Tl~,e JVfuJ!(!!:.al'ill Cm(~/(JgOIl1d l1~i!U we ~mt>p.eiledjn ~'ls,!!1I.ch 'M} open net\w:rlk was ~ Min:sc I~, Em il\~l>~)'t mil ace i~~lu. m(l~i!'l:~s wt\l~d~s .~.ldml of primliHvlil ·111n'~~ I~.'t rel],,-"C~allhe ,,-'Oil1The l~e h'llk~ti COiil'l:ii'llilini~y [h~!l b'uiIt tad!!Y'$' c10py \~r~b'j(Iii~~~~ I
digutall inFrastnlclure
::1eI: f o

~~'" p~ti~fl{:l~in 'thl;i cybl:!'~uh ure, d~!I;,C{IIJ!.~~~rc ulture, 0 r bolh., But when you "re .11: <lcly to understand :~~(:i\\' thm ell!thu;ji.;;')'im~O!t u s 10 where '!,Ne~JIie ~.od'1Y,. re.,d Turner, To get you sl~rl;od. r~~~c!lve ~-'OUI with Br.nld'g illtroduC'~ion W ~he ··ftmali.c lire"

pieee

(3):
!lOt. C{llfIljllttC'f.'S ;m!

R~ady O'! Ill!!.:'jJOOp.1!c.

eOluir!g to

dl:Id so around

(I

certam

Q~gltm~1 v<ilm::s.. ~ii'I,lQllg them 'opel!lil1~~S,

~non 'IIaI1uc!':,of eth conununities and led 10 b IJ~nld.The WELL, anearly Irn.l,e:-;::mge board

'Jh11l1·:;, :good [I,l.n.vs. lltUly~1'l Ifi.m bcsi. since

PSJ"dled~'~ics" II'\;. W<lj' Q~Tlhetmck ,o,r'1:11~

·\Cq.llllPIJI[CI1ii- fhn;:,1l

~~l ariQ)g.. perscnal ex pr'e;ssi.o~. a Ild :~nn,{:watrion, These were cere values ohheearly digi~<L1 piuneer~ (the ha eke rs) •. embodi.ed in what we pnmclly rhe •.h<!~:kt'lr ~~fuli~." Today. \\~J;! l<lkie lll.e digil;)~. r~'\!ol,tU io III fo:!" gra1m.~cd ::1:11,(11 l'iidd(nn .ap~~1'C-

FU",oDli1 C:J[jIIUIU1.~eru:::i:life I!I i'l

system. was ,lln, irllh~Clln~ale,,"i;m~lpie .. aumctillig both !;yb~lr~u~tur!:

and ceuntereulnee

or M~JIKLce?'· ghQol

of liberal crluelsm

1'D IC.yIhEm: u Un r~
Stewart Brand, l~le

p<Utidp<lI1:~S:,

c.~n

Whole' Earth Network,

<lnd the Rise oj Digital UlOpi~ nism
by hr:d IumeJ'" Uniwrsilyol ChicililO Pmss, Chqcago. 2D.o6. 3ro PIl- S29:, fHtErO. I'SBN '9J!lCl2268H4ij5,

AJ IIli.allgful. be misled

@C;)s;~I~~1 re[IIJ~rm ig.l1n:

into lhi~]king
in\i(;riI:t'd

~.h~\VE II

wd.a)' :~'fflr-

that

U~ll,wilh the mmarnic faUlt;.!sic.s Qr tlllc rllI"Cf!l!.ll~cr~ ,'he seleace j]9chas of No.roc'.r'i \Vucrn.cr, WlIJITI.::I1McOulkldl, J. C.

bur sLlrp:dshn.gly

ill,

r~.Lkk~hi(."r.
The'
lrcm~

Jnhn

V(ln

NCl!ll~lillm

and

lLJI~l~ c;(Jmm~'b1lilics,. blogs, ~nild00-

'ifJlIlMV'JIF

lBu1in.
O'I.I!,\C.~

cli.1lle to

w11.1.I. exLe:n.t~lese v~d.lm.l$ were l>parih'ti! by t~)t; 1960:-; ceunteU'CILI~~.WI.re,which preceded

.~" • .. -

ealled \Wb 2.0. il \1.':iIIs0(.'rminlya stE'pl:o'Wl'Jrd t:l1esephellOmen'J. BnmdJ's Ghih0.l BtL~,i~l~~:> N~twOlik, a 'C:O 11 suh:ung corm;pal]l¥.

i.1t: h.cl.l~th1:0,[1'1!;l(k!army

g d .gn:al revohuu on: couneercnl~h~~

:z

the

.~ den-ce Ibttll the (QrPl;nu~ .und bl!re~IJI.cr.Hi(;

.~ eSI:.'llbl.i:s111lu,ellls, t~.climc nllrleli"SlOod di.girml of ,!E'1~1cl'!nol~ so pon~y. lhe b~cl"CfS \'N~~ ~blC3' to ~,pHIl on lhe U'e\'lQh.mon Ibe~Ton:: the bUlJ'ea[I.t"ICo:u::y k~t;W ~jVh~l hil ~hen~l, L.ike~l~~. llf ~~)!l.nmrli1fall u1I 1l1~lll, It h3P];lC!.ll1Icd so 1:<lS1~~'n.3t we ~J<I'I,'Cnl yel: t:: == r~ai Iy lo:!lk~;n.l~~ tgffili: lO t,!~~::y ~ellebn~ti,;;it~ \'~.(;l{lD)~ <lI'IId exmnime: :1:1(l~ii.~it h<LPPeiled. :~Fr(:d Tum~r's.rn~:~nati.~g p'mm emmlpI'" :~ ('jduII"I!' to C) 1~~tr"ul;ur!!gi\l'e8 :a diet<lgled look us

bt:g;lt .;:yiberc u h ure,

BeC'ilu~ of the happy cQlnd-

~'liJed make ,emmICl.'Claltlimll and to ,ybeTCU~ll![cl idc,~ ,m~c~si:ble to' hig~rk:\'el (:orporar[epJ!~m:ml.Cil':l"
iSlhlt

ef ifll~,ltIell~\::>: The YOl1ilhfi.l:l, fcirvo·r J!i.I:i,d :Wi.rmdb- st'IMi!i.hm!~n!:al1i.ulJism of •.he :r:Ii'C".flk5 1;\~~Q cli:~;!:l.:tI cmta p~lIlCr SC~'C'Ji'U;:C~ I:I.IJ, >!!'''W!li:;:!'!i!l~!y~I:l!i!gh')~!l~d research p:ro· grdi'UI frmn the very top ~rth;~' ICh::ttlllt'1,;
:[]c-pllr~;n:u:nt; ,Ill IJIlil.~X pm::wd liI.larke'I.·'

The goo~J ibili1g <JbgUi ~hi!sbook

I
i
=

Tur.mI.C'l' fOl'~m::rjOU1:'fllfllliS'l now ~fliite DepOrl= fa ~'~l ofCml1!UUlliC(lliotl. SIl.'111fO!'dUnivG:.r&~ry) tfiie<llly took~e time to swei;1tmhe (jet.ilk The,we 0l!'1<l nl]!ri<ld tOf n.lSCi~l(;ni~gliu~~ ~is~or~{:fd ,a det3ils thal he dJM~ til' that will sUlI:'I~.l'ise'itmd

nanking J.tlqvcm~llt b}' the 1'lunUlf~ctmcrs o:hnmH c;]k'Lliiil[il'l,g IlIlm:::lil ir",;:l'i:and an iii· repr~ssiMe l'irlidnight Ilh.CImIllC:tlOIii. ](110'"111
~ Spuo~\V'''['_
Ridlf;li~I1I()~~

.~ Tlte I'e~ewer Is ai~ tme MliI'MediiialaboJallGr),', Clll!librid~~. .. t

t:l MA 0213'9. USA. ,E·mi:liL; l~el!H~f@ir!~di'Uflit_edlu

i;!

e!'lI~~ht.J,;i1lI;':V"'l1. ~hl;: key plflYi;:n; ~:~ Ih~ I.h,rlil~fl ",'\.'m.o pick lip thi:s hook He doeS;Iii'~, 11\,\"<'1.)15 get 1 tb.ung. .. right, thrn,Jgh. ~.\\''00 -t. q~~i.bb.l: 'iI\~lhV',1:~i. . 011:1 im.l.c:om.lCieslton.~ my J'.le~on<il kliiaw.ledge but o'n I)' $l1Y[hat it i;hou I~!l'tct~~oll~Y lmQk b ),011 I:e,nl 011 dl~5 :SWJ.bject. Saa,m::t:Ume:s TumcT:S <liCQOlunt hillS tI'I31 niO~-wl11iIm;g~but-'nOI-<luite_;I:~u:~ SC;II~Nelc.va L 31 S

::1..

!lI,r..;e~, ,U~~f,tmcl'
1[,

COiiliFUlertil}.;'~ Ca!'l!lllu/.li!~t
(;QtI1pU!~ N~~ill'JMq(_lrjtJ~: ~

tT.lt ~e~, 'ChiraSO. 11:97;(1). 2.S;. ~ H~~: Hel'!},~~riiJe C();I!1pr,IW tIi'~~ri~1J ma~.ed~y, tGardm (~'I': ~'I'. 1~4)'. :l_S_lIirand, R(flJi~9'Sj~'. 1 f!)~mberl W:J;, ~p. S'!)~~,

"e.f,rJfJ~ril1'/ol!(fll C~mp~!w~i:1em'-Alj~fif,ljNily&l'pfJl1

w'I,IWiI.sdenoem ago org

9 MAIRCH ,2007

I
lEN DOC R IINIO lO GY

M,any' ,PI,aYlers Inthe

Cc:nllce rta of Sex

Se;q;l1IardamlOUllm::d. that he had "JeJu vemuccl" hi msel f'wl thunjocl['O]lS of 1~s;~jcU].~lr rraees (he :sde~I~:fk discourse t~£Il underex tm(~s 01" dog:) andgu iaea pigs, nml~;med :S~einach.·s model Tillis episode marks the s;lbghtly of liIIllCl~O]il 11I~y opposed lila! ,l\I]dlIs1 Se·eret sex g~m.uis, suel.l ~IS !Dorothy elll1Jb<lJ'I'lI:f>silligoaaneucemem e of Qunl1lt@)s5i~'Ulcl3ll1f me modern el1dlocri.n~,ology. a begmPrice 21ml CJr'~ Nklo.re:S Sex, G.lands, and ] 932 anncuncemem uf .1] nil1l; lhm l':ilif1ic~~~ l'\J:ldllCri~W:~ll~i~t H (I rm on e-s, Hl501950 Hans USse,L' i:~,,~957£~J~I l:eg3ruooi teedback loop b~I.,...Oen the ' as "c<l~,mnirOlL$..'"IEmbarras."lfl~. pi·tuiHH'Ji .Irld tht: g'l1~ndS,'llld li'Y t:hMdfik S:rm[jIJ()pta' Bcrll~UlI:dZo]1de:k's .~934 b~~IIJ~e' BI,'own-S~iqll,.HIl~1died 9111 UqlPv.ersity a,1Chqcago dis¢t",'~ry of ~i!"(lgil;~njill th~ U~94, O~l~.y.1 f~w YG~iI"~f:"r~r his P rB 5:>, Ch icag{].l:006. 366 lamous se,lf-ell!:peril,ne:mt His, [eju~uine ofa stali~.iO:I1I. j1p. $45, (2H_511 ISB N '9];1l()2261~,g.634, .By thi: ~94il)s. '",n,lm; ri\~mllin~ h~d nm~e!~ f~~SI!lC(:lI,;.."z;;.. lulas claimed. e.,.Ianmitcms, be-

II

1889. the ekCedy ami erainent French

pi~,y::;i(ll~J,gi::;l ChiliJtl~:ii~Ei~m!urd B~.\~-

.•Ilt[lgon~ srn pelfSi~~ed WI'!~~c difdiypnu; Dic.;e f ! (I cliniea] praetice Q]' '3~ues. 'fake sex ;I!IfI.tfl~l)~ Ilc di.ni.c. [Ill.]~e~. '9~0s, aud 19505. eudecrinologJr~ts. studied the~hui()11 be~:li\'t'leni1!1)mH.1~e:;; nism !O:Le:..... np~e.In lheI910:.l,. Ihere~lQ.W!1ed n Vie~nu:scphys.iol.og~5a Eugen St~'illma.ch·s ex~nd 'ca~c\:r" lan;:~sl cancer. fGlu exsmple, \VJS perimems led him '~;obelieve th,;] I. male and !~.mlshl, W be caused by estregeas, If 11;0llfenb<I~:esex ~I<mds were in d keel, OIlP'Osir.ion to. m{llml.escould cause ii, Cit-midi they <l~so cure if? ~lil~ ;moth~r. thli!>.",S;l~lbli~hil)Jg d~!;;1.111ImJ.~ptlf l $t!l;)!;) red by ~mrir~'~~I~ t h~r~poei:,j~ ri;i~~ij~h ie Sex.UOII <l.1111.<II,goa.1US!I.n, The idea, thfll: male and '(guided by di:lm~,ca,1res~IJls. rather thau biofemotl e ~ri;;lilimny~p-jl'\~:!i,~I:~i;;en:iIIi~]y~~I;h~llill il;~it vrp~\r:ysi(l~.lJgi-c;dl·ind]ng~). di nic~.a[l recommended s ~ndmgenlLc a ud o;rmll~:-· m13~.0d with t~LilInlD:-JiII.gender mlQlIl1ns,. SengooPlOi
pofta[!~

o Ib~~l.(:uiwrol I

in Ihiellc~-~were :luore lmthan SC'~~mifj;c Ol(h~nlCe:l.ill dl<:lrl!illg

Nevertheless, the (lId

C(l~lC!f;i:Pt

of sexual

estrogenic rreauncnts, s.CliIgnopta :>~lOWS, il~,o~v Im,1:' reascni 1.£ he11 inei ~hese ;adlli1l!iu.edIy S'UlCres.....l1lil.endocrine Er~(mcnts of bre&'i.l cancer was d r,~\I'elm,by an outl.m]d\ed 'concept1Lmra. th':ll
ass,UI.n.n,edl:~.a.tI:I'n.eepposaehcrmone acted .l!IIlt;l~tff:lliM iC<liIYl)l1tlile- body. Sengoopta·,S e'.'q~,~.or.~l of the relariens ion ''1m(Ji~gt~le i~~I:!i~ectillS fon;e~ uf scieaee, cHnlie. ~nd c;: ulture deepeas 0I1I', unde.rstmuHng

of~iI;: ~:h~v~d(jp~.l~1mt QI·:m~)d~m 'I,.~~~{krt;;:rin()I()gy. lese<1,n;;IiI. on se.x, giam~its was shaped! bjr! h.e d i~ illid<Il!~~'lhe~!PGlBt.k: dPt~mi~~.n,()!ld ,H~interest h1 t1ln.epl:uysiologiil::<I~.englneeri IlJg of Ih.e

cause the OO!U10J1nlP[ ~~ml idi01.!~~ r he aroused near1Jy kUIed the b~ldc.]iug science. )
NUl !>~Jpri:"'[I1,g~y,tbis aspect of cmJocr.h.mlog i~ put 01:1 dle frOOi I'''lges. 0 f dmJ': llIJk,:~~1 annals, II does. however. open '. h~IHI",,];; Sengoopta :s.1n1lgte:rriy new hi:!>wry of £f'XlI<I] endec'ri~ol(I~W. Th~ M.f1.'11 S"en:! QUiflte.I~,wmC'~· ~f t Liji!. Examining ~I ceaurry's scientific <md ~.~QP11lufl~clmn~lon 'with e'I'lNlil:loCrirlegl~[i],ds irncl thci r Cr:ttcis on the 'body" SC'Hgool'la. (il bistorhr!1, ,~:flnG-dici~l~ and scie~c€' ,;It B,lq:lkbe.ck CoUcge. UrtI"u\fers,ity of London 1 conclndes th,)t in the l'flc;llt W'l~ .-~~~ ubOtLII sex _S~:.: \Vo;lS, wen "u the center 0:1' life. V]l:il]~.~y.and energy. and for.~time, gl~~nd~s!,jil;ll'1h;'d~n th~ keys h{lld te ~.~, "li!>foct!~ o:~ se:x allows Sengeopra to fol'~ov.r :t~uuhipk': hL~1.aric2l~:~Ialiorl~ll.ill$.. ~Ir'ti:td~ldythose between eli ill.lic:r;J1J] S and ba sic s:~~i~ijH~ltI;!Ind bI;:EW~!i:$i! bim~1e;:dleii1:~!ind the ,viderpor.m.I<l1' cu ~ture. The::sere:llat&onship.s Vi,1'eI'C dym,3'nm,ic. hll, the'
CII sc:~e]iilCe \\1',JS never

hM'1!,m body ..

'\'!I;;:f'I ~]S ~ie1l!i.dfh: ~,dJ:.I$

were di sproved and corrected, cerra in themes !l1ll.Jil,!!'Cmlrn;: rcm~~ni::dc£lltral to

e;n.docrino~,().gici!1 resem'C,~. The .~9411 s
t::O!iDcx:r~l wW'Q

th~' rd~Ltio~hipbenl'l;).C!l

I.:<tm:.-er,md hormonil!!!\ sounds Sltrilkin£,]y

moderu, cO"~:l;We.~Jng recent ~~igh1y :Jj)Ulb[iei ;t:t;d deba l'I::~,ib C:ilit the c:oh!t1e.c ~icn betwee:~, horrnene replacement dlel1llp)" f!Jrme:[Iop,lm:od ,\iQmen .m~ breast
ciltl1'C~r.The use 01' hermenes t.o oomi:l(lt

tl'n(' .ag i[l1l. preeess d~dU1lo.t di~ with Bmwn~SeqJ[[.,u,jL It \I,!iil$ Ilopwl,lar,h;.!J!d by S;h;:hlf~dll JO )''G'[~rs I@t~r; ~L1]d I!rlday ;lUll!.• ;I g~~,£! hormones. t'I£,<L iu c apture the publi(:!.; <iu~mkl!'!, Se.~,g,O()Pi'~i..~ke~the science ofl~e pf~S:I:~C'ri.QU~[Y :s.mi m~ ill> mVIiIIU!.r.n~,s,
r~fl,1.~inS 1.0 e'v,<II.mtle

its, findim ..;!!!;Oli !

~he mod~1 ~fl ov~rJ;implifi0d: prf!V~U C!l~fOOe[_ h~$ ~~~o profu~lltdly afr'=lC'wd 'J:I.~dl)owells ~md eSll1og_ens VJ.'ere· fOIlII,nl~n both byiits [el:liUted~y 'il\flilJllg. :S1D'all,ge, or ODSC L.ure ~C\'i.Ipc.),.t'l,;:rrIS Ih{l Jf~mh("m!(,flH'lr tlHhc n~~vly \"'OJll~!l ~rld ffiVll, As :S~"~O(1pw.-,ptl~ pUl!> i~c. p.;:!Sl. S(!m~'~im!;;s ··fals~" scientific th(lor~~s ~. "II,~mSl ilIlulhorili~ lrnad.. by the end of the lhir~ l)lIl"ifi.'ed honnQi.~::t1 C~I.rm::'tl>. T~ll.'{l1IgJbom. the' 'pmdutie the' r:ighl tllemments. SOIl1.letiil~le.~ t~.ey 9 li~:s. come ·~.tlrt::g'ird d~e: S.~H,,~!d$ !he' SUitl ;"$ imlspi ro .-~~.'~'i>!fI:~hlradil ifMl lhf!t $,~~lpl,l'ge:rntir~ ~ M.;i~,ee·ri~g Oli!iP~Cl Sidemif~c med!ci~l~ of sh'lped re-,seun:h '(Ill t~lle :lie:xg~'llids and its. inSt1lt!.U~lem~ illU the ,em.lcerto gf Se11'1. essenli,ll di~ipli'Ui.es. rn rh~ Mf}:.'fItS(!Cr,'l fluillfe8SCI.rc,·(' ' ~ d ink:a~ ic,1th:ms.. lIppl but not sulrk:k~&in i:h~m!>f1!lv~", endmM I:h~ (~f ~/ft.,eIliJo~ri.l1o.log y cnmerg.cs .1!> pal,t of ~ ~. to L body \v.ilh virij~i'ty or lWI1IiIinin~.I\y" Oil1,1eT imtru· proc~s.. ofm dYIJMlmic KI;,H ionship alllolli,g c~ll- ;S !n~nl;$ had to work i,~iliHII~lO~yith~'fuiG]1J~ w Il,i!~ L 'c~[ni,,,';lI.I,.~uld fie h):]l,tifCc :rorc(lsr:!1~~l.G'rl~~f! ~ lie re'tlewe-.r ~ at ~ihe' Imtitll!e 01 ~he HJ~l'Dry Mte-d~dml!', of under the b<l~on of a COIll,d~q.cliOr: the' e\I~~wnat'i,c <Jill l1icIS\1!~dit'ill.!;lto be di~c:oveil,';ed.. ~ !oI!fi~ ~>op~lfi£ UIiliIYeiF1iilyd!o>o~ ot Merdil:in~. Ilammo~!e'. S MD212JllS-2:16?, U$.I'I.E~m<iil: stder!@ilnfl'li~u pilWI,itary gland.'· 1O-:rH6I>Ciernce,lll]91J~Hl e;
!lologhl;~ saw

1920!li.t~leg{l~d~~l (Jfth~ =-~N,,g~mHI~, <lg~ m,-lil\~ b.lbor..u:ory ~.~'Q:rk as done by 'o]l~nici.amcS-.ull.d w driven by dil'lic.rl~ 'lgell1l,d9s.l[I rhe 1930 s, the clini!ci:PIn·s hcgclnony wBined <]50 Illu: 5n1r of basic bioch(l~uis~:)"y1"(\&c,t!"d~ l"OS~_ SC!~guopta SI.lOWS, •. h O'!jM-ever. Ihal; the d, in iti :Ul. g;l:irUil.ed

ju~g~its v~iij~ b)l2l;>~-~\;n!1I,lry ~!~ndOl'lJl(kAt f~r:sl &b'I~l:e. t~Jis migh:~ cl~OIppoi:m,l anyone butll:u:stor:ialls . .A n.Cli 311•. ,\'hy :;h{}~~dwe r~adI aoout i'ide:nli fie
theories thiU have been proven wmn.gl

QUlle:

.'jiU'l'ilip~},.~lilodel-,1!1 scienceis

IDill],u-

eneed net oCim by~'lrn.o.'iet~mor es Ihal arc Iy J

9 MARCH 2007

VOL. 31 5

SCII!:.NCtc

www.,s-ciencema9'.o~g

ClllIMATIE.

CHANGE SlriU emiis'Sioo limits ~viUb@ IlIE!CE!'!!;s;ary H

the rise lifl a L!1II{D~pherji( (:a rbon d i(l\l1~~e is

[OJ

b ~ sU~JlIum,id.

required redue ~kl!'! !>ch!;idu~~:; Ail r\,'I,I'l:.' '.lre GV'.~[to ~l~~'e~e,di!l <'ipr.i~~.g .. , C the I:miklup oflhe a~]l~!l6phe~~s:'(,OJ (."(l(l~te'n,t. ,lddilli;oH<l1 element would be neces\'I.'e must mOlt.:" f tlit-c~r~~ changein (hit:: :l..~ry,The S<'Ip (see f~gm:e. rigjHl and allowed emis''Vtl)1 we v,i:~wthe pmbl~m" Most pO:~~lci.e-s~:lun berweenactual II~ilIv~b-ccn discusS1xl~m;:liUdD~gc'~p-al~,~unde slum. \'\iOu'kll hfli\1e 1:0 be Iml.d~ up I:rilher by pWI.r.cliuase ,o:reol a]~:oc:.ned sys.l:eil,llS and the Kyoto lreHly. haveneared the rl!'(~blenm, e.."1.chH;;,ive~,y hlii. u:~rms; <0 r i!lCrClmle!'n:tal to poorer narions or by burial of roductirln!'in cn2~mi~i~~I1!', l1~~.11{}1;.~e\l~r. CO2 Ct'lph!!'l;;'iI from rhe annesT p.h;ere. SH'!Huninu:. the rise in Co., wi~,~aot sl:abi~iu'311nosphe'D",ic CO~ levels; lhey only filow ~hen'lle (~I·i$lcre·~~~.I~:s[e.ml <lC[Uto \,,;olllid !require P1!rt1'cip;nJio:L~of mp: lIIf1y st{I(' the U,'~lCr(~ilIsC'. '!JI,,'C lllms'~, evC'lop the d ~.d!yi:ndWl£I.II"iHlz.ung mltiom; sHell. as ClOllCifolpl 0 f wh.u.migi'lloo c.~!Ied,l"~ ,n'bQn C~~rI<~ and India Under Ihe pie l'l'ie:·Cnlitml~.y. foreach-J gig<tlo:ms (GI) offb~ concept. 't~:1f:re 'would be ani iueentiVl;: fQri'~.I;'nl h~jei n RJ~theY\,V4;l1lld ~i~ ~~ror~!lbl~rn~d\ the 11.im.{*,p~~~ru cnn's, COl tent rises <lOO~I,t IpPI,n: im;;lud~,ng deforesiahavea cOl~s~der<lbljy 1,00l~er pel'iod

iW:l0

l\D~~

20JiJ'

,040

~(}5iO

2060

chase of the eneJgy required to accomplish I:~.C t~l)lp[urc;;n1dl~r~i1I,fthe CD:."Tof Sllmric iE'ul b l ;_(~II1I.~o~p1rnere0 increase, lh~mI. lili sl1.xe.s lire size 1 ~o!\.~i,1rue] to gene'r.lt~ this ~nJe~y is 000 hiJJ;h. IJ1~n Ihjs Slro:lJ.l!:'l,\\,I'HI~dbe in~p~lc'th;:~~I. of the carbon pic .: ~1:101"exa mp~e'.• this ~iIii\~H The ~.,,~esl ohhe costs asscciatedwith \""lilr~ [ll btl doubl,t.;; dl>e rrei!1dl~S~d~~~ ('02 1II.I1OOLnrnlt •• 560 Ilpm),. then t~.le S:ize of the pie ~ie :a~r-C'al)lme willi, be tillose asseciated 'wilhl~e' \vouJd he 711] Cit of earbon [i.e .. 4 x l560release ·ofthe CO~iom the CO;lptuiil;' m'I~~rU.:li:1 l:lllO)].. \\'ere the I ilm:il to be set <1.1450ppm, the .lnd with~11e recycl i:lJ1lg of allY ebem icals used, ~ize of ihe pie- ,,!,rmlld 'be lln~y,21'1.0 Gt, beimplemented, and faces, several ~echnQIO'cl:- A~ ~gJiimn hydro",icle ..• m obvious choice, Once Ihe size of pie :~~::; bec.~n,eSI<lMhihed. ~Ic,d c'h<!l~lenges, [f the COL carried byt~e ~~~ b(l,lds. l)(un,to CO'2 too tCrI!llcUotJ:dy. a bene. r ef~ch ~nh~ 'world ~flinm il1ns 'Ii\ 'fluld he (l11(]c~"II.Ci.¥.t Sl~.funs used m drivl;lwind turblnes wereto 'be op~ion \'i'O~111d. be O,'l ~~~~J;::ri;rd [~unw\ll1Idbe a,bl~ cap~lIIred ~~.ell enan energy-equivalenrbasis, a slice, ~Il an i.de<!l~ world" dUl' size of these ~o pick ~upC'O~ btl! would release it more slices \~'{lu:l~dbe ~uS£"d (.1'1 cpriruk~li.o!'l. llim (his llm);;pl'lly-,"k~~1i!1~e;iIiISi(l!l.j<j af the CO~ c~~ph.mife r~i.u.my.R~gartl]ess of'lvltrf~l m~.neril,1i~s to he d i case, the wU.Ii"Id's:rich countries would.get O/hlly devices would be: oml;! I % of the s\veep of used i.~.is llhso]tne.~ ,e!!se~ni:~llh;.n research on 1,l.b,cmi;,Hl'.4 afliLe pie. :~r[he~:Lmit. agreed lilI~xm cnprure Mel ~e(llleMn~lit"in b~ CO'lfDlI;i1 (Hll ~~) t.11ii.eUlibim::·s H ~,~n other WOilitlLs. in :.I sense, t were Silt) ppm, '~~!n.eil,l r:idl m'u.iom· share the ;llir streams C;J'fwy WO times mon:C02 rh,m de~,~Tm,~ne w~lelher the ,ene~ cu sf:.;c.m be broughl. do\l.~l an!lc>Of:'::pta~J!e It~v{~l t.o, C!lI~nUl~ 'muhl be abolll .1501 A.s these COUIlJII'ic.<> Idnel~!.! nc~. Ot. c u)~rel:her cuntt~l,n]y COI'ISlil me ~,OOL~~Gl of fo~ () In add iiion 'to .1]lo\vi n~ 'the gap betweeu ~~rom (,'O,,~ g<lsini:c~.lion pl<lmLS ~,hOlll.ld'I~£i.O be a,ehl~lalld p~rlni~si.b.i~, ctn~:!:s:i()n~ h) be si~ C:;ll1b[inp~r y~alt". if [[li;;Y ~o:~tjl:'lu(:'l(~ dl~,:; ful i.ri,~.pk:mcllt~d .. Iall the present p o~itical c],ima ~e..• my .,;~j1@.Cif;'!. th~if nllutmt;l!H 'Ii\'Quld. b~ o(}¥ilsllm~d iJ1l fi~h~~1.;;!ir~:x~!1J,c~iun hm; ntht;: r O1,Hn.(."i:h~I~tJ.-, just. 2: 5 yea rs.lIFaced w~l:l;l lhis ~,imit. em::hi 0 r lures., (~,) [t. cO~lld be done at !!,ite~ Y.u l'f1mu I.empt t9 achi:eve .m agr:ee:nm,em 0111eil:~,er the' ~h!i;:,';e nw kln5 \;\''Ou~clbIf;Rm;.,ed IO n~pid Iy po:p~.I~uli,O'llc~mer~ .md cI"):51;.'l bJ' d\e !'iite~ of ::;i~of;] Cilfbgn],>je ur it!'! ulku'::<I:tion .!W11:llll,g the rk:h reduce hs eiI,uissiQliliS(see ligu:re. iI'bcrIlc~,Poor cn, stol:<'lg;t::. (iii) Om~e the rise illl, cn, hnd \:vodd's mllinns,wouk'l be diftilcullo HO\?!'CVCli, ~l<:lJion;s wtmlcl: be ,a.ble ~o !iidl poniuEls; of their beell s~eil1,niiled. he ,CO~ cOlne~u of the m;gie5:1' we 'ld\' ..tm.cebey(lndlthink~J1g on~y ]11 ~ ,of,conscrvatuon am~ ill'tCriliiU,C sources p~Jf! ii;1:~ce~o til,e rilch cOi.1ll1tde:s :Jnd sliU ntave ~ lll1l1.0 spher,e COli hI be d~wn hack down to' 1(;!:rl1iili.'i e:m)ttgb ]eft 10 pCnli'JJi[ ~hc~~ [0 indl'M[~i~i:i!:(;l:" alcvd m t~.vh ieh th~ C'~~r.lll:); C!lpS \..re~ Mll~ k~ ~nd bc~i!l ~(l~]njnlk HlrnlS of m. C'!l~oon pic. w~ in H'tlhissceli111111'io \,ven~to he i:l1I~p.~e:lll1eml;~ed. bilizeJ .. ,(iii) ]I '\'I.f()uid 'pmvide:;I m~dUI11~~I~lll h<lV'e lmo ch,m.ce to S'loJ) the I.+s:e iml,<'Itm()lSo .. 1 will Ihlii~horllyisSUi!.f of (,;ef~,p~n~li on ph~ricCO~. n!1di[M~h Iy un:l~ Ut~d'UWt"~"1Inbi~lkm uf b)1 "Iihi ~l~ kl.oJl~ p~~:st ,COl: e'lllis:sio:~!\ by l'icher Il<Ili,o:u~s im::lFeillsed e ffi.ciency in ,en:lerID" lise. 'illllplemell~ &ld~mIilOO!l andl No~1)S .~ nit ion 0 f Iton-ii'o&,>i I flill.~~, energy :[;(lUI."C(!:tl. ,uli.<iJl, ~ol,llld~e l1:t!goli<lted, q i, i<. $,. lMklll~t H.·j. ilOdl:, Po Grlttil~, im Pt«~ding.~ ofrhtt Whi.le lhere is 110 .CIUe:5lon l~,nl CO~ C<1.pi '.Q capture un:02 produced imiemIl gm:!ific3lion ... 24111 lmtl'lffllMool ({}fl:/wmtf ,~1'1Cal'll !j.riNlIl'JiM & Frm h~~r[\o11f'I1~.C' i!llalfl.{JIJ;ph~re.~,doaJblc, theco~t is i .~ p~.[IlliS 'i;\i'ou](ili be capilhlc of mecl.ing the s'YI'le.m~. ~, S;jI!;!!;I:~~d.. ~I (C~.lT~~hml;l~~~.1'\';50Ntiof1, aeallWat9.I~L lW11), lIP, :e95-:996. $!i II uulkncl'\"!'ll!. C'apt~n:e: \!''Q~I,1d, be ~~=ft)iiid'ible iJ ~ 2- ~ ~rnaJl~~. (al1Iid, G. !iI~!, ii!.rndIK, :5. l<!ciro~rb '!l~CJiJ5· it C'~u~d the pri.cc or fos1>U fl,ld '~Il~rgy to ':~ lihif';J!IIlthllr i~, Ihe b<lmont"Doh~lY Earlh Qb~fl'!'G<t~1iYof "" ~11!!1'1~. at ~n;crlL\ase by ]0 ~J() JG%., Bo,:\'Ife\.'€'f. <ll<'lr~~ FnlC0: C(lhJm~iil tlm,i'li'er~['~.y, IPiliH~dIlS, HV 109M-SO(!(), USA. if E-Dl1111D: bro!l{ik@r@ldll'IM01liJl1Ililifllii1ld'u tl.Orl Oflhc::'opermung costwoukllbe Ihr~1la.e IJUIr= to which we
:~I~~O~"" 1~.C1!('Oz CO~UClll

(it u fC~fb(lll p~r y~m'. lFm'thel', lbis rQUIr~(H)ne :I<III;iowill 0:I.1ly c:hflngc slow~I}1in tin: comil1g decades, Hence. ~ ''I.'e se! Ol,desi FJbl.t: upper I iffill~l 01'1,!jheeXl~I'II~. r
~iO!i!•. \1!..1;:PlItlW (;n'ilit about ~

of lim~to 'Hjj~~:s~heir CO., ~mist

or the

sions lh:1llll:idl mllioJ.1s. ],he:-sOOJ.l~J' (ll1IdbUified. such an i1g,mem,elllW<lS ~Ul~hli~O ferce, the bet.ter~]m.e situation would be for these uar ious, Umi I Db/isis done, the size om~c careen pie will ,c,uD1.timu::' W shrililikil' a r.clteof 70 to SOOl perrd~~mj~. B~C<lllli\e CO2 sales would ~~n'~ l1nl)' as a t.emllOliilu)' S~OI)g:"I~',C;<I'~11H1e .oO~I1i,'OliiI,1 the of .'lm~~pliei'i6 \\,'Oillld·b-t: r'i;wess,ny. c6'J c"p~~ite fli"m:tll' the a~'Ii1.ulsphere:is reasiMe. bu! 11<:yet tn ..s

IH.~p'Q~iIiIE!~ca~ s(:el1alri~ :Ellrruise bY' ~ich liI\atfon!i~fth,e:ir 15 (H:illt wedg,e of tbe !Cat~I!i®1l pi'e".1\s "me passes, the ~)lae1:~01 rlo~~i~·ruel tll.lrniln.g over tlh ~ (I~ nishin91P~'lIDliS6ib~~ cmi,s~ron Umilll'liU Ii~~ly mi growl. re1li,uliring'an im:m<lrSI! in lhe arneenr 01 CO2 W, be cOIptmed

ror

w'W\"I.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31S v

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1371

PHYSICS

Walchling Rlush IHou~r in t,h,s

WOllr'l,d 0'1 Electrons,
lqr1!ig ~l~

Allilimpm'll,eli imag]n:g techniqlle reve ...~s,UHlit ,!ilenr~!Ils hn !l ma~erii31l calli !ltJH~r griidl.or:k tike Gusilli i! dly" 'Vl1i:!i milY help rle1ie,indl!r~ Ii.Irltlerst~!1d~l'Ie' mechalli'S.m by which (11Hrents now \vittllll!J l re~~r;ti3irll~ein slI.!'lermrn,d seters,

ItI:6td~,!dl;,

<'Ifi!::\!(~hli:k~n

I);;\~

Ibeen unrQldi.Bg iw,a our u]jl,derst;;1lld~n£ of I.he b(:l~~viQ:r oj"e~~Uljln~ in sa~,!di1;,

QWU1~ln1l1mechanics rules in, d1is micrescopic \m:rktm:ld researchers assumed lll}iU Ihe smear~
jl1l,£ ..Ud ave:r.lging I efTect:s of the quantum

mu~ioll1s wUlurd reuder this b~h~li'!;'il'u ~,,(:~~d~ 'IliSly ~imrle. ~n S't~ld),'ili1g hi:y,h-tmvasitroll iemp~I'<ltm'"e (I:~) SlIp>t':':li'>t::OIUIHd~V i~y i:~, oppclr c oxides, ~.n'\1I.'ev.l:!lil:; physicisl:S fmmd i11!SK'!ld~1~aB:
!Ili~ cIClC'U'On ::>y1!:tell~5 ~1lIthese ~nHtC'l"i;als were

~x;~-mt~!!)l1!fl:~~yt,:(lmplil;"x,. o.m! p~gil,.~ 1380 ~)fdl~ s issue. KQhs;<1,ka ef ~r.l f ),presem .1:111 exper,im~ffil,~ ~o:~~. b!1ii1)klh~~1J~1~.$t~dJyin,g th~ ~1~;\~troUll !iYl"~'jll on the surface o~:'c::oppcel' ox ide Sllpe~1CO:1n.dLLb~Lli' by means of 5c."lI'miny fu:m~eling Sp.6'"~fOOOI)PY; By cleved)! er>;plo.ili llig~lle e Ir~l1SI(lf the declo i.l"O.[i! lnrcractiens, tll":;Y rII1m.l:!lgt:to probe t!~c 'e~,eclf-O:IIImime di:rectly. TU,1ey d iseover a wtl:rld ofa~n~zil,griehness .. J,htlp(,j bli' [h~ quantum mo Iiens ot ~he elecnon s forlill iug complex
spli[lia~ :p;2IHern.'>.

A main dTt;l;:~gfslitul\g i~'[e!'m;l1,{lilS i~the dm;s[ml,\vol'ld is 'uidlk.nlO\.l;!1}~o3l~ybodly l'iv~ ilmgin ,I mCilm~'l(),~~.I']1l Whenlhe density .Jr;e<l; of cars becemea ~('IO~lig~l d~.:tr.ingrli!1:sh hour, tile u"Ilffic CO I'IW!;. H) a S;~~l!mds;liI, Th.~ S;i'lI'!1!? ph~ ... I
ml:!:UeilOIli slumld I:J.GClU with electrons ,un ~oHds. blul [he ""\:irdbl(1s...,, f ,qt~"'llum phy.~k"s, o interferes, E~ecmrons shcmh:l eNie{;[I~:eoOl]!i~mall (;~t!:i!ml~m:tJlnotinf~:\ ~ml!he~ are $() v i~d!t;;mil!'! .• l"OIwe!lui:tlmll! metals and slJlpertiOm]~Lc:to;n.;~1iaOill Il'Dc c:Aeels of'tlincintc.~r'JelioUil~9r,(! \\c'l'ls,itedllw:!)1. hll~~1'1 roeg;Jrd, the electron !\.ystenls Ibund :illl is

TraUic: IpattE!Ms. Scannilllg nlil'lllu~iings:pe(.t.nm:oIlY 'UiD dilrec:llyp~c)b(1lliil! ~palijal. d~!illiitlillJl'tion:\1 ir~he<e~ed:r,on o lIiI()tion~ ~:f'lI.h~ooPiP~~ 'CJ}:irie~d¥E!rs1:11 hig 11·ftSiU peii'(lOn,rh~(lor. Tile pauerll1is. [am be'I;1iewed as at qlual1llU a mana· l(lgl al :Sl<IJh)mj"go, lr~lfi(. ~~:U-ll!rg'}lli!l:.jl1!g illito (In:~-diim~"$io!l~! hi:ghw~s II"'heril'H\~ elcctrolill,rolHr.c nD'i'II~ r,ei[alti!U!!lyh~el:f, s~pllri!ted by sewfl"ly jalimnedi areas. wG:llians 01 (OIlP~r.~ nd a)!'Ijg!HIi'ltom'5 atreshown belew tnl' imm:ge or elemcm flow.

Kohs;Elk<li etal. claim to ~~mvcs.ccollllP:~ished. HtJ\lli dc, Koh~11.k0\ ~·t(Jt.mOlU1<lgehi r:~b~ these electron SInWt ures? n1!~Y use .l<C<I'Irn'lIirillg hig'~.Tt S'I,.I1~¢rcO.UII.d.I;i~1)on; ~ll(·{'I~Pli()~il'ii, :rhl~ ~U·.,; wmt!tli~,g NI'~t~tlP)', a T~~.1l'iiiqw;: I.h'f[t m~9te the :s~rona pclh::111 rials exerted an, the e leesures the <n LJiml:UlIU mec 1.1:anic.II,'JlI'o'bJabi I ity or ydd~n!1: nr~UQ.~o';ling an ~1C;j:el!'o!~ ~ $pl;ldfi(: !,'it [OOllS by tlllC crystal. lattice of (;OPpcr. oxide I:m:aliolill <It 11given energy. In stro.Mgly :Unl;em.cl~ pl~~Ili~:i"Ih,~qlli!l_mmn motions are hindered w ,~ degme thilt rhe eleenen trd,l:nt'! :n~Jghleven get ing eleemm systems like those oftliu:: hig11-r~ con\lp.~ete~y jamrued. Copper o~",i.dt:s in I:heir (3). There <Ire imLdi:c;.l.Ii(lns.lhfl~~mley occur in :ompeJco:lldw';~{)f$. this wmb"b:i~ily, i::; VC<J)i herd prislinu: Slial.Care d'n.Lj1~ hlSU~:lIWI"5 i:1ndl in orde~r gtlod supercenduerers as I~n:ctmlt:1ng p:fl!ttc:r:n~.,> to inl:tr::rprel, KohSo.'1h et aI, 11~~.vcmmdln "''flY f :.n'OlJl,m:l ttlis dilfjcl.!hy. based on <L clever blJlt ~ to tumthem inro (s.upcrl~ol:1uJil~~IOP>. lfii~s (3, 4,. ,,\....ile in some cup.r~l~es 1:lley :JCfWl<IUy one oom!t to ~ standstill .. likely due l!oil.lllP'Crr[x::~ si.[[~1l1cidea of Anld~J·s.nn and O~g (6) th~l ~ ~"O I,'emove eJectro:ll,~ b~ chemiesl cl.opiJ~g (tlil<!lt L;; x ploi~s the 1;)'f1i;ct:;. ohl~ S'Wofig ~I,,'!l;rmrl·~h:~- Q ~h.'m=-fn nht.;crystal ]:l~~iec t~Ollvin~, I.:;lfl;~lsimi an is.ml~caddition ofimpmHy I,):I~m~m$·l' . ~ The electron motions i:l1I, these dopoed il1311"~o mad\";,'OL"k on oIilLrhigllv.~lys.l"hese :fl"nil.: ueu ilm:e"'''1.1.mm;.1'olIndersl.nlld. dte esseuceef ~. l"UpmHol:S ean bs Vi~t'l'~~l~ qm!llt i;.til,."'t! $'t(lr,""Mm!(.I~ SlfUpl'l!-i. ureclsarly ebservedjn bt)'[h aeurrenlh~ idJi;l,L ene jlQSt n~'(Idt' fflj)~\""!yt'Xll~·~!~~t'~: To ~. __ ' seaueriag 0) '.IIldi rasoaaat X-l"ay-scallel'il1g Int'\l'ge from ~:~.e<!mp o.ll, ~~.rn'ee:VI'-1.jI r \II;,'.ulh S[OP- ~ go, Ira Ific ,. Stop-.ailld-go traffic in our 'illlnr!d tends. 10 d~'VdQiP C'ompk:x ro!Hecl.i~ 1)lIiJt¢m!l, !md,~.~otml"fu!creqt~i.re:~ patuen:ce, whereas it is 21 '!l ~x.pcr,~m<C'ni;l;P), b\lt ll1es~~.:o;iP'~ri.l:Ji1e~ts .only pick up aVel"O\ge properties oflh,e $~Tipe~" relief to "'U)Ol an exir s:i!glIl,. fhe 5<!m,e dl:eCl ; Rlcs~~rdn:;rn\iI.'Ould I]kc to ".iew 't]~~mil1!1i'a1 OCCtI!.'!i !i~Ih~ Sl!op-;lnd~~o·~ fcc~oonsyst~~l; his ~ i1be '~IiI~or ls~n ~he Depa rtm~mt or Phv~'ks, Uni\l'erii~ty sp.ace {m; opposed to' the f~c:u'~)n)c:al ~pac,e nm.ch e<l!:>:Lem:tn [~llIJiO\'eC.h:CI:I1C:mS,th<al1l,to.uld ~ or ltid~fiI" Leidep2~33. Ihe INe'therla!'!d:~. E-iTI1:aU: (}f di ff~c lioUQ). .:I!ld this is e:»t~ct~y \V~oYf them" To ootflin lhe!)ver.;l!~] plI"Obflll:liIiI]' ofeidu~r {) i:ill1@IB,ngmtz,:lfiDe'nutl'liv.l'li
<1.11di

ro:m.elhj rig sil1:~:i.I!:~1i h:appf:'llcS~vil;I~. eleet~~u:: fb~lIldll~<ll elec~TOllilis mov,~n~11[1Q[In,cI illl the eQPper exide planes h;ndm ~rni.jl,g.ot; dl~'!f!i~~dv,~::>~ onei dim.ensianal "h~gTm\""I)"S··~~~;let:e niltYl1'emthet Lhey 1i~1t;,~ly. s~rrut~!tr]~ by i~t.;uhltillg d(l!mtins (.2'). <I ItCI inrecent years e~periffil,1.e'[I~<1~ Sl.IIpJKJU 'I~'3S licumd for I.~.e Cl!::d:stcm:;e ofsuc·h :st:rl,pe l:l~tI.>eI.~lmlS
~ro~l ~.1~.1 ca~t~Uhll~t'Il:-;" rl1y;~h: iSIS

9 MARCH 2007

VOL. 31 5

SCII!:.NCIC

www.,sdencema9.o~9

IPERSPECTIVES
remov~ng ot i:1I!dJd ing an elecuon. one has to glassy panern
(J).

II

$imply hnegmte the ttLI1iI:1e1h,g

CUfJTcm

for a

the srripes.ro diSiO:ruer in rhe C.i'ysti:.] M~ice {Jr.

There is ;acllliany

iIlustrntillmg~liDe sensitivn.ly of

A~ ~\)hn\v~ i~U~~ngijw. the br;l.ghl!lmis art where Ih~ electrons move aroundrelarively freely.al1d the dlll'k.lI"e,gJtonsare W.liIcrc·lhee:l~Cl"'-. nUll tr<'llft·:~; jammed, The i~mlge 11;,t~atemicis scale n;,'S!o:bif)ll.~U:d it is elcsr I:h~t Ilhe lfIIon.ilc;: el:ec~ru~:shH\le a pJ:'ielbre~loe for oxygen ove.r copper. Zeomiag nut to Ihe n~lUometel" scale, (ln~ d~~!rly disC4;;~'[JS the SltriP€'$,. the "rivers uf charge" st::p'll'3tIJd by inSild,ni:lmg regions, wh.ih::' 0111 '111i ew~ j1myerfidd of\,je\v t~&e H!I1m. inl.o 01

mJ,~) IiIIlld lU!"a ~'~llalDiwIyc~~I],,~~d Vlilj~ctinlgL;:k."'llip ~:rn[l$l over <I sizable voltage f"ollligeata :givi;;'1l lue~l!jun,.and by Ulkh~~ther<uio (lihl~~~ q~~rui!i" ~it'ies one obt<llil1:> a Illna~, Ih.e dec ~ml~ .of tll.'l1rfUc..

Po."iili\'1e:~.vc!w2ul'gcd~ip ,~pll!I.~ electrons ..ng i

m~ld'n.fir]Qlr,egoing euin l1'n.cse hlla~f'Dh~Ul~SO)lp~~m:at liI!·i.rst glanee, ~mllhL;: llinill'ion dolhrr qne!l.l:iOirii is \\~1(!'~~er thesesubfM.iGS.rew$1 ~rnylhi!~§fd)(lmlh~ (1rj"gi!1Jof~u(l~rcQm;lnc:tuvi~y .n i:lig,lm Tc' Tlris is s!:iU as [Im.uch:1 ~~y.<lW'ry~!S il\io'".u; 21 Y~~~i,gif._J\i"I~l!;lnit W<l-~ dis-

.m ill'Llsi{m.~n by omnbin~ng the presem tech" ntque w~lh the energy·resolved ~Pt."CtroNC{Jpic i.nWor,mu:tioJl.:~l should be posSJ.ib~.e tngeneraje ha:m l·~'Vid.(:'I1~C' ~ n:OI1ility Of't!lC~ pai;n;, r~:
Ri@f'!Ilirtl1l(!I!S;

covered ,t/. i~~, It i~believed th!!!;:, as in normal sl.Ipe.room:lllCl('u"S. the e~cGtroll:S b:it:l'!l,dl I)~ i ts in ~h~n 8!ib:;;!;1CI!!e,lllllyII [I&'\I:,go Bose con.Jem"lli()~,l 'U
the SU~roOlldHctivily ..~~mJlLgil'[\1I'~11 be thfll ~he:IU1<Iges, obl'1.~f1e:d by KohsakH .:1 al .. are ~]bom electron pai rs omninl;! to a ~)arli ;11 ~tand~~i in!''ll'i1!d (If rhe (l1~t:ln1l'iI$ th""m~1 '!.",s. II, Whe~l .~SA.ill'i;!',I!,rill}, my trained eyes at tile illlil~'1ges I Sllf;; II~se pain>, e\ 'e1}'l",1n:re. This mighl wold~be
dlilll: 'C<:IU":ies

]. 't: ~hl.i'ib .Nrl~'.,ScNMte :li:l.!I. 1:38C11(6007}; ~bli!hed p ,gnLillle(I l~etlrua'1f ~(10t,lUO.'llU6ISctena'113 8!!M~, 2, J. Za.:JI\II!I1', &Jniil~ o, t'hyt, ~ 8 ~!o,1.~91l19a,9j\ :3•• \t.A. ~eli~l'Ie.1g1.,Itf'r. ~.O'd. Ph:~. '5 ...nOil GliOO~~. oil. 1. Z~Iilen. o!i!·~1trfE'lI~!~.ina (lOO6t ~" 1?,.AbbinnDme.~!Il'I..i!tcllllrePhY1. ~1,:]s·5 I(aoo~. . ,. R w. J!!t!dmoJl, IN. ~.IOJ1!i1, f. Ph~ '~em..~ 67', 1 f2006~. ,,~p!irllli fNhlR'dn I1lgli1~.~:ijpi!\I\oo"di!Jrlh<it:l" Na!~ Phy.._ z, '][33 HoIjilEh lOO,~t I. ~pl!'d~1R_r,j: Hi9M~rnJl4!tilUjR'Su PI!KQMudivil!j 1I',urn!l Sd.ef.!fe J14, 10; 2-])0\19 t:!OO6). 20.

BIIOCIHEM A Ne1w 'Ia rig et for An'tibliiotilc DavaIID,pme,nt'

ISTAV

'Tihe' (ryst..al s·~rlll'hJre'of' aJ ba,'terial, m>embr.aJne

IPITml:einIlI18iYg,ui(h~the developl1l1lenl of oil P1tibiCl lies, th~t hit.l~mjpt p'r€'!fi(lli!~l,!!, a lIlegll.@c:tsd ITIol@[ul<'!1' tBif9,l?t .•
mH~~\I

d~..scrn,lcryOl!ldeHnical development. of penid,~lin I. ushered i~l the modern j_ll1i~ubi!ol~eera iii1d St111'ntlhHOO th.e diS;;::;O\I'f:I")I oftlle,mtibiotLcs iI], cur-

'Th~'

trent clinical use, Some

~U

years
P [IIJPlII1iMJ [ 5 jl,i,(l

l'E!)I\on~ pe:l!l'ic:iUims" B<3{.tertl!l U,!ie! 01 pep:~idlog ly(.ai11 Il.aVeo~ pr:Ml!LLM1,em· to Sllll'!l€s11r()1liI [)SmotijOlr~ss~S:i'lfith~is or til~s lay,ell" precee ds inISf:lf,~,roilltile ps, First,llii~idIIl~ ~Yl'llhesT~~d cdl. il'llhe It ils~l1e!l~r.j!n~ll!lf~d ttl lhll' 'ol.l!isldie.

resistance w

aflcr lilL(:ilr dus-cm't'ry. pellf:cillim: and !:Chuled fmt lbi()~ks (CiJ)I~eclive:~}1 ealled ~~act<lli1,ls) rema ill dlinl:m~~y us~fliLNI;;"'ie:n~~iot,;'s;s, 1.1l~f,,,,ma!'k~ able ;lobi:i~ly et'bacteria to develop

where it ~s ildd~dlo the ~eplido91.ycal'l

pO~~il'ne,rb.1If'i1.o9mb~ai'ie~$OCEilI.ed !JrMi~' g~ym~ylas:~ J(!fI,zyme~. finally, ~e pe~~10 me, 15cmw·Ullk~~ !;Iiain'~e.rs~lrill1idpeplid~ bonds'~ta~.~td Il!y lt~nS\i>~p.tiltl~iS~ ~n:il!l'rrnl!ls.love ri1rlg ,~~ ,(il. no~ report
the lhr~e·dlimen~ion,i3l5,muHlfe
i3i

p,·l actam

and ()!~r

.ullliibi.oli:s meOlns~hOl.I. [here is ~II L'JOnli~'II,I(;illlicC1!dl for !.1~\.\i'inllibio[ic t.m:sels. m.~.dne~,v 'J]J:timitrahi,.d a~~!m'ts. 11 ~g~ 1.402 oU~is i~1,Ic. 0 L(lV~fing"'l(~Ll)!1;;pprl'~~ (1)'\,ud ~
~ln:1uctm'e01:'<1 bitllmciiomI bacl>e~H]1

Jilr

biirlilil(Ii:j)naltil"illiIs;91.y.:.ois,y1a"i(Hran~· peptidase. The ~iructlilr~5h!l)utllil iI~d de~!opmlln~. (!if rM:!w anliloiolic5 M~get· ii'i9ti1~ It-afl'i~I~~oos,ylati.(1f'i d()m.;ilil1.

~ll~Ul~bn!!IITL\l p;AA~in. dm~pru\'i.tf~:-iun·~'t sites 11(11 bfl:<!kcl:Qwn I[ fur ~ltml~ple. ) Io:llib:lli: pi!ni~itlll of U OJ,lly fau [).1.~lrt~ms, ut alsofi'ol: 1lit.",\:~1 31Uibi:o!I.(;S, b lUn.C cell w~r~ll during cell d.ivisionl [i1:erel'are

I?elliidJ~~nand o~hef ~ ·~W:::UI L~.~. llllll·ibiol: ics ti1~et" several bacterial enz.y,une:s, collecti\lely termed peuidllin~bindin.~ pm~eim. PBPs). PH Pi> are 'lI1IecesS<l~-y the g rnwth anClI1~3i.n:~ for ~an'l"e t,nh~ pepLid'QoJ~YC<i!lll~y.;r.\:\/I'lic!ll ftIJIViI,~ 1];".1"1of the baeterial ·c:e~,~ alll :~nd I~J!Olec:Jtl> w th:e cdJllrom o.!miiLol.tC stresll. Inhib.ition Orpel'ti®~ giYC,Hl b]os)l1l1~he5is ;Jl:id of its cmltlfolled
I~

'fh~a uthOf 1'5 In

I)@pi!r~IrIl'!1lII

.~~'Il:

A!'ItI~ltl'Qblol1 ,Re$~,a,rch (e mire.

or S1inl;~.emli~~ry IBi:om ~dlrC;Jt S(i~m.t~~. ~Ind DeGroote !idho~'~ of Med~~nlf1ie, Mdlj~~ilrUn~'I'N~iw,

Hai1!~~OOIil, omano, Cill1!ailb. UlN 32'S. E~malll: wlii!lf!.~e@

mrnliaiSlilr.(<I

Syl~Il<lIlSI'a:3S.es: assist i~,gl.nll aug ~.I. C.-ItQ Iy.le the fOflllHl.lkm of peptide km.d~~ between po'Iiy1:uelJ" inh ibilS (;ellgro\'\.'~:~l,Because .~ ~epeptidogly~ ~tl·;iUldl~. tlumhy m8kin.~ dIu:: 'wall more r~.!i!i,d, calli polymer is, lIbiqu~~('ms al1:d.e~...er:u.iilil tebaeThese l<~sks<IX perlanned by hifllnct~mml terial life. its ~lssemM.y .~nd m,Iilliltot:mniLce mit: ~UZY~leslh;ll conHlilil g)yc('l$yll:l1r!lsf~n1~ ~nd 1:~.JnJsJJept~dJse emains: the lilluer;:;]l~' sellsilli;ve'; d t~1[gets l:Orm~"'lY~]ntub~olilcs (2}. The P~Il~jd(lg~YC'f!~l censlsts nf a oockl'loOlJllil 1.0 ~bLC'lams. clh,uin of l:epe3.t~ng t\\'O-smgall' nnli ts (l",II~l:ed P!'fvinu:!i. $.I:l~di~ lfl"the ~·i['J.,~~ep~ orp~pl.iNAG ~~mlNAM)I ;u~d ap~~ll,,~p~plide dl11in Ihios:lic;luhcs.ig lul'l"CtCrlll.h:d to ~iOi(;l~S. bmll'ld ~o cadiil NAM (:see l!l.e ifi,glufle). llu~ 01:1 t1~e trnllspep,ti d;,;;se st,i,g;e of m.semb~y. ~lmll'le'v'Cr, th.e~llh ibilioll of u:a:l1.spep.t id3..;e NACl-NAM-·pcnt'lf.K:lPtidc m.1i"i1! ~·~Ji~,k:d ~.ipid]1) is s}1IiLtll;aesi,~oo ilmdle oe:lil <I1,lJ.Ie'thered to ~1,le\.'e'u .<Iclivily by peDiliciUinsis only halh~,e story. !l1cmbx,mc by tI, lipid! Uilker. Lipid U 1:sIhel1 ~IIUCI tbegb"Co.s,yllram;:femse"ctUv~,ty of the In:m:lsfeJlied :h)J,ll~ilil.e hl::>idle olil'~e cell to the ill fil!m.,;~kmf!1 enz.ym~ ]s ~n ... :(~~lem nl ~e~llxl1' X flll;~ii~d~.wh~Trc nl(;mbrm~ll;':-fussoci,f~wd glyoo· IIm.ede\'el()pl.m::~u. ornew ilntibiotUcs (3.4).
on!I:o [h~ pdJlyml;'l;, T.ru~.I;p1.jp,tida:s~

I.:lli.):gI~'r::[Lrii.

w'I,iWi,i'.sde noem ago org

SC;II~Nelc.va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1373

PERSPECTIVES
Th~ 'bif1;il!lilCtinnril ~m~y:11l~J;1'l> i!1ld~td~PBP'.~'b Esciterichit[ c-o# iQlIldP BPi from Lovering,c:l

~j/, have also determined the

"nle~l~~~'-diin~~nsi(lgl,<l~ srrucmre

(If

PBP2

rl10m

SfrJpiJ),/vc(Jt.',(,WIf ~1Wt".!1."'" Despite

tl1ci.r impor. t,~m::e~o b~lcl~ru~1pllysiolagy;tncl dliLlY disclQ\i~ cry, tlhey have ,[Csis.tcd de'Wtih,;d s~1Jcl:y,y.lil'llinly I

because lhefle ~"lr~ membrane ~J:rtut'ins <Iredif .. ricu~1 lO IH:JJ~fy.~~s.r~y. anti erysw'l~.i".1;: Lnv~rj i\g 1:1 ~l. 'h<l\!~not\!' evereume [h~-~e ahstm::les and ~,·epoil,1 the: :r.;~";. lhree-dinlelml,~ s~ ~i(lnill :titI\Pi;;l1~N QfPBP2, A7;jthe ",\~t~l(jr$ ojrll p out,t'his stmc~,ll!reisreg~:dled as the hall}' gran,1

(.;n

Im.er,ero:re In()v:~des <U15U'ers 10 long~:snU'ii.ding (W.csli.o]ls ,o:Fbacrcri ~IIb~odlC'ID].isl.ry. physio~~ ~nhilJiwt Hla~ is mostlyusedin ,anim,,~ heOlld,l ogy. i!][!l.d 'lrnt~bjmiC' aC'liVli,ty.Wh,d'sll1flXI:! (4). jViOCIlOIl'l)lci[l h. one or~ \'C'r)1 feW!l~litub~.~ \VC:lIre clC';I~y n~n(~)~ .orne\\! 1lllililliottcs w otnoi..".'i du!itovered~:lim:s Ulr th.n tm:gell:he y;~yoo~ evereome the j]l.l)hte~nof anribimic resisranee d syh rn~}l r~'~l~' reaet ifl[! in ~.I~ I.idugJ'yt:~U1 m'iid th~ ("IUL::,!;.CIl'\}C of ItCW infcCIJi.ol~s, i~m>('S

3M·~I.CrUre f PBP2 tun omllplex with meenco mydn .~Il :lI.l1Jtufu.acter]alg~ycosy.ltnn~.sfcrm.~

Ih:~<lnlibilJ'lic dinlg di~:;iCOveJ";ens ml(J bacterial

IJhy.sioICl~is>~. As plb':(lieood the structure is d,uvidlCd inlo t\\'O $e,lXU-Jte. lobes conaeeeed by a linker.,J"he C-~e:im~ml] IT'J!1!$pe:pl'h:l'1S~d;[li!Ii!~ain ~$ po .. !;iHgn~-d O~ [he Q~~~J!;,id~'lite eel l.where h '~0li1J of ,~'{e:CIt.~ijve~nl.eu<IC~ ion~ W[LbJ auumber Q,f"~U'liil,il'O find ilS sub~nItc (the ]:lCIlMlpepl.i.'Ltc dl<"1.in:il.J. ro:r a Th is is 'I~ \,!,Iilere t~1;l ~lyclropl1 ilit: ~-Iat::l'lm ru::iu.'l.mel .~c!':OtUli~illg i~:-;~igDl[ ffinity for so !!illilih(ioIIeS call1l~llil.crnN 'with the ,enzynm,e and the enzymes. The lipid tail of the 3Jnl.ib.uo~.~t' block its lilllct~ml. ,hm, cnlllrnst 'tlhe N-\~rmilli1j!J,1 ~.i kely directs t~e\li,,..Hhet1Jd of I.heallll~,bi.o~ic U) the membrane for imera!:l;iolll with the target tmnsglyQosylase domain imern'cts with the ~u~!"rib.mf!!1;i \';hof;:!1:.~~lfllirl'idll~lbti1r.Jt~i,"" ~o(,;o;m:d, g~,ycllSyltW'."!f!sfern.~4;i..ll!:~ nrill>i!llf~ti(ln U!rl'~~ inThe S~IIFUt'~mre orlhi S OOJ,nOl in does notre-semble hihimr ~n~in.ee.rlzyme active SiH: <II~so ans ...ers o~~erk ~O'!i,\~n g~~!~iy~tr.m5fuoo~".S. R;nh~f. it is, the imp(lll1,am 'lil~e$tiu!1ol·'I,,\·h~dH~r lipid II is relsredto bm;:~criop.bflge i lysozyme. which, the donor OJ the acceptor in ,glycosyl bond eleaves the pCf)lidlogl.ycnn glyoosy~ balld~lm form."Ition" "[1\14:;structure ic5o]!lIJl oonsl;Slcm II,iI!Ve~ereaetian of sym:l:u~sis(5), ..VULt! the laner,

bkl~y!Uhe:>l~ Th6 new~~b~~ri,i!uju!~spft"lvidt; ,t} 'IIi). A !'rmj~f !;;h,.~l~!lge the de\!d.{)pm~nl of jill sl<lirtillg pain! to engineer lill,is "mlibiotVc: fil,r new .'Inli.bi.O'~ic agents :~sthe <I.bility ~o icl.enl.ii}' use in l!r~iJdng~lqin~,m if]f~'t,;tkm.The gIYI."()~)I~- n~\I!i tm:~~;o; <ll1id t~~ cPt.."'<iI!i"'~ly i;,'vlffitil1ltQe '~if;_) e';oq:)~lbit transferase ICilcl:uml is iElpl1omig:ung<llldbiotlc ~heC'>oll~eClionflll.\OVCn enes, ~fui,e S~mC~lll'e of o I;'~~l". Llh i.nQel1.o!L~,~ydnI (lOO' lil!il1Le~as pote~n w fBP2 provides .m {)prorl~~nily ~o :we\'i!i<i~; .~n "ol.d" targe~ wirhnew ilClol::..Thisis a br~lk'IS· v;;m(.."Omycin, .u £~yc'ollep!~.de "'Dli~ib.ioli.c thar also mrg(:cs peptido~~yc.mii~ymnthesbL IfuimuMfui. ill 11n!~'I!dIJ1:3>t has been b0rclIli: of I.~.a b~los.Y,Im~ The structare of the il:O:l1iilP~,exreveals ~h'lt means to fllJly exptorepep!idog~yca[l lh~ glycosyh~Ln~f~r;l:s;e j1l'w closes dn'W!l on ~~I:;~i~ !n'[)d~,.!'1! with S'tiPi~[Gg~~"in d!iug, d~sc{1Ii.'Gry. rhe SlUScc1r "warhead" >llf[h~ ~1imiLa.iotic.lbrnmlill:;
R!~r~rl'l1lC~, :1. A. t, ILc\!oi!iflmg, L ID~ (!SilO., ~. 'llm, N. v...~J)'d\'lI!lilfl:a. ) SaM(f 3:.1.51 MOl f2007t .2• .(. T" 1liIilt~h"AIn.lib;"!'c:r;A!rl1o~ Or;~~ ~~JleM(!' (ASM. I?r~~. W3:!ii1ingtclII. 2003)" II)C., 3. J. HaUid~~. Mi;:~!i!~:f, ![ MAili.dOo!1'. ~ 1I:~!!rat!l[!!lI,. \11. MeiJ!~i\!j;i!nl~ B~ P'hllf_L '1, 9):1 t~illOM, ,~. ~. 10s!a5t!, ;5,. WiI'I~~f. 0piI;!. (frem. 8M. '9. ¢~9 ClI/f.
5.

.c. 'iffi'~rd,] ..~a~lm.l,

(1:.998).

~,OO)},

IP.II)~iltl,~J MtI1.B;~~~:j!6.,:n!l,1
~I"

it G. HI. i~ll!Joi£j'al.. {Iii.!.

Illi:t !lit. ,657 t::!(it't61.

ClcL,'l LHOLQGY

Whl,at a Cell ,Sho'uilid Kln,ow (Bult Ma'y Nlo,t)

Nl1lr:mai yeas.t. -HlUS may net kl1IO\'M 'Mlh;~th,er DNA

repl,Ic.1!ltio'f11 is CQmphHe bEfrore 'S.ta.JtJlog' mlh.os.is,

How does. t he {j~H (yde II1~Oglress,in iii n III rde-rly
litiaBllt~r?

t~<ll mitos;is'jl\,1i'1Iy~lbll()\.vs

uring the normal Qt':.11 cycle,. DNA rer'lic<Ltlo.ru is comp~e·t6dbertlte t~eceH divides. ,(m~[osb; l,~ow tl1~eell en."~lrt',S

dlCd.poillt •.\',vh~d], roqll~re\il: or pro~1i chrois f moscme .)1e'~r~~:~iorl, detects l:nrollH)S(l\lm~:e

[h:~'Hlc:hm~l~U lroma 'c;:ellul~r
llU'UCHIrc

(>4tt)O ~fI ,I lmddilll~ yt' .. lien) . ~~.

called

DNAreplic-.niam

ill
~nd

the 5~1,lJjecl of

<I

~'SImly by Torres-Rosell

~'nIE~ugUlil:l<~}~ D'~!g,,;: l ~)f~hi=-ii~~!~ (I). ~4~ I:l'IVestig.ahl'l's have :~ong k:nmAfl] that cellu lar

c~.mlrol~ C'tll!i.ldcl1~ikpoi ms ~Lt:tas ij,m:veilbl!illCl: nU'lcha:nls,mm; m guar.'tllil:et::' I:h,,][ ~.,d'D.cvt:'nl dtl,r~ ing the: reU cyde is oomplct(;dheriQrel~.c 1lC:::~1 mle beg:~ns U-n. But dle tillldi~lgs()i1·To.lr,res~ Ro~1I {;'J (II $~l!m~_"[ ~l'U I:~ds;is; ~Ujt al~,~~ys~l~ C<I:se, 31lld pose ~h..e her~li(.<tlptl1j.sib:il~ Ihal the ity cd! !T!;):!J,I b~ bUml to \"'h'Cd~~~ i~ .real.ly dom.)' is

the mi t~tic ~):und~,e. DNA.. &~m<lge checkp'Oilli~s de~ec~br-oken cil;mmOSO~lles.Wh.en 3cl.iva'led ~ith1;r !1;~~d"''IVirublQcks mitu~i:-;,,!li.~nt'ing lime for errors to be eerreeted. Thus, these c~1eckpO!in ts ~Jl :i.l~r~ lh~ll mi't1J,~i~ to! kespl aee
ml~Y \\illil.cll (ll~womQoolfii]ii;!i <lfC' h~I~Cl ilUil.dPJ)()P~ erly a£''>Clllb~.ed Orill lfui.c $p:~mlilc..:"

repl.icailiortl Ibrk. of the manly tll131 lire formed ( 6). :11l.~ighl IIIis!'" Il:lk.cn~y ~len;i;f;~hl~c i.~111L11~ cell ,cycle. liP to 1~\: lime o:fmim:~i.s [DNA lrei)llicOl~liJjll oCC'illrs.d~lr.~nS S, phase, but l3tel:'ep]_ic.'1t~.on IlJIlught occur at tiil.c
1

end ofthe
!tIre'}],
SlillCh

a. "[)iNA «:'plic<ltiOl.l--(;01lfiipleL~on ch~t'kpoim'" ,is,l;.iOIl:-5ide'Jfl::d urli'1.L!~ bectl~Q:-;~it \¥OuM. dl::le(;1 '''Illorm.,1 stnlctUl'oC p~~lmt al t!iLe \vrt:1ngtim~" iml(!C(L -r:orrcs~Ro5Clll et ell" (I iscm'~

2, ph(l~";: d"ll

f()I1~]/\:\1'~ th~ fiSl~!j:

normal rcp]±c~~i(ln fovk~ at [h~ wrong Um.;-_ ooordirtirucs Ih~C<}!mpI(~ljml of DNA ~'cpli~Jtjon \.\Juth t he onset of m i~m;i·s. Tllm.ewel~4;1U:J\~IUl Despite~J,l.e prli::Sel1ce ofll1e forb. celllsprooeed DNA~pli~tiotH:~~ckpoifU tril;::lgCfS '-Ilr.~h~yin i!i!~o,n~imsls...wilh CUll"~qH'I;!lUi.rd c~wflmC):;;f)m~ mi ~o!l:is llP[)11 del~ct~"g d"II1!'l.<:\~ed or St1l n.ed 1:GJ~~k.at,LOnli1!oc"DNA l'egUom,. \'i,.'here rcp.ti.<-"<l:~ ( lioll ]S I.a:ki~'ig pllilct') (5) (see lhe figuwe). I-~o~\'· ~veJ. ~.t l:Jta.y b~ qll~liC ~I di fl"ert,'iJlt ta,k lor tlte cell 1 ~Q deteHliI!ine ifllii,QIDmaln::pl ic.nio:lU, lQrkti h,iv'e
CO:I,llP leted~he.ir~l:l:sk8

A similar but d.iMillic:tp:~h~m is hO\\' <'I oell

ered

<Q.

~],lJUlm'llI;ye'dS~;cellmrll:

!hey argu.e ,oo,mtains

wi~]] rep~~C4.~I,i(ln before milt~i:; begiL'!lS.

A key po~m is: IJm"It:Thi.cckpr").iltlts: tmordi.llDte cd~ cyt:le €Wetll:s by d,et i:Cla IliDge.rro~ ~11 ehro~~UHlO:~]C ~lI'UCWI'(:.For ex~un;pl~. ~h(;'!>pindl~ t
k [ieparun~mt oUi\o!E'~ul.arand (~Iu'lar IBitl)~!I~, iJl'!llve~~~1't1IA'rizDna"TucsOlil" AZ (15721. IUSA.
T~ aUloor qS iJ1l IE-mail: ~'I'l@inlll't@~Il!Ii!llILilriron,u!llu

mis~gr~~.lJi~n.
c~lude

llie mllhQr~ re~!:<orulbly liOI!!ltlllll~ol1nil[]YCiiSI.ccll~ do !lot C():Ilti!.iIMi aJ

DNA. n,"p;,iicatimk:(lmple riom c I,~eckpnunl.

T:orr,~s-Ro!>cI] r;i t~/. les:tocl l~~e i~l:ef~of ~ DNA replic;ltion-comp~el~QIli checkpoil1t by :snldyun,g tfl~~r::riho:ronUlI DNA ~~;DNA}locm;. : '1,vhi;l~.~n ...bmldi ~ y-e.;!~tC(;U con:;;i;;;~ or -15U repC-dl's of rUNAgcm.es ~none u,'!!gion of chro--

1lJoeforc III itDS~S" One

\v(fli1~d

p~dicl

be[<Il1~e

or the

~~f~f S'ln.;h "

('o~nrnll mus.t t)x.is.r likelihood lhilt ~n ooctlsiomll SCII!:NCIC

9 MARCH 2007 VOL.315

www ..s-ciencema9'.o~g

IPERSPECTIVES
Their test '!WI),;'I1Irmde p![)6sffib~e by virtue Qfs]X.-'Ci<1if!::i~tlUres ~lf NA repl ication D
m05!:mu: XU.

II

al tlia.is locus, l[ach of Dfue 3SS genes ill the rDNf\~octu; ~u!il,tamm, rep:ilij.cat UO!il lodi;. ba:rrijcr a ~in:l,I(~ ''I.lli!Ch billdsa :~'lI.mlf'Un ,r.':!I~led Fob I ~7).

This $.il~ nf~!lI;",~e~inu is :~Qco:lru~d dnWllSI~]!U of the 11 ighJbt tnM1SJCribed 35S !'ON A gene <l~d I1':l)JforC~:!!ipoli!:ri t)1~~I'\~pbc~.,~io!:iJ ri\ movei ft'i 3mdooplk~llitnt ]~ thb 1'iIlt'icld. ac..;[:! e~1Iexits , me:~,t.;thm is, ~eplic'lti,tm forks r~plic<'l~ Qnly G I ~ gtt'l\lI.¥lh r'l~<l5e ofi~e cell cyd~,. ,~l the comi:l'Q, din::'ClUOIl l1!1'J5~);tTIll1cSier:ipli,0'1:I bm 11:01.ll d'n.c i IUilS 10 a specific limtHl: ~;or replicat~QfIi iUll S. ~h.e Opp05,~l;e dir:e:c~im~, IJhaM: .Ul.! for Ihe begiuJ:lil,l£, (Jif mitosis. ByI8~g~ng chr'OI'I'105tl'lmle XU with a. gvcen Evidem::c i~,budd,ing811d .I1.ssion yellSI:!; :undliI,' ~~(ne,Sl'e~t [ulei n,.~:h.e <.IlLlthors ohser\'edl!l~a~ p cates du:exi!'>tenoo ora tinr:li~.l£mec~,l.Hlis'llil th,il' ~he rDNA locus missegreg ... es in cells [ha~. S.I1I:I.<.l5 nd .'l11~ntelrll{;li n~~ protein, R3dl60, have r is independent of DNA repl icat iou, M m:lllI.l a ~)ill;.!'i!l ropliC;)J,~irm fQlmf' .~~.drepllc<ll~~ln-.;;~~'\(]:y~~~tcells th.u C.fnl~l(llini~i;u~ DNA replicaexpress mutanr formsef plrn~~j!l~ fbI uorl

conaern sterns I,n:ulill the usc onlle l'ep~lcali()Jl l'orll:bt~rmier ;i;]oc (lom~li:nirlig lecusendereie to ..... the rDNA regien, Because of ~.1\tCbarrier site, th~ 1fn1,i1:mlbc;:'r.a~l.J S1.~lJCn.lro ol'!'norm~] furksilllhL;: IwDNA fe!;io:n ,UI'I ~,uc6 IH'lm.mts,:lllhe lime of ~,iltlS~r:;. b: a~~o tlndl;aT. St"eo!ld. t~~B ()fMJ~,('6 U~L;l IIUnl<lntsto gencr<lte life repl i~<Itiolill is also of C\(ll11C'tlw.Wl~y '[l~ r~gili n ~pl~c:u~~ late ln i$ smro ]]liJl)tHJus.i~mlknml\,fl1. ami '~he[eis the :I!!i~ggillg possibility dU:1la DNA r,e:plic~lioUil-CfJxalp~:etion du:o;;:kpoint n:q:u ire~ Smd: mul SJIiI1\OO pmtclm,. R~c::m evud~1f!0C .in rhe nSS,10n yeast Sdlb()sacdu!~'Jmr.ry()t~S lJombe ::\uggc51:SI1mar

beeausethete ~ no DNA I:Clplic<!liOl~-CQi[I.~pies lion (:h0~'kp[)!~t lf'there is .~.oDNA ['ep]i!b'<Lli.o:~-cOlup1:er~('m cl~(;~cIt1?'Oin~. n~i~~ll eell ~n!lkL:; ~~irly ,~](¥~,~I a S1J1I:'!C. wuthom beil,1~ oel1<liiJl. thm mitosis [oUov.'slhe e01!ii.1.pl.cti.orl ef DNA r~:plkgljliu~'!Ol~l: id~3is th,U the oeU relies on innate rilling of mimsis

SB~~ailli!!i'1 ii'lto ~ugl~tl!r c~L1s

~I

~0iI,fIl1lflii!d
~'l~~

.!rtllt.,~ ,([J!i!dt{iOiJII

H!pI,i!tat,~ rilliik
~!l[~~q

-+

ullle-:!s da !ii~~ ijs l1p,aited

~mLi.~

[)iliA

REPtICATlON-COf.ltll'lHIONI CH EO<II' 0 IMT

. Cl1r~~~~ ml~S'Peg~!Km If'hl:~~ is no (~lldI~)D'il1t me(lhli!ll;~!i1J

I
G.l.

- - -- -'-_._.;:

- - - - - - - - - --)!o'

1140 rog~f!':!slon p

~1l1 milri~~

,"
\ •.• =. _ ~ _
~"I"

~1101'~~1!!i ,dmMkjiojn!

o rdel",. o!ro'e t ,@rci,e.li" (TOil'" I~en)flh~' d M~iol1 'Ycle aU.Q,w1i repUcaUoll of DNA befo re its ~gregati®fI (,en ~nw daILlg~1ile; cells. (11'£1111. right) The Se<iluemUI or (fli'enl5 is en$IUl~edIh~ d1>t~(ikp(liln,lS~hat sefil~~ IDN.Ain:te!mriity arnd' $tan~lI ~ r ~~lIIla9r&ll r'¢~ic~ti(),n $tr!!l(~u Iie~. {BOIUJORiI') ()I'(IN rnlay also IJ,e. elllSi1lrM by ~ D>rt4#i IrepUtiiltil)n,~ ·Th¢ cDlliiPle'tnoii ,t;l1ll'dkpoili!t (dashe~ Une). m>1liI}' c:om,1en:~I<l~e at the :ifDNA locus 1.'1').Those

pn:)B~ii1!L~__:Snl!~5 :SmC(l--OO~.aUlg m aclt1~ and of molecules c~'lm,edc::ohe''sii1's :nm.d condensins

~I'u,uO'~~.fll1i"J;: miilil~rl~;ml1'l€: :'i~rWlCllLrlL:: The d (91ki..'Y{]h .;eM~liml by lbrres·,Rm;.\;l~It,'1 a}, ~~dl>i:ltin yeast 0Cn~,:I!acki~.g, :IT'lIIllClli.ol'Qa~ Smc6, DNA r,f;.l~Ik:atii"t:ln forb in Ibe :rDNA lotus pe'lfl1li:';l 0iI.$, (;cll~el1ilcr ~nitoSi~s..A:lHl~[ is T;iICre:"I.ic~Hm!l,. I.tOl ~h~ 2>W,ldi :11I,mt<ltn!onper se, 'thin causes the ob~n'ed cllllfiOmmmme mitiSe~reg<llioml. Vlf1Jn::n

ci''IItedc~,leckpoiLn
F;;o.<;sel
f:1

SigIilHlia:J@.

al do show

va, ,I 1). Torres-

lhfl( .'fme6 lfl:lUtfi!llS ;;JJr~

pf'Ol]d:elll far DNA dalll!Elge al1drep~.i,calion cltL;'C'kpgint~, BUllheg.,,;:nen'll!ily ()1·'~;I~l;.'ilrC(mdusl:gn~mllls~ be rempl;ired with their O'I:rml)'siii'i{If the' 100000li 9Jlildlmiln:~lIllS. dmt were needed to ask the qlle:stion. TJlcrc' isalse ~i~flm I suggcsrt.i ng LhiSi!a DNArep~iL(;,nioil-C{):.1111p,~et'ion l"heckpo~1li1 does
e.:dsl: (./,n, \fan: B.f'ah<llll et

lion 'e~ it G l' but do ,1iI.{Yt subl\e(~~Lellldy g:epHc::al:e ... I)NA~Uld still t1U~r rnito\S[s Ill>iril'1i."¢m a :r'e~ normal (en cyde i( 14 . .I 5). "f~.eceli~. thus r'f'I~,e:s en Ibe'~ im iu~g orONA ~'Pllk,lHmii ~nd milx]['.;!s IU ge:t ~'~job cl<~I~e. ~.nJrnif; is HrneCii~~. hm.lhe w cell c!oCSlffi'lknm'lllU~y nat hurl CIlOllgh I.or i.l to have emlvtld .1 meehanism that, <I!'~he present \\!f1l'k II rgue~, in :if9,cl dees not {!1(J~t
Rdl~Il!()fl'5

,(II .. constructeda

.~.~ ~.~~~h,lJi~if'~ht~d th~ •'sud li1mg" activH.h,,;~af d

such ll'lilll repl ication fork:\. were lln~mped.:d iflth~ g·DNAregkm. elm .. lIoosolntl segJeg<ll.ioll '1'1.'<15Dl.e"<u1:y nOfil.md in 11li.c smdi mUi~ IllS, Ownlll then" becaw.e a :'i/:m_ti .mlltfllllt oel] cOnL~.il1is DNA~l'if:p]ic;[lti.O:I]Jslruc" ~tt~d~udo~ot block !l1i'~()liik it W~l~~Onr;:~ldGd that <I DNA repl ~cati()a1-cmnpl:etiaH ,ch.t'!Ukpo~ 1lI~
~I'n.en:iP:.~iil:at'io.l1ml;lil.diliuery
I1rl!El)l Ol e::.;i'Sl. n

IHroJ~~rlifjcil.1J~ y~Oil~~'ChnltilH:I)iolnl.'llh,iit took longer t» replicate lha11l [he duration of S

phase. CeU cycle k~net'ul;.~~i~~dic01ted I~I,U ~hi::; d.elayed entr}'imolnmiw:Ms .. B(II:h Tt~ITes-Roiseil
(!.~

mnio:lls w£!l!nerzne lat!:o-replicariool

mrL1;~]llIS!i:Ql'Is.

t1r 3.1'11('11 Bro.l:mm 'it.:1n

l:l

t~r >C[l~!t~!tl: special~ ~it.S(""eINlriOS,

n't~si~1,gIU1;S~[~)!~~ the g(;n~I.~llhy of Illdr q ?Ib!i:1Ul

"fhe d(!lxtl{~ ove~:~ [H'4J.\ :J!iep:lie,~t;ion-eQJ,nIs dli.s [he~'lKt \.\I'l)rd un I~e:if;;X~$tenc;e Il pk;ti.(1iL~ checkpoint of \"'i~1l'OIniml~., .nma umU DNA. IlCpl ~~21I.i IH:u.u:Jmlplel iO:lm, c hOC~!l()il1il?' O we~olved!. one ,C.lUll specu hue on the cons;eProb<lbly not T\~fOdel~]ils "utmut the elegouu. qlU~:Iit:eS of !tiOI ~!1Eu\ri['igsuch .. oo:t1ltrol, There is sy.'>1em ~lS!l~, TOl~OO,i;-R(MC~,i~I (fl. Inay ca~l~e the Cat.c nl.·~1~!Imlllillu1[l:!1 by fmgi~.~ sll~s.., ;!;pec'if:i,c ("(l!1!,~~rn ~,lmulllw ~~n~r,fl.~hy ofl~dr~()!lC'lI,ll- regitl,ns i:~G~uomu;;,()Ili11;;iS~'~'t f4;,l'J.~k..~L1ii mld I;;Lt~ s ion s. F.~r:st [t :LS lmcl.e,n: wlmt 1iii.·_',cti<:UlI of lhe tII,fiepl,une to bn:<lk in mitm.is 03). 'Pe~~,a])s DNA-rep~ iC'.uk]f~fbV'ks.~h;u p~~i~imo!'!,limsi~, Ir..-.,i Ie si~~s boc"ak b0C;;~UsedlSy (lom:rd~~oo['Una I re.semble "'~lOXl1lllI<lI"JreiPlii:atioll StlucuII:es.. llfh[s foik:s hlu,: ~11i G2, Cd.ls e.i1,~er ~lliltDt!>fs i:1nyw3y
w'I,IWiI.sde noem ago org

J.]:~n5·~m~ll e'!' ,~1" S(~,el;lS'lloliJU (:l;Ol!ln • t H. Hi'!1l1fe!l,T. A. Wel~ei!1l"Saen(1l 246..629 0. 9.8?). M, 6, t(I51i11l, J, Elii!m:~;I' N(J~~ 4:!lZ,~ll6 ~200>!t !D. ],. lew.. J:I.~, 8v.rt~e,APIW. ~. IGetlfl. ~7. as '1 ~2003~. :S" 11). llr:dfl.l4ri, M. iliDi!an'i, lapin. Cdl i51JQl. 17, S 6a ~:20a!l)" 6. M. K. FlII!ilIi!~ri!fI!~ el ai, SOIWCce' 2:914. lIS. '(20011. '.!t. bf1l,'b,erl, A. M.. ,C:'arl'. 8f«hil'l7if 87., 59'1 (~i~), 8. J. rtfrey,~me~.a N{1I. CrlltJi(J{, 7. ~n ~2001.5)" ,rill., 9. A, lG!iMlI,'T!. Hilfllno. G'fn~£Ie\!'. '19, 1:lM'12(105;I. 11.0. n. i!IIfril!M, 11.'lkllii~ml~OIIT( 1'!1~liIiID. i l{ontl, I'i, ~n[It~'!ililW~\ Mill. til!tl. 00l1. :26, 3o\1l(:![UJ6~ n. Ii:. AIIII,ilal2ii!ou, .,tllmmirot lilt J. Q'(tll!Jn,i!I~ ]. M• .Mmr!f, Mol Cgl. 8W1. 2',9~e7 ~.:i!OO6ll 1!L" A.!_ Blraban1. 'C ()_Ilu~h~a~ IL Ctl~rOOliei!UI 'I\t L f(lI1>!J!I1~!I, IB,J. !l1r,~~ .,tIlat Cdl7 705~200ln. U- M, f;, Mil.. Ii. I'll. C.a.1~~~,T_ w; fjllo~ ...(ylqSlEW~':" GeMme li'es. 1000.'2:~200,]L :M,. ].1'1, 1I'oyn, A. L.lohn~D!'I,l. H.l!!i!ll~~t~!'I, fie'!!. aWL MoL iI:5. 5,U2 ~U9s,), :115,. 11'. J. ~~. fl r.!L. C'f.:rJ:l'4, 3 n U99!ll),

:I., 2. 3. .:I.

Cit".

"'~~I

SC;II~Nelc. a L 31 S v

9 MAIRCH

,2007

1375

PERSPECT~V:ES
IMMUNOLOGY

Delectkm oil: replicating \lim~ il1v(lh,r~5.i3I (,~llLJIlf!,r p ro:J(~SS that In(l~ma Hy iliIa~f'!tail'l:l
bal.al'lIr:!!i behwie!n IJf!Ddll!cbllrl .Illndl·~:unli~\I!!r 0,1 ll:eUIUI[alf S[fV r:tur~:l>.

ir<liJ. invasion elicns

<I.

~rrU~~miUl~mil;l OO~poil~tl

qrl,ick .'lIld pcw.r~ by Ilb~ hoiSt

(].~:"IiI.ii:iUillde,'jigned~n ..

Iimul p<!dmgt:n

spread. lite rnnlf.!~~cular

Inet':~!:IIl]s.rnc~I'illilitsease

viral ~ne~I14;,'C: n:c.:Icoup'~e it to the p;~i(!dm;li.on a of ,cywk~ncs-n}(:tnrn I[~alcoo rd~mnehmm,l~

l1IilY-''IIif: bein.£ mpidily unraveled, 0111 ])3ge ] :3 98 of tIl,i:sisswu!, Lee e/ {J'I. IJ~ cover an ilf!l.lrig,l~i~gr1!~~Vijmt;m;.kllll\n"'ir.;'!~ s~,:l~si!'!g d Ih,~l i:llwl)]vesi!lu~opl'nagy, the 1):J:ioc:es.~.by \"'~1icJin. s celm n.orlli1i1l~tyd ispase elfi.'lte !)r.;<lIlelleH amI prowim; to ffiilinLa:iIJ1. hOIHDO!lmS~I!> (n Tbreugh i~lIrophagy, llh!(1; !O!pot;rnti.o~} of tWO classes 0 r viral-:sell,S,ung receptors o\'eih.l:p and are :1lI.ol

.,r

E~o9 en Ij.i.! S P'~I ~*<i ~

- -- - - -- - --- -- ---

--------- -----------

IE'n 9~ni;lu:5 d'.¢

j;i0i1 hloo.i<ilY

distinct ~s p~1t.iuutily dl(lll~.~t.

tWfl

Ol.'.g<:mli.sms senseuawanted virus lhlffillgh b<lsk' !>1.lr.lt1;lg:i~'Sth'll ~r.dyQ!'I d~1i~c'~h)Jg f~)f~lf"dregjl'. Sh[Uif;;'d b:}· a!~;

e~gn necleic acids, Oae

'Uilittde<iJI'ed cells, i;nlvol ves ~m~t receptors inl.llllc (.)'ilOpJ!~'~Jrill hm recognize RNA l<1lliclpmoo.bly t

DN!A, from\~n~ses (2)" \~rh~n iilCllv.ll'ed these rol~rh)fS pron~tl~!..! tll~ exp~S$ion of m!U1lY genes. illdlld:ull.g lYIJe I. illlterfe~{.oJ1is,(.IF.N-W~i), (,~tlk ines th ..tare criti.i;<il f():j" vi r:fl I rosis';;;Jim:e. T',~.e othe.r ~f"'.llegy is II."eslr,ic:ted to fe\!!.!C::rcd: ~:ii. fno~lt liilu'tiJbly of I.he ]mm~li'ie$y~~..,m. U relies QiFI .1 sl~b:let 'of receptors of thii! Toll-l ike lY'Cepl.or l rt R I r:al~l:it)'.iVi!cl udiun.grt 1t1. 1 LR7. n.RS. and l"LR 9. These rec.. "epliQl'$C<11l access. 11~ endQ"flnmaU co~mll)f~l'tnle'IliI'[L'ild ~UiIS(lllt~IL:l1c acids. Or\~mses.~h;J~ ~l<li\iebeen eu.1WiII:rt:d by the h.OSlcell. thll!ULgh tiliD:ep.rocess of ~ndocytMis,~ 2'). The emlo)lomal sy~wm can ~ftt,'CTh"(.3:ly 00 00Ilsid.e.red 3. topologi!l."f111 cmHirllllHl:ion Orl~llC extraeellu klll~Jl'<1,ct:.~ n fhi,~ sense, TL Rs. presL

:b '-t=:LSigl'1i1Un!J ro.r ,..; cyl!CIldneproduction

l-

Au~Q;pha.g:Gs.ome De~e(tinIQi 1Iiral inifel1:t'iD:Iil.Ih ro.l!Jglh ~~g(,!f:lOIJS PJ!IIlilWlllY, RNIiliwiUlin inlte-rIiIalJil&l virnons is detf('teci an
I'D)"

TolHike ,roo~llllQr 7 in endesemes after dig:es~iQn 01 the '!o'i~<!l en'ielo;p~ and capsid ~roteilil::; ib1J hOSlt (eil efl:il.ymes. Inlil~~ le.ilflO1gel1()US Ilalhwa~ illlItop'llag¥ performs. an 11l1atogffil:li fllll'LclioFl to' ~mdm;)iilo~l5. lJ;aFl$~~rrinlg vi~a! RN'A fmmlih.e C)'itolpiaSim ttl, irilracelll!.dar C0i1'1llp,animenls (lJntahlii19 TotHi~ ll!i3Snm<1t"yLOI~d d.en,di'r:j,lic cell~s, Sipe!l:i<lll~.lfldells c flf the iili~.ml~mtt': !'>y.~~~m. ~Ik:hsmlnll;;' ~.FN~a ~eCepl\!)r '7.

CIU. i~'l (':nd01>Olncsll:1iC lho'l,lgln

vi[i,!~~prl.;'~!U

~() recognize
elm·al;.,~nl;Jj.la!i

i!lt:~~ ~U's:

mjlil.eu. This means that, nn~i.lkelh.erecOgilmilli!Oll "':f.'~~m th;,!:~rei ies (JH .ci't·oP la5liil1k.~ roc~r~~}r~. l'lme endmo~.n~]TLR system can detect virus
i~.d~~nde!~I,~y 'llf,lt'lmd cellular infe>etionan "e."'O:!:l~nmi5·;recogllJition P,n~\'''ray (~e!w.e figure], IIIll.d:GClCll aelhlat~(lIlofemk,somIDIi TUb by nO[li[f;feCl~lou:S i;Ulr<l:(;ti~Lted viruses :h'~\S been

pUld.llctio:n lht'ln~re<lHb1en] of the same c:e]h: with i~;;U;:liv;rt",d nmm;;plkat~ng viru ... s, Ye'!.. e the response depend!' en fUR? in hn~' \vi~h I~:rcvious obSlel"\';u ions. lhm Il!lmm, ~yl.i()id d(!n~ dritic cells ndy heav~l:y on lhisiJJ<rr~i,cular ~C"l~~or to n;~p~mdlei RNA V~i'il,I~e.'t s l>uc~m. A TLR7like~y [ecGgliiizes "iml RNA iliep]~:C:<'IIlilil>S ill~ ful.eC'y~Qiplasm,m~h.erl:I~",n the' viral geamOlmll::

OM.l~~Qi~~d[ut.ll!gh t:;ndoc)ltYI'lI~.BmlillU'w [ ~.11icim I R.NA,~.'! v

COlI:! ~n cndlosol1m~ rC!iJepJJ(lrga[n access 10 cYlnp~a$-

Auwph~g;y ~Hrn\is.a cell to enlgJLdf'pru:ts of observed(Jl'\7ilh.u Le~el' (II. de!n{):~l.1>~r~!l~i~. own (:~('llp[a$.tn to I"Gcyc!~ cm~li'm]k prodil~ ~lm.3tlimis exo~encms p3thw.aylism.ol~he' oll~.y uets an:UIsupp~y anabolic ueeds. Th:ils en!illl~f~ m.echi<lllism l~y 'i'I\~.ich eells C'Ull lUSC TLR:s ~tl ~u~mg~n(;nHe$vesicles {lliIJ[opht'l,~o~m~(;;s) arnnems ~tecr vur,ll presi(;,m:~"The ,mthot::; iIlol)l;ld l.h~~l that mature imo degl'<!I!CIi<lliveCOiml~.p for :m:IIll~'t' viruses, sueh as \'esicu~ar s:romat:ilis (alltO:lyw~lnes) 3).lh~ :p.mce~!>is ~1b1;cQSi.nlg virus: or Sendai virus .. ~mLfect,uQIlI o~~ mliri,~e as iill iq,'!!lPOfilmllil p:&i.yer i iii muhilJle filoets of,eeH
I~

com pi f:% ~:MlliC') class U molecules J). Add i'~ il131fil ~y_ .~utfiPh;).~y cnn 11C1 as an iml~"Ul<e effector pa~]m7lY fur ptl~:lli.ogenel.i:~null~lt.nonby p",nnin~·ng clllgjl~~n.l'lt(Jf~ of kL('~l;JfiO!!~:i.'ll\~(fl~ III t od'qefwi~.I:perNi~t withjn 1~IIa.tlgQ.~orllie~ the or {~Ylol'lm;l~ll ofinJcrl~cl cells (3). Hn\veven·;. the ~1ii"'QhiCn1emOrmlilUplm.1..SY im.lhe :inlli'l] st"J:1s:ing {~:fpal:l\i.tJgem;h~dHot '~!rn f~pOfl!~d prcv.[lJu=>JY, ;um Ihat is what Lee {f( al. setout m deLenni ne, The mJt~.o.rs ~nalyred <Luwplm.gy i1lpb.~mi\~ cywid de'~diilk'~~dl:slilk1;l!lirom a tr.Hl..sge!~ic mClfI.SC~n whic~,lhc all[Op'~~£Ooolne-1li~oc:ial:Cd pw~~in LC3< was fused io green fluorescear protela. Tell UJ 15% of the dendrltie cells dus~ p~~'C;;'d,1plmCUIW n~lO!X'~oom p""lu~mindiCfi[i\r~ of lal'ge"'sc;d.e amephagoseme fm:m<Llion. fu;r(l&l!tr~~u virus did !lOT Olher the overal I IfG'-' que.nc,·y nn~1I0~l1t c::e1m s,~iI.lth.Olllgh i~ poss~:· is ble·thm. ~}al:l!5e..<;nthe f~"qll~ncy ofau~apl\i~gy i WCJilliM be seen I]mQrlSH~e S~l~ ~mi.lIIl1l.'i1ber f eells o

p~.1Yl!:iol(Jgy.
1mlHuI101biDlogi~'1.~'btl!rmOJ)', (i!in~~ ~~rch

UK, IJOIl.dOilll LYn~(]<ll1I'!i ~ields Lilooranulfs, IInil M Ulllc~~n'5Inlil Jilidd~, LM,dcn W(VI 3lPN,m:" E·It!1~;l; (;a;e:~illtD@(am]~~.ory. uk R@jeardhi innitute.

devd.QllJlmeilt. <lnd g.elresce'~e . ./'\.mophagy a.lso regu.hu(:S im[ill~l!dly by pl.'oW.di.mI,g cyl\Jp.~aSli~~.k: mo~~.iml ucan 00 pJil)c€C'li~d fllr prc.'i'~cll~;lliiU':.lI!t [h.. ~Il"ssooj,ui:on \?!.'ithmajor hi!;tocompmihi]lhy VOL. 31 5

th~ i.l1chldin~progliiu·~.~nm(l t:'ell dea·~I~. that ~lC:UtLaUyg{;1 .ill~~cted}.To.~u;icln;:~i; ~hncliQnalimporl<lm;e (If l~i!) obselrv;uion .. the author.;;; ~lalyzed IlIie drOOl of .illhib~lifllg elM,s IU plm:sph.flddY]i'!ltlSUlol 3-ki~](l:Sl:;S;e·~yrnes th.u are (;~i~~C<1~m:ex.eollllllg a~ltophilID" Tlmey f SCII!:.NCIC www,.sdencema9'.o~g

9 MARCH 2007

IPERSPECTIVES
alse checked the' functionilJ (:,IPfiCity of~)I<Lsmru" cy~oid clenddtk: (dls~lhu lack Alg5. <1 necesS<lf)' compo.m:nrr of~he mIl:op11.agic .machim::;ry. r'l both eases, (~I.iIlli.!mti1l1iga~Uophflgy ab!llM.flWd eytekine [-esporl~e~ ~o imfectim,1 with vesculas i;l\lm~lilL~\I irus, Alt1!lg tlll~S3!U~ Ihti.;l. !llk'C~,~~l an AlgS~el1ci,em illmmll'le systeml f<~ii,i.ed to mo~mn ~.rJpid in~~rl~'fOill j'ii;-;spult~~~dC'~dGf.i1 on phlSn1J<lIc;f!oid d~nl\llrilic <;~II~~ he~.ilmht~d w 'wi.llm, vieus, "fiitlll,S;, <luwpilagy bylh'IIS inmnl".~lc' cell type isesseutia I for d elu~'eri1J:,g t:"ylitl~,1as1'I:111l" vl:rni II utelecules, \\,~licl'n, simIMm·:ty survey those srm'le ~'I."'(_I regi(;l~ where pa!hqgJ.::1'i!S em1JlJI]iJ·' are tcredHewever, just as the divisicu of labor ]Ql !nasI cell types, atlloph,jIJgy inlC1rU:~U;;~ hl b~IWOO!l MHC d~s.~1 and class Il is :~]Ol IieSjmnse 110 cellular stresses sucl~.as !l<t;l:iNIniull 'lbw,I!ill.~e. the c)'~oplasm:tc <JimJ endesomal or~r!I~ctifl!l. [n(:luc~h.ln of autt1phflgy ~.po~ ilnmt~ i!l1nl!ml!l~rc(:(lpto:n>m_~.}i be ~~i!1g ov~rinfection. either <'II'S ,,. bO:ii1 l1espO,lrt~e or ;<IS lappil~g \\'OiMs. AlI~(Jph~g_v calli :pmvid:e endea ri;l!rhog~im-drivi.'f! rmoo~" (5)1,.M~y ~hiJ!~ ~dkl1.'r g,~MI!fllL~"~lig"il~ lor MHC (:h~$[I pre~!1i!r.ilat:kli:'i 01;1b. Qther~~1.,n pla:iirhii~cyIQid ~k:g'JdJr~ljceel b to I J) '~luLas lee ",I' al. sho\v. \''.~nli Rl\v\':1· Iilr make use arT:U~.:s for dl;:~ecl.. ng pathogens u oocogfil,itiom 'by ~ "fUR • .com eil"Se~y. Cm'>S~J!lfC.S~ in the ':y'I:op!a::-;;ml. H{Jweye~;. it also raises entatian p<.Q:~~w<Jiy:sa~low ~,il(' class l moleM 1>\ pmb!cm .. TL R7 ;1"C'~f)Qn.dsto slre~c~,,~l'i of culm, mprcsem emgc'l'ftons al~~iMel'L';. much like polylQ rielyl ic acid fouml in both host (seU) and cyl:opl<lSrnic reeeptors C"dDl. sometimes med.ion:e ~,~iF.lI, RNA (6). Discriminat ion bel ween Ihe l'\'\I'O reSllOl'I!,es tosln.lmlll.i 3ppl~ed lomhe owside of <I is ~~lll~mbly li);;~Mld~mth~ f'L('g thm viral .RNA ~.J~I 1"1). ~rh;ip~ tile m"'CIl<ll1Ji,,tll;S lmd~ruying (7, is 'pm~:et:ted \1I,'.ilhi:Jm :pro~ei aceous ('ilp.~ il n id. pathegen S!e~$oi 111g, y the' .illlla~e ;I:Ild 3.d!i:JJplive b inlm~iIiJ.'":,,)'slt"ln~ ~ru lI10t,'ill tli (r~rum <lf~~.rd I. , \"'~.('\re'-'~ r RNA. !i~ :;el 1!lJnprot!!l~ed 1Jndsuseeprible [0 dt!g,rad"'~.iQn b:y exuaceltular RNA~e;!>

II

place; Tb~l;S.the i~~e of alJl~crph,,"1!Y TLR slgill1l ~aU!l!,gIn,My extend be}'tl~ld H,g;ll1cldel i\ie~y and .im::~udJeiuu';)ccU(JI:m: receprer Irnffid:.illg.

RNA lo~h~ elldos.omfllplllllm.'l,l\,r~~y.

~he,reby .d,~ow,ung l:ecogni.tiO:IiI of some RNA viruses byTLR7 (f). Oneunexpeeied Ob~~~""'iUitl'!l~nhe study t eeuid 3 (feet thiscenelusiou TL Rlam:!. TLR '9 ....iyul!.di IDlgin ~~(.l!\u;ell typ€$!<:.iicit:> prodacrion
OfC)1ICddlle!l

su('11. &~ .imcr.le~,k~n~t240 qll-r2: p iFN-p:. The db;tin0ti\~t:~le:ll~of pl<lSln1q[oid clell1ld 1fi,IU!C cell slies (}OIl rt~y il1l beilii~ p4U).b~u
l'ijC!t

b~fQ!.~ h C!li!rl access ~nd\;.'I"~OIrt{:'s_[r :M!l!ophagy

d.el~"efScytlgpimmllit:

RNA directly

tQ

TlR-

~bbtc ~~) I!:'e'~l.'ii!~ m~d~k: at.:ids. i fl ,1111~ndbcytic

b~~~.r]n~ iI;.·Ofnp;;l.!"~~~~~t'i~~, RNA

di:;cri~~i'l~~d{)n

comp<"Ixtment"~iheJe TIL R7' and 'fLR9 signalm lISt be aooo:nmplu~hec.l by add ililOllOlmeass. l ing is I;l~Hlpl~diJ) FN ·q~N;"p~:;;~i{J'fI!,t4)- S~II:1 Umil ml'l ...tbe T.LR sy~l;l!U~~ml . f.:ytnt'.ulk: pris ing~y.the iUI,U1m,Orsi nd Ith,lt p~mil],KL~~)~l)]cl itt'CCpt(lft) were t'~Ullgilin!t l{l~rl:brm ~!n[llog:UlJl;'i f d'el'ldt'lll.ic ,ccHs~clill~g AIg5 produce Il~ ~121~. I.hnc[ ions b:u in d:istinct regiof1s or the C~~ I, [fi'or bm IlOtlfN·o:.. in ]ie~puJ'l\;e to r;;:~",og,emousTLR i!} ii.nnmmilog;i~"'lsbmllgJn up 011l;,t diet: orud!p'~\'1i! agoni;f;[S_ Atg5 may oo.!wchrnv be illNo]v'cd i~n .h.lununily-I:!mt is" ~mWl~1,.ufU:: c.sllo.~~~~b¥ :~!rl~~~ r plmi:yres-[h[$'~.lS iIJ11en:SI.ilmg p~J"dnelj'\ wi.tl:! soni~ 11.R.g to the '<Ippropri,t~1!: ~QI1I,1Jl:Irf1ments. where sii,gm,1 imrg:lbl" IFN"ct l'.lmdm::lion C<l1l~<lke' the dlil.:llO~D\lrn,lY between Mile elass I <u~dclass

ril. Miru5hima., Ji. I..... ,a$ilk'i, Sr~Gl' ~!IS,:m8t,GtJ'7Ji, :2. If•.~'W1lii, S,A!cifa.IWJ; !mm!i!fjQ1.,', HI j:.l~l. 3. V.Derf1:i(, CUff; Oprn,.lrmmuool. :11. ~7!i ~OOt 4. lie Hooda J!'loJ•• 1II1:liWt!4.~<l,lOO~ (200I~ .. s, ]f,I!'!IH!i!'f!ii!l" xiem'I1.;!,'l2:, :illS (~~~'. 6.S.5.,Dltbotd iN DJ.. ttl" J, IlIJ\AWoo1..::16., 3:1156(~006}, "7. H. t::il1D 1:'1or" Na/jJR: ·H:1.• rol(.;l\OO6'~. 8" L GILllii!'i ~ ~N(m. Al(d. Set USA ]l)1ll,84,5' ~2(106).
]I..

R!elieilil!m~e<j Itl. t<. ~.J ..M,.lund, B, litllm~ n~lha'it

APPUED

PHYSIIICS

MfcrQe~dnmks

.aJr~blJitt 'hom rnalt~ria~s ,,,hose e~e(tmn:5il1iterad s~rongjtv .anti (an 'l;1xmrbit PfQperties es iii grQI1I p tlil~til re not. seen ~n ailily 'Ol'lleIhIllrtkile,

OiSt co:mldC::rJ!Sedl.lll!<1Uer I)I1Y:!>~C::S: researehers either pursue 'oot;ic lJlIe:i>~

tiiO:I1~of c!olll~plex plrenemena

il~1

13:ugeml:u.~1~:bcr£II Ill::) ofl';:l:rl.k~!cs. or seek om I

emergent slilte' G'J,Ued the' q~IJi\lJ:nmn:HaU. ,cl'ftlCl. Thesppearance of~lr'n.c~ t \.~,'fll 1:C31~JfCS ~,:~~nl exide ~.2' a[Jm~le~~:(Jirrn,e ourabill,il), to ('llUlIt1i.'ol ill materlals. MQr-~()vC'r, l~,iilIe'il'cl of OOml,twt)l ] $110W$.<Idet~rerp'llhl:O '!illsi'lmgs~LCli1. r1ll<:t~e~~<~ls i~l 3pplk:'ldollS as \'OIlIiied as, advanced co~m~pulillg ..ud ,d~-lm il;JllI:rgypr~;ldli.H;:linrt IEmerg,efll phemmlclulI'I2' •. 'illl condensed
lh"Ul~J 1;.~'-n:iJ:lIlgit lLllid~LOSIOlJd :~n l~U~S gf ~il'al'~ hoe

1['De\V Ih,ne~ia~sj)()r

Witelil. these p.lths

tedmol,ogica i .111plicmiltm~,. intersect UI1I,a Si~1glf:'e.x per.i~

liiIl~11It~~I1,~u~b;·th~t f

the fUlvru ~,mll\:l.~ <1. liHI~

be'~t,eil:'into focns" E1'Im.ergem p.h!ii:'nQrne~<'I•. iln, \'I.r~k'l'ImL.ew prypenies .~rJ~·frum dl'!;linlemcdons of 1rn'lll)f p~lrlk:h::'s ilJ1l . ." l(;omplt.'X s:ys~.cm., g~neL'me specIal ~nl:coc"St In the expc~:in.~cnts, f o Ts~ik<lz.akJiel Clf. repom:d on page 1.388 of this i&"'lle; ,{ J), 111~ !)l.Qt[mn;; ~hc)\1;' l~f]il;:\I' nov~ dc\~c~ eml be rlili~.de from 3 dOlls!s of m;,ner,ia~!>~the tnmSh~OIH~l~~1 t)~id\;.;..,._tI~l·oft~n ~~~O!i~>i~!IiLc~ $ of emer~e:n:t p~:H:n{)meml \\,'hel:l illl bun\: ~:Clnn, nJC dJ~vioe.~~nHcl.c by T ~ul<3Z~ki (Jill!. exMbh bi~ di~IItg;!e C<I'Ii'riJi!i"mobility. ne:e.h:d lOt ~ligh~
pcrf(,mnmwe :t;'iivit.dl:~ng.
iI'S 'we~lI. :usan cx,otk: :

ple iareractions bet ween 1),lin> of panieles. E.xmnph:s ofsniChplc~o.]1m,eil:la llIrc nUlgnclic exe iI~~l s fn Inw-di men sien ..~ material s, i(lT1 llUlXreUllduet ivil~ l!fQ '''~,C!)v)lel~'Cll!':!nii"111I;agnel~.'lnd fh.l~l io I'mII )' ch.ugedp<uti I eles in ,I 1'i,,!r(H~imensiomd electron gas. A lU'3d~liOll<i:l1 !Ut!~ ~{l t'IHl\;lrl'>i~ndt~g th'i;;li5<~ k~mt1l1f I,)'m\:l:igent slates is to C~iJi~e t~u::;m,illl neVI!' mm>eriills. ' [11~hi5 w'~y.,IJII1~ emil stllldiy :;t~lt!:."'\lith diI11\:~!l::nl-

1Ihe .il1lI~hllri~,rwith Bell Ldb~ A1GllM-ll!lluf1It, 600 MDUI~!:ain !I~enue. Murray Hill, NJ 07974. IUJ'51l E"F11a~l: alpr@
Ilil!'iI-il1Ib5,'oom

O:~dm!lt@;ri'i!i~ MIiIi! lnl~~ p'rQ~@wti~,~.(1L,~mS'h~m~li( (iiagra m of wide I~ycr S:1J!"\lI(II!.!t~ l~ill Tsywl:>:!,ki ef ol IlIsBd ttl OOSAi'Plie"ti1@ q 1I!<lIJ'!/llilIll HaU efha{t (Right) MkliOg raph ,of 1il e .a d.ua I. d'~l!,i'kes UI§ed. 'I'lIh@Je f'll is 'nil Q< 9 roilf~h temper:clti lie, ,PIs;F1glede1;'ic:ewilih dkneflsio;M 22 I) ~~ x 60 pm i,slilig Illig tilted. [Adaptt'd rrom U}~ m

w'I,IWiI.sdenoem ago org

SC;II~Nelc,va L 31 S

9 MAIRCH ,2007

1371

PERSPECT~V:ES
characteristics and either tesl; theoretical de~rip(io!\:~ ofsu~h S(~~J;:~, (:JfIire~lize~mvr~ly uew stares of mauer ..Searches fur e,mi,n(l~'.b"eln. phenomena are .,lfl~nperf(lr~~ed in blll'k or (hiJ:l~fil[Jl fill,alelrijl~!\'. either e f}1MOJI line or
IIl;llJlOIllC!LCiIi "f.iC'a~cill size. The cQII'I1me.,c,~,,1 development of <I new lu~u!~~i~1 :i(~~bi,'Lin~mcrg~Im,[bchfivioritu ~, ¢ c p~'rti,cll]!'lr device <lpplicati,on Pl'eSflIII:S.1differ~ ent selt of,eh.dlenges" J-\,ltbDlJgh Ihlis res.earClrn, ~s !1iI~m;~all be "'~lered to transport holes as well c

en]:(;~ IS, preci scly related

to

HIt'UOS

or fUI1I.GOII

as ~lecmms,

l1(l~ h

essential ann:ibtm.l$ Ibr~

~ight;",eN:LI:~lligdiode (I

To c-refiteh igh:-Ilerror]fl.~o nee devices, hewever, ~JliN neccssmy to el,imi 1l~L1e l.lefuct'!i. Ihm tijl~
Canll"i~p

n.

I1!l;cn'iyl C(J!llStani~S: th~ electron k ch ....§1ii C' O,'Jjrld r 1PI<I:nlck's,'COil~st(!llli~ . The e,,,,u'CmeprecisiQiI1l (w h
] purl in Ual m il~ k~l1) (] II [he; ~KpeJtUlm.C;:~M.a1 resis,tanu.ce pbv:,ms \",.~sexp;I<'I~'Iled theoreti('?}J~}I by Laugh] iltl U 6) ,;1m;!since 199.0 has been the i~t-enm!~m'mI.sI.unlawc;1 (lfre,,,i~l .. nee, "['.he ql~I~Elflt~11U ~n ~1.f~!I2l been o'bE'1''l.lc~d H h~... ol'lly illl 01.few m<lter.i~lIls;;lII.u! never bd:l:re iB 3i d!evi.oe made 1i,'01n oxide mal.e'r:i<llL~. In <I re~aled de~,;eI'op.:L'n~IDIt. N(}\'l)!ioel(/v ~t di. n:p~nl~)rlp<l,g~ .1379 of this: issue II i) 111:1o~~c'rv<llio[;Q or lill.c e "~~I.mwm H,dl ~'IWedill: rmll.lll'e"ml1er.mm::: :in one of the :si~~P~~IpL"IS:Siblc d~v!c:(:s,-a Sl.1,lg~e~ al:mn-lfullick sheet [) f ,\:IC'lmlell'~fllcm;oo~'lI, CBl~ 10d graphene.Ue'roe 11iD.e ebservanon ,(I r <'11'1 etteer
1~i1!lt ad h

,ellcetIDnilS

~lldlllllUS

reduce

1Il1~' switching

speed. ],[I<}dd:itiOl~.the presence of sueh defecl:!li cau~lm p:~Wl~T [1\01; ~um~~t.im'1lofd~~kat~ (~ncr~ !;elllll,states, The absence ,of clmm-ge ll'".1,ppi~.g is measured by l11.en13te'ri<1~"s IlilllObil it y. 'U seful .,im~ <llI;':IlMw~ng iubi liwmld cvn.lp<l~ibli~Hy Im1biUtY\'<1Iw:,-; Q1;J;;Uf n\t\,'( ;,:Jjn~I'\J~l~.tely\,\iidlil rei V d with ,exisling materiala, ~nd<lt, dru.v,ullg dOVl':f11 rnl'l~e,.fN:ll1 I Cl~;l:l: -I rl (:iInCOITlrpLllt-er isplay,'i;~ to :l(J\JO crrt V-I :...-1 {iu ~iHcll'JI used i~l ~hq:OO:5t 'OJ ;1Il,~.'lJi~l.r'I1;I;~lr,in,g • .'i'lu;himi\,~ligo~tim~5 ean also IC~(~~Q qu:a~hll1liycly nco\\' I1;liltlcrJ'a~:s. IUiCIiOpl\:)ce_'iSor:sl ~o more dum 1,0i!'GIU:!V-I S-II (illl:~~.ehighen..q,~lality gallium ar~nk~c ImtFor ~dlS;l"lJIlOC"as pan Qnh~pro1iln'lln 10 s:ynlhc~ size ever-purer :5.eIH iconductor :S'tl!'UCUl res ~n erorslmotu£eS cocled down to ~,IOO mK). Reeeat th~~ 970~. Cho ~.ml/\:r[~l~!r d~vdt)p~ the ad ~r.ri!lC~in the g ~Yw~h '(If ",i !~gl e-crysw] .[!!ld (1'1), technique of m.oIWLII<IU'redrnl epit.'l.7!:.Y. \~i,1midn, OIidel.m nhnsol' ZI'IO demonstr.ned 1ll0bi]lil~le:; il~ hiShly ordered atomic hl).JQfS1!fe ~J'WV!'li oJind ~1I1~,'"c-e$$(lf2J)f:r~I,m 5(1'K ~12). [h~!$aren~ng dl~ hrr[io~~m~whe~ to t hel.:mder.I)I~.ll1g subst I'lUlll. dO!JIrw hi;]n-ql.l<di~y o..x ide <.!tl\im, Molecular 1:tC1I.~ (~pita:..y 'Wa~lfill1Jmcrn:fi!rned 10 iFtlr Iii II~ igh-'lXI.dbnuaIm,ee qU::llltuLu \\'e.~~it. is create '~;be I.wo~diUi.~elifsi.otl!oI~, s~mc[ures lea.dimiS e;<:;5eml:li<lllh'il [he defect density in the :im:erto thlil Irn(!:tiomd q'JiI.~1:tJl,l~l H~JI elI·Cd. a (:;Q.f!!l~ fsee ~g i01m b(tlow. Sbrp i nte rfaces h~ld already been achieved illm a dn,fr~r>e1H p3i~: of p.!etdy mte1'ipeded emerg-ent ~mu:eof'e!ec~rOl1ls. d il:;c(lvl:red by TSH ieu'J, (j: ),. 0.,,,, ide:'Hl'i'llerials. sl:ronti ~111~, tit3111ate/]l,mduU'mmtl The iienlilfcond~!c~jl,gbt;;h~vi(;lrJ! ~dJ;,\r~fil,g: lh!J~are ('/3). and o~dnmions, in ,t:~0c~dca,1 I ~ modem micme[ectllro:l!n~cs is fO'Lm.d.uD1, comresistance as a ~hncdon or:IJil.~OII,gneluc fj.e]d ( N). r(l~[lJiU:sor s.:i~icon or cl!Jmbint~l']~JgTh (lfm;lre::ri",~ s mHrn<d~.y auU'ibl!wd to low-defect metals, from colllnm;, HI. and V oftlinc peri.odi.cllfl.b~e, \f\Jcr,cebsereed, Tsukazaki t'l el. were able to SI.IcliD(1$ g1lmWlJl'il ~ud ~rs~'~j.c. E~ul.,;rgiCnt pheac:hi~w slmllarly ~O\V defectlevels i!i! ~hi:!!: II~m.nem<L.lrnoul'ever. oceur i~:l~. wide \',m:iel:y of \\o'cn1.:to form ZJ[lOfM.~n ~~O qJ lI<Lnl;!i:I '!ic\o't1~ nil Is m()bilili~sg:~a:Il;lr d~~~, (l~~f !f!i,~~~~a~s ~uchasc.trbPll':~l~d fl~~miC". w~lh IO;:.\I'-te'mp~r~U!re 50!JOcm2V-! s-!. . in~ennel;i'I]:~ics.'lnd trmro:llituOiNnet<.ll. 0:,,,, ides.Jt i fu; ~he ni'\id~s, I:lotvever.tlull p~t,.-m[' dl~ rich~"';1 l'h~ !f!!!t.,rii!L~9;1t! '00 iOO~ ij~~~t'1·~ft_lKtfl~O~ U ~~rh:~ {If eltl;-er~'nYtst~.'~~s. ;~ncludililg mel.~l~ lt~ru:i! sJ!w" Id ,,15cOr.1Cg I~~"ne'~h,e lr,ml ~fil:lr (l·f y Wil:~,cl(l~tmll ]1l~as!>Cs s(\':~11 hllflClred ·~inle-stht e.h;:el!l"OO;S fh1!mlll:hc buU{ hno the i.l:Iil.erface .• blue m<ts>s. !:lP;~1l :L~~;Jgnl.eti~;m l'l'ith 7~i:{l-po:im; T:i.uk<l2dil-d (it ai. n~~~d that wln:n-;I!:; lht: ZnO C:1~lmpy. a~d S:l~r~reondllclhd~y ~H n;:oc):rt1i 1il.)"ii:'l"SilaveiS~£ilbl~ 1l1:,Il,si~!C' l>lrai~,which~lld~~ high ~~:i'i!]rGmhlr,*,-M(.ioori~ls pll)lsicisJ$lhi<Ilv~ ch~rg~ S('gr'L;;g~l iOil i.hn.n~ghlhe pit'z(ie'10clrie drc<lmed of cre:~'Ltingun.ew cl:m;ses. of de\r.ices. dlect. the uffitd:erlying ~1~g;,(ZIlI"",p 1''Lyers ~l~.\'\e (~~Ll h.U"!1e55 ~w;h lin'1;l'lfJ~~~l~~t(I~~~ {rfl'!ll1]I~(lr"rH. n",gl igibllOistr.dn. nus. O'I!'l1>lT eh.ny"" dcn:-;i~y i::;; LI1~cd. \!II jllh tile'end ofMoo.re-!j la~r in s~.glu as. ~ndm:ed~1.cc~Msnatli,O<Illy lron[fuie Zn(] ~.'egion . ~Fdins.i5'roB il1l:i1liC'ropI!lJce:.;sO'~ OiIflpro;_ldl hl'l,.... - ~rll{ltile imevf~lCtl.lUle .m.hQn;~~urlher de"''I;li. Il.l.U1olne~eL'-:iC'lle d inlelm:sio'.llS. e\"elIil ~~~e.\1i I iC'O'm1 U:J~<1 <t ",ynlhesis ~oc1.Hli'luel~Ht .ll]rn1l'-ecll~ht'1n to illid~,t~t.y:~tx]:kiI,gl~~It!;mmivc !liM'I~iial:s ij:~~d v~i.ry Ute tll~~k:ncs~ of the, Iilyc~r..., h~~1C~ th!.;;;r ~ I> ou:'Chilet::Imes ;fi:J:r ,oompLft ~ng beyon.d 2:020 ( /'), om~ld study MI]lP:~es'\firdl diiTereil.ll dmrgc' denTt->\llqp'..;;lki~., cd, des~ri~ (l ~!ni~tllld~t~~~ar ~;!ii~s th~ t'''\:I-di!llePl!- .. io~l] i~~J;rr~~\~~1J:io!'i. in ~,1.e1iel:ostn']iCture ;r{):rll,~ledat. tile ilJ&ert~ce of lay~ These elfQits r-eprCS;:'Dil~<1hi gil degree 0 f ern of ,dnc oKi.dc (Z~.Qrl !I.nd a .mi<'l~!ild ('OlVlI~ Iluu(\':r.i!)Is cOIllE.roll. 21ml as iI resu~t, T:sul,;lIZald et p(lu~.ld,1\11g"Zn~~O(see ithe I]guooh These two(,) ,al.\'I/'f;!:re .ublc: ~o oooeryequmlli7.)~d v;ilu~~~f ~~111 eil:hd ~ Si1i1i'llC d~m::r,ent v;flhLUS of th~ ::>cm i~ lhe i laU 1.'e !Srill~CC 'lrt:hucd [0 tllcvobgJ.! .... (;ol1dtLc~ilg !;!,np,. the eJIa,e;t:'~yneli::declw exc ire dei!,felQped lmmwt:~dy",cJos:s a sillIiI.l:ple i.n an ce~t'lCtm:n~Il~oits co~]d:~.ction ~Ix!, Th(: d~r~ !'espc:msc to~!)ngf.lmh n!l:~ t: I;ltl'rellt 110\\1')~~tC.l'nl~ l [il:!:e:lilIl .g!:1.p vOllhu~s [uq:-1lH ~lfIfltL;;mhd !;'l!l!;l'rrg.y per.;lJuoos ri.e-"" .. ab~(lhn~ Zl;ro,. This; !I"'l-ci.ln~d q1l911il.rum rl<li~,1eflt:ct lis, !he' Ilmlai~1.es>rIlh of the r (qlu'1Lr'ltmnl 'weli~ lh<lt oollilines, elecuxms 1.0 3. ~w{)-dim~,m:;;it'lm_.1 [resi(l~, rmper~!!I'nd lypicf.nY'ln~y!JCt'L!fS in lhe hig,h~s(puri tytv.'O-·dimi:l1siollll I met3ls. Tllll:i>, ,I hOI11ZnO ;already f~m.ds~~lall:lY ~f)PI iC<ldans fi11uk l;'};,p~ulmelU. perf6;r.m~(;;'d in l~).80by illdmlilllllg pi~'7A~ll;!!l;;tr:ic t:icMJl{Ir~ (~~).• phospln)J;s iiI di:spla)f~l:!h <!lm.d lrnIls,pm:em conduct~ vonKJ~ltzillg fl.! at. i,ll1. highanmbility :<,~~,icQI1 iog.ll IfnlS'~ 10). f\$, en C'Xflmptc (1rth~versa Lci:JIHy b~terflS!.r\ictul:Cs [ 15). ~~O'I$ llowbcel1J n;;pc~~ed of ,ZI1IO. some of~'~e <mthors oll'the report by iin tIll enu;ire~.yiil.ew I1l<1ten:iah:i C~355. \~;ekno",. Tsu~01aki ~l til. I13Jll fl:l'(lm~ElvShO\\lll dliilt ZIllO lhflt the I-I ;:III r0_~~S'~Il(lC 111 the qlUil.~,~l\lIn Ho:l!I I
e.

been cn!1Jfi~d

tl)

l~~e: d(mll'!~!lof

](i\li;,I-

i,~ aur.ib:ured tD :g;1<)pilenes IIJi1u~m~1 allOrI"IIic s:~ml;"[.ul'iI;,l dmr $Uppru~);~ ~(:1l!teri rug tjf elec Irons by th.t:ntl<11~"nice vi braneas, The :ilmpoJritlttl:t(lC of the ream-temperatnre qU<'LIlILUUl Hall en~c'~;in gr~phene SIC:::I.11S ~h}ll:i!he Jlrl:at~ri~l:s.l,lilmiq~~m.':~. ]11 t 'Cm~t~ls.t,.~h(: importrillce ofllm.eNSuk:1, oil'TS,lJclk.li:r<1.ki a/. et stems film1 the uhuquhy and versstil it)' of li'n.e {)X~dell:!mily of~t0.li1Il~. The\,\I(]:Jj:k censum1.e\lnpe.lr:"d~JI.I1iie physics

Ililfilles the InSlrll"iagi:' Ofl'l'!.'O di:SIX'U.'iJitefiel!ds or

cortdensed-msner pi~y~h;s-'ltre physicsof devices, and the phyS~.iCS of ~luhi functioual '!UlllQ .... dililCU1h n1agneto-. and dl:il~to-~ :sens..~n!il ~nd .r.:on~ml!--,uld the liml)IHc.u ion:; uanseend I:~~ (l:b,vi[)~$ $(:',i~!lilti 1':tt;:~lu!";;!J:;:[iomi of l~!~n\'eril,g: an el<!Joti~ S:1.<'Iteof matter in a :lIiIe\x~ :1rn1<Uelii .. 1. Th~ pr~~'\;;m""Mp~ri!'rl!i!'m1~ sug.g:eli[5 U~,H \"'1;;

Illii~ve' entered the em of exide dectl\ll:lic;\;. and

this ~:lc~.d~)J:iOlIll isC'S CXC iti~,lg di;sco,,~ e~ie:ij,thr many ye:an1\"
1. #1" T:rug~r.;1 !21' ~!,. Sa~t 311S,nas '(,0 on; pUb~5li1ed 'Dnrlii1~25 Pm,UilI)!' ,~(li {lCl.1126t:mtMc~., 113 7'>lI3m, 2. It B. il.au;~'Il'li~~ [)'.Il'iif!e!, h«:, N(1.[UcatJ: Sd, u'SJI. 97,

lCSCOlI rclia in

RJe'r~m'~

2~ (;iillOOj, ~. P;W. AOOmoll, S"a:rn~ .'En, 393 U9\!Z1. "l. A, Gh:Q.]'. Aii'lllll(, Prog, $4l'ldSt"r,f! ChM:!.. :15i U19'IS), 5. [l. C. T~~LH. l $~i5rmer.A. C. Gomro, p,,~, m l,~iI,

'i.e,

,li. .(, 1iIliDIJ." O. /il, r.4i!1M'i ti. A. MI~i1iIlIrdl,P. c, P~lIni!j~

>1:~:.l~~t9

n~~i~'

1'hJYS.

AiPPI"

(~i_ -:ilO,~'il3 U.?~1]1

:l'. in. A~doo, M~ttt.Sd ,~:tJg,8 H4, "m<l '(2006~. e,). C-1lIi!iltoe, 5. It. J!,IIailO!Vis, C. F. ~t!1.11pol i!"~ UI~. 61 •.3;'18 U:99 )}, 9. K, 'lii!l1hM(I\!:n f.iol"J..~. flh)J. 7~I.1&83 u'99'61 :l!JlJl nl. C_ ILolii, Mmts; Sit tng_ B I!O, 3 83 C~D®lh J!l. A" TiUki!g~ki el' ~i" ~r. Mi{er. 4" ~, '~2(t05). ~.:1!. I[), (_ ILIiI~.I. w. Hem!ik1i. ,I, R, $lielD~ pJjp~ ilt'i" Ult a:Z. 255tl U'll~!».
:li3_ A, QMI~I1J~, ~,il

~~U~, 1_ ~ih~l!~ HI,,!,, t

llI~ng,IYW>!"~

n~l

,41,9"He (2002) .. :l!;~, A, !Qm.~rn~, 'f, 1!{w~1il9, 1'Il(t(~e'4~7. >4,,3; ~,{IOo:lt 1-1. liS. 1(, vall KLilria[!,ili. [icrd~, M,P.BIl~~, fhys. ~ ,hm; ,oti!ii, ,*9~(l~OO. 16. IiI. B. IIi!~h1irn.. ftJy$, 1i1fv. II Z~, !i6~,il WISH. 'h7. !!:,:5.. NC'I'C5etOfl e~oI~Sc'i~meUS,. U1' f:.2001]. pll1)Li~Ili!d1onlime' 'U !F*lJlilry 2.00lil' UO,1l1LU:.:'
:j,1I;i~~K~,1l1nOU.

•••

---

•••

,;0'

---

9 MARCH 2007

VOL. 31 5

SCII!:.NCIC

www ..S'Ciencema9.o~9

IR,o'olm...'Tem,per,Blure IOuanllUlm Hlall , IEH',ect iiin Giraplhe~ne

he qrnnliLIln UaU el:Tecl ~QHE~. (lone C1':;Hn~~c. f a qu.. o 'in~lIInl'I.~~l1o,m~~o::~ Ihm . ocears em .. Iml)' m<lC'ro,i'\\C'oJH'C'~cal~. ha~ been 'il~n.c~in!;l imense int'C'I'f.'SlsillC'~ il:::: d~~" CO\'CI')' ill IOSf! U~.nc Q.iI E. exclusive 1:() ~wo-diuncnlsi(mOl!I f!D) Jllcl;"Ir.. im~ elucidated

100 S\l!L.·hhigh 1~!l~P'Cm~I!!U\\'O, Pi 1'8't. g;url~f!.~ QCVil;C-8 .dl()\,,, fell' "'~-i!'}' h~gh C<lf.I';;fJ'f i;;Q!~~Jl!r:ati{m~ {l,Ip ~~ lO lJ~1ll "";! ~ ".,ii11 (l!lh' <B. ",ill!~k~o <il.Uhb:m.d: 01;.... qllllie.d, whip1:i is ~~iS!.,."IlUial to r~lIy ro~iJJlk:~h,.,: k"\~l LL 0\'(;.'1 in ~dlr.H. igh B. lhi:s is in C(ll1mlL~ ..h to Imdilio:rr1111D ~iy:;.1.l'n18 (t~ c,"''''lTnpic., G<JA;,;·h~,",

··

(8£. IB). The

q~lIlllli~tlUtOn

incr~~is C?i:<lCl~,ili~lal :In \

Dime re-Mlltio.m in grn~}mcl1'c', Their IllagllCI'i:C nelc~ .8. hi. vlI2.fjbBN,. whel'C~'F ~ ~i[)~ rlUUlY in~POfi!mll 1l~pC'Ct!i, of ~~l!~nl~!m [!~hy.~ic; dr..~rib;."'db)! E1II = ~~ m i~ ahe Fcrrni '~~I~~~y .lml l'l a!'! inW"gcr and has dccpt'ncd m.IIJ lUll.h:~lal1Cliug of" inrerO\1,L;:!ing ~'iys~\'!m,,,.ID hm;,v~\O kid ro ~h~ !;l~Wfu~i~b~ L.:amJ",u ILO\~lILL) IUlkr (5, 61. U!~ (lX,P[\~~,,~·on
1.0
CI1CI¥)!

cha:r<ICIc:ri."tOCt

c~l:iiCrimen aoouacy ~U,2% (F~£. 10. T.he ..lII sUf'l"i"".l~ orlhe QUE 1.0 !'IIJ!chhigh[~ul'liC!cmlU\"$ c,ln l1iC allli'b!:.!I!,ld W lile h!!'W!e~iclo~ron~fl'" Ih~. ~l!ii1I'lIirn!ioonlna

\Ji'hici'i ~~ ~ilil~t d'l,.j:IDllulaled all· lI'L~dy ill m[ld.b~[!.': !JOt ~~xli'iiblit iJi.~lhipk: Stib'bm'id l.."ICCl~ilitbOi~. 1~~Ldi~lg tl'L1:n.'i.liJl!eD tOnl !:If the cJ':' ro ~Ctll\.'c ~nery.v ~p 10. v3~~jtj."Swei! 'bc.~w bM~. Si.."'C>OHdi, tllc mobBity, IJ, of Dirae fii::I·~nto·.liIs in our S<'IIn!'i~esdees Ilell ciw~ apl"i\;"'CiSlbl~ Ir:qtlid~hc-limn!o I'(!o[!m tern;per.iltllllC'. ~.~reniiauJ'll1,aI, =10.000 cm:!l v-~s-~. \~'I~lch )'ici~b a ~au.cril~g ru:Jn~ of 1: ~ urB ~.:$O tll!ml d1.e I~gh Il"'~;I, limit ~i[ = ~.·B » 1 ijl'~I'!!(.-d in f~kl ... f~.!\Icr.dT: o
('Rl!>"I.uU~'tI,iJit";S,'\

rrom

These !;h~~LC[~[j~~i¢srgr~lj]h@1i,."i'iNtet hi,j~B u

,,-I

f !I n!l;,'I'\/ rJ,l~lrQ~ogit':d :';1,;JI]ld(i,fd. I.h~ rcsisrance qmLIIrLlI.IIllIl. llh.l', 't1l1:u ('onll:lirl~ !!Jnly ~ul1th:l!n~lIll~1C'OJ'I&13I11S I:~C dC"CLroUI charge, (' ,. and ~'liItl1Ck '51cmlslrull. J~ (1)" As, w:illh inllny C!i~l~er qluuYlumphei!lonli!:IK~. I h~ o'bs.cr'llMion of !]~c Q~I:E LJll.U:lI.! liy l)I..'1l!1i D\!$ ~lOwlC1mpcr.JitllllC$.,
mllj.'IIU 0

'Or

y.i(;ldli an ILm~'rgy g<Jp M ~ l~(]O K. ,IL B = 415 l' ifthcf('!ll1!li C1fl~Ul!!:Y. Er. I ics IJcl\\;(:CI'l Ill~~O'¥(':V!

~ypkllUy ~elm.v the bo.~:I~ny. ~111~ or liqLlid ilCIilu.1ll (I). EWons to I:l~~,-':nd 'QW I E~cm.pcr= the &UJU.'C runge: !by,. fQr C'XU1Pk. usill.g ~~cmk:olldlll(;torsw~lil ,U.l[IJ~. cllcc~j\rc' masses
Q

LL N = (I, and die first C1(.ciled OIlC' iV ..... :.tl .. (Fill. J B. iuas:el ,. n is hnp~i,C,!!; thi!ll:" in our C'.NPCI'· irnems ;fil, rol.)c~ntcmpern,ltlillC,. boo!:exceeded ,,!:Ie thCml3.~ ,clJle~. k.EJ.f. by ~ r~LCWI: I O. lsaddiof tion 10 the iilu'gc l1(!o~. hc~' are' a number O'foli~cr ~ loolnl11, dli!rl hc-Ip Ihe- QI ~E inagrn~~hencrCl :o1urv~vc

~br lherm)nHCml)!.'lJffilt!re QUE l~~~;"n,'abh: in ~iI;~dl;1 .\iub.swnti.dly ,..;;mO!.1lcr~1.1rul 3{]< T. lu Ihe!. ~..'e QbM;"'oL,:"l;i ~11L;'[<lIIIP!'H~L;~I).I~ I dO"I:loping ,cl~dy in B < 20 T at )00 K.. The 1I1.'L;'1l.icl fuli" higB1.B is :mri~ul\",j 10 l:n'md~I~Bd caused by ~irolidcr. Lfi.i; which ftci1i1lCt~S Ihc 'IN:iv21tiOl'l IilI1ct'IDi. We 'llXp6e1. mila!: ill1poovln,g ssmplc hOliillog~rejity and ochi.cvillg ilng~l!Y Jii hilll"rellt!ji :Iilni!oo by S'J.\1,tk def'casl shOLl Id[ll!O!w the- obiii.ervmio.n or tire MOJl1itLnllIJ<CrnllllJ'I!l 011 E by lIi'''ing cofl\'ar~io.mll~l:lgJle'L<;. 111is SIIDWlIII !.Jpe!l MPIle\\ vista"- 10:1' Licvck,ping grnphe!m"hf!iSl:.ld re~i~u..~1.'Cc~"tmufurd." i(c('m~in~y.

r ,(;J~ill.l~,'C :JIfl'lcrsiJ,m;\"C' C

()11CI:L'lI~iomd[loovc liqu id-nj,lrogcn lempcrm.~lire) :[!IJJd rOOT novel Qllnntli!fl1. devices. \,\iorkin,gm de'II~11C(] I.CmllCr<llll.re& ..

so IJJ!' r:J~loo to reach tc'nlllCrnW res <JlIJiOYC 30 K 0,.f)- These Cnolhl :In; dr:i\CM ~y both (~rl :innillfl..'; ,Dl~ili'li' ~o ...
o,t~~-Qt\N,::; ;lppmclltlly p-hCI1(IIfI'iCillfl.

~mgilL: qllillnUll11il under 3J'IiIMcuI emil! j.

rrn.~rtm.l'lt iiem~cd

3OOK:

I ions

flI1:di lhe

to

41ST
'U31..--'--~~!L,_..::I

or at Icmpocrnl.u,U:cs. More robust qaaunrm stares, i~ll=

p'(;rfo:rmnm;[oolo.gy m room,

leas~ liqujd~llitmgcn.

;2:.5 iHD' ~ (~O'!::!'cnF) 300K

IRii,tjH,!il;i'ie!I[},~a NDt~s rid JL IP-'iirn(lu~, ~'li~ ill' ,(.IwPlWilJ /laiJ ~(;~$ (I!'l'i!ij', 1IiI~ '!I'(!r~ l~~'7t 2. 8. ledili~maml. 8;, ]e~llIm~~~ !I~ Pro~', P'hy:, 6111 :L60] ROO:!.}, l $, Q.,. Millip!1t (11.,1... ~ £' \~fi'MOO'll' ,6, 293
1. S, llaJ~S:a!T!la.

pi le(1 by lItei. persls'lcJi.<:C 1.0 higher illooprovidc added freedom II) in\'cstigllIc liner n:allWCS, of'~~u~ IE and. IXlS,.>ibly, 'Ql~ al ~(lW hishcr'luml~ iz;1Iion aC\:\u',[lc)' ,(.n, \:\~e g~IO\"" U1<U in gr.lrhc~e. a ~i~~gl(;:layer of C1H'b{1:~! ·;~I{m~~ ~i.~ll~Y .pii.l,d",d i.1Il ~~h(l~~"'~nJllb cry:.";;lIi:~j, hn· ~i(l~. the Q~,c.1 !;;-,~~Ibe Ob:;l;:fVCdlcveu E
1C:lt'lpern1urcs,woll~d at ~'{lOln h.;mpcr.ruJLln::. T~lis is dilc' to

2!:fJ

--£'f

~o

,M

Ilu;; hig'hly UlILLI:'Lla.~ II.iMlll'C of Chil~ cmriCi'S ill !;jTapillcnc, which behave :,'I$II~.l:.t~sl :sc" r~~.:Jiivi~lic pi:l.J!i ickt>; ~ {Dutu.crl;:rmil'llls}
dhj:Oj~!> ~j.6).
:lind
rft(JVe

G, l<ind~ iff 01" ~ f (~w~ ,61 ? U t'!Ooo~. 5- K. s, ~~~t!H erfl', •.~~~ ~lt ]9] ROQ5h 6. t: Zti1Q_rI~ 'IN. Tim. Ii!. l Slarmer; f'. Kim.. Natr.rff 43:8. 't. 201 W)(kSl 7. 1It1is ~rli: W/1I!!. '~IIPIiJOIled by 'Eirn~in!!Jl!fiD!l~nd E'h.l'!iwa'L SderuclfS ~fli~ilrm CQ~ftd,rutiJ. tl!S:FIri.MR~Hi2:7:liSiJ. wr~.a9 r:1et feu Rml-(T" 20041- ~OI&:!l'OO, 1.:1.'5. De~!Olell~ or f!tu~rm~ ~DOa '~I[)E4iJIO.NI!l(~,~lJl] ,anel O£-FGOO "O!SE~A61'~l, '!hif Rcyal Sti<tii,eiy. ILeYer~Cllmli lf~51, ~igr'DW~! (~ra!irnn, andW, M. ~~~ l'oi.inmOlIiIifl. The e~iI1iL1~Ii'IISi.w.11! pa Flia'lly Ii'l!wlclmLlm 1i~I~t ~IiDI'i~~ If"-JhM~ne"li~ field L.a!l ~dl:01Y bupP!l:rted bit N15IF W!!IlerO!ti~ a~H'iel'!le'nl no. !:liWII" oo;IJ4:m:, ~yt~~ ~i:iJt~[if f1ilooa, ;mdl byt~~ 1000 ~i11d 11liIl'~~Im!!ii ~IB~~[I;'11 ~'i4i1kl ~~;mlt Lil,b"'r~OO!Iy
<'I.

~000l.

~pp¢I1gdi ~th~ Fo~n,d~jgn~!!I' Fy.~d~~IilI~I'I!~~~1n on M:!lt~ .lind '11h! I.1m.

\\{~i:h

liti.~~ :>i.~~I]Cfilligmder atnbi~lli cont D'=igure

",Ie,'ice";
~I~

Fi!!!_ JI". R!OCIm~:tem~!!ratl1lre Q:lHE in graph!!n!!.

(AI Optical

I A S:lilOwti OIIC' or our illd~ '011 E m~SLnc-

its IIan c'GndII!Clivi~y,cr1'i;y."-·'i,ioolsf:l~atc'lI~ .11, 211h I~r oo~h dlb.1ItlHlll mld h(lI~ wili k '~!11CIprigilud ~!ll,~1C'GnduC'~i\'iay,
~lle~l1:;:. momle~'iIC"I!lI~. AI. iPu' :lliilP:rwc;]li.~ 1.11.'\1])

'~~ ind'I,lO~~()!~es,im c(ifllrelltr~~i;ol'!iS '" CY.2.x lO·CI'~m-ll~)V[l n'

mkiiogralp4'lOI~'OI1~"O~ t~e ~i~e$ u~ed'i!i!rn~m~~lI~e!'l'lelilts,1be sea!! ~iSgi~llJby the HaU oo(~ width ~1'12~Iflt D@vic@'raMcalt1lWl pmiLetluJe':'l ,velie des:crihed'irl (5), (I,~ ff).-y ~ed) and P;o;t fullue)! ;lisa r'll~liI:l'ir,m~r 'i}1!,OOvoltages; (VJ ilna m~U]liie~(: of 2'9 T, field Pesitive v~llles OIr Y~lind!!l(e ,~le~J'QJI5,ilnllil negaltive VII! li!!f~ oJr

6 Movem!iet aOO6; i!~cep'ed n )~~.!.IOIr)' 2001 'Pti~IJ~llied 001111 :I!S f.etJiWi)' ~oOO'; ~ 10"lKl!!li!i!:i~~~,.lH'i.rol 11~'~l!!!!:!hil' l!lf!!lffi1~~Q!l1 wM!:R ~~lmllh~~ ~per.

M13 9Pl UK. ~'D~~rlllOOlII~ IliI'f!r-;~i[S. (olwn!:iiil Ulliwm· 0'1 ~il1t. NI~lIl'lI'Q)lI:. m'l!CtO'2:7. USJi.. ilN\:i~ional High fl&,glfltti(

1Dep~m~ of fitI~~

li'!11W~~y

qf ~il!(~~W,

~1iIC~SWI'

'~1.d llaborat~iY, TalbHi>iiSsee,R lUlOJ· U:5A,'~Hlgll Field

M!ignet LIoo,ra~~fj'., R<ldOOu:I UmLvBPsilyNijlllegiln,

,t< ~.O (:!hri'l~) o.l1ib-

ilkig, an

8et~~~II:it)M t::ili~~

AE :::::000 K

(5" 6~', '(II'r!s.el~The I.JL'Q~.:!!"Itf".atJlQV'II Dir~cr(lrJ1JiJ~QVl~.{C) 11",,n f'or rl"£lsl:.:lIlCle, it,.,hlr ,~1ernll:n!i(redJ' a nd ho~e;>cs. ('gr'ee'J1)snillM the! acrJur-aiL)i'~rthe alhSeML1 qU<i,nlilliti~1'I at4,s T.

€!52~ IIiJD E~lffii~

Nijmeqe~ N~l"'~I1!!'!d:S,

p'kliThiiPfflrs.mlwmli'lud'-lil! jP.IK~: g~lm@~Ui.u.u'k U\.!{G.~

"Ie

I'/oom ~flmlij)On.dfme slOO!II,1i;I bit ,~d'~"

'!I"'~~'f~:;~:iii'h~I.ip·s~\lrl:iB;;:~'"!1Qnl1i[llcoon,li~~W', . i"

An lntnnsic IB,olnd~CIB'ntBr8d1 E!lleclronic IGIII,BSS.willhUnidiii rectional Do,ma ins iin U'ndBlr'd,o'lpad 'Culpr,B'les
cr. K(lhsaka~ I. c..
Tilyt~IIr,1 K. MI.1Ira~,a1li1ll,'5 Iii. E~sakij' Hl.ial~itliQfi, ~4

il'1 ~hlJ~!!;It~ve ~1I~~lrll?!ip •. ,l:m;11\10':. .1f) ~.~ !l~~<[;

nh~ ~:;tL11pl!!'s, l~d-dc:n: ...tY~DI::;,t'lI~s (LDOS) :It i l~iern.~~oc.1L~i~liJl~ rallcl!:rrh:rgy E. tJ H!llli.;a~~m:ajld,:,

efleets d~!c!()the ~lur!!"u;.rins '"ll1!i~1ixderm::nl~. the hmll~~.utier h~ight., 'l11d: y.a~i1'luon, (torn ck"lC's 11tl'!i!ic IlCICi'tlgi.';lIficil), ;In:- CMtaHrl~'d iJ!i J( 1', :;) {~~ ~~,pfi1.1Ii:'Iilil!l'. ol]:~iltc loxl l ~F(Ii' ilH. sim'ipJ~ Ui~(;'[!I~IJie
~)'sl"::l'i'I, '1i'~le~

l(j1 ;:-~i~ e

ru ~(:~I!lirdl,:;~ OOi'il>nrtll'll.,

Fujitl,1.:Z tL S(hm]d~~ 1, c.. blllpi,elrl, a T. Hillrn:aglllri,.4,M. Azlllmil,.lS :5. Uchi'd!a, 0l.7 ]. C DiI!j!ffisl.b

Riem01ilng e ~edmns Ilrl(ml~he (;Uo.2 ,p'LEme cd (llIp[.i3itesaitt:e rs th,e ele'clmfllk ,cQ)ne lalliorn fllIni (il!ntlly' to pmd:u(;e hig hl't.emper,<IIil! re su pe rt:oindudivily. Ali{50r1la~E1d! lll'itl'l Ul'e!'lled~i3illig{Hj;.arE!5pe(tlra ~·w.eligM translers hom the higl'N!nel"'~Y s~.t!t@',!>of tlil,eilll:liu'l,Htlf' to Il(lflll @n@rgi@:s.. In tileory. ~@S!! sho!!!hil be Icll~OCli!b~l'! as (I'!limbtJili!(f!()e l:u?twl?!l'n'Dth!! b.mn@~]IIII~ Ir.ilt@ 1,0If'e~@df(llflill.l@iCtiol1l, "'!lid' e-xtril!cliIlJl=~ tUll'!ln@!U~a5:trJ1l m@l1fy. W@' 1rU:fiod'u(@'oOOmi(,~n~s~~liJtiQ!fI~lm!l.~lijnQ-asyrlfufL@lryiriIi'.il ~ inlg" n~di 'i!!] \I'in.uiJ~ly fcl~ot~(al p,l1ef!l)ml~g i,n lW~ ~i'!Jhti¥ h61€'"d~lle~1 (!li!pral~5t (~~~Il:8Naa12C!JO;~iC.b:i1!~ld Bii2Sr!?J)Y'Q..z(go.,~,(lI~O~~ .. li!it~fI~ spo::!litla~ i.I'~l'i~itlL',llns~il1ltUilh1!tiilil!) aSyiflllm.e't~v ()·i:!C~U ~rim~rily ~n 'the p'~i;ln1ilr oXY'!J,e,nsites; their $Pcatjia1lan allge'lII'1 elil ~f,orrlilS a (,U-Q-(III' 11:10 1'iI(j-(I~nte re.d d&~jro IiII~ p~U~iI'liI withoillt 10 1ii!;)I-r l'iI!1!If or,delr Iblilt w~1h ,!lo!J~\~ d~ lInidireuiona a I. e l,ec:trQlilk ®mliil~m;, d~~pe,rs.e,d tl1irQ)uglillol!l,t (Go: tlil,e (11-0-(11 lIisM Iilil:,e). The- emergin'g I~klure ~S liil,enef a. llar1.iiail hDI~eII(lci!lll~iZ:ati®n withiin .arnrintr~lniSic eleetrenie glal~'S' ewlviing, <lit h~gh,er ~o~e ,d,em,ilies, inte mrllptete de!I(l( .. lll~:atiel'l ,~nldl biig,he'st1eIM pe riJturre$'llperoon dllll(thri ly.

Eq. .~ ~htl\.~ II\!![ ~1imii! ~ i'IImp'piin~ of ~U': di f· Ili!rcnl:i.'li1 tlJlfmc:iill1':; roadllctll~lC~dJ/d~" Jll' (i". y~cMs'''''(1.£ = It!'), Ilewever, Im'1I1e ~I.rollgly rolTCb~ccl ,clee'tl\onic stmc5\. ia a m:::;hlJly hokGOI'ca CUpLctll~ .~hC' si~ !Jalt~tln is nUtCh~nlire complex. ~'n!hl!'(_Il;" (41'., lhi~ 'e(lrreh.tio~'I.~ cause ~h~~ lio Z( 11 m Ihc~~\'>t;;I<Lg~L;'!lS.~~),-or-[':l'~~C.'l d ~hl'L· 'r!lpi~)':.!:(Ik~;s, lV(E = ~ ~o lh,~1 Wdkid of !'im~!.!~'F1'(E = I,d'" to become .iI~)'nml!cliit· hy

or

.!!n

all arnmum

imC!';JClimliO the qkgCI~~r.If,;y ![If li!J.;! Itcl~v,~ru cl-orblj~LI. pmd.~!t:iUlglrl~!I't~ :mm:Iilc!Plll\;'f d-"'I~I~ "'l;f".'~

'C~JlhCilY

Ihe (uprntc C!lIO,l: planes derives I~ J) nom l1l(}f~!lD..xygcn 2r mm cr'!lppe.r 3~ orilit:."ll!\ r F~g ~ ('Oll!l!o.Jl1ih .. A)..

or

jlJi."~ ;100\''1::~hc ('hcrnic~II)Ol!C'mi;a1 ~. t Fig. m )1, .BU:l ,]re('i~l~y IIDW~h~ .$p(,'lC'tml-'wci:ghtH'OIn:-lrl;~

r~ull in cuprn!lC" higlH~m:p'~r.u~re d uc!.lvi.l·y «-'IIn,1 in:;: I."fJ!liLl'mrQl!':)1j.ul. supercon-

SJPl!C't1f';[l.wci!ilI~I. tUn rut~ (5) I!~SO ~l'Idk!l1C lh31. s mhc ii'fLlta R(?) on he cm:~Ill:Y"111:1li.!W~cd N(r. E) fON~li1il~~lys~i1les,E> to Ilnm offiiUea.:::;t:uLtcs E<O (li is R:i~mcd HJ ~~ by

1m

ReI')

_ _ 1~ JV{r •.f) dE
= ~,
] _N(r.

r'.!1td by the MQll-rnll:!bb;J!ID!.:~!clW' U (Fi,g.

m),

The- k)\\ elf d.·slm~'l'i, <lind

I

O:>;;}lJ,lQI1I ~;IIl.: p

ht'(om~lC

!lyhridi7.~~ yk:Mi!!lg ;l at'lr11l;I,1~OO in'''l!.Ihnm \\'ii11il c1111fJ~c-'~!'".IIn s ~hWlp .6.. Wi1¥ ·1B), UI..; 'l'lr)]~-clopjllig"

R~"c~IlI]Y. il h,l1': b(J(.~!lp:ropo:,.;("iII~"ulthese dQpiIl,g-ind~!iCed oonch~~ dml,ges m igh~ 'be inIDI O~'D."'CL,,"l<JliJ.k: i rcCI~ya!>l ~1J1I d .U~ mI1l1c,~r or ckl;Rfon ttulll'I:H:li!!lM, (:LUrll;nls wil.1l bims \'nll!l~~ t4. :'n cI~iX.u'm'l ~x:~mC'ltrHIII negative :smllplc fuia."bcil1g !
sU·OI1igly lin'Mt'1i over dO:I((JI] l[ljt1C'lio.UI lit jXlsi-

EjM;;

21.~{f ,

~- Il{fl

+OU

(III )
r

(3)

prooess, \71'hic-h gt.~'irlcml:CShig:l'a~-lt~liI1Ipei!lllmc :sIIl1pctr.Oirn[ll.ICI~viIY, Il1:K'11 removcs elcelrom~ iml'l1l, the CuO~ 'P~ml.e. milti:n,t new h.ole·like d'cctronic :>~fIi[C:S \:vi~l IlfCdomin~ill.lttl~ o..xYb'C'ill2p c1m~ctcr I( 2), This is a rn.dically dini::llC.l1u pJ.'OC\.'SS~hlln lu:ill;:~ dOJ~il1g a oon\,ICnlla~l;ll .scl11tcO:lfld~!iCwrbl'Cm&:. \"'~'l'C1Il an declroJl lis ~;umm"CXi linnl <1 'OOJ,wlJloo
iw~!.!lrr~Of.~lc $W1!.Cll, \'\,l~th \I"hkh il \;\'\1IS crord""o;J arc ~Ibo ahcrcd nlradaHII'.:lHt'llly. NUlll~rictd ~11NIc:~iulg of 111Is p;tlJiCeSll. j J ~ indicale5. Ihat\",1~etl n holes IJoCJ' cell m'Culll rod!!iCec~ Ihe cQt1:c~alio:n llrail
c1hm:I,1gl:s f,!,cn~!lll1,l; ~lm;I",~··wl;ig~u. 1:r.:I1l!S~b!'l;; imm both I~'I,I~ ,IUd. ciI!Jny hi,!,;IN,;ll"'~Y bmldl.'i

tive sample bias, SuC'h ~~Teots,siHnuM be deteetahlc !;\'ith .'L Sl'lllllrl h~! liAm'MCli i,g: l1rl~'eroSCo;pc CiTM}. The STM' t~smnpJ~ utr1lldihlg, cum:1H
Dj;gh,tCiIl by

!kl(" , i:;; hlJ-p~fniC hr}W~Jl!;l rme <lind! :r~ srn.tis'l~e$i ~)IU~O~'i~~i'CrgysC'tlk,,··<:: ~~ <: V. As fiI ~C::;lof SHeil iderLo;;" W~ show .im Fig.. I C
Ihe
1, [)

predicted we
~lOW

cvolu[iotl

a.'.ymmcuy
l'I:\l'CI~,ed

(TI\,) with r.r

room

or

I~IC l.ilIlmcllng, ,r.fl.diiild ill Fig.

the

InL"a:mn."J:i CV olmf:o,n

Tl\, ill ,1 sequence

of sIKl~ia~Iy of I.ghtly holC"dojXld

/1 ) IFi !!I., ill" (Iij Rereva rrt e~ed:r'Gnrlic ofb!i~L$ ,@Uhe <~,d)~ plan:~ (iI,I3d or~it!ls .tire slilll:Il.'1nin l[)ri3ililgE! I'la a
o::q!'g,en 2:p Ilrb1'U!~ilI~e slhi,ow~ ~fl billie. A s:ili!gl~ pl~~ ,"ume (If r'OlJlf (IJ al®m!S~is ~hm.",n wilhitilm the d1asliied $q,LJare Ibo:l':, an~ a s]nlgl@ CIN'J-Cl! unit ~.:;\:fltM~ the ,(jash 00 'O\l\lIt I~B~S..:lh@nTOItlil::
I;:P1I'~rgy

~,.N1I!KC(~O:!C!:2 samples wil'h diffcLf\;m.Y. 'l,Ve see dun II~c <11\ cmge TA is lndeed large m low N
I

'02j:1~ '

n~ID "E

rt'l'iuhin,g, U!Il t~l~

lliibolilt!J1I}I" of

cn:m:la{'!ll

of

-2rl ~11";Wi.;mlplY
:SLil~

S!1lh."l'i

IIMIIJlK ami Solid

Physks, Dt!piIritl'llfm

Co~lnel~ Uiin.eJ1U~, 1'lIil.Wi.. filiY 1485J. USA. ~O!liPar:iJiiIlent 01 M!l,anced Malllri~1s Sderlce.\ U'nk~.ml)i !!If i~k:ro, K!I~hil'i'<!, QlIIibii 217-365,1. J~pan.li:1~~fII~mel!tde ,2ItJl" (an>ilda,

of PltpiQl.

PllySiqwe,. Unlw!;f~t~ d'e5ne.rb.ro~.SI1e.rb~ooke • .0'

~Morgll1~[(

J']!,f(

alild~he'
IUIP0rl

~H<!l1Dm!ill IrnilitlUIt4! a'~ A~I1()fI!I ~rndU!itriili S4]~m,{@ <lrKi J!iltlhno1,ogy. nuk!llhit, Ibilraki 301ii-3568.Ji!I!}1I1fI:. 7DeiP3r.t·

Wa~o. :~aITalilili 351Hll9!1., J!iI!pan'l. SWnstHlJtf: fi1mital. R.Hea!'(1i" ~~O' UI1!I~~~sil!l'. Ujl, K)\O~~ 601.-OQU, Japan.

Mal~fia Is lflbDJ"iI:l)ali)l'. RIKEH,

rllf

l'I~lililgl aSyii'liimetJF)!'lciailleen,

o:r h'IlLed(llp~lrl91 it. ~(~n,~ '!lxpe~ted tlllrneMec1l$

I~ve

~~!l

the C!J:D.z plillf1il'

trn:rr eoc~ ~dQ):rr (n~lIlil;l@ bia~~ .. a I1ldiiO'jE!'!lioiil (po~Ii'lle bias) fmrn

(4) \!ilnlfr€ h:l~'Il va~OO$ (lrZI(lIlCUf at Ilo~7i' hili.!.! d'elilsltle;s R. (D~ Ml?a-

el.eC'-

me~lto:~ 1"l~1!tS, lJ_nL'o'eii$UII af J.o~o" B!Jro.:yo"k'u. To~yo in·lOon, lilp~l1. lI(ord~l1tlE!clI tl.bt~l)r Pb~~5 1Iml ,tltiiit~n· il15 S!rel1!:i!' D~<lr!lTIenD. IlrMkhi:lvetm HilIlnmul lliI:bo:r<lIDry,

suredl d!i;llP~ngd~Pr~d~!loe
1I.llil"

!.lilplO:i1\, NiY 11973,

!.liSA.

·Vo \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1k:n~e iIIl1OuI_dIbe addlre~. jIOO.ll.~IlCII1LWrtl1@ll!.~u

IE',rnait

C!wfi!ge;H.!!ill'leUlng iil1 (oljl.}bJ:UJD.2C1b;. tra ry lin~ts,

@'S.vmm~try

(lr

arbi-

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

S:CII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

RESEARCH AR1ICLE
mpidly wsh i~C~;!iSillg x.. as PIl.1Iic!~,] (.~ J}, :Ifl:~ab!Xi!~I~~t[\:h ~rrQ;'!:\. arc (,iIJt,,~lllb~~ ":Ill,'lt!"]!YI1.~{)!vl?d i~~hn!qllll~ {6, hy and di~llini:ilhC's

n,

the Tt\ flrop~l~ l4. J), also Wcmir~i ~lC~~t i1~om~.scglle Pl\~ Qftlilc ,~p:~I~g-i;m,!I~~O(.>d cerrehl!~onch~n~'l_

Etl!i(l~f!l)iilk"'dt!iS,~~~ gil.i!!S~·~~~t~

hQle-do:p~d IliJlprafbil's.

fig\l!'l;;

.!;i~ lightiiy U\. :iihow~ sche-

~mr!.ir,;;I~.!y!:h;;ul. 1l;:t!!ll,,,1;I;';!:m!!brn:l~~.1"g1l1(,,~.i~~I~i!f;..; d
:;!Iillpt;,~lrs<l'i ;l ~lpt.,o~':ho!~ d!;.'Ill;~i·ryp~r C~iOl1·'~.J. it) 3%, The :.;~r:rt1~}ndiJC;:1 iv ity ~i£i,iJ~llly docs nooi aH]pc,u' lnlllU I~ - :5 to 11m, TIl~ref{lrc, ~uuluh~t Inl\,,,.~tC~.l~Ol~I,I~'t;; $Iu!", int~~rVt;fl(:5; i~ ~L~W!"~ i~ Iy

I:
'II Cli Ci!'1II!!I

'.1'0

a
",z4

'II"

0;5-10 ',," I~.~~ioi;)ij

..

1! ''II!

dk,a,tw beneath nn~ dashoo ~in~, m: Iemi C) E:!i8lFl1lplies Qr~he ·~ng spatia:l V'alnattnm. f n Ihe-UJri 11e:~03 !l~rnel;ry

Wiig. 2. (AJ Scl1~malic phas>e,di:a!Jlrallil ICif h(i~dope~ 'cup~ates:.l~e regkiiii$ ICifal1l:if~lroma.~IfI~I:iit:in,5u~to~ iiJ-\\'I;'3'1[e S!lIp'E!fUlllalJ)(ler (d50, .mdl !l~d~!ap 'OlGI' 1Phll'i'!li)m@ft!I)!\Jgy ar~ indk<!ted, Th!! e~!!(tronk ~·dl!sler Iglas5'~ I~E:CG)extl:!nm over.i!I regjm~ in-

mhoU!!l~lof:;!ls O)I!IlC l~ll(Ui~t: "cl U!;l~L:'It~~~I~" ~E('(I) 2n. At lilignltli dop'ing:.,. d'le En:.1 ~.ii!!\coe;t iSi \.viil.lil diimil11shi nl~ inllClt:;; II)' w ilht lit!! ),,1:i\~I'i~t~l!."'fI illlS :>iiifi,c'it:ondliCE ivill.y. bIi r:l1.illIhl!~ dl S;[Ip~ar ::;on~ewhcrelfle.mr Ii -~ 5%. A~Lh(iu~h. Ihe ECG l>t3le ~.hibil" 110 k~R.'M,I:~1 -rnll~e ~nrl~ sr:in or ~hJl~.c order, SCkI.1lC cloctronicom.-eli' (If !im'krlOwn :;'I',.n~,,~ lorm is mlways dctoc[Cd at n m
slii![(; (8 ~l!jl.iJf\',t'l

"Aim,

-ao!I

(!

3QO

rl(iUi1!d jn Na"CCOC an<l D1H3ii2212~ BIK.a~!!Si!i!xperimefltJ'l rUJmmlilo'ltiolilikee-;jiiS m:l@gIF1!too clIld 1I.i3i~poiSltllw biases !::omti3Jlilt, lihe la.rge-ll'oirialiom are- seen ~nl!legal~~ bias and di~edly I'dect Slll~ti<l[Vgri~t~Q!ill)lr~lle· TI!; (~llPi!flel~;!!!i1r:tiOil SFi1~. 200 pA. at 6100 rnV}. As carl 00· !jJe@·IIl. 1~1,e[U(lne·:dri!diJIIlli~ stwlIlg Lv r~on.ldl ~'IIlIr llil.i@C:li~n and \l'1~fi@~ slN!liatlly. llhesoE1 phsnemena a re 'quile· simi ~ r ~n the hvo, malt@rials, maiildl B~ (oo!>iant-' top~9rill phkima:ge-s. I~f N\a-OCOCand [ly-Bi22:U
'CllJrreflt

~e

bi<u. (mi\r)i

d:l~!-lile (14 ]tJ) hcnee !h~ "cluster" des:ign"tlinn, And. lJil"("~i~ltiJ!.;"11i~[!'flm ~lllil>BeG iit:;I~~ liml hl.~h~t~n~ll~rmm'C :'i~Ip;ilroondW!ct it)' eme fgl:lS ~v with holt' ~~I~ing,(22)1 il !!\ crinic'.lll(l d!!!!iI.'lll~~m: ~"lhOlilt it is, ]H]·W it is ~j.,mcr'M()d lli}' hol;c ci01ling. ,:3)]0 110\\' ilL;\.lti~W,~ ~Ilm Olud ()pc"X!6il~ \\Iilh Ihl/;: sW!poc['Ctmdut"lin!:l S,!UltC'_ .Mut"h lISiikniO\VIIi~oollll.l_hc ,t"UPr'.UI;!EC'G l'I!lDll;!.

:>'CJI~ by IDe<!1 Iwobl'$ of [he ~Pl n UI L'il'~U.1c1

Di~,cc[evidence lor.hQJ.c ~ocailZl!.tiO[l ~OIlles

fJlOilll

'ti)ilft'-pllmlc de res~s,~i.'\!iil)'. hid! C'~xh.ibits.og.'I.w l ritlm~ici1.~]IY im:n.--asiflg lemperattu:c dependence

Pilfb IX

In:r 123. 24b~ and

,m) U01M-~lumbCf mc.a-

Fiig.3.

·inl 112"!Ilm rneW'<s, of ~e~. Ilmagklg oondilions ~r,@ (A} 50 ptA. ;i31t 600 mV and (B) 50 IflA".atl:50 m\l, Th@(lr:Q.f10@ ~(I~SIn (A) <I nd ~B)ind'ictlte

!'i~m:!mcm!\. shnwinglha! the ,uckJCrllilo.cd hole dens ily "ppll~a~h~~ C:h~~l!cod doped \"I~lH,;·~ the ~}' only\\'ilcil n ~ Hl% (15). Mlu:m-S~Jn l'()tiTI.]toll IUC'Il.S'!!.reIll1.i!llbl Illl' .IJ) findg~asS}' dYH<!JllllOCS. !IfIins tnl~ C.xh!b:~l~ng some UrI_ulown rarm. of l!«¥.:l," li;~1 or'dcf ill the mn :i'ic<d~: til...: <>llll~ill (:!llIT!ll£llltm or Ihe HTi "ci~~tL,.\t'· S;ml1i~a~I)!, mlltlli,aC,11\;)1~;n\,. ... fOlll.I:Il:ir ~mLld ies show Uti:~ :;;u[m;~m'll:iilll 11'~'t:-:'iPill. ~irnmflgllcl.i:\mll" NlIckm" mUlgllctklquadll'upo!e

or

deruibed ih ~~g. , B 4 ,~nd c'i1!!lfId ~9, 4,. I[ aad F.

ilJr&:I·S

IIC:;m~f1llrenm;aS.m't'ilnCI'IIS

(14-2m reveal

:'I'I3lbC

re:lpl\ctiwly, i'lliidi lihe (lJ~Q i:irl.l1d direclio~~ aIe ~nL')j,lff'I as PIMFS (!f of1!hi(l!g()!fqa1 blac ~ Qlrro~';IS,. (C and Il:I)R DI1:aps.

take·fiI at 150 mV [L~ .• R(F, 1S.!) !lI!\i') 1[,; +11501 1Il'IVl/{{r; - :1l5tO ~Vninl tine
!::

:sam(:· Jiil1wl Iilf vi:err¥shown in

I,

Ft~. 3~ A end D r~pedii1l~I¥. Lar~le'III tb:riglnt. lim ~i5 l(!Olor

:s(etm~ IIIllNlrl.5 thatlBile cerre~Jl'll.l1d~Iil'£iruliln~tlllg ~~!!,Ctru m is more· -symlilil~ui.c..
Whil'f~S

The b'lui!! oox::e$ ~il{(I, and ([}}

i!ldi(;~le lI\he ~dl :C!lrl:a~of f:f:~. 4•. A. and 1:),. respedllfeJ~. (Ii "n;d IF)' Imag@s '~f 'iJ R {n,aJl~a:cillll1~computedlhim Ff:£I. 3:, .c; and [l,. ,rl'sped.iill'eily, rQr bder vi~utJililjjJtiilJJ1 rtiflll Q i3it®l1I1k-slCalle arral1g:eme'J1b;. I()f ltIe spatial piiitlP.ms;..

~hat itis IiIiIme' asYnilmemc,

kMiR

Cda'rk) m~!'IiS

ell rrrgc h(!~ct'ogcj}C'ilY f~D the tum scoJ.c: Ihe holedellsityoomlPcmcfll oflhc ECG "dUSlC':" [i'myd(.'r ~elll1l1O\l1di IImction reveals rebtcd 1Of..'llJI lattice (bl:o:Lili(m:J 1(2 n and ~pl.ic-all SIJlCtll'Osoopy" Ihc ruJOll18~OH:> i1f1j~'_ropic ~o:ndbliGI:l \~hyilInd ck:clit'()j1J.. phmmn rourl~ngs {lh fll1iil:l ~~, :nlcutrolN'iiCattenng mea.'iUrC'lFl,.:n1.<; il1dic-J~l:l (Iilm d'lC hO:Il:s are d!llslCi.\w ill nm-sized n;:g[olls, will1. semc IOnlll orl.nll,gnetw :sll{lfI~I'lI1gc {If{.!er U.~~, ~ummliny. Ih~o~}:I.'!ll: In EC I :5n.'lLIC its ll!CrV'al'iiv~. ·c,;:hibit~t:1,g ,lolHJt1l i~ole lool~.icG;.~on :<1 ~!"IIf:w:il;hrl\u~ IOIl,g-I!',mg.r; ol.l1t.'f l~~l ill mh~ 1](1111~1hd\;~i$" iSl,IPP<lrhi 1iitl!1iI(; Ul1lkm)\lI'll tOl!illl of d"-!ClDOn.k: .doJml,iul$, A IUJlg-s.!,mding flJ:Obk:n1 .h.... t; been wh.cthcu- rhesc ·dl~ls are an iUlirillsic dC'J,rR."I. Q~' h(l~~.,doped (JLla~ ~~OC!.rolilt' ilruClllre or are· : c;;:u:,insic ('ICrl1ilfl'S uiggC':l.'Cdi by randem dopm~l ;:rnd{or i:nln1rhy d~:i!.aat!cil'. )i!j'u~'1:me r lhe ClJpmie ECG ,..lillie iuc:l'udC'. for (I c..v.!Lll1plc:.O:i:s of electronic lml'li:ilalitQna~ iin. I

Thcoreticnl h.ypotI1'l.:sc:,; 1i:u the cause

i) <!lUIdcdronir

[UTld

.... ar:i:ancc bcc,<Iu!'eoF!

.I)y mn.cloln

gl1a.~

C<!iIilSlOO

C,v"dKIIJSC

cOllll'l.~illg. ~19i, W~ ...

..

dop:ml di'8on.!cr~nduc·ed

rnm]om d~clr-o:n ic g.l1!SS ~}()~, n~·~)1 $piJnIOJ!lll;'Ou.~ (3 j ~ (II" Clo";ln~<II. induced (30. }l ~£h~\i8 I1f sc]r:..o~'I,HL~i.r;<;d;!i;"(:!I!"on( i~ 11!1Il,{I-clDl1igi~~. !!lid (IV II Ibil"tiiJU!c 1I,,~~"c!t{1!bic: liqllllid t:O:Y~~I.~ of :such lii!IJiockIHil1!i li~ JU). Bul 11
~I I

RESEARCH ARTICLE
d il,'f;cl[~"S~ s.m:'!l ideas has 1l00t been l~o.'<Sih!J:c \~!i~'h pro~ll~~, in ],i~I1tly d9jJ\...,g C~~llrnJ~C:ii" f (If e;>;<In~rk:.. >1 f>1;;l:iulrnrd dlAiU ' im;Lg~. ;1~tlrolilgh \\'C~! 'b«;IW!5:C nci~her t~c ~a~·llp..aec eleeuenic slrue~\In:of Uli: IKG :;;'m~" nOr!!il<ilt nf ~n ~I].d~\'idlll\,!! d~boo.!*, 11m ,[I dir&lt;;'ii!I~~ l;)ri:heU.::ms ('''IN
1b~ ~kh;. .n~1iflgcl; (I kl:,lt;:II'y~~'l lID, ...uitaMI;: iI11llllg~IVgaL"Chrliqlll.(_-:.; !';xis:k;d.,
'.~ I~I~kr:'t"![Jl!IIld

or

roWi.troP.;;I,! :<YJ1U1l1~~1I)' br-c;]kin,g i~~~hc mime! ing

]!J"11C'lTI~ (J J).

Th~

I~~\"r

~1fOiPQ.ll1ll~ ,4. 5) !Qr

Ujlllll':;~ i:!Ilg

I[)es,ign QffA~tudii>es ilil (~uIIN~DI'[o!CUO:Z(!ii! ,:;IIilid i!lr~s:~~DY'O\zta~6(U,~Oia*,a.-' ST~\I·b.~'>{;-J il'I'Qa ;)I.g,ifilg .~ligh.t ,,~ppc<ir 1U~,1ti:'ipmrJ.ri;Jr~too~ iOHd~ diC!>ll 5i,J~~~ .,....,Wi(<;S" BLHt dUd!' ilililg;nl:ig is rrdi.lgha

I~,M~V~l:t !c11~ro !I~ th.ctlllt.~iiC~I~ t1[)I1~l'nlti tlrl1ut. ill (·a2._.t\l~1:"c~IO~ t::!,

SL\Ppr)(nilm~
0I]li~1~ [~1d

:;ls.ym!~l~~1!)'U'1t;;"':-'~I~twn~'" pmi~'~!~'~ a

~hC'wpm{1l~'~OLI02, IlI~n~rn;,1iybc~n
clil'l';u)'''s!~tI..'

,m ·'e.~~wor·

~'1ot:B.ldli,; :mll,ltiml to plf(j1J.k,-m:-.with :;.j,mtd:rrd dNl! r !m~!g!ng because Eqs . .2 ..m,d 3 h;lv~ .0Il erucial
WI;

(J.J) or'lh,u~ i'l~J;rrl;i!X'!l~ 1J(1"k;~'U1 1[.,,\"0 ll!lmaC'~il1g ~r.~~~tl!ri~,,~ tlwrl'ugHi 111C Jpi.(_'! orbii!!'!!> 1tdj 1Ltcl'il. 10 a dopmm N ~~+ ionrn!lye~~lsc

pf'o.Ir.;:!.i~.d.<ld'!r'OInw,g~.1 f Z{.P', '" <1110, .J\!{ 1'. i''") in C;1,I!TtiH

Icrun~,or

,dk4i Ul;: th~r,I!iL'}.~ I.he [l~I.1Ih::-I~lTIg

mr

~,

tt) ~

Iff.~. +1')
1(r.:. 1")

~~,'C sec inum~d!m,,!y rrom E¢I,I I~m li~1.:l un· k~~m"'n dfcc~s ill tep.;:} .are ..u ('~un(:\.':k:d Olul IJy 1.lm di\jjz,;u!il!ll PIAA'"IJ.'ii!i, 'Jh~~. Z(F. r)[l!Ild 1?P';, f,') not ollly cmllrnin ilID!poO[i1.~llil phy~caJ

illrorrn:n.iml

(4, 5) hut, tu:dikJl.: iV(f. E).•ere also

exprc:;-sible in temrs ofnnc'llsumb:J:c qHllm~l~es only. \I\1c .~mvc 'COflfi[l1neti l.hm,IJle unkmrwll, ~a.cI!(}I'S f(F. :) JI,'C ~f'l(kx:d C"l:1:IC:C~'OOQUi iJ~ Eq . .4
, see
£l1!jllfIoCJ.I1'!m:lg

ol~~iln~ leX.l. arid. figlll.!CS 2~

To address Ihl~ matcriel-speeillc theorctical eoncerns ,J4. JS). we h:wc d,es..~gll£\d a sequence of idc]r~l,cal TA-iul<lllling experinmC-llts ill~\\Jo rod iCllHy dHTcrcn:l ,cuprmcs:
Filg.4. {A Ollila D'" III mllp1i of IfilJal·C(CH:am:ll)y·IB1ll!2:12. rlespe~thl',ely (takeon atn$O mV fmm lIreas~11 Ute blue [1:iI0'.x~$ Qlr Fig. 3, <: and 11ll}.il'lu~ fietds. of l;Ol:eW (A,) 5 ..0 nm Iby 5.3 f1mand '~Ii!.) 5.0 f1m by are 5.0 nlilil. n,~ bllL.le! bl»:lls ln (!!I.) i'H1~ (D) ]ndic;ate ,alrCI,U of f:igi, 4, IB arrd C, a~dl fig. ~, ElIliId F. respectlrve!ly ...UI: nd E) Higherr·re~ol!utnlln R map '~';Iiitlhlne!qUlii'i!'[I~li!f1td,omanlil$ hmn Na-cmc and [ly. , 81!22]2, r~5I,PeCliv.ely(bIDe l~uEls ,o~ ~ii!!l~ ,i!1,A al'ldl [)). Th oocatiol'ls (If the (III ,aiiomsare s:hil)'i,'1l'!l as ~~a(k crosses. ((alld IF) (o~s;taln't:<!!!rr~W!t:wlJ~glrapllic ciffiol!,g@:i 5]li1IIult"!l.~I(lUi~~Y tak$l with f~g+ 4.• B <llfldl ~ r:eSiP~[~ij'i!'ely•. Imi3igliln!1l untDiUOlll'S ilue ~O 50 pA. at M}O mV .a,J'ld (f~ 5>[)pA .alt 150m". Ihe iIl'I ~Ir't«lr$ S~rJltIi aOOmk i()CClt1(1I1! r;, !.iIS~dJ ,als(lin Fig. 4. IE! ,glnd IE. llhef~(lld~ (!If \ii.~y (If tlte'Si~~malges are ~holWl1Iill Fig. 3., Po and IB,. as oran9.!i! bOii(lls. iFhiig• 5. d(A) Wr:I]~50 re~~e to l· e o ,ilIDI. IW m'lIll'laI:l),1l'!IIIiI@(IlIO;Z ~[(!newhere ea(h ,dlt~'V :SIfledtnu'!'! <1,1tI1:~~mral(~ ,of Fig .. 4,. (and F" : ,a nd51hOllWll nln~n!1l, S!B, is mea·
~!romgl'f U ndeljdr)l~cd C~" I.SSN<lll12('lI 02C~2! ,(N,I'CCOC: cri~iclll [C'!llIl'11C'r;;l~!..Ire Ie ... 1'~ K)

(D),'.,B i22 ~2~ ~ As indliclII,,"'d ~dK~llIl;Jl.i~lIlllyi'l'I A g. 2. B <lind r:,lht"y l~fU\'C compk:ldy dilT~relil cl'ySlat. lo.gmphk SirmC~lIre, chcmkfll cO~"~lil.lle~u.s..,fLlild dO;Piillt species and sites h~ Ihc tcf:in~nmtol!, I~u)\!;;p.\ .y]ng OOHV1.J(,'ll the CuO::! pl!ml~ ilnd I.h~ ~ stM. lip. N;}~('C'OcI~,m~ :sing~c nLO::! lay~r II mld
Bi~Sr2;[)Yo2(:\ID~r;:CU1:G!i+g. ~:j K)l

A,
if
-

'! ,s.

:2
"
,
"

.. 'I

"

"
II
-

I
,

l, ,,
,

o~

:$ur"€d. Spoctra ~r@ mfH!s,l!rOO along l'quhlal.ent lines laliel.ed I. 2, 3. end 4 'iJil ba~h domai!illi lof FiJg.,4, EI end IE, ana Fig, SA (8) Difi',erenlial~UfIne~ing (On·
dliH::lant~~pe{ra ta~i;!nl;;I:l>01'19 p:8ll<1llel ~il'll!:; li1 r(I<I.:I~hi eqUliiv· ,al(oe;nt dolmain~ ]n Na·CCO( and

I,
I I

,,

, ,

, ,

1
-

-t

, ,

I' I,

II
I

...

r:

:1

Dy·~~2:212. A~l :s:p~mtrg:

\l,!!W~

1i.l~1'I l!nrnrid~nIiGjt jll!!1Qlikm w:ndlaiofli5 (200 pA,. 200 m\(lt Nl!fIiIDm (l'l'o 4) 'OOfi'€sp!i):nd 1'(1 trali~(tl)'rie~ wh~~ lhes:e~q,l.I~n~l!~ 'o~' ~~{',(tra \:toere UI kenl. L(lc~tion~ of th~ tr'.:ljecUJ'ri!l!s, reL~tweOO (he dClt!lai'I'ls..aue's,h!!J~m ~'lwe~!l F~g. 4B (0 II IIId 4 IE. by anOWli.

1382

" MARCf-1 2007

voi

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

RESEARCH AR1ICLE
capped b}' ailcr:rc~!

Iy ~t!1!!N -.tCII 11<l)~"I" mKl with N:;;Itd(l'r·>L~n,>l!,{JJn~~!,!l;i;;.t:ilwc(i :at 1D1~t·<l~il~. s

P)'~~i~.212.h,~'l C'~~O~ bil;l)'(J'!', ~1;J.o'ii~whi~h ~ ir:!{lihl3iO !ll~~ SJO ~,IY~'fI\\\'ho~ ~'lit c~Us uu~d~QJ;o t~li; il1cmtnllCil ~u,ruR!~ ,C'r}'l'i¥i.1 :~U,p~irrllodlJl~:~li[lo!l~ non!':~oochlGlTIc:!:l'ic oxyg~1m ,onp<lnl OJ!to~u~ <I~ IOCOl~~~d inb.'r:.;~.~t.~'llIy !1L;<,!!t ~hc ElLO

,I

and D'j, !:leN Ihe R the Cf)'SI,;I!mm:: ~t~'JoCiITI~Qdl.!l'!Jion • .figmt' 2. C and ~illc blue loa.x es of fig,;;:. D, liP;: i,n<!g\~s R(r~. f" = t;'{iI' mV)~~t;i!_~\I~d ~n;Lp~,,~ r~,<!!~cdm pu~ a C\IQ<ll'l~;;l, .m"~hliJl:'llhe ~111!~~ id~J~~~e~,1 f~!'d", (l:r'J;,~\,9!- .r-~g.~,A .,t~~~~ ~O:!ll.. i!] .!,1Xi~o;;" ~,n~i~~~. P<'-~n;. ofd\h~ lin~ .13:, Th.\l ~,~pt.,".{;'Li\·I,;:ly+ These R nltlps i1n.;: !.1lll1rlccl~ silHi~ar {r!Jpn.:~t;mi~lg Il!.gh 'fA) i~l lli!ap~ illdi~..ru,xl by l? in tl,~X~U!'G mdti.bi'~.rat iil~~'r Sf1'1uiial tk'I[~i Il> IIElIIl 'lh~ arrows are pDL"'Ci'5dy 4a.o aparii mt~~ocP~"'L'Ul :inK! ~hcir l~lat1.:'d surfaee [O.l:mg!'ilr~);';i: th~ ~l;;~"0l1 is ~·.at ~hc perimeter of <II sin,glt<: Glnnmin. ln F ~g, 4, j\ ,nut'll o:t' Ihi;ir (;'Jllt1:;.:o;;~ ~~~"H rOO:!"l fC'lllIll1.;"S amI! D. ~~lul.'ip:t~, p,u.II!'d. "lao-wid!;; dor:m~i!1~ rUIl

9"

layer. TIi~n;lhrc,."'H ..~scrt [h1U TA- hrn>'!,gil'l.!!l ph(.':i:iOiil.'CIlU [hill H re ide!]1 irn I~I] t]l(:'5C n'o'o miuucr.i.. J s lli1.O'li III be 3!iiCR'ibt~,1.0 I.h,cir ,onli)' conD· ~noi1, larne'llCfi:::l~C -Ihe ~Illii.in~ie cl;~clroili;e smi:e~ d
.~ of dtc' C~O,\liJ'i~al1e. i.Ire Aiool1lllic"r,@sQLutiol1 'mll,j lti'agill1lg. ~n F'~g, :2, B and C. \~' sho., s:~nd<iI1d ,r:;LI'AWsllCCIIi3 :me3.a ,~urod under :ld(nlOC,al jnclion oondili(ll~tl O!:~ mndom !OC,M iouls on the sl!ufm;t"£ 111~i'~"H:'CO'' 0tJ1d D}'·Bi.n 12~; mlll~~ (,~nd''!'tOl \,\'CIiC "~w!~!li.;'d .. a :)It 4.2 KJ. \1\liuh,in E < 1O{l! 11f!~·V.,I]I~)I beth C'xhibillhc C'XI)l't,':~cd V~slm'~ dllell' t,':!\;'"n<C'!'oo ~m {£ = tn 16. ft U!W';'i.pctwdly. m hi~l!ci' cnl.:'r;W(lti,. ~h(l :';!~TU.,~ i~~'ul)l]~ :;'Imaia ~ \'mill ion ... ~Ulhe [1iJ !~~ t .fI,d,iJIg ~~}' !l!trn~uy u r ilpoI.:C \1!(;l!"C !}b:;;~[\',\,;'d i~l! Ita b{]IU~ um:m::1i ~lI~S~1i'Ul~'C C m! be seen V i\l.udly m the .I!e:ll-.l:nlnd p(:rimCh .. ~r Fi!!',. 2:. Brund C

t)~(;:~lI!ri!lg

w~tlli~

1."Ileh

C'r.d ~jl<lqU~lh: (FiM-

1./q,

from Iht' llIli'Lli'ni'i ~o Li~e ~OiIl of ~acf;:h ifl'iI!I.!li~-

or

A~ lUOl:ni;c seale .. we rhcn 'sec an clcc~'ronic snncrure C{lll."'~~ting of a~I~!lg.h clcmCl~~z;. i~o d strucmre, in To 'i,!"'P~oro]~lC ~~ .. ~u:1i mT1,1allll~~~li:!li~S. or ~h~,~C' [rib,~~~1d [I diMl:rdcrcd I~!\.hio!l a!io.!1g.bo~h ('m"J() p;hcllomcn:!,wc' USlOOan a~o:mk: .l"C'so.~uli{ln H'R d·ircctiolls.With in this I'IIL::!Irix. arc eml'll..'ddcrl4ull'mIUlI'!' spatia II~}I ]m<lging 1?(.f. I..~ Eq. ,..Jib, r wide tlll OCI iroc~i()m~1 regimlS or ''dom;l!i~ls:' 'FllCSC 1'i!\."C·OllISC !.hC'}'m:tt: Ill'ft(xilic ~lIO]~g the F~Jil'llre 3, A m~d B. :iiho~'" ,ypic>!il ~(III]11J".gI'l~')h~c domajns. ilnmgcs. or~hl,.;'OI('IOInld BiO~'I)'cl'l\. ohr:."L:illC'cI by Io:!~g axi)'i, aPJ~e;lr 1$1be ()rdC'~oo- RC'if'l!C'iL1.in~ 4f1U" wid~ do:r'Ili.!~m .of lhis t.Ypc :II.IL' ZI,h,\I'ay~ Urrl~d(;,f~\,'~W;. un cl)I'nJil.~nk lIl:tI.,~hi.~h vutun:r,. of d~ltt'litmal. (;):I!Llld:un~ nloll!;!; one or ,[]lhcrClI..O Nn·C( 'OC ;)IHd By-Bi211 ~. rt:,il;peCE i\,,,I),, niL\' dil'OOtiAI't 11~~1l'i" the mn scnlc~ tllie c:lt~coroillic :n it!<righIL';SllfC,1J,1O\I'IS in Fi~, 3A inc!k'3t~ t~le locHSIirILK'IHOC ofl]~('S\!: Iighl.~)1 hO\I:~-(klpt'lielllpr.fu!c:;, I iQ,ns .0 f Clm~)I1i1s, lhm mire d ireel~Yflb{J,vc I.he eu .'IL10rn1lSnn Nn·CeOC 'WhCl\.ilS thos.c in Fig. JB Il:rea.ks bOI.h e" s,ym.mctU)' fLltd lrnn:sJfloim~.'IiJ ilildicatclhc Bi a~om~~tluu 1lireobov,e the !L'u S\}Ilmn:n:y oftb.c id~,~ $qlmre crysla~ lattice. J:n Fig, 4. A ;!Ind D. \\'C: 5iI0\\' hi,ghc-raliOlns ill IDy-Bi2::! I !, The dark cl,'Q£HI'Wpt.iJ ,uc'" giom, ill 'Fiig, 3A lttl! the mni,'<sinS n m.OllJS and. iu [lCOO!ltJllioll s~udies of ~'qllliv:llc:tn.dom'lins II,rom. f'~ 58, ,a'Ire di~~m;..::d l3i flll:milS alo~~gnnruo;hnaof' Na,.C(,,[)C iLifld .Dy-l3i2:2 I 2. rcspccllvc~y (at d'LC
1')1,

procedures nonualise [~Ie lmegrmed dOd!' OiU1!h~ pesitive sklc}, The: eorre,~pom:ljl1£\'arimiolls ill Ti\. iI~djcaW' the: cxlstence of inIClto;:C' atom ir"'.'>C:'d~C varimiom, in c'lI!CtlXll:lk
{because eur

or

dli:ib.ul.UI'ig vi !'IilIal ~y idcnl:ic~11 i uuC'mliii. :>.tn.ICllir,~ illl ~Lh mli~cr.iillJs.. \~Ie- next C-X!imin~~. in, :ritl. 4, B Ilind E. ~u: intennlli ~~1.ruClure0 nile dmn~,ii1i!l; {a!tth.e boxes of d~;;~I:tICC, The moS! obv[:o~s:l!IlJ In'll~bl)' n~O'.i>t Fi~. 3, .1-\ ,muJ B. and Fi,g. "I, ,A mad [)) wid11 ill1l~rt2lnI ab~rv<l~imlin Fi;, 3, C and D. f s 8, loss iCicm.i.fi1;;.nion of :alma tc si~C$ 11\.1111 :;hnul'.Lthe 'Iopo:grnph~'~ Fig, 4, Cmld F.I)(.~I,':ICrtthely). (I r ~d~~lmm:l,niol1a~ and 'C)fJl-ro.,m,tiol1<11 lC'.~I ~1~'{'Il~S Wi;! sl;"Cimlltf.'{li'!l,~Jy [11lo.1l the Pl'ilNlj' ~Pil!ll,,1. i!'l\1!JI',i,mocC' Ithc~I""~i,d "lIi'''L~g,;,:mcn'_~ [lof clecin [11m Lt' ~fUlC!UJ1C' ,;;r~ the' lIan ~("dl,; tht"$;¢ CITI.1(i!ii '\mrIDtiO!l.';; ill thi!' nlOlgl.-l ,,~nt'COll(:~!larr~t(ld !lO~ {lit bC~jl~ \'.in.i!II~I~~Y i!1d;i!~l.iJlgi!lli~.1[L1.d{,un N;J~ TOe 'lhJi.l('~ 5:u'~fi, bUl rather ou ~le' 0 ~~h;: \'" ij[hin ~..u;h and Dy~Bi22l2.h is atse evidcnt Fv~. 3. ('U-'Od u l!om~. Here! the (j@JniJ!~n'l>!l,)'1nml.:!H), 011.'.;.1:> ih ,,~t'IJ~g~,'cl'l~!:.d i~~C' a I :>naf1 ing .n ~hc..rnl\h1 C mld D. ~hii!lIh,(.~ ill~~~'Jn,yl h'UClW!fC S ~h~\'lC IH'b!.:;~d L A long lhir- <b:.i~... aro a li~l~ of U,XY Mi.:n "dOll111~11:;::' a" \'Ii'L,;'11 ~.II': Q\, ~.r..l.nn1~ul'!'h in 'i'\<h~'Ch ,'~~ sil(..">, 1L;!lcl~ \'\.'V~l~!] a hf.!.:ri-.!lnll~1 C'u-O-CI,ii blJVld dlC)' omJ t;llnhr;:ddcd, r~1<11U!!1S rl!llrfht~r l;iI('llf(lt$ of :lind [In (~~h:ubil.ing, higi~ R" nu~'vertical Iline dl'ClJfm:li(; COlfup1c..>:il}' 111Lh~ ~tQ;rn,ic ~C8iIt.:; .. CU,-O·CtLl b®n!rll·ce,!il1!elrre<dl el.ectmlil~:(. gl~as:ll !abe.red::!: Is. the llne ohocnical CU:-JO"·CllOOUids: Inng-.rHl1:J3IC :~piil~[11 ell'det of lilt)' kind, N,:vc'i:'il:h.~.I~:!:,::iijLOOOfIii.:Jillio:tl mml,~!\il;:'; .. :ihu\!f.:,;,nht'it th~y do :lUi\ c :il~orl-rnllg~ - 4fin >: .;kIt! pcriQdl1e:cmreh.llion.'>, w&aerc (~I!I i~ Ilt~ t'u·O-Cu

T.~lc R 11li1lp"t:Xhibia. liO

~ro.~n

.or

with (iisp!i!"rlilil 41'1o'"wid:e dOlilllilli DIS. TO. \' isu~li_ze d'LCSe: SPf~lial ~k'llllCJ1~Smore clearly •.wi:'mkc the Lill) IlIldl'm~R of Filg, :;. C ~Ltldn ,~Fig.3, E ~md

Ih,cSCOXygOl1

dincrenl

sites exhibit law.R. Tbus, R is very For the h.Qr~ZOI1HiI Cu,;Q·Cu bonds
~ end l~leVCrl.ic<l1 ('uA)-t'u

IMI1S'\ erse hJ line

li){lJld~ a~ont .liil1c 2, even thOL\gh IheM!' bond s share a Cu m:Dln tm the' lDl"'lrner of the ssme I1J;qIJl;lU.~. ·n~ !WM W.~r!~C<!I lim: .of ClU ~1:O~t.. aW:Jiy ]rolill (ile: ;[1L.xi:sil" .i~bekd J. and Hille <I , ~I'Im~Cnli5:lhc:line ,pr Q(li.ygcn Sttes IlIm. i~lalll Kl the right of n.xi:s I. Th~ :iiOqwm:;c or hor~"'onw']
I

y,,,O,,C'u bond~~ ,Oll[)n~ linc 4· cxlrnib'j,hl a 1I11~· tOCl'.Iml'yffJ'w ft Th,,'S~ p.tIIU.c[11S ,t'xn!ihul. lim~rmi.

Filg.

,,_

6" A. 2:59n1ilil- R ma~; nil ~GngF

Imlsllilaa, rr.:~

_2

;]1:u:DI!II.~lllC' n iC'a I .Ixis I rtlt'~1J1Uirl~ w ohm.the vd"mh: t!U,llMUI'i L~predsdy ol;(~owick \lIie U~IIld.dle.~~ lunimxilll.~ drJill,KuinsnnriJll R nnl'l,p 1IIInool1ml)' disper:\odwil.h cqlm~ IProoohilit), of orh::JlWi,t:ioll aiong Ihcl'>\'O Cu..{) axes (I:jg. 3, E and F] and wh'lll v~I1IL1<1l1y idenlic:::d snru'C UUI:e in. ooth n1iili!terr..Is.. .t\ 110tCWOro],IY obser\'adon :hon;; is Lhal d1<: 0, shes wilhin (\l~..(·'ll hom"". even nhotlgh symm:cq.ry

~S~! randi!J~ly m$triiJ1.dro el.eCilrel'iK: variations oUhe (iltO·Gu Ibond slate \lliith e~llal prob .. il~lily of ,orr;elit:a~ion ~kln9 '~!h!!tJ.\II:l' ClIl"O.axe~. File eu·l) bom! dir@ctions iI,r!:! ~hm'llmas pairs I(II~ (lrtllog,onal black oil nr-o~~. lih~

riill'l{lll ,on:i:er ~sapparelilt

uyskll1ogl1'Iph iicall>' cq;u iV.Jlcllt.mt:'i!t;l ,elco.;::U1OJlrrcally ineq,l.liv;:dcnt SlalC$ {F~gs. ,J: ruKi 4}, In,gcncml. Ihe ~ura~. ila1'JIJ1;,Tcn1C'Jl~Sof Ih~ ·y·~a.1 oond
I.

~~,utl;.\"ic1>I1111.1i. o ~.~)J,l·a-,mgc n ordC'~~ Nm~"'I.h~l~ss.

nh(;'fl,\" ;>l'li'", >!;~COlr :shOI1,.;.U';Hl3ilC Jl1;kr:~.kll)." '1~lw~~n ol11,:m;S!;"qlll~mt~,11 \'~r! t'C.d !l:r~mri7.'~!II ..~ C'1II.-0~['1I bol1&~!lbJlg ~II\'crtit~~1 [I:>ii~ can ;"B~I:bii: in the

The f)redomilliant pe-ak~ ,ocmr <lit W~'E!' !fIl:(~g:r~ if - (314.0} and ~O'.3'(4) the pe<li6at
in i!lnlits: 2:r.mo' fO,li!liIg:~ .alilr(IiI~~, ,itl!nilil

ins~ '5h:(n~J15

Foor:i~( U.anSif~~Iill,

,if _, tIil4,O) and {:O,U1l,) (ll\Iue ,:u-rO'i-~~)ar@ WIN~~r. Atomic peall!;[; ij ." (ll,;O) and (0.1) tll'@YI!owni by ~ad;arlrmlJS,

~::LfnC slntoc,. \.vhCir~af;the (_'tl·O"'t~bOJld~, m. 'Ii)W 10 eilc!l. ol.hi::Ii and Shilrin!!,l a C~lmCf Cu iltOill ,:lfC cl~clrollikalliy :illcqtifv.dcrll. Mo:>!. lliCIlably. these 1"1\. imag~8 illclicme dtM the CLlpr.ite e~c(:lroll ic ·'cIu.,>Dcr glllls"," 1~~-.11) :i1";ltiS from ~p.il~,r..JI\lnri'-

:JIi.iC!m~n
bQ:llQ.

~lt!

e~ectronic s~ai.e'or each ('iII,-O~Clil;

A~;O fi;ili(-Soca ti! IIf!Le,(~'rQ Die sllrluchlilreiilimln mrli ~he4a~'wld:il' dOlvIililihws:. NCi'\t •. we cOllsi.ck'r the t'flCI'gY diC'J~cmk'ncC' {'I f cicci ron Ie !ttn!ch.!I'C of ~1~ dklm,li r18,in fig. "I. f\~I]lp~l.gh d.lJd ,v i.u!l<l:,ges <U'lC mll ~~~n"i1' th~~d ~. 1'Ip'lli .. 1 ;tmlif.l_,gC'!11~I~l\; r or LIDOS, i!lcl~ '\I idll',ul dlld r'~Pt'iC'lir.t sliU [;L:'~llill mrnl.,tlilp,h:y~ie3~ iiil,fmrii;mtt ~t>i'K,d~lIy ill the

RESEARCH ARTICLE
cn~rgy value at w!lkJ~ tl:ldl' h"C}'1i:;m~r!Cl> (IiC'C"1H", To d,Hily the 1[H;;''''I~Q!l)l, ~~!,,~~'rc the O>J.n,g to C~I (l!"hi~,I~Si~~ C~O~ rhmc, nf the ~.ftdJ' sr';:!i;:~IfI[llI~l ~n~a!\tLmd C!~ till!;: SiLlrr~~~ll of .r~g-.iI,. C :lIldP. w~ ~htliw II :.;dWllr!;m,til;:' ill Pug, SA, The dHd r sji(;cl ra .u"(; !nc'Ii.~In."d ;dOl~ cq~li\ '~!~!"Ill!nc;s. !.!bited 1,:2.), and '" i~! dOI'll,lill& of fi£ .•l, B boll) <!I:l'idEo .md Fig. S:A.lli~ Illili~i!oiif!o;;tm la In iJ 1dnn,g

iJ',t~r~

(Ir c:iQl;"lmnk :liin~U!rc N" ~n~[l,gi~~g lfit:ll, J,4, 6).. tr.m~~:r ~1bW!1.. ~bj~.i~g..ro~~l'Q~llp;ud~y 1;:(I~~~g~lr.~ii~n ~- h . . ..~. ~"pt;:c,(~. if d~p;[]J]~di~m,tI,,~r 1~n;;do;unil1~lk'=". ~~Ir bCe1LlI~~ of variaiions il~ t~!~cJ!ootruni~ :'~3k 2iI

s,~~!~1 ,;J;Vra!lgcmcllt$

v!C,,!oo by TA

mw

lq'iCl'icnt:i! an ~:l\"i.ti~l,gQllp.oJ:lt!H.Ul)'10 deteemine !he il1ll,."Imli dcC'~nmk' :iit!1!!Cl~!'C ef' a 1;;1!Pr.J!.tc ·~Ifi~~i.(' {Fi~. 4J flJ.!r~~i;'lmlfliro, ~~~,ni!fo!,l; tlr dit;l o
~m~iisit;nl \.... idl,lht; "ch~I!o;'r"ph~llOI~.W· t ! J. '::)'-2S~,.[he 4(1(1.'\I~dc d'L't:ut.'!lilic dO!n,jl!~n.<; ~d~Ofqlrr.~~.'Jll c",cdk'!~1 !;~!"Id1idaile's,'to. be ~hc ~bkIU~IPUS ··(:hl~[L,.'!"8.·' of'!hg; !ECG ~!.1~!e. F:illillJ~y.out ~~I'I1pl~1~I!jp .¢:>\hil'l~1'~~W b;:ltU(1'U~
~pt;,~[f
b~O~{1gy

cm:h Cu·iJl.!('1i.! t)[l!ncl Shieh a ~mnd·OC'4!'L;'n.:·dell;l;';·

s-

lint~rlilbc~ed 1 ,~lJibd4 ~ItC l1ik.cn ~fl ~ ~{-qIllL,"iioc tW,'oi': fil.lnfillli'OKyg~':Jil s.i!Q;w~~1'i IOllll"empty s.ir,,""";i; .iul !tii0lWQenl. \\Iho;;:i\.'a. l.ho.'>C.aIDi~~ lines 2 and 1 are !ak.Ci11 II s~~,lleH~ or ri\'~p!lallar at cower sites wilil four lI,,'\;.ygc~l ShiCS in be~w,eell. In oo1Ji~

or

~mJ1i,gJ<I~~rilil!!!il!. .. ic ,!lid Wll1i'~~~1~110 cupr.lta, \¥n~l:td pmvijl; ;J ~jll~HI~ihl~ nlcl COI:i:si..~kn~ ~'ltl~1!1. .. llaLi:O~ll "0:[wllil'loIllg •.r.IIJ@.C' ~P!lnlCtl~J'gI,,"«.d~~t1d-w ~~e !iilllpo=roO:lidi!lclivi~}'[[0 ni.g~'uly hnl~·doj'k;d. 1 ... C'Llp-m[c,., ll1is. eeex ii>l:; :;I'il:'i:~hlJUy \... it~l Ih~ Irl'tJ.j]d· . states !Ire i'im. J!.!lcct(ldm. low dOpb~l!!.. Ttltln.,;:J'ii'l~ fisymi'l1ct[)' InC'r~ mcmeI1~:o; .lli,re rentcrud IHumelin!!f ~~inmelry paU.cn!$ ,d~sCi'i~d. .. hell!!. A Il'rio:l'i.~he TA. Wnliil!:ll, repre:;ci11.... vllrim,dc:s.ii:nC'd K'i yi;{!M .kC:jI inFonn1i1t r.o,n on ~IOO' c-.orro·

co."!. \'1/ hli~ in ,C'O'!ch -k"lo"widc '-.klmai¥l. ~~~. IlDijs(!lI~$iQiill aJliiliBl ((lndl!ls:iQ!i)s. B,,;;c-'oI\ISC \\'()' 1~l1d ;nuid~y ;dl;lll;q~11 ~,hcrmmr;ml .~nN,.·CCO(" ... a:lldDy-B ill·~.2 l>;lIlll,pl!l.<> orL1tdil-~~l,y d1inbi:\:J1l p.~'~yS;cil.l, chcriliiC'J.l,~uli! dOPii~l~l ::>WC'~IilIIit', U\ill1.Criil~~ specili;c cxpllaalaticlITIs. lJ4. 35) ror Ihe 11\ ,~nCCI. ,all b!: FLlk)d 01it In~t>Cad, we oolls~idC'I I hc..",c rhel1o:rncml t\) be- Lntl"insk c]cclro~k clmm'C.J;clI:i~~i~ ill\.: Cu02. rhiIlH:, fi.l['b.h..:ililmk; I,~I~ 'l:trQCDS; ,or rcpoii1~d h.ere CmllIDII. ll>!.:gm~rnoo by inldividllml d~1POlnt ll~om.,> OOC<lIIlI:SC (~Icre is m1ly .. :single dop-ant <bWnllor evcry-~.o C~-O"('lIIbonds and. in any I:1!.SC. 'they oc,cur at ,quite di fl:errenl, iocat uons in ~hc;lurlil celli> or Na"1 '0(' and Dy~Bi~::! 12,

a c:I!c(l!-on~c. Imsn(ll )Ie! been ijndt,.~1iC'I!dI!r!~ 1;::,,1 · !h~ :oiJullcrc(tnducl.i ~IIt}' cQn~~,~I$ dekx:: ~i;lod ~y i b~,IK-d lor the 0:!J'!!l1\l!.Oi uf oh.trgc-dL;'.)Jl\iily vO"tll'l• d·'W'i\'~'L.lre,C'uron p~~i¥joi, HO\v ~lIei~ dii.~~:1rO'lw er,;" r ,llI'ilfw clt)~]i!!g, ;Jl'ldi htlw 111..: flll,n, I timts ~[:n.·rTt,:~~I~ts'Ln!d .~I:S:\l OOllwin q 1i.lI,IIUllll'n ~bell);;;i:),1 O(tt;_" i,,~ :ina)' IJ~~ li....... ion (25) "!;;'<SOCf'H!:'d wid] h~lliI.·s~~ !ol(<! H h~!cl'li:r-cnc-c e IIbC'~!'l'13_'1l\, ~n ~Lddil,ioll!. ~h~ relmiun l!cti,vil)l e~lL,.'L"'gL,.'~ :fl,'om between d'te higB~"l~\1lI!~'l,g}':a HI.mP$ and dlC 10\\>- !L,.'nl,l~cr-a!ll~ro!ilu~}Cr-CQnd !.hi~:;nu.\l \'II~.J~im:roa:;.cd ,clopillg.~nl'~ ~I]to b~ C!~L,,~rgy l.Iifdl' In!i!~l;;' '~:i.ll(l~mpk~d}' 'Ulld~'rntot!~l i For t;xan~Il~~.FoLi~r ~ro~~~~mrni\; d,(id l' n~I:IiiIgl,l:;. d~'~ml inml of :U 1£ -e 50 me\( re\"'l':n!1 ",c~I\"'CkC'rLlo[IIRI" ,cl!lhU' ~e:re~e:ri!Q~$,a N,Q!tll'~' ifld ll'tfld~l~rLl~O:ifls wil.~!pcakS. m if ~,(OJ/4) lind lJ/il.ln :l" ~. Z~m~ G.¥!" )iU'!!Wty, I, W. AClen.. Phfl'. Rtlv. ,~l" 5:5. (6). TIllS imp~l'CSIWQ. at Ilr,cseJ1l. inailsti:l'Ig,lhisJ'I. 4111 (l'9M}, a ltiil.c.pos.sibi:lit~es :aMnJlt the rc]miobl5:. between R 2. r.. i. (l'Iffi flrll:, ~.t'i~, l.t'n. 66, l04 ~l9'lJ. 'I" M. II. I, M~nmi!:, it [st6, 6. kSa~~.PIl~~~,. 8 nup=> nnd dlfdV ,rn~ps: I{ill~hc pl'ljJsiC<llI crni,t)' 0:1' 46, ~'9ll6 (l99n" the l'Ionrn-cclltcu'C\l domJin~ Ill;~yill:pI)C'lU' dilTer,~" P,W" ~dtr:s«1, t.I, 1'1: 'Oil!» J. ~ Clem. SoUtf~', 6 cnl,~Y in tlilC two C'xrcr~l~wll!al ~u;mlitic~, (sec SU]l>1\ {~!)IJ~~. w~lh .. clt.'t.r K'dlll(~io~ oJ dJldJ' tOW<lOOE = 0, IlOr! UV\gCI!1Jhn~ lCXI I): :lml.ktr~ .~i) !he loc.alifXd !I. M. lii.limdl!!rna. R. ~n!11lffln, N. TrlloMl~ f.·C. 2ih~ln~. Fl'I,III: 1\ll1l. ~(. 9~w 1301001 (JOIMo}" dckl!c.llizcd lovt.i-cncl:gy Thcsc~ypcs ors~11 shapes. and tile di:ffC!l"'C'Jn de<:trol1ic domain ....L'lffec~. 6, t Iia~agiltrll !.I[, ~L.1M'~ru.rc ~;'!I(I. ]:001 ~20[J!:!), state-so po,>;;s]bly \I~,R ~<UiI.tl'ing ]nK-rJ:G'II,,'ncc (36). C'11Cfgy r.mgcs in srunlPk~ Wi~l di ITc.rcn~ Tc:. n~lay ,. K. IIlI!Elmv 6 Dr", PhYf,Ill'll'. tN/.~4, 197,Q@S (2.Q05),. But ~ndcpC'tH_!cm or Wilich Cx.pbmllio~J ror indi.c.<!.1C njlC'1r K'IJJt!1111 IOdre :illQ)cJ'C1l'Indl!lc!i\r~IY, !3. y, J, !.Jeo,~ril~l ol. J. ~(}Ir;tJt{,) (oMcq.: 4~ 2m1i' U9aal. '·c::hl.!"Cik(.'!hoalfdi'· dNd] " unodllhllliol'l~ ho!d:lt, th(,."'!I.C 1~~!ilg·r.gJIII~1l: ~le:~tlr~:n~(ml!;l(!I:Il~. Rctumin,!',l 'it D. It. 1f!a1rl1A:ii1~iit I!'t uL, P'll~fWf. B ~I!, !!5i:l! ,(US 00" ~o ll:'~~ hll:g~~ st'IIr;;, ..,llig~, R .[rm,? ~hrn.\fll1inF'i!i!:_ (l IlleW 1iA-nrr!)t!I.!ililJ!.~ l()(;Ill'I iqlll'Cii ,~D(: \""1I;:~1 dt)ril1~d, 10, Cl'I. I\iJgm~\r t~'at I'l'l~ ~ .i.l!.'I!t. 80, ~80113i~'l'!l913). U. C. f!~~~u1Ql fr.' I!f,. ~ 1M; ill ~'6. 064150:1 ~:tlOO2i. ,~~)::rJ:'i:;; II 25.m!lli'II:! Irul[~M of vut,"\v" No IOllJg.t~1.I.1~\\' 3VOOC! Ih~ s;y:sli:\lli"-l,tiC' ennIS liuln ('(;.:::,i.l1 dlldt' 12. A. '1'., ~sadt:1 6 til" i!t.i~, oIIt;v. .i!il 6~014S 24 ~:lOOZ~. oruC[ Gilirn be (k:I.t~'lod (C'I~1l fiLiI 10 50 mn: ~lig,. DI'iiillgiu!g. n.cCi.."'-" l1ighcr.cllcQl.Y sCflk'S~hmiFCvi. B. $, !iilnm~. G. J!!.lod'l. G. (on(,}j;, A. 0, Hi~lier, It I)e RtlUil 53). Bliltlhc fourier lr.lillSlorm ofstl.eh l?: n1IflpS 01l,'lly. <1I,l1d l1'1:li1y lTC' em] on~iglufl!!llf~cw ph}'5iCl'l.l My,>. lI'e~~(. 93, 207001 ~OI!), inio:rnuuiml (1 5~. I~ :imctto .F~g.6) .iI'C\'Cll~s rlirlhc r slu~r1L'>Cs: The 111- ] .. H~r.e.. c. I!'. 5IKh~[. (.t l'IIilllng. :A SrJjl~ :ll5" 3:3.9 m02~, HCCiiluse t&le TA imfl,gG ohva)'s (;m~t3~11 4(10' rrcdQmi~n3nt rell,,,,"s occ~lr lit wa'l"C' '\lCcwrs fi ... 115- 1"1.'1 Gt'~ril, I\!I. ]. (u~ M. ,fIi:i!:k~r, I! Biii:litt1~Ft. \\ ide 'Unid:i l'II.'Clionnll pa.u.CI'iI15 • .fltl o'hVUO!lS q I:IC51(3l~,O~ilnd 1O'.3/4l (il1l unilS ()b'~1itlfJO" WllC~slh,c ~J1. fM'I:. ,uti. 96,. 017002 (21DOO), peaks RI q ~ 'rl/4Jh '-'lid UJ.l./4) 11131. w(}uJII iJ.c [Iron is. whcd~cr t~cy arc :SCSHll;,'1IUS oft~'tC cilargd 16. ]" H, ChI), f. Borsa, '0. (.~OI:tn~oo. I!l. R, T'Df~f!':I!(!fj, C'xpcclCd frivially rrou~~.3 -4fll!! ;>i 4(,1'0 m{)dut~uiO:iiI spin-orucred •'san;pc;s" (17 ··41). Il is iJhtgucd rrom ~~ !i'ev. .tI~ 6, 31'19' ~l!!J'9'2L :It:;!\ F. (. Chil~ II!!' ~J.,j,~. R~: ~i!l1,.!!'1,2;lZ;! ~19'I1;!J <'IIJ'C w~kcr; We I~ndtha,t ~hc:ilc dmrnC'lcri.~ljc TA, m~u.tron SC<lIIc:rin,g tht'lll 4flQ"wide Il.iilll d iifIC"Cti.om I 113.MAil. tuHtn li!t 17l.•. ~fW., ,t~t/. 8~.,~O~ ~U'!ii~~, UmXl\IJIJtim10 al 'i - {3t4.0)3I1d tOJ/4~'Ot..:;~n· nOI l(mg.-I';lIl,g.C ell moyc 0I1k:l' forms ]hc 'b"", is of sl,mic 19" P. Me Sin9sf, .f!.. W_ IiIunt,K Im~F, Pnrs~I'l't!¥. l,e1t HfJl b«auSIC mL\j,lIlgbctwccn I ~14,,0) and II. ,O}. bl!~, :>1J'ipC's H1" ·IS}. ('on$lstCI11 \~,'jlh thispl[cwrc. 0il'6~ ~2o!m, p,rhnruii ~}' hcc<lIJSC dH~ 1l1!IIi'ilima in R typlc-alll.y I~S'OIt"II~ X"rny .~aqu~ringin .La.I;8i~Barull:f l~Oi! 2,0, R. mer; S, ~eo;y. A, ~iIOigel, A. ~ftl'!,.Mys. iI1'll'• .8 ,~,
,l..V!,h~bi~s. nUl;:'~II!,i.l:itl~. bul h)w-cu~-rg)' :1~";~Dur"\'-;:,; ,~iuni~"rIO~hOt1c lill,!.;' I: I lne ) sh(lwsh~ghl.:l' TA: .1mdline 4 shQ~vl' ~lC' h ighcsl. TA ,,\'i.h wc;d .. k~w~ ~'\!'Icr-gy fl.'<lU"H"l,;'S-,These ~~;J;t~.cp!.""of dlld i' S~lJt.;'(:1!t<I ~'.:J]ibil!JnimJr :.y~lllli!"'~lry "bout ~he Idolml;lin'~ \.'l~i:II.ic~1 ,a,i$. All spt..~tIn show II PIt'!I1f1L1Pl~-d ~~millre tlt B - +WO nmV i;.... r~ m:~lmr,d fefrturrc i~J~ ~1C"'dl"E ~ HlOm~V btu ~n~sk.oo.lJy Ihc ~pidl rise due 1.0 1.~nlncHnlga.")'lll1neIrY. The lm~'.''illC'.f.'gy I:e."m.lrcs., whcti~~r or ~'l1~" (lines I .,md 2) or shoulders ,(Ihle:!> J J~[J 4), ~l~l'cnJ' .~ ±IO> meV .Iit for N~("CO JlId ... , 20 mc,vror D!l(~Bi12.12T
0tJ1d I~!~~V
~.~I'!.¢ 2

~lmtcria~s. tIK')i revea! ::;:inai,l:lr :srmIL:~ C\ lllLllio:n•.;: line I :sil{'i~'1'i>.)ipcc~rn wilb minim;!1 1'/\ and dCOlf IGw~nerll.j' rm~u~'ji. ~!0 ~m::Vin Na<'CQ" (m

1miOIl~ affect e]>;.Ic~rollic !i~ntmuL'';: of the ho~cdoped cl!p~,nes: i-I. 5 BIn 'Ihe ~~linml)l :5p:JI~al l
~I,

~kll~

~ion

10 HlJl.:Clkill

in (~IC illi.t'i.Oor l);f,ob.... ilily orc.i\::clmll b imp~yhls, allOmicall),

C:'!!:.I.i'i'C\iEl:r'ji~lg,

corm~!I.S! [n 1',1-\ inll'lg .. .. 'I~lhl.lllg11 lUlldo~h~!;!(~ly I'iR"ib,-,bd~~)' c:lbJ:lf{IIl1ic oc."CM~mu;y, B)'oorlu~a"". ~ of

-2n .mpid 'fA

in D)'-Bi2212~:

or

or

or

1.'CVt'<I~~, 4tlor'l'JCrJ{~dic m(Xr~1 ~,d(ln,,~ fh[llc {I

(IXY M.I;!~ ~,~~c:;

<It

{44 }~. l,l! the B

~1t.'i,11~

ri~~'!l~ ie';· ,u·gm

,~c!!8ily

@ll5W a~6il,
2:L Eo.S. Bttiin,
2:;!_

:;,~:.,.IL' C~'I;"C[I·nJl!'f.:'i1 fl!,It~tUL'l,; or

IJU Ii.; rRJW n~

~~.I,; lIIlm~u;·"l\\ri.~··~:\'

S.~uni~il1"~}',~hc 'c~ ••ion by r._l_m.lomdOI1'II1t di!l~ !ribu~i(J!n~, or \'.i'1.lI!~d 11' id~JlliC'a II 1,II~idiroC'~ io~~,il hil.fl in b;l ...B~r:'UD'I ... uad l'I!,{J,.,_J\l'OoAStiCuQ'1 4~{f\~\Iid~ t:k~trtmiG tl!JJ'lNlIill ... ~nbo~il .uii~teri[!lls ..t :y = 1I~, hi ~Ialy ca$C:, din;'Cl ~'l1:l!-eliori off' ,.j{"u. \\'id,.:: lirl~,dtr!.5e'~oc,li.111l:]c.enrorbiic dort'iailit;, by STNl O"'!i,.!!'" 4) 3pjX"ani. ~~'litrlclrn'iClyillilikdy. ]iidc,,-d,Dhc " MARCf-1 2007 VOL

direcl. l\1J!iJt~lros;eo[1,il,;~H1>1igJiug U99.U, h8~, bC1..1·1~I1'llchi:c"abl.c. Ollllr TA ,dilltt on 4(10· l 2~. H. Tat..agief aL, f'fI~ ~ tf1!t. 69, 297$ U9.9:il~, ;toll. Y. Am tb. ,G, :5. .B~Ji.iriger. A.. f':!!,1iI1i~f,T. :KiITit~~. w id.c unidi UIi.,"'Cliol1il~ ()n~.aiU~~ (fngs. J. 4\. <1l1ild 5) d K. Ki~M~, f'hyL J'll1ii'~ ~ 75, 4MZ (t~9~. SCCIVllOOllSJStc:llt \vithl~;; ei'iperiim'lCflE.1 ~ IJ ndcr2S. F, if., lIilAiI~m' f'/tl1:" NaMt'<l2I11, '~i2 '~20,0!!'. sl:arrd h'l£ {42 -44 j of the "SIi;~1CS" ill b.,·k""Cd J6- t.. I!j f.f o.t J M~tll;j,MClgt'l\ .Mft(ft. :U1"l!I:U~,ii\tTIl1m1,2Q1D6.. CllPL'U~~.' C'X!."!':plIhai. ~~ere i.In,,;n; i~~ nollong. 10.,$:lS: {2006..L 27, ~,J. Pad,!iIa. ~\. I)UflillITl, :5, :Kl)m.i~, V. An~~, [), t.I, 8a~0\!. rft~I&'e order Ico:m,istcnl witll I'!..~uh::> [rom ~45U. ~,.. Ii/e ..... B ~'~. ,1051'0'1 ~,OO~A ·Hl(l-Ssi.b!ee:qdrumlioll is that a CliI..ob.('u bond· ~It j, M, 'WI~flq,ulld~l, N'. llhi~ltId. ~, ulMda, ~ k~v.8; 519, ccntcre.d dectro:n ic gi<IiSs.Jltholag;lrl ul:l iqL) ito us l~iU U'9'99), in Cl![lral"" a:l. ]~Q\"~lole doping.uuay be' C(J!ll2.9. O. i'armU~, A, Ii~rg~, I'~ lUI'" .B S'il: S::r;II'li tli'J'!il9l1 3"k G. PNllre'l'. M, MaI1l', fJ.. MortO. Eo ~'!IIlIl,m.. PI'ryf, ~. i!l vcDtoo to Jong~r.n\~c: :sIalic "slfii~e" ,order (h.!c 71, OU:5lA, (2005,)1, [0 unique' Cry.5,I'Qi :-yr:t1lTmclry <!f!d COln~lCIl$\I~I·
lK-"Ca~I'l'i~

'G" II" Kt\i~, H. ldk;l!jj~j S. I. L B~L'mg.~, M}5. Rnl. l€il. S~., ::;8056 (211ltOO), '\1_ 1- lEj~il)'; 5" A,. ~~I~", PtIt'.I'#@i C 2!~~'. ~~1

n, h 5t:1i1l!l~l!"'!it. G. W@Iyn~, IM~ p.

(l'IlOIJ),

~i

~.w; !!t5, !!t~6

32. N, HiilssemBllal'!n,A. H. (, Wtlo.. C. M, Smillll cr'. EiilU'o1~'II'kcl fitly;; Re.... Mi. e2.,. :213'5 n 99i9~.

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

3.8:,

's. .II!.

.~ it. IE/own,. ~. ifradkifi" S:, A, t;irf!lsofl, iiIJ~, ktrt; H 71, 224m. ~2CW05~. lS;, '1'. ~~n,. T. "" Rkf" F. C. Zhi!l~!iI. fihp, Jirefi, ~~r;9!7. 2~,£!o~ ~2(10i\~. .3\6, !I.. C..ap!li!!tl.ij, I!)" ]. S![<l!..iipimI'JJ It 0, s~~~ct,.iIl'Jlp, RoIiI'. 8 ~,
N. fIIi!M.. s.,.: ~d1d'w. f'h~, R'miI, l,m ,&2, l,~~~(:It91l9). 3:PJ, .L ,Za<li!l~1l, c, &i1llD1MoOfl. Ph~ llfil. iI ~. 73911 U:ge9~" 3iIl', s, It lM1Ii1i1', O. ]. S,ala.mo. Phys., RW. Left. :eiQ: ()1l9'1l$~. .o!(i!, V. ],. Erne!),. Ill, K'1.~i50l'!, ]. 1'1\ Tr~!'1qu~'. lhJr, Nr!tl.

~~~~L

t:h1e1.1!;oo. E•. Frililfkin.. V. ]. EmE'Q'. Ndll/e l!l!3, 5SCI

42'. II.I'.'L Tit.ln!;l!J~a, 8. ],. Sl.emlieb. J,I), ~. 113. 44.

45. 4!l.

31'.

~'a, (l'l!;115(11;! ~~OOO)',

un

.~ SI;,- U-U!lJi6. a 8M ~19!l51l ~,LS. sacltid'!\!, K!l'I'. MtJQ, Phfl. i!:,~9'H (2'003,,"

s,

J. b_1!I, ~!'!d F, C Zhai~91 ~~I~M CO!1~~~iO!1~~!'!d f(!f 'rMl.mtlm~(atlM~" Tih~ won~~~ ~IfNJOrlwI ~~ th~ UI,S. El~p.;!!1mmtQ~ EI~~, O~lo~ ~ ~~';';I! f1Je~~rd\ Ui!wr~l 56M~ and !;lI9im~iiili!l Reswdl (Oqncill)~ C~n.ada!, Gr"n1l:,irn·l\idll[iCif Soi:i!!mlific '~~rm f,om ll'Ie ~~imhtry III

'11'. Mi'I~mllril, 375. 561 U"~'5~" l' M, TMlnl4lrn~, ~ 0.1,. HtlfofJIf!' oiIl9" s:M (~1JiD4). IP. AhOOmmt~ fl~L. Nrlt ~ 1,. iSS (lOO5), ~ :S!llil~i{j « I!i'., P/Jop. !fI~. g. 75, ~i'51.0<4 {200n Wt :td:n""'1i!d~ ~f'ld Iihilnk, P. A!l:lbamnl~ p, W.Ai:lcmoo.. E. D.ii~ctta.. i 4. K:l'!'eooJ\ IDA! I..et. A" r, ~e, . ~. P, On,. .M_ II.;Jn~~iI~ T~ lot. Rioo, 5,~htJ'~. A, Sanlll\!i1t. G, :tl ~mll.k)i, ill. 1, s::a~plM. J. 1'.'1. TfIllncg.u.t!lii'. t.I, VrL~dl, S" 11:. 'Imlile. '1'. J, UmiUril,

S. U'ot;hid~ ~Ul~

Stiience ~~Ii[duc.diall {J\JlliW", a~d 1n~ .n~l;.GeIl~w:r' (~m~~ @~ E~~U~ I1w!)~ro'lmlf(Dr1Ju~ :5<~d~tty gr ~ !I!~ PfIlmotian aP S:d!!~~t!.~I!!IIOI\!(ohiJl '~LI,ppm IS ~nowle~ II:i' ftF, Irom ~~CAIIiI ~'nd b.~A.S, Iff!I'fI lhe' I'!ml:t !'l~~0!I1!;!J OUi~'.

n~n

:S!Up;PO:lftingl Clillli.lrI~Materfial
nNr"![ii!nCema!l.OI.9!.~gilcOlilIl!nWL!lI1l.113&50{li4roCl

~1i'~;(1 Fi[J!io.51. te !l3 ,!!!d'eJ'en~~ 8 Df!reOOilr 000:6; 1Ku!llre!il 26 ]!lnUilI)' 2007 :Pu~li~~~ QIfII~~ I ~~!t!~<!ry :tltlli'; 10,lU~ie~~~" l,U8~9~ ,1l'i,UiJd~'fhi~ rrl,'[iOIlLIOlI~ooll'fhl?n t:itll'l;j) Ihi~ ~~r.

, II _
~_

W!i,dI n(lflt~ g:rry ~,~.Qtl;£\lh ,octhlr!n ...tiG!l ~o ~~~8C gJt!lst!D(lhi~ r!!li I~n,; ,(if'), H)·~;,ut;rl!I!~~1;:!i~r1 of their com~,u[i(m"" ~'t:ral J3MCis ~lm,"'¢ bt;:t:I~ ~hu:tli:J, in cxhibut :;,~b:>nmlliia! Iy l noC'iJ1c~ls~d:l!.IIJ~ii;t._ j ily ~", 60,'9), Uffi'I,lcvcr, l~C: l~yp[ldl.!C:tiI.~ have nOl. I:n m!1ltrri!lst 'to, the peer Ipl,a,stli(nty'~fla,t is u~llIaUy o~servl!d 'ilill bulk metaUic glasses, sllJpe,r plastkilly is been lill ~y'!;'~rir.cd. m~tImctheds fur cO:i'ltiiia;l.~ irrlg <IIdllie'Vedl all morn ~empl\ra~lJue'in ZI"ClllNiiAl~'Yflthe5ized t'ilImu~gh '~he .i!pp:rloprilll~e dmi!:e of 11!!i Ihe fo:1TI1!lliorl. ami evalutkm or shedili Il~ilnds in, UIIllJlo:~ition iJ~ (~.Iltr<lnilligle~a~tij~' nm(J:lJii. MinQ5t rudur'5 "1m.alysisindk.i3J~es tlhat '~!!l! super 'P li3i~'~ii{ B.MGs It'] iitiJj"o!"~ dil~irr~a."lic iE~ is an::i:i'~~ui:lbulk liIl@talik ~!.sses are 'Ciom~miedl cd ma:rt(iJ regi,on!S sl1lntlll!lIId'@d by s;oU r'@!Qr]on'.i, which '~n'<lb~!!(h@ ill~ ehaHe.i1ge. . Ig ~asses to 1II1l1dl!l'igCl~rlUe' nl '0 f mo re than 160%\, This~; ndiing lis suggesl~'II'e Q~ a so ~lIItjOIll to slra~ It w,m$~tt'I~ly 'u1ildllml 1.&1e h)li!!;)lmc.~ the prolble:m oir briiUl.elnesc5, ~n, and he ~impliG3ltiom for ul1ci,e15ti3lmliililg the defol1l1'i!lt,l0n rnaehanism B!M.G~ool·It:'liine,~ wilh p(ii.~:5Q.'i1'!i. ml i!.'i \' {J l~.t'\.. ,of, metaUlc glas,ses. I<l.uye v is oogm'dcd :I). <til Lnclica:tor 'orthe r:iastic

S:upIB'lr' Plastlc Bulk Mle:tB,II'ic 'GI,B:S,Se:s. at Beem lampslr,atura

~bml!<ltt'{)n {I rrllm

11;111'11£: SiJ.C1Ifbands t~lm\.gl1\)lJ1.

~llIllllc is needed rul' ~mproving i~ pia:,ticit}'. bt,.,"C<l'~ ~C~ oond ~on~T'jhlJl~ to Ihe p~;'IL~I~~i.'IY

or

f!i,ldurc:~:iO!1f yaiu!. ~i~ Vl Hn\\'¢~ ,~r. wi:~b iI~o ereasi ~!g s~l\:lID!!\Itlll. r!:IlsJ i~ic)' i~ IIr:nmfIH)'redllo..'ti.

Vgl1 )llU'C~I§th Jla.~ been

;1IlJd ~,~,IS

<I ~Ol'!;!. .5~'~~ldin~ -

ohjL,;'A;lli~'eIlumHl."tI in 1!~1h; ,U1d ,~Ik'lj"i'o

oft{;ln

"L:OJ! i(;,\ I;iJ

cllfOIi.l£~,h

niL:!

Thi. tre.td hrlS IlICc;:iKt~cln, 11aJtoe:rysr.\'ilinlelj;lel'~L~ i lli.ltd !I!to)'li., which dli;sp~!llY hi~hly Ii n~pi't}\~~'>d ~~:~rugJ.~!fu!ul \'~ry liulil!l,_~ rllai~cDc d'cf(lml(U~ iCll] ,~l h
and IJ'Ibu~k 1~'I~ll:lllic gJllS:;e.~ '~BMGs.) w~lh eemplc~dy diwr(Lcl"Cd. 9lm'll1li.c s.hctures. HMOs. ~'l~I,'VC:strollglhs .f[ppflOi'['1d~h~1llt~IC IheoM.icJl limil. ,t - YOMi'lg.'s 1'II~Od-lIllUS Ell 0, (3 )', but tblcir plmsticity at morn tetnpcrnllwc is VCI;,I Im\', In I.mia'<.i:.Il ~en..lon, Ihe Illfl."t.lk ,o;!min is :nCiJu" zero' I E'o~n ~! ~Kl'croomPJ.'!<'ssiO~l. ~hcrl;!i,';,!k ~lu~i1!!i~l p.1Il1!iJl.~m; ~till "1.11)' limih.xi , _%,1, 'i~lIl~tun.!!l~ium :i<h\;'.tJ·~oc;da i;t:,lIlon ,utd w(Jrn:'i()Ih:~liH:!il.lui:k of pl.a."'i[icity .~l1nkC:i,HMG~~ pmn~ w t'~m:\Jtmp:V!i~ jf;:LitLlru in~ lond.lx:;:ulillg ,("(lndli~ioll,," <l!1di ~.j;I[it"~ Ut~.ir wide .. _~pR,;'1KlIJlilllpJk,m l'olL lll! r,~ ,llso h il1del':.p,ro1;:i.'ie ,,"cilldy 0111,'iiOnt", rilll~m{;'iJlUnl iSl;lIt;i\. ill :!;l1,1:ic~ ~lI1Ich oN dte d(~lhllolllmlior.Jrmx1lmli~m rIIncii Ilw dym:ulltcs of plili:stic ,dc(omlfL'[Llm. h~.wllk:h Iilrwc plf15lichy is l1£lId0d, for tk13ikd m:mIIY:'>Il> (5), .P:lrllSlic dcflJ)fI1~fllim~ of lt1cmHk: .£Imsscs [II room lCmllCrntlll'C' 00;; LlI"S, htrlougl~ tile fo.IiI11illio:n I

b<l!V~Cband is lcealieed ~n hUl )Oh!"',~r b;uKi.;::. "]lhC'roclbre~ bri~tl~!1(l:;ti: i~ ro· !;l."!'l.l~dl,,1::0. ,nt il!Qrill~k::d~lbe! t~f ~~llfrallC' gla,,~!l.'M. i EntU1~"hl(a\'~~(:n 1J1:l1ik U) ~llh'llt~X~ Ihe pJ~~tDC'ily BMG!i. but :~nt1lll 1(~C!];:o;OIl~lk~ fuhri~u~i{!n!.I:l' 11MG {'om!liQSlk"il (6 9).11. it': ~~PC'ClOOII11m ~l'lc

ami

C\'O~I.!Iion

or Sh,~1'

ehm'3c~cr {I Fil BMG and cmJ~d 11'~fCratiC be tq,~d

as ~Ilnea!l:'; or

id\:'m~r)rtr!g kl~i~ p

Bj\i[l!'

(9).1iI ls

id!.".lt \V,1L1,1\'Cr~II(;-dif~;•.du(:~ik'

f~.(;l;~\:«1

and ill hriui!;! Mg·bnll~~dllMG~ U 21.

or

ill. f'(~~ba'<Ct:I B~IG!> nlw'[di&:llilay !i;'ruS&fl\ (;1: from brilL~"; 1.0 du(G~il: b~'h:JIvior viII tbe ,"lI:H]I(O.1 of ~' ,II J). F'u~'chcil'lYl.o:r'L!. il 'MrS also rOim utlll19l clast ie

,I~ \¥~II

13M(i (91
.l:ll

tn.

Tio:

I,

t
.t

Cl
.r-

fig
600 1,0(, 750'
81))

TOO1pem:tulfe (K)
IFig. ll. (A) A.ff,~tfmily o~ 'C!lIJ~r:t.em1!rv .ZJr{IlINiiAIBMGs h (I\b~ilil~ilil the oolil'lpO~itD,en range! (green gifeallrn thf'(l~ 'Ciomp!)~ili~lls t(cird6 lal:l~led nw 53,), \.i5O large'if l1~lgtwe' t(!l tl1a~ olf otl1,eil' ~(lmr IPo~ili'llniS h~e 1jI'a!I,gf!'~ vOir theZr(uNiAl BMGiS '~vithpoor pla:slidty (Jlr,e lfI~rm"~ly around 0.3.65.). 1~(Jr mhie rtlpresenltati'll'l' Irml1le'~ BiMGii~ iind!ud·oo~or ,oompalrh,cm. {B:} x~ilJ p\ilIUems o(tlri,e BilAGi5.~nl the r~riif! of '$dIilm rotis ~h(Jw 'flO (lFf:n~b. ,t:]I, XRD s!l;aulNin~ ,,,flg:le: aJ.I.! •• ~lI'bj,W:!1lY 1lj1l11l'S, (C)~SC~!i!fV~S; eixhi bit. ,distind. '9laS15 tra Dlsoit:ioll alii d II:fys:l:alllilifl;i;Qnt, mnfli rmingl ~he ,~las,1>~'lIa.ture- Oil the ill s-,clIsl sup er l pila,~tk BMG:!l ~UIt] ng ralte 'i~,20 KlIiTii~n). ..

InMil.ute of PhpiE~. Orini!se J!u!ll@my lOOQ0,6!i)." CJiiil~.

,~r (iem:~~ 5

,~i~lI1g

"'1'0 ~~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e illlIOuI_dI be addlre5.'Sie(il, IE',rnait wlilw@<!pilyJpt.y.aCA:D

nne

REPORTS
(If metallic glasses SCJII: 'Ij,\'~ah!h,e S3. figll!~ lA .~hO"\ll, dv: uue stress t~!C' ~Im'ifl curve Q rs~:;:md~h.Qfi(il Q{" S·I and SJ <Ill: ShrlWl'l in \",'c~ght1X! ;J\'crngqs ![Irt~o8~ QFUwir 'CQm]~~~l~~ {14,1 ll!\''l.·,~'h~,lh~ d~s.tk:m{~~1!ipriOl\.'Lde ~1s;~Ii\J! ~11'!;in.",,"!, SiQ11ibr [0 tl'~hlt,;riypij.~<lI a.M'w..., S:]., S:2., !lnd S] '\,'.Xh~bil iltB~ti(: ~tr~ci.ll ~ lirnils of -~%bdbn; ~Iill~ddill~ Ib:rD:h~ d~"\\~lorJl!J;:nt [)fIP1m;:i.t~BM.(is y.Lddinmg Di :1';13.3, l{j90, ,tl~lcl I~S.~ MPa. Itl'$pt:t'. W]~'i :~~ \! by 11~~ ~:]lipt'jl}I'illDC choice or iht:~r ~tvd}'. 1iO\'!I\C\Di:!'. '11l.c<ryvdd~ng.!;h~Il1llllcfiaL~ .dis.· Con'f'lm.il Kl!l. ill IhiJ... qll,d}l,.. Iillvaij.~y o~'Bi\l1G~ cf.llr!!i:;l'i~.ing or ~ rlay slltaii: ow.l'B!l1oot,. ~~ i.~ Oa('H obt:i('rv[;-d ~n ~Upttrp]h~1 i~ clL'J:OIfJ:illill ion il! 1J1e' 8l1!P.'I!t~t:M.lk-cl ~iql,llid cm'l':~l1t~n!l1:11.11 nl¢~allir: OO~llPOI:ll,'Ui'Il,~ Clh. Nit Zr. Slrnin. ...8~ la~,1li> -i,(i~/fI! were l!Irid .AI ~j1~obl:l!l.i~lL'tI. TIlmi!Jjgh c(}I,np{l,,:ilio~~lf~1 :O::r.:Ht~ (15, .Ill). Toi;i~ gehi.cv,,'(L A,,, !} re_.,.U~l of :.iJehr LmC'n~~ dcforitilmioll'i. l.:.h8i:ll;l~, \,'11<: eUCllll~ Blv]G:;: 't~m. have relative I~ 'It 'II:iLllIc,:,; nd di~~b}i lin ~lJIil~hy 10 lii1lIDtt'O' a d'LC'UMG rods were 'OOj1~'PI"l'S.'iCd il1lfi flHh:s.lfd~
COJl~Ol_n1;S

1imi~hJ,msh~r

'bmK~:il. lHcl!!,tding

flf1Cl1llli\ml: :'l~e.1r

Mlpc1'P,lrLstk:ity-likc

:;;udl J.lS AI OJ!ald("l~. nm.:;,;,imlUTI! ~'l!C:lldi!lg ,1U~lill~ 1110 \v:inqg.~ik~b;~lW: ~n ~ l!."'I~'i!ldOO The und lUI~k;!i.~ (krt1rn1,~in!l. "'PJ'!m~ht.,.'>'i '90'" in btllhlUidli ~'iIJ rb1.(...., SWl~h 1~~~l'!cr'~D li~~r:.:,iin~\'(;r·in(;!f(,.'<Hsil1!il un !I!~.!:ll t_k!-J;:It'C.\1 ,l:;Irpli!!."iIici!y .<JJld fk.."X.ib~1 w~\re Aft~ true p!'l!."IUC ,.;lfilin ·of -I(~" lit)' a high i.:k'l""ily (;fr l'1l!~"<!Fbands I." fO~TlliCd tFig, 3B)o, 1i1l!!.':BMG~ 'lfC~'aW!::'iI~'obll."li ~~~'(i BM'Gs in. u jR!~x''l'CC!Clk'd i lor h,~w~','ol\',~"d inll:! 'P~~yc~~I·likJ..:l :pwu.'l1'1l' WiDh l:iqllDid .n :hi.!lJlh.iI!lWK"r.ll~llJt-"'~I n s!lK'.U!lb~,~di\. $~n.' ill_g,:1('l "gj[j,iulbolJ,ndnri~!:-;.'· As. shnwu i'L~ F~!!l. 2A. Ihe 1l('I'\,~'SIDl,'SSof S1 ~n1(lf:~~(l ,[!!'diBks ,,\'!:fi::' also tbund, hlll.UQllC of Gflerca&cswiil.iI inere....:-;in'lg suain ,~n~rucss s mhli!i1ln~.Jink-d ~IttlilghdcroJ']mu~i!ln to e::tLIS(,! speeO\CJNillt'!OI. I{[lYwc\l~r, iitc' D-~upidinen.'fu.~ of now il1m~11 rrn~lLiiC. n(! SMG::; seem m dclQrm iI~ I) stress ('!\I!ten stlranl:l. is ::>~O%} is not due 1.0 tlile microscopy ITEM). and :Ilig~l~rcsollution T.EM 01 RTEMl. Elm,tk:modtrlJ:i or Ihe- BM'(js 'WI;!i'I(!' SIl:aidl.1ll9fflening.Wc eondueted com~~i"Csslioll rllo:railored by me'.1IJIS or an lI~l,rm;J('flliiC;method tCSI$, lm S2 ;l]ru.! ul1itom:lcd .[t di lTerent l'Il'i~~k l$.-0-1). The llamr~c:swi!h ,J ,~1!lIgcaspect rauo or sn::linrs, J\sshm';'ll in Fig. :2 D. !hc ~1~p'1C'S' h;lI'J\cl, ",S:~:I!:x1o-'1.s,-' 2:~. were cW Otlll of [Ire as-cast 1~mm I)nlils, lor like Sh:II:lC'im:pliCl': th::llJ fric'lion occur:-; a~ the CO!~[;;!!tl ~urfW;;~OOl\,\'l."CI~ d'le' !.'i<'H~p.~ ,md ~hc ~! iaxiul COOnl)res."mm.~c~a:o;. n u.mgstcn carbide platens (lKI. The ni'tction \'\lo~:ld Aramil)' or qururt:cm my Z'I,'CuNiAl BMJ]s was obtained with ~hc (iaJHIJ;O~ilions shewn in increase Ibw s!ress. ,c;spccimJly inlhc law Sf!1lgc of ~l green a.!W H~' f,il@" l A .l\OO1I:s,tiC measureU: dcfomml!(m because of thc:la!l!.C iacrease of tmllj;.\'l)T:'i:al 'iro<!. of th~~[X;'tJm~~!l:;mil [hllS n,u; ~lC1l1~S~how~h~t some (;o:]llf/!l'lsil[iOl1S. such as decl(."1lscd :l'L'iiptlCI. II":11Iio (J 9), iI1!~ hlllrdll.el\l'i of tile lrililll:!l.ClIls:r"'l i~1t12AII~ Z~'M, IlCu~5,.'f:'lN~ 11l.~~!UI~ ~ hctlv;iliy di:lomKid, nalkci!S onl)l ~ligh~ly MUL'ulJ;:'r and LJ:tl:lCu:13oJNitl.SAIIIO ijlmlhcled as S.~" S2, an'!:! than Ilm~.of Ill.'; ~1S-Cfi$[s1lmple. liilliggcSl in!!l 1i11~1 SJ.. re:S~"':Cl~\I'e~.Yt (~"'hibil.llargt\r Vtl,luc;';,or' v rc~mh:e 1.0 Ihm or Olht'r 131\i'iGs in ~nl~:$COl1lli only IjJ~lngilNC' slmi:n.hardelli:ng Ot'CilI~. GOIiSIru.· Sll 90 120'1501 eo P'OlliliODD mll~e (rab~e I,. Imowever. litcjlr (tcnsilie,s cnl w~lh prev[)ous. W\Ofk lJ~h?2'J\lh~' dcforl'l'nal.ioll Ir!I!E! SIrn;!!'I (%) (I r the: .BM:Gs; also c;",hibils Slm.in~l.c ooJiCUling arc very slmih~!T (Tob.k: 11)"Figure ~B simo\lI'S thm ~heseHMOs Oln be (:<lstjuw cl.lIkdy eilassy !'Ods amI ~mlltcd Ik!iW bellm/kill's. Un ~ik.c ill crys;tldlinc metals, d~sloc[ltiollwllih d i1l1'l1C'tCi':S Up to .:5 UlIml wilhmn the o~ Il'LCiltal~d de: rOl1!natiofJ is, 11m. ilvlliiilabk: In fi'l'viiGs, scn'mionl or ony O1I;pp.fLre~ncrys.1.'.\1IJiuc ,Bragg. The Imm<'llt:i,on I1ml C'\'d I:l~.ionof s,hear bands, are ~ks" Clear gilIlSS, tn.nl1sc~Lonis IlItd sh:rup Cl)'stll~~hemOlin P,ifOC>C'S:S\."S :<lCiCO~1 thai nl,for' 1,h.erl:JisticI iZiltion C'\"cms <lJ:1i: ~,,\lcd En the DSC~i1lOC'S it)' of B~II(j~, C'Spt::\ci;(!iI)!,m h}\\ICml~el<l,run;;s. O",i:g, I 1 col1,lil1lnill~ dlC gl",,,:,,>' H;)JHl!I'\:' ofillc CTCClOCl!ll:l!Hi~Qpc ,SEM,1 Ol1z;;~'V,~" BMGs. 'fhe tllCJ!l1l;l~ 1~;:r;mnlCI!t.'fSare 01100 Sl!n~~ Sc;tllning dQPl~"on Ihe .spcl;'.imen f>urlln;1; aa:cgh'l."ll in fig. 3, IIl;;llrJ;":~-d in T~b~cL Multiple I;{lmpf~.l5:;:i(m. I~~;;; \'!l·'I.;'I:l:)p'1.TJ.Qm1Il~x! .figll:~'C 3,A slmw:'i I WQ !n~l)tl~ant 1~·<ltWlf\;'l> hhc,~r n bund" O1ItU11!.;" p~Mi(:: slr .. ill Qf :;:!,7'y.... Firl'i~. tl:l.,; .1L!~'!Imnu'DClnp~I1It~II'¢ un COmIJ!l.lIS:i.l.itj,.IfI:O; 10' 'S I

ddQml!1l.io:n behm,\'iol' fill The ,1!,;"'00J1I1i(}m}~ Jclb.m!~:lbillhy is ,;]Scribed ·~o[he Imll1oge~loo~::: and OOnClIln':lll ul!il!cI~ti(IJfl lli~dl.woO!l,utiml of h~gll~Cfl~1ty ~heolr bi.U10t'l Ihmllght~llH Ihr<: ·S<lIT!I~~,whiQh <l!\': (O!~~ IPo!lyd ofh,lr-d .",,~gi(ln.<: ~\I!'WLn~cl~ld:«,rt r~gjol1i'. 'lEI)' -.m~ BMGs W~re rfCP'lh;d b~' ,~~!t m~~!in.!:lmh~ 'PlU1i.!' c]!C~f!e-nl~lI!mfc~' a !llui nloo AI' atmGspllt.':I.'c OlUld iJl sill!! S'i,ICI!,VJl1 aJ!,St"!lg i'l a Cl!~n[}ld.TIl(.; <1I~:rnlrfll1(DWI$n~~u~ of I.hc· m1-ca~1 m.n'o~'$ wa,..; :!IM;:('!~!Iim;d lJy ...·r,IY diJfl1lctioH "XRBl. diffi1:reUlial :;;e~uuDl ing e,lhJrD mL!1.ITy I DSn with a ~I.c:iling r.:LI{~or20Klun iUi, 1I1l1.bsm h,su(m ch:~I.ronl
rool1r~ lii::llll)C;f'3t!J.llfC.

2B} w.i.thcilIt nilC!~lfil1~. ,,;J l;an1.1!ler,~rhe nakes UI;! I is, InmlC' Ihan ;; III In ,md ooutJ be r!;',;~lirLllad~cl 10 ia:rgCl' );i~. rlfif'i~yiuSiliS~1 l1{1w!!h:inW of (iIe BMOi>. MOf'OO\ er, Ill!.! BMGs ceuld be Ix'~n imo dl;,'i'irod :Jmpc)1 tPig. 10 s~mili1r III Ik,xih1c !ncI:.~i;t

'I1mu~."I~ Ihrm~d in di I~i;!ren!i!\:'4;l~QI1S IJ\ en at d mh~i!lilii:!1 ~'"1.i'I.g."~ or U~l(lp~t'i~i~ d~!:OrH'l,: .. ig)ll.lti!i:ii n,.":iu~i:;. fton~ !lIw. illh;;rn~~iml of dw s!I.'1(larb"tL1d:;; lhll~ ;l~kr~urrol,mdl~ngstn.",,:-:; liL~ld~miid ~ril1f'! !II~ i!1Cn'"lS~"d Toc,1I sLrel'it,l, ~V~~ (J3l 1.0 onmpCal:s.[te ~hc sh(l;lr ~n[~dil1dllL;«i !\(l.rku!illg UI) .. :lPn..'n_lllltt~lids wouM 1,;~1ITy 1~liJt]i(.V pl::isuiC' slr.iin. a\ioiclii ng IIj~ OOC~ilf("J1t~a.f c[~ra.'ilIDphiC' liJltC'. SL-COitd. dt~ snU:"ill' balld::;,fliIJplL'f1r wa,,,..y, The jXi'iookny ofth~ wa\'~ h i1bmJlllte 3 I1iln;w~lkh i~ ool1s1~tci1t w.rtl~ the s,~ olflhchrucl remtm1;" in Ille

nc

r1~

tla:;.'iC~. In addiliof], "villi£:likc shear band.'i. were ~bl'lllcd!lICin,g nbc ,'rim1!!1)1 ~~~C<lr ands (b~:tr.;,k. b
mo\~~
ill

rig. 31\1

011111e\'CH

W3'1,~~'~~",.;r:1T bands ~\\Ihi!~ <l1'ro\'I.'l'in

alImg dlC p:!X'llImll!.!fC fig,. 31'\, il1)1~'l).

~,~'L;

I1ILand @hilstn, conilI! Ilt:s (E, ,til? shl?!t!w m:Cld'uh!l.iS G, 'th~ bllilk rIIodiu'llls K, <! nd v) ~~a~l!Ir~d by afl l!Ittr,asQ~k I'I'Ill!tho,dl(i(,rrlihe Sl.lp~~ lrl~aS'tkBMGs, ~nd a fe;PII'I~'€'(IM'~~ve I3MG Uf'l~!ij;~'~ :ZrC,uNiAIIBMGr) 111 lh'e< ~!I1~tlil IEUM.G-rorming ((Il11lll;loS'itl'Clnr l',arl1geil'ldica'led ill fi'li. lA tln~ soown. 1,h~ range or wIwes ~or v o~ lili,e ZrCd'iA.l BMG~ with poo, Of ~.]I!I1IHedl j)~.alitii~ity hll~he (O;mp®,sii~iO"'1 range
~'I?!t!l~f19 toe lJirZ~)i Kilrni roll

1iall!! l'!l:1. G ~i1!ss~lI'aJl'lsitij(l~'~~~ lleraU:!r!: T5i, (]ry:sta~li!i:;a.ri!!'l!'! temlP~~aUllre r:o: ~(lbt~rn~dlb¥ 0

1)(

at: ,a

is fm!ill, 0 ..3 50

~(D

rOr.H5. I~ den1\.ii~)t
'f~
(10

IBM/G, :ZrtiJ.,w(u uNi1liD,lZtll:1.O (51) :Zr6ou:~,Clin,,,~Ni:1C""JI~tltII'I (StU (S3) lr 6~(ir,il:5;5"Ji~1Z,~.~l.ho Ilnolile':5,.Zf:,s(tl:uNlilJ1~~O

l~ .elK)

IgJ

E
((l,P'<lI)

Iroom 'l~n1;f'er.aIUlr~. The ilii$e~ sho~~s lhQSi~ of 51 and S3.Th@ S!I:rall1l fart6!imlpoiS'Ildis
;2 >i: l.O-4!l:-~

t~tedat

figl. ,2:. (A} Trulll .S'tre!is-ilnl~ .S'lralil'l mrve of 52 ~Qr 51. iHl,d 52 .and S xl0-4s-1

.f{

(gj(Cim'l)

(or]'P.d

((11[1<1)

'\I

'~orr

653

,5413
,~$2

744
74~S 74$

6,649 6.604

SQr.:U

2.9.10
2.8.,46 2$.·f39'

Q'.6:1.5 6,642

'i8.41 79.6,~
,aVj6

lOS.!i3 1(16.63

~13:77 1l)i,3:77

~o.n

10C)JOIl
106.6~

1),~7S
1Dl~$5

53, r,~sp«,ti\lielly, (B:) ((lmp.r~SiOO ~L1IIf.es!(l'f S,l" 52; al1dl S,],. () 52 bent ]l1l0 diU,e!'rEnt shapes.. shOM.rii1n9 eil:QepiITIllClil dt11'~o-rm," Dl Ut:y. I~ID) $:2 d,e-o (I(lfmed '~I;! '\I'~r~©Y:s, fll(lm~i~l, :Strt!~fi1$. A bl~r~1 mil,pe Cii'Hl be ~Jl\\ern', wl1k~imp!lies thi'lt hidf:on Ibel~~~nl th~ sarn~le and the p,t~t~nl~ocnlrredl.

1386

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
IDIl~)jC<lny ~r"h{lfl1lqgQllO\1'Jlll1!!lru

profllS~ amll;ol~CWlfl1l,':r!I-llhe;If~.lal.ld rrnnm!~O~ 'l~'l}, ~~!lthPl,~~h !hlil p]~~tf.t; ,'l\Inlijl~I" !~<lili~o. Th~ ~~I~ R~:,l'ilnM~ ... ~l~i of ~}'::l[{LL'i, \\ih!,):n;: pliik"liic sic.ti~1 is loealiZl,1cl: ~ll slip ir}' of lh!,; g1,1L'1L<;(:'~ i!h their ~~n.I~!U!t'. TE!I.~~ w iL'i"'¢~lig>il~Oil!i! We're P'(rlOnn{;d io OC~iI] lh~iF mI'ii.c:i['Oj;,[tllletl,lmJ, rc'~l:lmC;:o;... figlij'L:: 01",\. :l\llOW:;. lh~ !g.ng,hl-I'icklilinlige Dr '~je a:;,.-C2il>l S2. The itlo:S! nl.(.'IJj}bllc,ei~l!I_mctC'risik j:. illlHt tit\: BMG ill CtiiW~ p~ed or isolated ~iar.k znnes, rnn!l,i~1~ ffi~(,}I1~2. iD' :$ ~Im ill size. Ih,u, are :>1J1"II:(!!un.dccli ,ool1timmu:l; by brig hi, m~C's. whiCh are abmn O.s 1,0 '~ ~ml iu ~'\,I dLh ~ volume liTIct L\!!11 of dlC' bir.igln ~(lJles·is est ~m!.'t1XldW be -I ~;(," The s~r(u!g 05nlll';~l ind i~OlJlI.:~ lhm Ihebri,gill 1;.01101 are thi nJ1(V lh.~~!~h~ d.ut O!1i(;"i'i..ilfIJ).~yill1~ flhignet ~liJUlinjjllt,~,co~~l[h~ 'lC'lri,ghl ..;om,~ ~mdcr Ihe- ig!tl be,ulli. which OO',nll!:' fr-Ol~l d~\.!: ,d iflc-wJlc!(l ~n m;'li,\l)1-IO-'lllic:km.~$ can-

t~'m:01Wl

4C' ;mdl:ig. SI) bu! oC<lnnO:l be lo(mc in a conv~n1i(l!!m~B MCi ~F 4D'j.. in~Hcluing Ihat III~ is
nQ! "I~ ~~ijlht'~ rT1;l~n "r~
rm.~l1J!:.

v~-

A possible c:q~I"'lf!mit;ln 1'('11' the ovi,g:in ef Ihc

OOrlCl.llfNn~ imcl hOlnQg~llcq~~ r~;I:lll,l<!!~in!l
Q!;Il'ii

(If !i;iOjl~

lIlamp:~~ '~rt;;I~!'<II1 im~,

in otder

rumu&

T]!", ~L:k~kO(~~t~,1 ,dc<;:ilun

cli ffrm::i;on
~i1 ,

(51\.[:0)

~l~af rnu1d&. "'m~ '~!L;'!lpq ~l~~ i;'."~tr;:I~1g d~l;nm. mili.ly.ir5 bl.1~d ~m ~1~ di~,in~li ..'I; :;,tn.i(,'!JlI~ ol'lh~

lo c(H'R"hllc

Ihe e,"'IX,LOrdi!1il!,), plastj:c~

.illborh bright. and dnrk :;!O:il~'S~ut':huJo rins;;.. oonlTInuing the gla..~"'}'m.l\lrr;;in oo!h zones,
N n.~!O!o~"S of pli1<l1~ !lcpaF.it wh~)c:I~ O\,."l;:U~ did
M!

BMG,," fh:l2' ~,ihich llC'gill

0!I10!llic:

~l~ur as

:sm"n

I!I:lnbJot!ln,iliull ?lml.t~:. 1.?7). l1cgjnn,'l where 'th~ kl!c·.d

u~u~lIy on lh~
Cl'i,.:~~j~tl;ho\t: lilly

1~lJiG~t:'a,!~

V), \,"'1,.~rc obt;t;rvlld. The

!1Iii3tyai;.;

:'i;.-m)'

~hC!w

sLib~Hii1tililCMlrp!)~iliO.i1v.tl:riI!11inOll

id1h~lh

r the OI.;'CtII'fCI'aCC (j rphnsc ~ep<iilibliUI~(3) (ra.~. Sol). The demi 1t.'<I ~.rnClure uf the brilllhl, mH:.I milk :!ioilll l\.."Siolls,~n Il M(l~ and cvolv e into :;i!c<J;, Zf!l1.C$ was slso exml1~I1c,d ~ mc;ms or:~ IRTIS~. bml(ns upon l'Qadi nl:!" COr.IScqllI:!Ht ~)<.. lum.lcro~ s (Fi,g. 48). lIhe lt~l:nilOll' 1I.lrn'£l.i'ke 1~;:U.lerml w ~tilQlLt .ne :JlCi1lr-b'.uld nuclei att! fOmloo cmlcMI'rcl~t.~)1 ill dl!.': regi.ti'Hs. H(~\:veN'l'q:, ~h!.':)1he<lr~b.jJ!!ld l1L'lJllilg..'l~ an,' !CryslaUine In!1g:~ which aJ:\.'! typ:uc.<"ll fcaturt!{1, £1r ~!<l"":.C.till 00 ~~~,clc~y (~hi'I,!'r..~ctLI",,;:;'!!lum.cml.id !io,l1wo!JM 00 im,I~l)d1,'d ti:!e ha~'d ro~on!s'ni:ll b}1 In;Jn{li:u!d~Il:!;I1:itu~ '[01,;'-"1}; nn I~lf; 'I~-!,.;l~l S11,11X~r Ill(!lMi(: in~~wn~"C .d!~nl U1.(:1,11it}!Jo;lgll!.il1g dirot:'uimlNwlcl. BMG:.1 ~hQW ]h.u ,I ]';W,.!;C' nlK:n!<uion or ~oml~!l. :l!.';;sil1~~· ~nlC"'U"'~l~Wlda!ltiph(C'O!!~ L'OI1., n re,-.ll:!it~n~ in Ihe liI."Qt!j!iJ.>d. Wi· !~nl,;'l!rm~ idc>:Jnicod d~pth (50n nm, ~\I.. vel ike O'!I~I'C'~!RUll(:~of ~hC:8h!.':l"!.I"liNand:;; ,md b (iO~1~!ldingl(l an i~~~I~nl:i)Jlio~~ of -4 "'!IH~ ~h~ tb:nrnl(l.tiau of ,,~'ij!~g!lnd:s, f~w irn(lU'JlI..cl~'mll ~i;<:~ U'l."il pffidll{;oo by dl~ ~ml!'ocdbl]~ily or!l;II;llbri~h~ Ix-lwl){lI1r UW S~K<.:JU; lJOJlll(!S m10 Iwro If!;:giQn,~would ;t:Qm,.~. hcut) ~d,C'S iL,~,~" OC~!,I:rw W.ig. 4A). Sjimrilur (t'il;l. SJ ~ whi~h ~mliC'''ll(,\~ !;it~l!gth 'ilri.J1!.io~~ in cmnp\1mmH~ i.h.\: soil'irt"lliflg il1d'lI(:',,-~d b~, their !llkr:osntuCl.u~i; are O!QSl"Wlc'd S I ;Jnd S3 f!"~,. tilt' ~a.~s~ ~'11~ 5Irucl'UI<'I1 slw:liL,.'S Ol)llrl1rnD the rer
(I

b:d.~li.m~[j,dark ::IQjl~:..exdMtlil1!i, IhC'p~t'!ihl'lily

~allabk 0" re·mT:,~n.gC:li~~.nl ~W.~i~d ;!O;~~~llIl1' ~i1:t1;,';!oj~ ~~!~\lC.~ Ihe nlic1l:MnL1l1~nl~ [or IItlC' :;;ht~r~E~nd~. TIlt :ibilii.y 3 regi.orn to uml,,;~o ~, ~h~'..>;jrr tm.u~l>~Oml1t~ton. depend.. on d'lt: It'tC.III~l'irlicilt~i'ilClMi'C ~l'(v~The ~ihCi:lr Ira~'l.~jhlml'ltl~im~ Z(i~ occ!1!Ir 111:'Cc~'Cr~li!l~~Yin. [
!ttn.I.clun;;i~ undi;:r
!lUI

or

!iOn

ChCI11~Cful .O;HldtjO:lnpos~lif!oi'l3Jlhoi'il0g.Cih,:iIY and sil'l_gl,e gla'>:S~'1.11I1ureC!lr ~K' BNKis.. .1ioW'Cv.£:r. tlilc rre:fcr,e~u:ilr~llhiilllii1g i~dIe br.igh~ zones jru.!uca~.~, dUA t~ll! bright zoacs are !'<oncr t&~;m Ihe Wi:rk. zones or th:l~ Ihere a1)C mueh .nlOrc 1l1C'ml:l~!ly mt,,!~b1lc nlonlic-~~,e open VOllVilIDi cxiSli~lg in [h~ m~~rW!lc:;;, (:4.15), A !'O~m~Jr i'1lru.cwml R:,~· .. uee ~llL";;also been found in Pd-bascd IBMGs (.?6). \iVc sU@g,;."5.~ :lniC'rostl1!..lCl~Irc.co'.nlposcd or hanl a ["C.giOll!S sufltHl!!ldcd b}1 81"111 rcgto,ru;.(wi~hIO!rg.cr V,I]\tI."5 or v], iu jhe ~\I~f pb...;;,ic IlMCJ!ii,. '1111; :;.1 ii.!ilIU i~~C'nt"I~L' nlC ffhu::~D(:m nfttik~ :!ioli l\.';!;lin.lls i:ll wO~lrd ;]U~~lIIDI1EV SIQ;l)~Y "'I~ihGI!lII. Mlb:i:l:tII,mim.l chrmgc.....In ~)¥emll dlL."ri.';;ily l)6), The rchni,,,'Cly

~bI1i11~lto (,'fl. The cOlUi!>'lc!~e,Y1Jc1WILICUi LI'K:\'!9\1~ ui pcrio-a:id Iy of she;,'lIr hands ~n.1P~g,3Amu:1 ~131 of hml! rega'DfL~ in Pig, II 'SuJ'IJOrts the IISSLlilllllti.Oil.

!3ccJlI$c~hc son :region:s c.mnlo:t CJ!lTy ~nore' plJ:t'iI.i;c ~m<lill. IU11hcr pl;t;<::llc d:cforU1;u~ ion h[l."!o 11R1(lccr.! in hmrlrcgim~s, SO·~h"H more ~~I:l!ll'1 is ic-i~y ~iH :!It;!!i!l,,bl~. These ftlc~OIN i~,:!ht~ Ihe- Bi'vIGs ~'VilJjl ~pcr plkl::lilidty. lIRTEJ~: o.h~f."\'3Ijoa~ do
IKlt re\'CllI nmlOCrys!iiJ!.b, veum ]u;:t[vi~y dcliol1l1cc:I c ~b:kl.~" Thi!'i im.lic.rb IT~m d'tC Sl!!pcr p]a~li(~ly is ~ot '~~\.In rmr;ll~hC' ;5:rlfC.~illdl!.Dttd mI!lOCI.}ISl<ll~· li:t-'.'luicm f~1J Ili'l'lllld in mli!l;'r' BMGt; (29): ill~IC1i1cl, il i~ .lil1irirtliiC' r:mp<:Dty- AIU~·.liLli!lgoHllL' BM(~)); an

IJcIO"i d~c ~fL~:;;

1ll'tI.l1$iliion

T{,;lnpemUiilC'

liImn11Lti:-

I!li~e

\1

v81ruc of Illese BMGs." which

\\'1li>

drncr:-

mined 1:1;0 till ililu'&'i!.)l'ilk me~clOd, ~~.[u1'l~ndicruor of the ~~j£honccntrmiol1l of SLId'! open vo:iltnncs, ~n c the!' ,g;!:iliSSCS.1I:I1e (jIucstiolil 0 g~ves rise ~o Ihis, d ~~~iflcliveSlmCll!I3~ 1ic1:lU!l'C <l clmitlcngi Ilg subis: jcm ~nr~lC' rlillme,

r'''''~lat

mUy dk-:erefL..es dte fllilS~tci~y.llCC3li~C tlrlC fLnr-lcll~· iil£ C1Ltl i'CilmVC' ~hcm1illmy till1st!iblcflloi'llj.c.sc~.Ie !.1f-,..;::n hlrn.es~hm exist :in lite soil iiCg,ion.~. vo docreasing lhe rrnclDon orllle son .rcglOhlS, ;and redm:il~g v l3~~",J I). alii tire o~her han.eL. he inuodll~do:n of~, h(gh fl'OPIll.i:m,jQll of puccxustnlflg

IFi~..t.

(A) l'EM,i m'd~1! 'c~ 52

f1~~~i!)lnSS;lAm)lJIM~

Ily b rigllil't IregiCim (co nr@'sp'(md~n9

to h.al~d a IiIcd soH rregi ons.. n!sIlElIL~ Uv,~lyl.ilnlo'iihkh ~Iome SiOn re" gl:!ln~ were thilnl'leo!1i into lholes. Uij HIR.'l'I~ ~ma~ws. :!itUll~'iI mllZ,f-' l~k,~ patlemslhat
glLa,~S]f .flartur~
jin~et5 in (IE!) .alnd ,(1m sht:l\1I StlEili] p~t~m:;. II'nbOllhdi!~k aln~ briQilt regIiom5, HIFt.TEMal'ild SJ!!EI[I pat:~emsare ldllllfUiu[, hn,,~lyiF!g U1I1:It: rw 1Ph:il!se' 5<e'pillr.flUorl ~)(!!:lm> 5jimi.l[lf simcwr,es ar,e ,1I!:sOrCiUllild ]n 51 (el'. IH(lwe!ie~. till'e mu-' tines iUIl IiHlI ,obseli"!l\ed im ~'Ol'l~ 'ioI"~I'IH(mllilly briilU,e 1~,M.G5,mc:h a~: ZIi'~9.~.~C!J!~'~.nN~;!!i'III~~Al~l;). (El').

shOl!i!i!1gd~rk

or

(~i'1'rinlnl

'llll,e'

BM~:s,VhI!'

me'

Piig_ 3. l~@ SEMi 1111tlg,e'.s;orf ~h :!ililll''f,acl! of 'alle 5~ :~p@[im~fII def~riilll~d'oo~rlQe 'p!astiC:st!1'3 ifll:li -2.70/(1 {AJ' 'iillfld~15,9'It(o(B), U!SP@il:tiv:!!I.y.ih@ snMr b.a nd~, in, (AI app€'~r ~1,!a'!i~.aJi!~ tliie ~~iIIgti1l ~I the \!Iav~ lis umpla r(!bll! to !hat orr Uu~ dark regions, 111 fig. 4, (All arid (l~n. Black ilIrrrnlli!! ~l'Idkal'l1'\lI'ilil[llj~e Sne[lf !b'~_r!(i~, NlI!(/&i, :sh~"'r"!il~od !lIu;c;m. TI1i~in~l ~hQ\lfS wingiikl!!5Jheaw 00 nd5: tI ~on9 1~1! pr,e,maimE! WilVY
,Cllilies; (ilI~m\~).

REPORTS
,~h\Z,;wIbml~S ~,"'n drnmmktdly inerease plil£i.tlChji rnem or ~I])CI" 1)I~tic BI\.IIO", as h V.!!lll"li'x.'r(nmwmce of!3MCis {J2')', These g\,.'%\!lt~ ~l1t1l1n d~ill <! MI1I.IL;tll!!ro! m~.lcri~l" in Q~ her 'li:;nm'Vn Of tI!!!~h~;I'''\ln "tftl:!!;Mill 1~~tll!1';l ~",,~h~ ~~Itl~ Qf llil~ ,~~q]l;)r BMO-I'g<nniI1g {IUny~ ru~do~n an area of[~c~~ pkt.jli~i'h}.~f iiJrl~BMG~ mld !hi; 11Om~~(;nmJ~IS o1'l.md1 fi.Jnlt;i11,~lI,~11ia~ ~ppllk"d il~lPOruulCC_ ,md :JI:lld O~}].lclUID;.;.nrtmlrl~~ii!Onof n~~uh irl.e ~ht:lIr mlfidi... ~hlTOlughou:~ 111:(;'samples is c!'uci,d rar the Rer;erei!lce~ .uull, INotes: i'!l'llim.Ji\, ~1'Il~Il~of i"'1a,~!.~cilY BMGK.. in 11. I, S!:h'iSt!. tL w. J~t.t!UI., ..~f,r,~~ 3fil, 0'll'1' ~:i!OO:3)r. ni~ UflUSI!II,;;L1 pl ... "ULl,;,ilt)i~ml 5~I(;"d~i.ghL o~ tI.O~'IC 2. lit S. ~~rnilr:"H. V. 'Swjg;fn'lMwel1, s, SlJiffilil, Alta t.~am;
li>l'il,it~ M lhe I:kfGllrlllllliOn anW BMCh. stich fiJ;, uh~ d~ nlllt~iel> ~Ia."~icd!!lurnlllalkm (5~ We itiiCfL.~llm;.-d 'llr~e c\'Cil~~ !Km or sh.em·~baltd ~"Paeilfl.~ d winl:i il1.c~asin.:l 19. M. ,f.!. O!1ilr'al<lmbi'*s.. S,M. iGo~. t, ll'II.afl~SDO~, l· G. WiJliiffi~,. 'i\t ~~'11<, I, o!il!lr~":>6.. !l(l, 3:375

~lJl ¥. I!Aub'i,. f. G. it.llf!Ii,Y. yO:!tlirn[~. It tMu~, ~. Hi~:l!!~t

Rl)OSl

Inr.~mMl.tif1 :10.. 1911 (M02), 21. V. 1(;, Hvrll<!g~!. l, ]i~, Y. u, !('l. fii!f;fl~:5h, J. Maler, Ref. :I,}, 144112002), ,22. 1i'!I" J" 1!'!'ri!D,1n.. 1!Ii.5il11'i1l.lN, I), tlli~ Mbll'f. rf'Qn~ ~:il. 1M2

fllllclillti,.;:nl111
fi'!I.t'llit\:

or

or

3- Ilc L G~~; Sd'M~ 261', :1'1<1" (U'.'>II ~. It. 'Q'. l'iiimgl Y. u K. T. Ralrrlil!in,. ], U. t C. IfiiJ!OOg~l

~5:a..5143 {200:ll.

~1('IIn'i

mIl

~1I;1 11 .1';. r.Ii

II. was: ft1!i11nli111M'll It 'oo~t'ii:lalC'S

\,>,:idl E via a po\';\~r-I<lw ,r!'.:~11lI.km I d A!1'-~) whoJiC' /,1 i~a rol1~"lnl, and !J - ~.45, \\ h ich is d itfcqx":Ill, Ir'O~l the \"~ll~ m~m~ncd: by d!:;'cleoM~n,g Ih~ ~ml!ll~'ja."fI~'CIr'daii) (hc:igtiujdlii<lmc~l..;'r) 11;&"; ~o nl~l~ 1,0 SlIUib,!l'I I he glil..,;:'H:bmling !lbil i~)'of BM:G~ jblo'mi~~g illloy.~ dlC WpC'l:ll~,ls!ic~~y nhc of BMG~~ .ii<; V('~ ~'n. ..tiHl In 1!11~i, oomp{l~ilion. .i MilloI' devi,~iCi'Jl." in COI'lk'IIl «I1l!!tl-mic %) ea!l! iO'W!botarllnaUy clmll~rc t]ll: plm;;~ieil.}' of Ihl: BMGs,. 111l!' r,r:.:;ulio;indiealcUJml, C"'l'li.'I in [I~ct\~pm'loo

un.

~.m"

BMG "'~'Sl~t." ~'C]rnordinmily plrn51l.C BMGs Ilm~i be ootain~cdI !by d~e:iPlMopri:li.tc cholicc' of 'their
COnlP!G."il:iml wnhlhc' IilSC or lite ft)iiltSl:JJ1"SU;nto ,<;lmK'gy, ThC' f]~'SC'nl ilw'CSIi,g<l1.h:mhas iOcusoo on Zr=hm.,'1.ldBM(t... We c.x~c~ th;;n ~hc !1!lm~y wo~dd provid~ lIs~Hd f,!J.:!i.dC."lill~~S, tbr !he d'cvelop-

B 64.18020'1 ~200U, HI, Diml'du'l:. (. lHoodwlIrci. 1ft lillSar. IW. O. ilI,hk:, Sa'Mff 31l. UB8 ,121006). 6. ]1, ~~ E\!'.{l\\.. l"hft. Iilev. £,m 911, .:ro.~s.o {:.!OO5.}, 1 1. L F.• :1;Mng,. HI. 2ha'i1l!i,. x. F. Pan, j. [)~ ~ Ed;~ A'li~l. ~ .~iil. iI~,~~n {200S~, s. It ~'i. s, ,iije, £. il'.ue-orge. fII'Ir.;. Rcw: tell:. 96, lO:SalO~ £;:1!006'. ~I. J. Sc!~ W,.llOO_~ ~. RftI: ~ 93, ~1l55ct612004~, III IE. ~.~Il~, Mtlil't.;!., 1 f2'OOJ}, 1l1L. Il ]~, L!!Wali'ldooi;i', W. H. wang. :Il L (,ft~rr, Milat ,~_ l~Ii~a:.$. 17 l,HKI51 ::1!2. Q. ~~ng, H. 1M!iI,. E. M1I, 1LXu. ,S{l(p.ra Mctli'l'. ~~~.~41 (2'006). Jl3~ X. ]. 'Guo ,4, G. HiI:IOemC!it., $, J. Foro. G" .i. 'limirle!, ~PJj'f. U!t :e8"lll9tlS, (z,o~l ll-4. \'1. jij. waFil~, I. AppJ.. PrItt ~'}, O'.lJ~6 1(200~)' :liS. !, ~IJ!.G, (:;. !!a~l\aOO~n, W. L ~~I\n~cn Mia Mam. S:l!.
iIIJ_yf, ~, 1[1.

S.

23. ].. £t1U!1'I. tlr' iii, tnr.t.r'ml!hTlI1t:!lli1,8:l',6 ~2!OOIiJ. 24. C. HilgIl~ Iii. MIl~ E, s..nrnidll:i~, F. F~u,pe~ 'IN" UJftri. ~,..., ~e... ,1j: 6<0. 9212 ~l!999)'. .25. O. Silh, It 1:1. [lamikatdl. P. A. KumM. P. A.SU!rn@, !l !'I. ~~~~ 1.· ~.r,e'f; 11'.5;, 19:, Ol'OiH j;2QOO)·. ;16- ll&t1I~~ gt 1#,. Mft Rel'- Wl- 9~,. '14:s.5~n,
(200~).

ROO:U,

27. It So ,!!;r.gDn, Arta ~Ilm.2:7.47 {U791. .213, It F. 1~I!Fnl'lgo, S, (. I~~d~. 11'. A. Kum~r • .It .M. IF~ Il'ItJtlm~llJ{/icI 1l, lOB (~04), 29. M. W.(f1'e!1. ,I!i.. !r!t!u~. W.Z~~~ l Si!!Wl.. i~PIl~" R'i!!!': ~"'. "1l,~4~)0l ~<tOO6Jo. ~O'. L fit Yhiig.; VI. Ii, W~n.y.R, l~ W~ng. AppI. {!1l~•. ~j. 77, 11.14'1 (2:_J', 3L P. IlM,a1~ '1iI" llamamllrl!l', Acr!! l.lal<"t. ss•.U6r
f}OO5)"

12. '1', Z~eflg, ~.

RlliIl~}"

1'1;, Wi!!f!~. #!. L

Gre~;Hal, ,MWer; 5. &:5iil

B. 0, W\lrIg. Ii. T,!In, V. M, AiM:! Mi!N'N. iS~, 2:911!/I!~20OS}. 3>'1- l1~amri~l, ~~JI!!lii1i ~~fJ\Qm!he i\!!$f ~d Ori~~ ~gr~nlll~ir S&2 ]D1'i:Jil' ,lilld :til!!! ilJhii'ii!':!@ ~d!!i'iI}o' o!. ~~ii!Iri'~.
e

SrwPiPoiitin!:j1 QI1I'I1.IfI~ Ma~eln'ial.

~.5C~~rtJi!:9,a!'9!c!lil'c~.enWI.!!!W:15l5:Bl MaI~n~15 .ilIiId Mieililild~ ',l'I1!]S5roCI

.~¢29 '!200l).

:l!Jl... ¥. t:""\:lmUfil,, ,A, Ihil!l~'; t Ma:!UIII!II'O, An./, 1'iIy;, H'rt. ':l'lL. 7lI'9 (1::9911],- IF_ 5;paepen,. ,1Iw t.iO!~; ~5. 'H17 n.91n 11& f. E1-Agulqr,. l. $. I'!:imlf;, A. H. Slocum" J. K. VQ~lYI, Rt!1(. SCI. Inrill'tlm. 16.. 1D7~lnQ8 GlOOS],

'F~l. 53. w ~.3:

lter~reno~

2§i OtlDbi!lI l006: a~l)!!IiiIMi 4 ,1:!jjjjjMy ,~IJ01 10"lUtil1J[i~m~~ IH,6726

IQuan'tUlml HSllll lEffele't in Po II,B IF' IOxidle Heterosmrctures

'We 'obselV~.d Sh!lllln;k~lijl'"-de Haas ~:sd~llalti{manti t:h~ ,qlllall'lUilmIHalJl>eUIe(t ina M~h-lifiob'il:ily b~o-di me 1Iii:510ni'lll el,e-c:trmu:!1 Igal~i iii pola r In W,M.g#: 1'11"".1:0 h!t'l'e'rn~trl!lc:t!lll'\~~g row,l'I by laser molecuiar ile.am '~pitaxy·. The eLectroli! dlm~ity I!:ollki 1be1(Q.IltrIClUt'd~n ill range o~ OJ' x 1!012 to 3.. x lO~'~ per 1 ~qlJla rEo (enlti liI1IetIlr by 'llIIliIirn.g~hil1' rnI<igf1es:ilUm ,(Il)nte,n~in th~ DlilniiE1fS:and: the 'growth pola r~t)i'. FII"Clm 'thE! tl!!rnperi!~ulre d'l!p~ndellicE err 'the< 'Clsdll1atiOIn i!liIiIpl1.tudE1,~he E!neiCti\l~ llilillSS o~ the hlKlidimlll~ms.io:na~ e~ecU'rOnl~ was deriveml .1'1: 0.32 .~ 11.03: til'nel theftree ele'~lmlli nll"~~. D'l'IiIiI(lInImalthm ,or till,!!!' qlll.u~um H1IIm l'~We(1I!in illIU Qli:(~dll! :heh~\N)SbU~~Ure p.rEl~ellil5 the ~iIl~l.h1i~ily' of u.mbiflnll9 'C!UiilIlUllrriInaH phV~ks \'l1i1:bfh~ v"Ht<lli~e IUIn(tionamy of rnetlll oxide!;. ill C;ollillll~ex in~temslnnt!.He~.
.'L wicl~ lm.ll.d .gu. p :-;"".11.j~ {~{mdlJ~[O[, of grow.iing inllip(lrt:ln~ji: .in u:> ildHU]cro dcctn:tll1ics,. an~ ~L" .PO:liCGllifil a'p~1j{';UnoOn:. :i!lel ~dcl LIlI1£i,rr.a~'CfII. CQI1(hiliC~ i~g, (I:>;~ id~ layers ~i1:,nm"l}ane~ c1~spl!ays aOOlrnfilSpilNi1I.

P'Y 1~5), Eal']~' ~~!.S \,'I'C:I,iC (DIht"ill()d in Ih~ n1alCrl:d:'1),SliC!IlS< or SiISiO~ or G~AslAKiM\.,. 116, il HQiwcv(;r:" 'illerdi:!iOD\,~'iI.y ,,)rlh~; .fl'lI!:~i(lIllill
QI-m: (8" 9), the fI:'lcWI~. Im~ been ~'NIl"n~kdW a

~~u \"~l}l

.inc: o;.;.idr:- (2:,1.10)1

lic[ld-e'nbcl u·..,.n,~ilOlnr.;;

~I!I:!lijtuler.o~Materials ~a!W~h.Jcho~u U'nliloersity, iendi1i S 9'80'8577, !iI~~. ~P,RlE51()r. ]0Ipi111 ~5(ien~e allHi Vei:M~.ogy Agi!;rnty. Kaw.iI!JIdn13;~2';[!Oll. ~lIpari,J[RA.m Sermri,ooridlK!Dr ~~pMro_mies: ProJect J!lp1!!1 Sl;:ijenoe .aooT~cIli!lilolClg!1f 1!,~~!fKY. ~S:~!'!d"&9M{lOn }'<!Il'!'n. ~~OO~I:w:r'r~ r.!¥!OO~li'Q]1I~$ and '5pil1lJCIiI~3,R5,eardlllll'!ltihilre !ZIf Eliearic.alComnklnXa, tfoo. iGholl:Ul UJill\ie\r:>il)i. Se!'ld!ai 980-i8iS ]~p;v!. ~SCRESl, 'OII!I'!I'I:~i!fIOI! alild T~mnc~ l\genq', £G<iwa;guu:hi332,10012,

)iI~I'I,

"To WIliDflI f.!ll:lN!~I:IOOidl!n~~ ~uldi

olOl1~mO@Nmr ,0000t!i;L~Cjip(/l,!OJ, itt:Jp (IU.)

mil!! <lddm~. 1r;~5at1@rlll

E"rn~iL:

til'(; .. pin[~ .. ialgnl,w'Uh (I rZno, p;IIn:bi.Cl,IIiuriy in '~~'I,US of i!l> novel cNCilclflic pmp;;rla"-;,,. hili :1~dI1.0 ~hc ~... "{x:nl rea:ll,lll1\11l, hOIl'l'O::-;truC~LlmiligJ.lt~l'I'ili.uill~ dio<l!:s tl~ Slttd!es ofd1.e ifllrnllsi,.; POOll~''ill0C:s of ZnO h",w Y~'l:dcd p;;:cil:Kl rOf ~le prq~Mnlml hi&:hM,llmlily t:p:~Iu.}'\:11> ~I1INin!!;j tligll rnobility mId excib.'l1i:c ~mnjllcS{lcllt.:'C·witlil hng]1 Cijlloltli.LlIln d:i· dene)' (3,.01). I('crlaiul aSfK.'CIS of l.wo-dimen.~I:Of:lJIck"~mn gm;; (::mEGj b~h,l',,'ior in s~lniconlclltcWr helcro!<!.fllUCH!fClll. h,we I:wJen ~t!ild~ed by oh\'\.Cll'Vlli£ the (11U.u1tunl I i,;;J.1Icm.. ~QHE) "Cl 1~ ,vu.m~ iz:cd m ...g· I'Ic~Ol!<L~s.port ao;nmp.anicd by Sh!JIbr!il-;('Iv de

U). R~,,-,n:dll f(M;'I~l,ld

vmil:!), of ulh~r l'I'iI!ileri:a.l1 SyM.cI'I'I1',. sudl as HI,1'I~lITidc:;tUn 31lbd!lJ'3phc!lC (J!).. n.c ob1ii~i'V.mklll, of Sd U os.cfilhnio.l'l requi n;:s; cond idem::; suchas ()~l' > ~:md I~ :> /")31; when:: t~ ~s the 'Cyc~ol.ron ~roqLIt:nc)' equal to eBlm· (where I? is the diUlJ.,£C ()nlhc electnm, lJ is 111:.1£11C!1c: ndd ..,ru1.dm* ls Ihc cl~ffill e~rcclivc lnilfiS). '1:' is dll: rnmcr rcJlin.:atocm lim!l:. h is Plrnnc:k's CClnIslmn divided b~' 21O,A:~ is ~~lZmrnm~~ oonst3nt, mid f5 aboo~.!lIItt tf."l.n:pcr::IH.!I1C', A.luhmlgh ;:','C\'crnl C'J)imld,!!J, (lJddci~ClCI"(lSU:II!CI1!.1-es haw sm~s I],ed t~IC'<C wlldU iOI1.~ 1[I'J~, dlC rQlJEh~, nO'~l)CC!~(lh:;,:c<J:vcd: in,!li!o@ m,~acri,d~. 1.1 ~ow(,~\'t.;'~. QI-I E-f~kc~1;;llCW<l!"l .. ~c,,;n in ,I

rill

1;!I~11,IL~i-]1)cry:in<l.~ ,~}rhuUkIlrMoil,OI'"

UJI.11

II] otlr:>llL'dy.

(000 I ).ori,,;ulk,d:.ZnO/Mg)j]j~

or

<11,

or

IK'h.wiiilru.clmc:;; 'm~ grown by It!;s,,;r ll'Iok"C~daL" beam cpi;mNY wii(h lite l~ of a scm&<:ol~iCIlLcto.rI~r ~le.U~rlg S),:>l!Ciffi1(1), 11lc 1'I11~Zf,lI_iO b.~lCr IJi:C1.S ;j]:> ;j] pot-em ial hrm1.Cl' ~or!l1;C :!DEG in the

LUO I~r. {J.;~}, '~Vc UN";;-d Ii tt.'1I1ipr.:ru~lIre gm.dh,:ut tm;tliloJ i.lmt a~Jowoo us.to grrrw the J:i hm: 0\'<:1' ~ wide range OfICIl,lp;:m~lII::e5 on ,"' !>i~~gic :iuhsln1i~e I~J).ULe 1~111ee' smmples (~lmpl~ A. B. :md C~· d~u$scd here WCL'!! o:,r ::l'l!ch ~ligh ,qu[diW Ihal we w~,'C'.!hle tQ lodk at ~~e cfreclls or gmwlh
adj"l<Xlli.
I,I.;nlll~LIIlC !crIl;\" i1.1l

the

I Til' of Ihe 2XlO I<l}'C'I~ aIl~d Mg OlmbOillii"T ]1I)'C'" (l'ahtc I ~~~~ U5~In,

r:lohoku;

Ila;ll;l

fSdU),

~"-':si~l:i; p"", ...r.ty

o~¢ill~lion." irrm Ihe ~or1giludi!l.~.1 iUuI lmidai.l, plil1C.UlI~ in 11ll:' ~ 1:3.111

Sll!lIlpk: r!1;'P~lioJ'i alla. dl!,Inltil:~iZl)lI KllliS.ji, 'SoJmph~AWalll M:::l,~I..::d IJtllll I:~i..:: hii!!jht~!iI~T~ .~~i(;n

13813

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL 31 5

S:CII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
of a IHm with eu .\" = OdS t:t.:J.fficr, whereas ~~<lm~~.~~'" (' \\'cr~ selected ~ro~n :B 1)I~~d ,~ow~r"<J.n,g i!~t~'n!Jl~ im1,;-..TlI !{:gio~s, ru,;"'f1~ti\~~.~y. ~!'!1IflOII1lJr fli~n~ ,.v~th ,11:1 ;~- = 0_2 b!1rri~r_ Fmrn .he ~m1i."".~dd 1.~!i~1 ,'m,:'llfIc:icntRu, catlJh:rdt:Ih."iiii(.\';.u = I/(R'1~~) c
5300
\\~R;

on ,\' >Ind. r~fClif Ihe ZIl10~"y~~, O!i!fprevi{l~~il,

\10~ r:b\!lu!lhm

,1

s:y~tcm;ujc"J~y dC~lw~d
\'!{<liS

!i.l\ldy "h{lw~dih@.~

and 1]lL'lb,jii'!ics ~~- R.,.'Pu <Ii't I K were cl.'<I!I· 1;!.11~d~o'b;;.~ (]i,M~x~OI~ 10 ),1 l<i OIl ~m-:I: ,~~l'iJ
2100(0 Cgt)/lv-I )0-1, tt'~ti\'t'tt

n,,'.!..(:

i~ldqK~~Ki,.;!u n.f l,;:-m'illoi)j'~111tl:'1.: below I K. bLdwith increa""il1!:l ~cI1~I'l~raJ~JlIre .•I.~ i1flcre~~ed wh~lc jJI dceU'e1~s,.:d, e\'~11[ll!}ll!)'rcach.
Valli~:;i
I;i.~irl)'

corurol d~~ fi-~~~,LITi(;~I;knlt;,uLy~ t~w;intl!'iu!sil;: dOllqr ~UllCC111irMioJl il~cn:~~~;; w iill illil,'N;m,illg T~(3 J. To ""1 \"~~Hg;.nC' !:.heclcpencleP1cc' on .'1(. it ~:ii, ~lCCCs".",~ry~o {."Cl.!l1!il idL.!f :Sp(lll!'t~I]O("l~~ .n'ld picZ>L'lo ~ IceLric 1P(i.Q;H.riz~~~ cITi:dJ;1 :1 ~on~ ih~ pc~ar iQI! (0(101 ) ofit'O'li3,'luOn or \i!'urtzih: ZltO P 6,17~. Thii.:;S;~po.~~lfjl~L~Oi,b iJidiJl'l~ SiLlt,~8eC chr~~~ li~1 itldii'!i'idLi9~ layers. ~s\.llt~n~ in accumulatlon Of

T"

!11 gOQ~ pn!1l:'~~L;'h~r!O

(fif,;- .~A.). f~'Om highdiifrn~li9Il[U~.aI}'~~~ Wg. S],). th~ ~ij~?lQd~~i.ri,(; ~nb::1'\nil1b;hc'S iMI !;i'll",tn~,in~\d Mg.,lni_Jr0 layers, ~ hereas UP'o',I,l:ro 'pic:r:o... d~~~:ri!C'lJlollll:iz~I.iCln ~hould arise :il'l 2:00 la)l~~rs frrll'll~.cl'i~ill~ :.I[l;IQllV 4"). Thu~" the ~owI rol:ill'iZ<11I.[}:I] ddilt~~ b~' ij~
'il...

~al!Illllc'S,W<l5 identified rub-Clhe O-WX:~ (!). the d~ icm 'n<f ~,p.um"P1Cf>!\lSpog.l!lr~?~~ was tLP~ reci ion

nrd

]ow.ru!11 ~h~ "llIr~u~~

ru~~QhUl~ml ;torny

il~~~h~l'(lo()n'b-I~llmpel':itlure~lm:s T... le '~,~~~li~. MI. b

aliso lis,liCd in

dCI)leDiOIil of :fiib'C ~lclC'trons, !II. the hc~!!roil'I.~;'I~tces (18). Becalllse the ~row~h dirocliml ofo~r

G = [P5plO]> j ,Pi~.t·l~
;JlP",,(xl
IPii"'~,II,'j

P~(.\·l

1iitlllil l<e1., Growl:!li an d ,eledron1lc: para 1mIl'i.e ~s Qlir :~f10~M9xZIil!lJ..P he~er(l~tru;du res. 'E~edroril demUies we~e Qbt~ined incle"e!'dellt~h(N'!iI the t~~\lIo:fnelld (!(Dd~idell~RHIPIlld the k~i!\I~and Mgh;-,fiekl H~l~ , ~~fi'Pfl:!i 5~,and 5,.,.. Rlspect1lvl1!,ly (5<~ :~ig. ,2C).
IE:t~(mrol'l! iIiIlIiliVI5ity t1.01:2 ~m~O!~ i'llhlbillity I.! {()nn~ ~";1:)

where P~T'~1() i:: !).lm!nlm.n~o!IJ:-O ro:~:lrit:alion In !h~ M~Zll!-.tl h')'~I"; and Pp.!~\")1 is picz(~~ eleetrle lm~iflri:i::alioll ~n Ibeslrnill,CtI ZnO layer on lllus~u~."ill1oo NI;.Z~~I_JrO. NOlc lh:ltro$.i]i\'C'
(I

v-i~

[lneO!n,~thm tree 1:1oi::'clroml,mJC <lCClIIlUllli,utcd

at ~hcll!(!~\O'rovm~fraoo.O!!~d !lcg<lJi'~""" m fI1e<l!Hl

~H~~

lhkilh'l€$$ of Zi!flCl (pim~'

Gr!)MIIl 'l'e'IllI:P.
("Ie)

IMg
OOll!lt~,ifl'~

rro~1,;1(~~w!lI',U\l;;.u;:c,umlll"~(ld <I' I:hil)ZII10

o

Sl!llrf~lu;:,\.

:x
4.5 mit\: (A».

1 K (B, 0 '1.:il 0..4 0...4

1,Q)I2)O

1K 0.~6

~"'mC]l It::
3'9

I(

30(1 K

10'.15
'().2!CiI

900 1000

1()',:2!0

10.2: 1(),4j 10',9

0.16

SSOO

1.2
1.8

1.S
3.7

S •.O
U

~9Q:(I
2700

150 :Il60 :Il60

Wi.! c!llel.1:1I~~l!d cr ;I5 . .(u IlmCQiU<r!or x ,Fig. .1B). Wh~Ii._'I(·11;; h~g&K~rI~rlnl.. OJ ,PL1'1I1fwltilOil ilidti:<:(1d: [ pOS'i,U;'llC' ch:ll'gcs all!] (bh,l~ shading) are fml'.md: :itlhc' ht!lcroillltcrr.1c~s, iHlcl Iheir tlcm.ity ill", C1'C3!1.CS ;IS x II1C1)Ca:;cs' There is 2,00[1 3\!!i"OOllC Ill, Li)ctW'C'CB C'xll'Crimentiilil II (SO~ id ei rc:lcs) and csl.in~~~oo iDle, Jcs;p.itc~]~c Mnblguhy in P;1,...!(.1{), :lL rnJlJJlc of d1Cnllc()J.'Ctic:a~'\I8h~i!Srel)1'CSClnitiJl! all orlJ~c sllilldoo rogiOllS.,~Uld nile lack (I,f eenslderm it'll] 0.1' chrn~'C cmnpell siniO'JI willI free C~I~~~tons. l.isim,g die atMCi!l'lcnlio!1cci 'pol<lri~toc:m ChilXg.C." O)!Jld b'lInd orlkcl (!9'1, \\11'.;' Qln (:Q~j!I.fljICIIhc p;i? tL;'nll:i (ul d i;)~I:;:um !1(,,',(ur 'tlbl,; hO'L'C'J1[J(i m,-TIi!Cl::.$ tFig.

EF' 614
Ea 70

30
1'1'8, 1193
1

!E1
dEc

95, 169 258

~10 ,.t'IOI)400
(~.nmeV)

1C)l UK: SiLlbOOlld ~Il(:r~[cs ~tiJt1;ilocd u~in!!!; <11. me iri.:lal!!l.u~'lr.-pm(;luifil tliPjllroxijm~nU~)Ji am [hUlai me lisl.cdiDn the up'pcr panel. The l~u~cD]Y scp,1nltiluns 1Xtwt.'C~1Ihcc\\:o ~01!'\'C'St subhand r.cvcls f.U-egMttcr
limn

the Fcrmi

CltCfg.~. wli.ichsumJ)~.sIS,

tha~ itl Ihe

!c~llrcmtutt: mll!!.c or~h~ ,e;o:.perintcm., described below, ~flilI'licr OCCl:lfl~ltiicUl in I.he SC'Cfir.ld Stlh'bitm:l

'~"" "
'!II
I W
e:·

t
,E'c.......

~OO nm

. II

is I~cglligibl!c, We measured the m mgndmmnlspon properlies Wig. 2:, A and :13»lIIsJnSfl sl.m(]"rn lack-ln teochlliqm;o: w idl a.c cJ...dwJ~·on 0 U ~lA, 19 1~1i!:~. ,At IO"'\' field. ,d~I'tlc :'iO!:rnpolr.'l'l e.",hibin~t1 ncg:lIij", C
nlag!l~l(l!'!;;',i~!mwc. ~1;1iK:l'iUfm~hly . because ot\vl".·;Jk!y IQCOlI~i~dC;,JIlTi(;n, A1>o,,'1; -:2 T. d~'...u: p"" (Jolo;ci~l;lI.i{lflJ; ltl,~[ \'\'lI,"PI;:~'IC[irJ~ icill II h' ~LI'lJM;;'I.~);_\J. llU1cl 'Dhcir al1mpl.i III des il1cn;:fL~(;d Will:1 iIIC[(,I!1;illlg ./J. A Ihhollil~h tlre zcro-seaistauec :>!31.>C \\'~!> ~lb::K:'nn bcca LIse Q:t"I~lC' na 1]."': S(;;[l!tcrilig. [lMI::. each ~nir~!ill~IlII'IiI, p~ l;:o.ul1£:i{k~J w~ih ih(." q~u~lIui:lJ;;,\d, of
P.(jI' p~Hicall~' "'qml~lo trl(w)}.\vhcoc v i~ the lmidimj fiUill~ hide;.;;.. Tbcsc 'OOti~rvtli~OIlI> C01'Illirmcd th.;: existence o~'i]~c'Q~ IEin om:'[l.Il1(pI'c:;

-----(m'

.~.'.
1!Ii.""..,"

[~OOI]l]]
•
="

Mg~_;!n, p _

0.1
Fiig. 1. {A) S(iheol'lia!tk

MOl (!ol'll1eJllt )':

0.2

0.3

I!V

l1elli!lreiStn.!ic;tllir'~grown 0111 :5CA!lMgIO~, :Sl!i~b:ShjUES. Dellelndin!m. ,on!lh~sngln elr ~p~!;!(x)l - IP~~)III, an iUi(llImU~tI~ill>n la~r r,ellr~'Bnt.l!!~ ill)' Ibro~en llnas i'5 Jonrl'l.ecleii~er at th'~~lIlr:~a:Oe! l(luii"l~l'Ie hi!terf .. '(IB)(ak~lalt!·~ (gray al!1d b~!Seshaded rerJ1liOM) Qlnicl ;uc~. U!'I ~a,~!!i r~ ('SIOUdd rcles:) {j as a h.!PlIct~an (If Mg Wifll:Cfll x 'ilil~he b.1! ~nl~F. "h!d~h~i~,oorfg~~flml Pil(x}tell] P ,8il1idl~otid ,orange (Uli'l.l'e [,IM~(dli!~l\li't!'re [ak:llIlatt!1li by 1151'ng tliiiemeti~al va.lues ltsletl lli!. t.a11l~~Sm ,ali1ldl5,2. ~C) Ilflotel'l'l'I'al di,'l!.gra ii!iI iilear t~e 11€'~f1o~l'It'i.l'~faces" (iilktilkiOOd enea-,g'f~ar~m€'~~rs~ue ltS:ledil'l the upper IPafll~l, where .fFisthe lFenfJllf,ene"QY. foalnd E'lare til:efirst ~nd SC((Ind sllIblland cl'aelFgie~ \'I'ith IN~~PIKtto the botto!Jm of~heo iUllilldlul.:tl01Fl hand ,'n tlll'e1: ~~IIlU!]., Ir'i;?lI,pe(~.ijlllel.y. allld ,['!J£c' is the ,cQmjllil~liiQ!lIb@~,c! onset Th 'Q~tl~ Q~ th~' I)otenli~t profile (s:otiC! n!1~ ,!l!!n~~Q~l'iQFI of f" (brQ~>m ~iIiUlS) i~ th~ mi:dd Ie palll!!L cll>rrii!!Sp'Dnd to 'tihO:51! of [he llIPIle!1r p\illne!~ rre,pre'5enrtin9 ~ m.pWIiA, E, iI nd C,

~Irthe

.ZrlOJIMg\o:Zlll-,{fO

and al:I'cnl,lcd flirecl deb:: U1li1iil1i1lkm or dtc 21DEG densi~y {j\j1;O." N{)~enlml i~s,nnr'l~ A.~hc odd s!.1H!s, 5.\lch as v :3 and S.~13d mm:h wider illal:l. plJa!cm.!s amI I,luger <!Implil,~!,-b, of' PM' minima n::lalive~o tllO~C 01' lite even !)t."lt1;.'l\ ~Fig. 2A~ , '1J!1"'~qLIL.!!ll!.ly. ~IH:;;iI,"\<~~~ tt~.lol1U;:h ,IL~\' = 4, w~n.: M ..
11~1n;~)' l11I~~r'i;'ab,lL': C in

fJf~:"Jik.lB ("'(lG Cltck;~U];k'r-

r@spectiwly.

iriiiro~'t!firi oc-d hrok.en !:iliC'_ 11],~t:: I:t'3lAlot;.'lw!<:rc

REPORTS
wen prc,'),"'C'l'\'e~ elcvmOO~eli1il~rnIUfl:.s {::;Ie'C .rig, .M 21\ O1m! IPp~ Il"n~1of f.~g, 2D'~ ~ :-;"<u~d,~f(1;1I!<dYl"-~' ,,\!(,~~~~~ror.!~1I;'d lJSiifl~r1t:~~ ~i~gml~1~(Fig_lC). wbere ilil~ij~-s, cl.kxtr¢un a in Px.; m1diClii dF"'J/dJJ :Il1'C p,IOlk"t! :1:<: iii. i'UlTu::t:iun 1/8. Taking 1M",.· ;)I~:II:;lhigh~ficM .~Ipjles (51:..mK! Su) •. WI; .il1d~p"'nd.o11Iy "vOll~ui!.lIH,id Un) .. ~e:SL/h <1IJld ('5;&11/11. rT;,~P«'1 ~"rClly, ~~!1d COrl1pfUrnL;i dte~~ vahJ~ \v uuh fI ~Tflb:~c:: I). wlt'i,~IC~, ... )'t.11i g\,,~1cnuny C'o:rrespo.ndl.\ hllhc .:m.EG d~ll~i'Ly CO:l.'ie~bllting ev ~h~ QUE. The t1Ib'l!lii.i~10!i1di"tli \!!IILi'~ \!,,'i,.'i),,; ~ystC<J1t9.li~J.lI)' smallc-r Ihml i,!~ji 'g%lo .S! l%,
I. as C\.~tl]pp<)f(I;ntli}, indi>Cal~ Ilg!ha~ 2[) c91lli ll1:m>Cl11 be" ]'ICIfIClldiCl~ ~<lr!J 'QmJ)Q~CTlI {lJ cos comes w~.;;ik~"wi~h!n~J\Q4iI$in~. lo ~~lVc1'\ligmc deuced 'by IllC ,dm<l at (~- ;~Q"l (llil'c'.f.lc!l)ck's in n caHi~ d i!~li;:!:t~i(l!l<U! w~ t\InhJ[':f sw~!$;I ~Iwfj i~y, 2C), .it- ~ll;;;!~";IL;!}1 ith .. ~lD dw.~~~(~r nhc w o O:ri!Jul~;l,tinll dqll;nd~ll~~ of l:h~ s,J~I(dll'ct"I.llIr~1;iI~~r ';~L;'nrml g1I~. In Ihi~I"I;Elari:!, IH~\\'l;;·vcr.w~~ li.lulf!d, th(,': t'lt:I'Il.figq!l rnlion slJu(!!,,,,n itl Lh~inl$L~t F~g. 2: [l, of ill:l"(J.trI~i:;i~rurc:,~~uht'o·I:Ii::h",c"~11"~::!D c..c'I;lrm:h::d th.m'l S.~n.rp~t'A c:lIh ib!wd w~ak esei I~tioJ1, CW!1 \\'id', ~iln d!<lgrnn).;'1.<'Im! COlmer dimcJlsin'n<'!lil\}' C'~'iI· B p;L",~lIcl o 'h~il~'!;;rt;,"lC~ 1~1l= 9Wl. ,uid 5~lInlil!,lr ~ dl.ln!~llb}' ,~~gll~~lr dl,:'P~nd"'nci~ nr~h~ nsSdH c'iliati:mj~ (~ bdC!~",). l:h;:h11\. ier ~Ii'a~ (liH~liIIK-dfor &."Ifi'illr.; B ~ rl~.S6~. h'i Um:ilig G'..,tzibli:.,.J:i~\d the: plit".tit'iiCc of Slirn I nscOI~lr.;l~l. ~amrlc C• which 'wal> Ccxfh.'ctcd In have eil !liJtkM1.~... re C'X111l;ct(-d the value of m" li.'~'j<I~~ ih~ more lilteOjll~ li,cd Ire..: cml'icfl.!;, she!w~dI"".1Ltl ish· di!pCiIldcr!ec: of i.l1it: Sd! losclll-m ion in~ ·MdU9~iob will~ 0 1lippro~ehrin!! 90~. The t~n~lj)ei'ilhJl~ lact thm the OSCl [fI'~lpcriloo~ clcpc'tu:!ed oalllc !11,~t amplitude ..The ~~ulti~~!l Dintl~ ~)10l.for saa111~Ie (' is sho\\tl ill Ihe If] ~~I.of F i£. 3. We s,l.ilburLd~d

Or

n~-

or

2.51iF'1 --~--~---9'~5
45 ffiK

B
~~~~_.-:....
~

Ihe

,ClJicl in !!ir)'

m<l,~1~.C'IlOIIfI:'$b!.,~lO!·

lrorn the

I<JI'W

t.S~--"__ -...,- --.....,...--...,!§ , .... .......... .

; Sample B
- 3,

1K

Ie;

Sample A

Ip~(i:l') p~OWp,I!,!;IO'1 tH). Thl.~slope of a 1~!l(,;'.!I!' I!'r'lo ~h~~ <Ill !1 - J',9 Tg1i'.'~ m * = 0.32 + '0,03 m{l ~~10l 6"'.'1~~·f(lmo~~.nile ,1:h;~(;'k:c;illJon 11.\i.'I~~). ~illnihtr ~1I~d \/<11ues Wot;!'l)l;,;'(l"'IOlI~lled lor lJF.lng.i.ng frem 2.6 to

p~i:l) dm., mul noml<l~iz.e(j~I.lbro~gh

§'
.t"

4.5 T. Th~ m'" v~llu~is :>O!b1I\JWh'Ui heavicr limn ~h~ blu~1k ]jlt;!l<hW!] l1la."'" Ol2:~mo ~ ~~li!l1I.,n",d b~
Cy.c'IDtmn f~'::o.'C!J]an{,'cQ' gi\ il1g ri~ to Ih~' p~ (22). sibi I~I)' a rmU5~ tlll:l1!1ll1ocunu:nt \!\f~lh 21Jp.!:lJ :1irnllae
cerrcctien

'2 ~
'1

(2'3.24.1. Wi! I~e)(.i di.iscllSS anoJnZllm.1l>p.:rim:lidlics

or

~~~~~~~~~o

-b

mhc SdU osdllmtiio:rls. The S••/Sl, ranes were fo~nd ~obe ~3 lor 'S~mph~s ~ml B. 3.11d~2 lor. A !'<a[n~~iJ,!.': These I'Ii!SLl~~S ,~uggcst Ih::u ml iDl~C'n1..i1:1 C'. ekel ric lid,d 1111ing !min rhe :ls.ynn1l.CU'i( Ir~= s ru,gul<!r well f;Wlh"mn1.~lUy removed !lpill (k;gcn1",['3Cj~,CVell~J1 zcm ' ~lOrn'llhujm!S

11il3gm;:lir:: field III I his case. I1lc nn to or the slopes d iroc~I}I gives Ihc cmncr
in two spj !1~I']lil slubbOi.JDdls,,~,. and

8m
[D
.301
1F1

IL, "~,, l~ '.:)'[. = .~ IlJIl_ S

\1!.'1~lla]jlflIiL..Od ·~o s.;H~lplc

~~F"""~~~T9IF~~._F"""~9

25, I.

I I I

Sample:

1.4,.-- .................. , ..................... -.."..... ......."';j " sam,ple A

1.3 iMagfilEi 'e 'lield

.6'
~Cl1.2 -

....

,1:1 1.1
1..0i"'"~~~_~

A. ·this 'lI.I1<Jly;",!s ~iH1ol .. <C'.ilTrI(;r d!!'n:;;i~y U!I ,on~ rofmd h"..k\~!fl!.i 1:tI!¥~ Ii); li!,u~ in the othct b:lI1d i'Il. low fudd:l; and ~Oitll carrier dem,.ilY Il:!D = Ii.. + U l IL=6 x W em- (2S. 26). As !Orimmp:~cc.,we OOHii ned dear C\' ldenec of [he 2:[) .nm.IHI:'C, arid. hCllcC' \\'C c~pcc!cd nml 1rmWoOtild be equal IOn. but ln fa{;t \'\IC rOll;lld th"l/~:2.[lwas albo!lu' hllllrof,ll . Ta£,l!'lherw:ilh tilt 31l'1l1'lJJIi. imalel.)' HllC<lr ,'S ropes. tlliis. rirrulingimpllic's dlm IJll~ miiS.'>Cd IP:u ex.lR::iiUB

0.9

V11----i----+--ii--""'I

occurred ill <I s.ystcnmi.ic: ~:·ashiml. In th is, sil:mllion, I he values or r'l~ and ~~IS;(_ are Itollonger
rc·.lliab~c.BecalQSC of ~11C ~~rol!1ger p{l~~riza~tol1J

~h.::ldsin

~<l!npll~,

B and

spJh~irlg\,,'O~dd hoe C'x.pcc:!cd ...~md..r!lY i~ dimCl!~l !O n,.1>{~h"C',.'11 bnd'UII ..~ ..~~;:;I~,,;JI, Rc!~t:~vl;ly 1~}W(;r~~ 'Indi high~r \Y 1[1,~y ~'lrmh\.·T rt,\d.1II~1; [he
llIb.lil)"I,(} .u.i~cLiminm.c t~uz landi.l!LI 1C'\;'i,:k In ~a:C'I, even :;:imcl'I 'wiih v -c I (I tendedto di~;}PPC~LL"
ill
IlL~OVC

'r.

rn~u~r

~<lrg~ 8~~in

0.:2:

10.4 0.6 (1.013 1.1)1 '1~fk}CSI9 (T'l)

sfllmpk: 1\.. which has I:he ~ligh~t ~I.1111 the d lseusslon, VI.''; ignoR:d thcposslb iII~ly I,) r
b<l;.'!C4JLUs(: lhi,!~1: WiIS 110

Y<lllc:y

Piig. 2.• (Ao) I~!ll!'lgitll,.ldin~~. fes~stMty p;;oo Hal[ resnstirvU;')I f'l:")\, a:nd dHrle'renl(ial[ Ha~t r~jjsl~'I,1ity dp~d8 \i@'rs~s S' liti~ai~ur,~dI all 4~SmK far !sample .A. 1~!lit~IJ'~~ t~,~IhiJn2:O!ll!taJlt~di. milir~ ar,~ Ul@ landall! on ~.e\i'el'~;iU1ngfa ctors defined illS v :: hf(P:7"'~}' Ol:} :P~ il mUDp~.y~e;r!>us .8' Ime'a:sIIJre~i!lt ]1 II( for :!Ia'llfllpl.'~ B (to;p} .!:Ifld I( (hoMom). (C) Stanl~a~dI fan d~a,grams e)!:~r"(tt:d fr(Jlm Ithe d~ta sh.(l\mifl (A) ~~jd '(IB~. '~ymb(l'l:s, SL andl 5!!t re$l~r to~hc ~OI~ tl mid :hig n,l1iel.d1slopes, .re:spocli'lle~lJ'· COl(l,FS ar:e (:OIil~i$lel1l .. !lith " th.(l:S~1;I~~dlou P.!jJ!'U:n (A) a IiId ((1)•.'OiP~n :s::iilli! bo,b iI're r'l: e¥iii~l;Ia'tedri!"@m dalt~1Qr sample C iiit2 K a,n d il'l I[]= 30~' S!h~l{;fl lP1 {ID}. N'li!It~ tihi!!l e!ld'l ~rl'reme!ill Ilr l~'ci'~ Qlr edrelflllr:l! ~iS· :set.t·o (I, s. (IP) Pill ~ I!!~ r d,etpend~n!'::e,of liulnnaUjjedi lTrnagnetJJ:r.esi:sttlll'lC!1! measmed lIt 2: K [orr :5alR1ip~E! (~op) ilna sample ( A

In~

evidence :indireci. baad structu 1\1.:.. \:l;/hC'i~H::ror not the spin~pl,il~i~~g. scc.~JdQ ~~likely in our s amp~cs. it iii: an i~~II~.estillg problClln 10 iJc s~lILdicd ill rullJlI'C

sp~,ill.ing nhm.~ith..::r .litO

0:, M~Zfll

......P

illl;saU

C''>:.lllCri

mcnilS. D~pi~c ti~~~. OJl!Ctlques~io:n ..~h~l'lllSel''''!"lml (If !he v = 1: ~ .. Ic ~5~i:;:!1markoib]e.p~lf! k:ll~Nty when

(bottom}. ~nset a:I:elliiclsthe

mNSlilr11!·m.~Hlit.

(cmfigmallfilil.
VoOl

c.m.1:1?~In:;d w it~~~os~tl!I L;~II,ml~ A 1.~G~l!.~ G1aN ... . N ht,~~~ru!\!~rtlclurt."&, It i~ tUinici!JI It In oh1;;ai~ ;JI:1l l,r.afJ "!lIi.ic l(i~...t~tl.hlSiul ml~ CI11!,-l iti IlitridC5 l'Ui\'iiii.~

" MARCf--12007

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
IFig•.. . NQ!~li~d oog~ 3
IilltQres.isli\n1~'I!\ml.lli5 1).8 r~Jrled ai~ valiottJ:s Lem.~ peRllUi1!'~ ~or ~mp!!! C
1;0'. M. A. K!l.m.! .. H. Kumiil. ]. M. ·\t0ll HDIf(. N, P'I!l. ~~C~IiI~r. Jlj:lpt ~,,~ ~""J,r_ .MD, ~~1 f!.~~n u. K. ~ It.101.C!er!l'l~·~~, SriMriO' ~;~i!l,666 '(ioo~,. 12. Ii.. 'OIilIOlTll't. ii, 't'. lilwalng. ~tlJ~<I,2:7. II!H i(2'Ot)l), U. M. ~<lk~ et ~i.,5tJIifJ Sttl~ "grmflU!l!. ::!.!!I~'. ~51

rl~pen~MC!e o~ Ih:e· I.o!:i:ai" rilhlilil~<: ilmptihlde Oif j},.;., peak at 3,86 11(Iiunlii\raled b<y !'!~,;)'.

~mllt epklli tem.p~ri!tuJre· d

0 .005
1

~1. J!!IjJ1. ~flt 72. 2466 (U900. ~!~~I ~X~~ ()rI1i[1l~111i. I.. Ii!!. IKdbil!ka~,. <jdid ~r,~ (Mm~rl.,il:~, l[)'~ ~1~'800, 17. ~,,~erpf1agnm. , 'IN, ~~'M:r.lik. A!P.P1, FNJ'li, £tott; 1a. 2:45, H

u- ~~ ~1J~rl;ing
fl97n

U999}.. 1.~. 4. ,o!t!.~o

ff aL.

18. 0" ArIl:bad:l~r NO',.}. ~. PJJj8. 8:1. 334 ~1!_)\ l~. 4. iQh'~Q f,t qJ, .$pl. PfJy>..'f'l'~7S, $1;&1) ~19\l9)" i!()l F. Sl!e11t1, Ph)1_ Kl1!Ii a :"I. 4.8511 ~:lc91i!~" .21. It.), 5I'.1d~FJ:,f'tjys. .~~ :n.o,iH7 {1'9Sro, 22. K.:I. IBII1:IQIII it a.:. PIIff. Rfff. '~ll 28. 1,6117 U~? 2.1. .2~. 11. AD!lD, .Pi_ S, fiIWl~r. ~. 511~,rn, .MDi!!, Phys.. .li~~:H' ~'" b9.62~, ~4. S, I)'. 5:iim!.a,. ~ ~. i!\! 2:]', 259·0 '(1l9831. ~~_ H_ t, S,onner ~[ ~L l'hys_ :«~. t~t.~\l. ~:!,6 ,],Si3I, .26, ~. 1". ~is@'Mlt~!, Iii. t, Si,(jntl@ll;\I.N!Ii'~~~1iulfl:~, (!" i(, G!lIlI~i!ld,llit W.iegm·aM, n.~ Rf'r. tflt. 53:. 257'9 (l9t~~ . .2'. W~ iIlia nk !j, f. Cl'iKhilim. tK. Ue~D,., anCi '[ Ful:unura
d~o!i1~.~'!J!I'IIiKI"~el!l !lit .iII Japi!fI SOdely for !hI! Pmjj)a~iJii ~~ S:cieiflce f~~l\i:lh 1~lli)'Wlhl~, ~iUJ; wtlli!!lle

ror

All,/.iIlI-.J'>.I

bmke

U 8). A p~ di[:CCliDn

'cmiSlmn~l;S )l;nl1f1I.k:r ~lam (iaN OPPOS,iIC' to ll13L in 2nO

.rei\ilL~ts if! pilinlg tip of dmr.g!O!s .irtduoo:l by both po~.miz.'li~ ThlJS. (lur reslhll.~ hUp'~}'I~IC1:1(Iollis. dl~18, poss.lbili~:1 orrca~izing dre rmcli!0J1.d. QUE i'n~]~c:,~rescnl PQ1~1]" hctcro:,!]1!,!Cl~I['C ir the' carrier ~nQh~lil)' elm lhl.~~rnpfiiove~l]111 ;'Iddi'ti.on. gj \ll;'n~ chemical ,C'.ompal ibuHly Wi~lOO11<1illether classes of o.N ldes, the: q 1LII~IJ"Jzed I ~<lnstare ~n;.Iybe combinoo \Yllh .. brood "mge 01" phy.:iiic<ll,nol'lC'flk~ i!l! OJ" eomplex ox idC'~C'lC1'Q!'; 1!'I.IC'Hm::.

:l!. lIt N:omUl~.1N at, Sdt!ij~ 1I0tl, i2M ~(lI'Il), Z. A.. 1c!iiJ'koY.!iki~I' t!Il., .~m"M'~w, A, ~.~ 1&2'00s;~• ~_ !!i" T~ul:Mat~ fl.. IO!i1tI!lIlllO, 1;'1" ~iW~~;IH. App'_ ~ ,~~ 00. [~21A;16 '(i!~6~_ 4. S. r, OlDlfliliu tlr!i/,. ,r.. AfJP. ,'PJj~ 99, 0931)00 ROO6)'. 5. K "'~ t1tiwn!ll, IG, ~~tI, ,f!\. I~!l~~; ~ .JIiI~I1.Lm .,,51 4~~ (19&0, 6. ]lW~~'5.. ~~ $~ :S~"JW_.~A, '~3i~U,9l'8l 7. 10. C~T~~ A. C. '~d! A:PPf, ~. t:e'lt n. ~~s,e (USl}' 8. 111(, 'fl!lIi\ It 1L>'LCiimr, Pi. C. !O!:!1'!;ml 1nJys. ~" .l(![t. 48, 15~S19(ll'9811 .. ~'. I!I. :vi'illet~ fl ,~1•• Ptl,ys. ~ ~fl[; 5,11. 1776n:![lm.

lIeren~~u:e~O!nliliN@l@~

CIt~iJv.'!' :Sl:,II!,mHIic1Iie!ll!I1Ircihgrant 1'!G50Ilfl!'! 'rromllil@ Mifll~u)' of ;,dIKalill!P., 'Cl;!lt"'r.~. :Sp:im;. Si:ieJ1(e, .~m:l 1I'~nmo!I!!j'i' oll~iiia~;:li~d:h~Fn~~fijffil;\t!l~ily I (.a~~rMIw. PI&!II<lIfI GI:t~~ 1~s;tilli!le Jor Jilaleriiiii:!;, iRt,!t,arch, l:J!~an, :SIIl!P'POITt"!rlgl Cn'Utille Mat~i!lO!I.
~.iI:~~!'!I;!g,argr~!lLrl:gn.e!1~rU!1l111:~.743Ml(1 "'l:iI!ri~ls.aDiI MI!'Ililod~

'Fig!;. S1. t>m s.6 l;!bl!;:~ 5>1.and 52 .Rt!rerM~~. 11'u~IJ~li1ed ~ 25 ]ll rn~iI!'~ 200:1'; oollil'l 10,U261$[i~~~~.H;HJ1!~O Im~tJldl:lni5 fnfQ[m:J~~OO '1'f!1I!:r] "fling U'!i~ ~per.

:w r4"",gmD~

lJ]~

~.~~Ied

l>Q Oi!!(BlI1be" :110.06

K. !.. W(!l'!if.g~~' P~Wiq'i;~ K-Y. KWI'JI!l.l. X., Un,l ",i, Ji.;lJ~.l U. SI'JILa!'iki,~' Fl, !t J" tr~w~nt,l G. L. !:'I~n.eb~ iT ~, S:'tQlbQ\I/' 'T,~. R:~h~l1'l1i!IZ
'We 'rm,md ·[h.at !I IlUuaquil1Jame' diHl!I:'!:l1!$ .a11nrr.g.a ">traligM ~.iml,e~OfIOs."i[l [,lali, hi91Il1l!~symrnetric (IlI(UJ) :5urfa(e .. It ciln also IN~VIHSiM.y .~Uil(h ene Q,r t~\!O (02; motemLe'!> <:IS ",(argo'" OIlIldada~a ~'tmole(llIle ea erier," ther.eby hi! "s~ornninJgl the diUm;i'l!\!il beh a vloJ oUhe {:O~IIIl otJE!l!:ulesholll!lioobiIJpiic to lir~,e.u. Oi1IH.i~:y llUlmdionall thoory (alll:ll.l~i'lt:iemj imiiclIb!d ']!iubs~rate~edillll;ed ;a~trril(n!lnJef -0.'12:

'i!'ledrolfl \taU ~~V). Sil:tlinniill9 hll1ni~l~ rnJi:~ros:(c·~y re'1fW~!!dlil1d~lIielLiill. steps ,of till!! mole!CI.il.u IiIQ1 lcomp[ex. 0111its: difim:iofl ~altrnway,. ~'I!i~hinJueaSie-!i oif ~O.03: al'ldi -{t02 eVilll tne d~~hn,io:n barrri~r !lIpon aU[lcllll'ffUant or fn~lkst. iimcil£~mnd (0<1 mol~~~u'le., res:p~di\ll!ly .. and ITIitc'lrlOlS (IU. In. 17:01 any renli:alliol1 0:[ hl,;.'. d. C.Vcl. OP'1.1.1.Cnl 0. f ~~lQ:leCUIII'c.:.: ~.13.t,. W.l1~n.~ acloo.ihcd unto a sU!r~a(;c. ·eJ\,I!n:II:nt dyrmrmc W1m,k,-{ulilf-'SCa I~c'f1iIac.hhn.~I)'. control led tr.lf:lSDXl'rl 01: d~rronlo{;' plUpo.;rtM.,':>n·:;t,'l~Ming 1l1O.l>J.J r"rn~6" rnolL'ClIl~ i~ k~J .~inl'lcliorl:JI.li[J". II, IlilU~h uflmLc«~~opiC' o~jccb; or mflchlll£S.lla'O anracted as Irili1:ipnrlmiQll orll;meru~oric o~jl~b>ici iJilc collo;id'crabk: iUi~tij:Gn {1 .;}. Ell:.3f11pk-sill'C:[:[ldlc j,;~y j;JliltJiW•se ofbmU:lY nnachincs. (e.g,. Cflnl'l'cyor mtoU)i. t ,,). 111InOC313 allclnmm:Yw~l!.:ci:S (5 71, yar~ b.;;::iI.,>.nf1tKks}. {'.cmbml of :>urJ"acclmj .... on by p iOllis. kiu~ds, f ·ch:'(;triic.u:1 !>!.:vitdc and !cads (~, 9}. m~ans or adsol'l'!lt;."\1 m,o;l:eclIlc.o; 1tlJ}' ;ldditk!lla~:ly o G ITcrum'l'!!il O1\!Ct1ll1lC'S ror ~le 'OlJ!thlli:l3li:on or MII'Ib.,~ prnre~lliCS ~.ch .'!J1; growll';Cllila~"}I .. rem;li~:,i.ly' lPi~(E! H~U, UIIN~I!ilfmr (~mOOlia." Rw~r~d~. (1\ 9:2'521, ';!Ialrsi!':,. ,md IUic~ jnnltuoriC<llkm. U:SA. ~:DE.'~rlrm.I!IIl,t of IP!rrsi13, UIIL'I'~r:siI!l' '01 CelllJ'al Ftoridil, )\~~1~L;;i1 ~l:fuCL;~. ·dirr~~i{mi:;: ~~lC'!:a~I}' the N OJl~p'ldol H 3:t'iSi.6. wsA. 8U·tl1t~ p:rmJ~~WiEh Ih(:~OWl"Sl mL;~~ric bntri'l;iI'~ ·Vo \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e illlIOuI_dI e addlre~. b IE',rnait
(I

niil5iionl is, random illl'lmWli'C om! i:rolrop1c surlrtocs unlessthe surtace hself l'i 31'1'ismrOj)ic U 2. !J I~ step edges H -n. an i'Kllffll)ic :SUI'IR<:l!S (lJ). and surface lCmpla.res /(i 17j em :r:e;Ulcl d ii'rt:lS,Lr.1l 10 specific ImtlnVllys or ru"Cm.... The use sueh surtacc I(;m.u~ is, hcwo'ever. a vei)' ill He.... e al'!Jnoa.ch for glJl i.cllnng ib\1 :lur.f~c~rnllspor~. l~rc'Vlm~:i\siltdics have SIlO'WIlI 111:11.he iSlJ~110j}ic dil1~lsion of ml$oul:l<ltes on t S\lrlaces call. be turned h~1fI Ih~ca_a: g~lidJcd and nmJ:k~rl by~m~a!~"f hlro!JlOl:'I~im or ci!her ~wn o :'1i,'lt]uq,~miall~' ull(wh.m !hi'ol S~Ib.:'i!'~~~~li:(.'lk<;n-; 1(,6) O:~~h'],~L't)ll~ '\11'11",,:;1:,'" l5. H} ~Itl'nIDle ';:i.d!'i~lr~lll.'!. 0111 ~fLI

eess, Di

a.

or

mn

A~lh(llughlhl.";!;t; gLJ:'lp.I'IiJjJ~l1l::-; w,.;:rc Ii!LIt~iI.1l.::;""'" ~iJl lor ()Jl~ .:\PI.~~UIC molecule e"tdl. l~ciilliCU {lIr uhclfn has )lei, bccil ~C.IIC];flliiloo, 10 <1, class of

melccules.
":Clli.l:L"~ h,tl';.

!i,J!OroOVCii.

with~i1 the mcndoned

~1jp~:m:J3d~iCS,. transport ~lt}

~)'r,~l~I~1"c!lI"go'"

mol-

;n;~.Hz'b"tl, 21.~d~mi.gh CMccrlctl mot~on ofri.dsorooJte:: ha'> been observed ill. unrelated ~Y"'1cnls tNt HI). ~:ere l;.\'C' :i11(DW l til al an~.In·aq!JllO'llC (t\Q}~lOlcctq les (Fig. I A) i can lr<lI'L~I'Kl'1Iiom:: or two CO2 mG~eculesin a hear ,lItel ~l! idcclr<lSih ion iJcro~~iJin i~ll'OJ~ ie 'ul i :~ $urlh~. I) Thi~ !iiwdy u~{jd 'I;!J~~or!l-buihV' ..ri..bk'"
y!..~
llc.cUI
I

,I

1l;'1111pCraJtL~a; :olC11~1IiiL'1.~ lUI[JJlill;lira~ nilii:trm,[_"C!p~

ludwig,

l:i"'rt~~@'llrulliu

~lClttC il. i~ilTiC'~O\"~ti\-I";IlI.'iFK:T3I!iirl:

:;ut.l~;,e,.;:poo-

'ISTM)

£1l';l;iI.l~lll

hOlt,"od

illl .ti. \'!H~IJUilill c1i:lin~t

REPORTS
hl&~C' rr~~~urc
I,

I ~ ~~mad~in\'oh'oCi C)'C~:;; 01.' i>1l1.Hterin:g {l\.r' . J ~V J ""1.(1 <I!lII!~lIi~~~. l'~.ml1;~i;u.1,,1'l:y "fu,jr

\t( con fi 1111Dli.o!~

'I ",-'10. ) <:: ~'" .. WIT.

11 . Qlll,e " ~1"1;,i1~arn~,I,orl I

il;n:"!)ling

1~t

~o K,

!>If

~[I!Ui!.lI]k cll,)'.:lln~i'I~'~s by ST1\,J~

AQ

Wa~

d~i:ilO"_"i~ed i,~ 111irlQ-

ol:'sighl, Ill!~hiou f.mm <lgillss, c.~~p:HI~I!Y 1I!Unil'Qoo '~I] the ~illl!r,lhigl~·'~<1¢lm!.n sySh .. D~U"~Dlg u, d~(lQl'l;~ 'liQll. U~1;dlm'ni!~f rR~""'l.U"'c in:["n.: a~I~-dby <] '>: , 1Cil-HI tOIii'. Ahh(il'li~Jl 'uht; c'O:: C(Wi~CIUOr the

1:t.\l~.;kgroLilldpR.~i re dm rill,_g d~lOiILi:O:ll i~Mdld~

ool! Ies;[PI~;Ir .<!is "[iq1l'1:,'l;<;ioJlS til Sl'M im<lg~:. !he}, <1rCml)bil~ in the ~111..c l~mllCl'atli!w !1'm~c (]intlL~ i~l 111] i~o~!W~'}k I~...;i~~~trig. ~). IlOS!!~ 004 onto d~~ s~:mp~~ !~r~ltlgfu! ~ :~~"4,..>d!i; :;;m~ ~h,,:;y '!t:Jl:~(l., M(l~ aha,!!! ! 0 :;.:]mpa(;;;:WI..;'11;: ·pIC·palJl"4;! 10 OUI su!"fit~ \I!I'ilhtilhtakl~Y~:m'lJi,ugc;_" AQ ~cl. of (."O.h w(; lilld lii.i:a'l;hl!IiC'lll of 0(',0;1 ~llI]o1e~ilIl,~ to oOl]f~nlll tb~ ,~n~~!:s :rcP9rrJ.,.'lBI~t:rc. each side fir f\.Q by I<U"!oom dim.lsio!l or ei~h~r I\Q m"! C'lll i ] ! I is~~nill~~'"d by SlM .1iS an ~~inng,~~(;d Ilmt!1.l!S.inn !hOll i~ ~.Iig!lcd ",.~i!fh (he st"lil;'"C;~"S o.r·~1I.e'r~~ .!'ll'IIl.i("lldo.1lin.~~.I..~y!.ll~ STM ~ir .. ~r'I U'k~ ~..\illll!U'~L ~L1IIlipkK. AQ J~'iai~"1Li~i~ itl; ~i~~~r~ui1l8r~t~~~ higHi.• \,)'ll~I1I~l!) diilt.."\CtilJln"Til"l'k~-I.. p:;.c I dHlll,:-.iob1 and i~;;;doljo!¥1ll'tl 5h~IPC~ illiagi~g re.\ ~";;16rnp.id fll:lJ ~rietljl liuaC.t'I:i.dli 11m,· ~rcti~B:i.c li.i1C'lIl1' I'!ow'" ....er; ils ec.nDer l'iil:!;lb:, ~itl'l!:i.goo as lil>lS Ilrusim~ 9.l tl.11~prrnIUDL.'" I(~wIt" 20 IK.. COl ,Iutll· as, Il'1iidk~. A. S!."liLje~~re demdun~m lind 1\.... of ~i'tFL.cI~menl. one of two ,rn~ of molccu!es rro<m AQ i.~~hQwli1 in fil::. 2..A to (' ~lo~. U!lloacll~~~
arn ocelli"
n<HIOOl~l)'

clenl, Ih>ll, ill\Hvid\J!i!~ ~o;:i,e:Sc..1lJl 'be I«!nd ,oa die "llJffIT~. fuif qmI!l~i~ ati\'c m~ln~'Hlt:n!!t; we de"

'by ~neru~:sOJf Ihe STNl lip

aI ~empcrnturt'S

lion ,of, ~.Uln('lI~l!lcl'l

Il])quil'l~ <!lfrlC!:I:U' -I(I of

or ~50

~'if

~l~-

K., M[)jP1~ PI.!Ia-

iucn...n,(: in ~Ili;:~ u;lm~di!~~ I,;U~~~l I'dOll!ti",-,l(l im~

~.'tg iiA",,, "L flJw riA) ~IL h>ia,41~, 00 ''l11V. DC~lSiW 1\!TIi:~ion..1 lhco:L')' c<!kM:i<nions show !l1m l!.he ~!nc<u-dim'~ioll1of AQwil.h ,!!ld "~'!!Imlll![ O1IlI~!:cl~\"-d 02 P~(;d..; 0 by ;:dl(.'IT!wi~w.,....\,;'Jll'i- ,of it-l ' Cltixmyl grotlps::~lorlg 3. ~U~f' ...I.t,; ~ligh •.!\)llnJn~!I)' line (~.g. .n h]roillmh,~l to a p:ruviol;ll>rrcp{lJL Oil, Ilmllim:ilr d1m;i.Js~JJil of dithiOfllllthrnoon(! in !I si Il'IIiilar fils~liQll (6), the mtlJ:llClLIlriili Ortcitt8lilon<; ~sscd3l.cd wi~:lII~ c individus! step of the •. !iub"'UIlJitC .~inl;;ers can be observed in ST[\II as

or - :~

Fiig. I.. tA, i!md I) The dirimlion or :A;Q (llw~u!j;iOO'!i,w~il'ei) and GO~ <~ru::lenti1tiom;" faU mO~&lII'l>E!1iIffil'lWE!l1 two STMima:ges i(rIJoUage' III == -1.5 V, mnrent. J == 11m pA, '~BmJ!!@1ra!ure T == ,26 II!:"alr~1 A == 95 :0; BO AJ taken ,2; l1~tI rs I'Ipi!rLilihe difh.!riion palliw<lfS ('!Wlte li.n:es) were obtained h'om ~ll!tl?1iifIl8dia1)1' l'ml'lges:..

ultc AQ-CIO;l complex ~tcr:" across lilt ,'lll'ril1;"(l:: F~illltcmiyllre !\Q mOl!;!!}, j,$ l:CXnnd to be ;jla~~d l~y ...lW wil~~ r~'p!.. ~o~he ~ul1slr.'lXC l1iglli".(:t SY.lmillcH:y di't'OC!i.OIl" l\ ~lllellcc of tln-ec :SlC-p.S
of<iLll AQ CruryUl2 I\IJ()(,O~I~lOlc:cuk'i! is SilOWIt in Fig.. 2. C 1.0 FThe c~,h:;ul'lt K.1Ill'i' i~~dicr~ti: IlmriWJ1!.d trd Ii»' 0lI 8i,lliml I:x:nh lbl'iMl~m:l\Ct1 CO2 11~~.~ctlllk~ ,nl'd 0,11,,'\1 <1IJt.. C"d co 1'\:0 ~ Fig ..3 ~ \vhich i:;;ul] agrc('Ii~C!ll "LCIl.' wit1i~ spt."'ClIt}$OU1:lic fi,·h.ll:1:>urcn~.cnl" on is.olm.ad

Fiig. 2. (Ao to 'CJ' 11i)@!adllil1:entand rll'aUa;{hrmmt {II a (OO! I'lmlecllIle(depre.Miolm, roo) on tim!! le'fi ~ilfEl Oi[ an AQ (pmM'u:Siolil, blue-\\lhffili1!')' (C tD' In DiUusl::m ofAQ \vijtll 'l\'I,I'(I' (0:2. mlo'[@cJlles, bV m,-e'aI'!S ariildijvi::l!.iI,aL S~~~ ,(!fits ~~~i1 gt~!iliiS(~ Flig. :3). ln a~limaglB, v= -35 iiliiV"I '" &0'pA,r =50 K" (and A = 20 x 40 it Note :th~ ed'ge Of:.ill ~l!llst.etrof AO l1lIol.ecu~s 'in the' botwm Il>efi,5l'I'Villi gl :n a marker, and Ihe Cu.{U ..:U s'ida~estartE: OOCi&i,tJiOOIS,

spcci.cs PI), A.l11c9ku~mliQlt." used (he \lASP rode (11) w.idl the ~~i1Iernl~~ed"£rrJdi(;i1~ fL"PpJ'ox~ im1lllioll (13) rOO'" dlt' cl'!:.Clml1ge.-oolTC~3Iiofi funcliollil~ find tbc' Illrurne-\\llVC ILo;;ctldop!~jeutim.1me~h[!(l ,t~4) \""It~lu~u:a~.tl rseml'opolcntiah, (25),. Our calcu:IiMim:ns, used .'1 iSli,pcoccll ·001"5, x 6 SUb5ir.lltC rooms" and l'ICSL1hso'blai~lcd Willl tWO and t~In;:C !iuhslI'm~e layer:;:;; \~I:e slmlilar. 11]cmlr.l.Ol..irw Interac1ioll between CO:;! and AQ W"'t,vJ wrn.s ,c-allC1.I!h.llcC:l oon1p.;)IJ~ng Ihe 1*1 encrgii.'S nt'ooppcr by
~1~""''''''''''''''''~'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''~

.& II! ,~

M!h,"[,!IIfi(i!~

M~JIOMi
~q_I'IQI'U~'*

*10

20

nna11'_~~--""''''''''''''''''''''''''''--~--~ OJ~ ~_~ 1lI1~' ~ !Ut<t

'1fTernpemlUl'IEI (HK)

F~!J. 3.lMorle~ of Hue diHwlQIl 'D'f an ItO' Mu\ccule wi!Jll OFle C02 atta:dud~ resu:llS ror rem C!nildiMO C02 !iflQt~liItes a ~ vrtry sJmilalr. NJ dir~li$es· aklli!g]t~e S'::l'b~!;aile lhigliii·~ymmi€tlY dir'edi~1'I l¥ ~e~ulialll.Y IiIilQvl!ll!l Iilqlth~F qn~ «;1>' liJ 'or~h~ (II~~r ~IO' Olr ~~ Q,~ien !lilc!I»Ir@w ~!1~rs.b~), Sl"I.lp;s, la @~dl ~!;I ar~ im/ersion'SYlllilm~tJ;k an~ ollitlm Otl:rnrirn direct sliIuesMoo solihi1ll1lilie mole(jul.l!1ipp~af"s to ril~p IHllw~ ,clol1lfi!!lmaHcllii:'ii ,anuli 3 (f~£I. 2). 2:

fr'ig!. ~,. Anlileml~m plo!. ,cd [the- diffl.l!llol'l of AQ I'I'II)lewh~$ ~\iilI!h~f'(I, M~, ail~~w~' O~ iIn(ll€'(l,jl~rtS ( aJt:lil.cn,oo. The r~'ttaJnt d:tftmiolFl barri~~,an~ indtCQI!ed.The ~r !la'rs;af~ ~fl'laU.er tha:iil I.he s:ym.cw~s.,~rll1il tl1~s~$itll~t ~nr,qFof N(ih Q~ th~ Ib~nrien; i£ b!.'&o~\I' meV. TiU! p:ref.adiIlf5 !1re LO\'i U;!~lz 10
r~glm~),flmrolalFW tU).

13'92

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
s I<libs whh(l'I.J~ mli}' ~rtmle

tFIl~.,v,ilh mlly (;Ol rtFol;)~'. \\'ilh OJI~j' Q U~:O~"l"<LII!Owg~h f\:Q om'\! A {.!'ll

CO~ W~Ih):: F"lI:!;lr= F"",~! I- Po FCO,l! 0,12 ii;V, n~i h'lI~"'I1'tr.ljon .ils m.l,;~i;;l.i.l.-dbylh!ii s
.-.ulx-itmrEc w

diffll!s.llOll. At; such, (HU ob::ief'\mi"ns ~-e Ilroohf rri.114;:illlc 11:1':1" ;)!a)pli~l~n of nllolc~'tulcs ;)\t the 1Il1@~m· Frq -::;; !lil)~1!r~ ~z;, moll()~u~,lr-~qllL;: ;uml!~.!il>"'
Sl:;t~P'H;-ltil!u;:h~n~~y f~n~!I.;'t~ul~:r~mu;him;:.jOi·' I i.h!J.t

'Pr

h~l~rm(lIi.'\Cld,"1Th{l!n,cl~, ij,t!5 c!1.trllY 'oon'l;~,;x~~ well

pn r.:l!bh!.."t!J~b1~!Jl

im't1h,irl.tg

~I dioot:~

ilh

!.lH; (iI!;'CusiomdC!b.~~n",,~~m! Sp!!lFl'l;l!lCfl~l~ of

is. a~~~Ii;ii.i(::> 1.lmt I;;hang~ A.lli.:i.lIo._.. i~iOll or lPmlx~fU~-$,of ~cp;-.",u~~.111lCJlrxul!.U'"~c.Jl'e dJjec~ in a

r~dl.:w.~nined !b~hion.
J1.!j, 1Wi!ll~, Alrt. Crfll!I1t ,Ii.'t~,. itij)• .,j(j2 U.9~i]'1. 2.. G. S. ~l)1l:al,L. I, (!~lte.D. !j00n1l~~.1. MidlL £1I.tom. Iilfyo. l!!Hi.• JZ.I!1 (£00,)..

17. H. IlnJ!1(, M. GolL'iwnninT. [ft B!rL'miJ~n. 1ft Kern. N1Jtw"e 3?4. 45!!' U~'Jro, lit $, H~~h £t !Jl.. ,~Ul~ .:li9B, 1.30'1(19~oj). [9. G. ~ lIk(;"j.rliI',' p .. S. Wl!i~~l, Am, (JIM.. S~l. ~,26" t2004~, :lo. A (!r:t"lf!'I:p!lt1,d]ng f'I1iiM~ ~PP~1IB Ilill Stl~nu OI!1~I1f!., ,21. K. 1'1.h~1'". [I), 5'hliillf_rtJec~ K. C.liirrn!ll1!i!n~, iFl'l,~, ,CnM)l

un,

s~'F"a'<lti{l!~3l ;::10 K,

.. Qe'il.)' of AQ d\;erG!k.i'L"'~ whb':i:i il. ClImc'S d ,Ioliid. f'utfiil1 ~t;mJli'X'r<'IlUrclodejX'il(k:il[ mea:.iIl£Ciil';Citl:.~ hUild n.'tl~ :f!le:pi> ,or AQ ('W il~1 zero, ml~. OJ two mok"ClIk."S IMtached)., VI'C
3, COz

n~\

lIi!'rer~l!Ice:!< iolnd INote~

]I.

or

co;!

fir

3~

!L IP.. C.aILiIl1.C,

ohmin~d (he Alillc'tliusplol

~I,~Q\\'f~ I'IFig.... T

,[I

inclicalC!l: I~ml lIre din'ilsim~ bar,n'Cu.'for .AQ of' ~O,.U:! cV inc~ by -OJ£1: cV ~pan anm::h~K'~nof' th~ li~! CO;l nKI~I,;\t:ld~ !!!1dbJ' a~~ O'Iddilimlal -0,02 cV f~r !!he *,1"tl;O~ltllnlH!~'ClIlfJ.
~11!,:1~rol.lghl~' .

IJtlllhl i"gM!~1 1r.i~lil1g.. ['~~~~ ri,,'~ y.

A]dlQ'l!,~! ~h!: dim!!lkm barriers or 4 are Vell1' !o\~,tn o'!!al:-<~rl!!C M·m~ .. 'l~~C!l '~"{~~!'il!(md"v,~11

r~g.

:Sp<l.ici~ ,uud omtrQpIC)'lQ'ii;lon cur II '~~ ~!(Lg". CI,I Willl&. 0.0)7 ~V (_Wl~CO cl1C\!vI1Jl&,
\'II ith

oUUJIr

ii.lr~!, 5if;~fIU' ;!;8:t5~1 0:998), 5. ':f. ~hifjjL A•.~. O:!igood" '11'. 11'1" ~f), K. f. Kf[I!t s .1. M, TOUf. fIon~, It'tt: ~"lJ~ {200~. ~. K~. K~n (Of aL. thy:!. ~ m;,9\5. 1,661.01 (l!005). f. III O;i~FO'~.r; ~L, Ar.!9ew, ~\\, ~; E~ 43., ~Z (Z(lO~). ~c "- Qm,~ f~'(It, ffI~ i!i\~. urI:. 9~, '1J56,TI{IB ~:i!OIJ~J_ ~. II, iIlIluil'l~ A CrOl!di. f. M. Ita)mC, J. F,. St'lXld'ait ~ CIrl.m. tfilt Ed, 3'91, U49 (€OOO). 'm lit A. wflli)~r:!IM !!'t ~!. lI!'QQIn' ~~j!!. :H37 ~200~l, Ill. T. R. Kelly, Ii. Dt $1I1f<1, ~. /!" :!mVo"l,~ilf:fJ«!4Ul, :1:50 U;999t 12~ I, 'II. B!I~h.. fj, (~an"imi IK_!(oerm,. lIr~1ute~~:j!; 611

alQ(lllJ, ~. I, II(. Gim~Ii:I'

Oi~tril:h.Qj(:hf1'(~_llr" IP. ii.ia1ri1l1l" M. C. lil"!1e;~ei-MDLO!lro'. }- IfI'. :S.afil".i!~~,,Ace. CJNlllI.~,. 3:4, ~71'

Ci'i~,f'ii,s, 1, 'HI)I~(i?~9~. 22. (l, t;'n~,!, ]', H!:lllti!r,il'h~ R~. ,!I 41. ~S8, U\il~'3J" 2~. ].. Ptf,dllW, 'r:,W~~, P/lp. Ile!;o. ,~<l'$, n 2'14 tl'.i!9\ill. .2~, M. '~~e', M. 1fe'~I:, 0. AI!)arn" 11. 1iIii~5, J. J~aJ!OO~!D5.. ~Il. ~ad'. ~, ,64, 1045 f199.ZI. 25. 0. \I'<!oo~rnl~l. !fI~ Rw. '''I. i'ElSl2'!U9'Ol. ;16- L (_ 1ft $~~ .er' Cflfm- Ret, 216, 945 ~;l@(l3)',27. '1'. Mll!,u:t M. K.. Ra~!.. Eo ~'omil\l, D., f,. o.g;1~mi!'. M. S3!m~\f'I:ll,PhJ!j, h: t~it94. '00:16101 (:~OOiS). .213_ s 1:Ii~!, G, iI'iliLm. (. Wb~, fl\Iys; Rel'!t~/;88. OlJ!3®1.

"t,~"

00I)2~,

29. G. !'awin. ~. IL.'II'iIo!1!g.K. '1'. KWill!, t. Biiflell:. S\iM(,e ~13.

~l2'QOO., ~O'. ~,r..tw t'1 ttl.. ~ ~. l~lt•.~ ~~'8:1 ~;i!0i:XI~. U. A.]. lloI!ilinllim. C. III'. Lim.. J[, A.. Y"pu., D. M" Ei~~r, , Sd'J!'II'('~ ;1;911; li3l1ll t~OO;n. .~2. SLi,PPQned~1I!iJ5, DIlpartmnl, Qf E'rilNID!' jOtm gr~n1i ()HiGOl1HU.15~6~'S.. t!;ti!fl~ the' ~d\;'rnl1t Ii.$~Nialte$ll'ro~rMijor '~h~ SOin 1!liieg!i>iJlii~OlI.mjkJ~~

we

Ctr:lt!f

OJ:lIO

~Nll3n

fu ~orn:pLltl!(IMll'L fti!o!l)i:IKU

A'eli's [Lbj:l.ity U'l .1fC¥clSiblly anaeh C"OJ I'IJ'Ol'2'OOS!. 1!3- IF_ ~~i e~ P!"tlg, SrJr(. 5"6. n, '\!~ (;!OO:!). t:tl.. "ides a means fo-r ~~lnsIJOI'I of ('OJ: molecules :l!.~.S. J. ~uani!::k:.I'l1o M. ,ti.llmnt ;P,. S. W!i~,; 5cllM«' Z~6, 99' llLianlg 3, line frompo~m A to paint B an 8. sLlrfacc,. {1'994t :lIs~mlg 1II:i> 11m:! I]. are cormceted b)' ,m.y orlhcA 115. I!t Q:I~ro fol' G1~. tI'II'~t M'O.re.r. !I, '1'19 {Z·OO'i!¥.I. !1111.''C['uU II), h'gh-~.y~lmlC'~1}"direetiens, Tlhis 1!~ Jl A. Th~M, ~S O:doillt.l'!,\_ A 1i'Ji!liPs, N" ~ CI:ia!l1P~\ IP, .iii. BfDn, WaI.iJI!!4il4.. 102:9 1200.3~, re...u ~t is, lFlsimi; co:ntroJ!)1~r() C02' ~·nm ive ~~o~ml~~c

:$ll!IplPodill!j1 OIll'liFl~ NI..t~ili'iiill _;5l;ijeMtmilg,QrW'!li!cill!l1lerutiflllllJll]!S.:liOO1DCl

~~S1!
:!i lam~3r,.2007 !\!~Ii~!ilel!! 00l1~t' 'HI ~nUiU)I' :C:OOl; :UlU2(i1sci~m[el1!:3S:302 11~~tlJl!!1~i~ T!]oi!!lf!l'!~iioo 'Wi'!!1nc'ilil1~ih~s ~F.
19 SeptIlfTlDer 20&,; <I «<pled

[M[u 1[t:ii'f:UIDI'C:tiil'Dln,B EII,coded I Partleles for IHiglh ..,Thr'o'Ug!hp,U'1 [8ieme [IIec ul e An a [Ilysiii:s
IiUglh·t~ rIQl!Ighrpl,lt :SCri'!rl:i'itnl,"i 'f('ilf ~ue'tk a !'I a tY5:i~, C(l!mbj[i'I~t(!lria I chem'i~tj[y" a md dbillk.al di,a9i'1~$'tij!l:!!: be.ne'fit5 homr [mlllt:i~te..'df'lg, wh'kh .all~ws. 'rOl~ jj~ ~~mLllt.ai"leli!JI:!:aS'~ayof .~Mra[l an~iililytes but n 11'jt!~(e$~tatf!S, Iii, E!1"![cod]ng sciile,mero'r a mrl!ilec:u lair iide:ntm~atnon. CI!I:rrl!!l'1It a pprna[che~r.,u m uLtil1tex.ed <llnallysi:s im'Olve (omplll(at~~1 or ,explmsivt' pmlLes!>t's;flll:r !llli1mdlift9. ~limdk)f1al:izirl{l~. ,or dilC!~ding ,aJdiw stlbslrat,es (p,arlides ,(lrmrr.,u::es) tll'ld often yi,~ld a 'r.II~ry tlmit:erm m.llll'lberr of a,flalyl~',l;pl!!dric: ,~o!les~ We preS:1!1I11 [l'lu!thod based! 011'1 (olmtilill.!ulLJs·low ~it.ho!llwi3Jp:hy'th!1l'~CIl<liTiIb3ne,s: i! pllrt'id~SjliI'Ithe~is .aln[dll'rundilil(l .[I[f1[rrii PMD@'if1l(Q,rpor.[l,t:irl!ir"l irl~~ .[I[ sin'gle pmlLe~!> ttl !!leilil,!!'rat~ ml!l't~ifl!l'n{tkma[ IP.anide.~ Dell rii 1'11£1 Ilv.eor <I milllion[ lnriq!Hl rn!l,l's:. By [usi mlgi !I'lIe1h parlide1i, we ,d'~miOl'I'fitra[te a FIiIIJItt.ipiex.ed, ~;il1,gleflru:(Hes,"eDil'GI!det:ecliom Vir DNA ,o~iglomer~ \¥ith encodie<d jlillr[iide' ~iibli'iH~e!'i that '~8JfI be scarmed r.ll"idty ilfl 11 HOI'J4i"uoughi mkro~llllidk {hiJ[l1rneL fllr~he'rmOl·'~., \'Ie dlelfl[o:rJst~1Im '~"i'ill high 'spedHd11l' the ~m@' I'JIIlILtipl.el«!iliI dei@'oCtiolfl llIiSiDl'~ ~lI'Idi!,!'idllla!t m'UllHlpl'obe l!lart~de!i.

:;;JppliQIIJ1ro!l'" p:"(jtl!lri!1,1il ul~m."i11i,gh-d:''',IlSil}' :mJ'il~ys.is. ~Il 'OO:Jll:prU'lOOCl!l!, ~1~I1lS~'o!I~ ,111'1);'_" bene~! (mm
soIUlionkin~~:i(;i;,L;<l'<t;' '
Im!l bybJueh ,!!CltOlyp.iulg
~UI1'k1'

or .,:v.._..y modilIi\clniIHl,

Ili~lrlL;T S;:lrnlJl~(~lillroU.gh"p~I1~ and b¢1l1.Crqll!l!~iD)1rnn-

~'!l'.llilhcsis (l.h A~l[holli!!\li pm'!iciL;tx'CII

Illsoo 3my:>hovc

usoo lilr hngh.den ...hy

\Vhr:l~ delecting a mooe..'l.I.

fUPlllie'M!.oll6l lJJ). t.hcy ore ~l'1iOSI.fa-

\lornbll":: O\'c;unic.roanys rnpicl probe-set

or~m:yet." over ~fII"8.cpoJ)ull'1I111nS when. ,0:1'

I1H.ldHicruion is dcsll1."'d.\V.lu!reas

piJanml' marnys. rely Mric:tly on po.-;ilum~;~1 cncodin~. ~I);<,;t}c!lrs~!] ,Uf'dYl' hblN~' used II gre;,ll~~lImbt;;'r of cn~ocxlln!ll :;d~~'i!t1(~. Ihm (,<m be clOl....~vnoo <IS "ll!lX''''' Irom.ClJlc UI m. grnpilk .•11 U 1 Nn. e:lec~rol1iic I j' 7 In fl1' rlhy~ic-a~(1~~. J J), SiJlJti,>,C,trmm'uric: .,l'lrcooing Lli;.'l'I.~ "'f"'1,\cir.c w,wo(,... 1:~11~llL;,;; (If l.i,li;ill or~,ldia1i(m lintl\'~~nIl nUO~lphrml,_'lS 7)\ ctUllH!{Jpht.'!I:'i.,ii\(NhIfJh{I!1.on1:i(,':~lnH;;tun_'!; {4 H',. and Rflli~,uU.I<lg,:o; (Ie. U)j ~l .idcrlli(v 11
~1}cci,\."'S..r-~~J;(m;'~OCI!ll)C-";IlCooctlunicrobi::Jd .. [,4'-7, C1.l1i1 ~

he. a~nh)' to q;~~~ljrY.. nn.lI.II'il}~.· 1'~~cill::1.. c)'tok ~nC'll.or ]l!.i"I!rlc add ~qllc~~C\:'S :In l'lali:a~~cl ~)sii!lg <l :;;ingl,c sarnrlc <lHows m;:~ s'c-archers and c'~i~lk;i<llJS to ,)blil~'Il 'liliSh"(ki~si.ty
~llieiPdflUl!I1~nt 0'1 CIilelPical. Eno,ml':r!leElrlng, 1'lIa~-s;amU~!l'tI5. ~rtI· sm~~e of 'il'e~hll!oI.og~, (a!l1Mdge. MA 0,139'. [UiSA. '!B~cMEMS llescllJ~(~ Q!flI!.I!t JllId (ir!rut(!I' 101' EfIIgrnl!)~ri[1lIIj in Ml!dKilil~. Mi!i~I<I:d;II ..I!)!1!UJi, G~nEf;3I. liOSiPi~.. l il:lild filalll<lJ-d ~dk!!1 :k~t BO$~, MA Oil:U.4, uSA, "'1'0 \~hol'll oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e iIIl1OuI_dI 'be addlre5.'Sie(iJ.
IPoo:flI!@l1lIil:J~d'LJ

IE',rnait

mr'lidly rlr:oo~cdl by Ili:-iJl1<gOJ'lvcnlioflfl:1 c cyl.Omc!i"1' lor on U ~r"oplj,c arrn.y.; (l4, I. inltml~,tion '\' it~ mina~m31 &.'\8il)' Lim.c,. S1l.l11J11e mrIk.ifl@. I!~cm a poPl~lar r:llarl~)ml rar l'IT!.I~,I~I)lbivl,')l~llnc. mN oCO&I. Sl!Ich nmllipk'.'\Cd rul;1l~y~i~i:i! ing. I :~o"'",c\!cr.~hcn;'arc' ~\'(rnl di~fL-d'!'<ln~<lg'C::> 1" 0 uSJngmtihiple I1mll'C:lICl;nl sigvmb >lS me;('"Ils 01" ;]CCQIli1\p.aI'lICQ l'l}' ~vcml ch,,~'lcngc:;;,ill!:;;~~!dingIIlWlmrooding. illduditlg, I il lhelimi,tccl barcode!': Iccul!ar ellcoding m'ld dte 1'tC'C(1 10 rel.:''Lirl assay scu'k.~i Invi!y, ~?-"'Cifidty,.,mCln!f\l!I!dllcjlbil~ly 'with Ihe m:hic\,.,lble (1},p'icaU.);, -11(11) because o.f spcctrJ'I LISe: of oOOl'II~;l~ mi.... u!re:3. TllCIlC are two bJ100i:! ovcrllillp, I(l,i~ lhe lack of p(lNbil~ly 1:'01' olill'k}' c]m,~'So.~·lccl:l4n{)logk~lI~d Ibr mJJI~ifiJ~c"'~1g: P~'!" !low cytomclcJcs. (ii~)added COS I widl c<lch Uuore:>.ClI! nl L;:~!cin~.r ~nd d~~¢C!Of Illced~>d. ,I'~d n.1t,u!rdY5 a .1) ;l!ld sU~prc!!!si{l1i1(I~alilick.~lilfol;"'d ~ (iv ~ ~~L;~I i..1.~.irl~k."fr(;n;m;;c of e.~~oora_g nuni "ITII¥-~ (.;I .1!).bonh elf ~Ii'~!ich~iav~"lljJ~ic.~!iolln;:s(':t.mt;~ \'!I' i[h"Ii~~~)'t~-dCHXI.im] Ouu~\_';s,oC!~t~" z\,~"'Cifi.~ )JI.d\!!Ll1I~;I~b';S. Pl.l·.IIW:iim'~jll\ :.ilL;;1l ~lh'lDNA Fat 'I]rh::"t: rc!~",olilii,. ~,illiglc.11 umi\I,:l'1cot.."i'iCC: lli.cll:i!}d~ 31]cl ~LciUfi i'iiricroalTa:,Yll. :.I£C b~";ld ~ui't1.'tI!(;'r

now

REPORTS
illO\~'d ~h~IKe bQt~ i'1f~l rnci~,ymK! \"ClIlsh u\ it}, of m~~}ft~ d~wti(ll~, \~!~1l!8~ fl· :'linllp~c dQ.Hl,1\ling ~A;;~l~lC !n J~I]1,'fnll:; r;I!i!,~k:"'.1pt ~~,!,~~'lr ! '~\~f ;1. ~udhoJl I(~ I ~(I~ tr!g. lq,PtImc;:~c.s \\I(':n1; 1;iI~. si!l~1.cc;lto 00 "R;mcl'i 11Irn1ig~"''C 1'3I1C.~. k:m'I~ their { i!;,'ill!,llh. wi ~h.diggn~llO'lll ind~t[l"{I!1l ·~halwere used 10 • Th~ I:;hcll1li~~tri:L,'s ~~'l~d Ihbr~Ci~l~ ~llIclia p1iJP"~ 'to ~doni~' >OOtlJi.: PO!\lil~gll!i"~~~he d:iL.:: fC<l!d''di[o;iCiPB'' '~i[:k~'t~i~a:Uic;: ,~- ~]lio~trft;si~lJ rr\qlllurn;~ .. dd il i[H~111 lk"f'iilP;: Ihl; ll!!lt:Dd~ 01i.CI1:I::i[~riJ (f'ii!} If: J. The I.hit, rn'lplili~ '~~iL;~ilii;h'iti~ 1.00 ,('JL~.nj u~[J;:: 1:J,ir.llti,Q~O~li~c:;. hjimg ~hapc IIt1;: ~>ilIl'll:dJ.~ l.~lpt\ !lligua llli!i..'1l11 lor 'Iv the ~tBrf~.cc. ;H:id, il~ lh.c ease (if s,lril~dl rod... s.eaml~I1!fl. irl !I fl\:rlw-l!1uQlIIgh dev:iJ::e..l]tc:>JJ[ri1~ ~"-'1I'i. Ilr.llio:nl of \~m'itlu;". cltcmi::·.In:c::...en the partid{'$ each ~11'1!..'<!al palh::m i1,cedl~ tn 'be ~n~rn.k'ti He one baAe~n!.II!! ~im~ Typicm.II)!, IJilc~~at~mt>otl a:II'O\\'5 doeod ing ,li.ndm~t ,uclcctiou tDOc acl~i.;:\-cd ~hC'~ 1.,m1i:c:1C'1' ml·ly l'IC di;;;lin£ll~IH.ld if Ihe by us~n~ Iii sil.l.l:.ie fluoropl1.-o:rc. can ~]\ICiP!Sccnce of IlI1c tilyci .~!gll<lll i~Stl Ilk ~'11li)1 TO. dcmm~Slf'itile the m'$:1I1~in.>,of 1}':11tL'CI~ synthesls, wre &C1ccH~~dyllm1'iCloo mOJlOn~Cr !l.tre:U'l:l)1. il i~l, nO'lil'-'f sr-aphflCa~~wt~INJ IN' ~nicrocal'l"i.cr A encoding ~l1. I:hc seloetivo phouob~ca eh~n~ Wilh a 111!flIii."Jflhorc ,lItd 'll'100 .<1 '\,'1I1~'of dm!mei (:(ldi.~il]1,O nU~:IITt,~t,:ntoc ...L& (/6).. In Ihi",~.li".~~~oo. dl;.'Sign..... !lltlil'O'm.i;; lo 1~~'Cr...~ oo.uin~ u ~ingk\ pJtIb¢ mll~:IP'lnidi; ~ynnh";Joi~~\l <an),d dlJl"t!dil~I:l "It;' lijal1.C~'~~O:rl. rll!,ll~ti,p~J.:: pmhc ~gi(l!'I.,'" ;,Il~d: l]mb(~·n;~iol1 cQn"lJImiv~:g_!. I~mking il an IlmHke~~ ,~.uldli,dm~ror gnidienn; Wv.:;:. tE to G~ M~!I~i!~mhe !}lII~:tli;I'cl1 i!i!!h .. ~lIDllghpLlt a:n!i!b'si~. A n~g,~dlOd Ih,~1~hmi~ trIg.· I F:k. mad~ wi!111 nJ!~ llVC' of" ch<!!ml):L~ wid! ~xi~tthm
~Q:iiIC SlM.p:h iC<lII,ci;hnique~~o ~l};'llgl!I!:y ~mbod t:lS):P'Ct1<dC;\ microen m'j,}f:)1. mI· O!1l~*!C~! lNrpl;'m;!~ rdy !D!~~h~P'lt~r!1~~!.lil of op!iqll d~Il1!!~~I~~ OJl ". lInk:mt;:nrr.i~-r; ?l!1111'~ ~x;itrn!)k~iirlchIElll s~:rip.,;tl [lid.. (/1. JJ't ridg.c-d P~!'1;:~~ ~U~. ,Iud dOl4~(~~~emr.>d palr!icl~ U 4, J 5).

A ,,~~ fe;:nIiJ~· m~r !lIlClihod is jhe dim::l inrorpGmtiml 0fl'lJ)o1lC8 into IiIw cncodcdD<l!'!iC!~~. '1l1i.~i~ oconll~~ .. i~ll;-d by ~i!np:~ ;Igl;lirl::l ~.~}'!>ft'\,~
~llOi;!iti~-cllJiomokx:~
AH ..!f ppIYI~lerilm:i:mJ, '

or

I~ il~to

th~~ ItlOn!lOlIl;;'!"~ml~liO:Il,

or

an; om":iili:.;mly OOl~p~cdto~1C; polymer' n~r\"'·mk lll~~. p~ll is ~W!iC<1!.b!C' r¢foo~h (ll:i:goI1Ul;;k;"Olidl; and rmh;ill pH~ t.M-32~ \lI;t' d~nl'irn~le II1!nlhl~ ~~DJt btirSl::. ofUV 1lI~ d ttl :'Y!l1lht~,i:H: ~rObb"'OOI~~I~~~!0d, ... ~ifli~l~ areirno1: dru.iinCi'lllll IIi Ihe IlUi'Ie'!itJi'lality of iilt\Ofj}Dmh::d ,L'}.II~~ti.~i..id.;;.'(]lid~Pre\l~rnis~y,. we ihe~"S

~rowoo sh~li~ar~l1Itl;S wil.h bcatl·oolmd mlllibddie~

Ihm '" ere ~llOOl1:k1mtcd int{'lpclYl1llCf ~ruc!tlre$ nt.ldb room n'C<lrbidcflli"<l~ m~:jI,mmcr (lOlt'il.iIAl'Cun:;: aN.3J). To dt;~IlI(1II~"!:mlJ:: mU!I~.pIC:'!li~lgc,q'!<l!hiliIUC$,WC l,I~d tli;:~.yhllJi.)·.~m.'ld~lied 'O!;goLll1!~kl~~d~ proix\il

or

6"'lhL:C~1

:Ul(:

~\Omtl1!L;'f~i1lUy .w~ik~Ib:J(l" for DNA

a!Ol!.llt".,;\11lcc~1\~L;'a!~ O'I.lI,O~i('[h~r u."L,.~ m!d,vo fk'\! ~!.;'!~.~ ey nii;ltiory mg,-,'l J '1-19<). lflhil> ;lppw!ilch ~~.'1..11)' \ W'iJ~,'\,:J'riJl 1ll;e~iIl11;~.CI.LI rows; .hbr !i!"~rl)l' !J l:t~imi[~-d ,

:;'(""\'\oT<1il

inl~l

.SI!rl:·'~Il:l\. alkm:

tbr

,I d~!1.'Ct~ij!]!l~L!'

barcodes

,~>IO':l:1 lind dcco1up11es tit!!.: baroodliHl,!!l

scheme frorln 31li.l1~1!C: tlUrullHlc!ition (,I:l:iJQrcs~ eeneel, bUl the :~YI1.11~C'S1.11" rlny appreci:iibk' iL~ ~nmdJICr (1hous[l;m~d,.. or mi ~.loo.ns.}1or these decrate), mnagnelic mH1Ol)arlk.l~:;:;lre lllco:epomkd ~Tonlc mh:;fOC:h~p-Il;I$OOCaLTk:r.l. l'I1IaYr1'O\'C· 1.0 be in a g'r<!dicl'll. il maybe pQ.'<Sihk:m rm{]JJ;OC a. ("x~'lClrasivc "mci !\l4Jlw.'f~~C' :md S'C'\olC'rJloiber ~l~~hCid~dC\.'\.':~o;pcrlthrmu!lip~~~~'clm~(l!~ysi~lm\,"~ [(;nnpC'nlwlw '\·;)lri~Himlak!,~g I)~·~ide,~\\ hen st~lllullutoo i~ ~'CiIiUlil1igml1lg11c'1~.C fI.clcI (1'9}. illl b~'CI1tl10Wll:£hly re\l iewed elsewhere (25. 261.
Weullltro(h.llJC'Ca technique d~m OVCl'OOilm.'S ~mrly ihese m,.dti~~lcxil1g !iInit[!j~!o!1S. B:}' C~~ pk~~ljll:!il blllmi'I1<1r (lows dl<II'!l;:lt.~risJ.ic of mitltnnllidi~-ll, Wi; dt:nl{mSI~'a'[~ the :lilil iW 10 gCJlLll'{lW

p:;lrilicie C(1'.li1prui'lD.!i ofs~"\'l.1;n~1 Ulrg!.;'~ FUrn.li~r.. mere, probe grmLlk,tlii; (Fig .. ~G 1.~n('JdL:1J.y $untpJJy 31.l'uw~ng di.~:lL'>10nlofthe p.ro'be ::l:Cru~ S:tn::il11i1lS if! 3. IOiilg channel, rule useful for brortd,e:rrling flrl':: th:::I1:Clion runge or~llmmlyll:\";~IC~l ~s~l1g fixed a dcl"ec~iQll sc"~l.",il.i\' {'when !'IlC SigJ13~ CJ!I1 :s.mu~ly

~qur:iI'to; dCl!:)~~io-n 2. A ro C). \~'c·~'nl!h~~ ,~Fig. ~~oo !l!it'(!c b<urhCli. O'rlil<~f!idc:;;: OI1i.: ol·\.\'hich ,~.,'mJ !~'t1 ... ~~vtti~ 1b"~\;~Ill~cir Itbp~'O:JigiUll1(:.I(~).id~ 20 1Pmbt; I W-t\.'fA GCA GAT CAG CAG CCA GA.,)'ll :Ilalmh.::r with pmoo· 2: C,'·CAC "fA1i'fiCG CAli GTI eTC AT~J'~\and ::i.UIIDOO. w.iith Illl) probe, EO SCL'r"C HS a cmllool. l'~LI'g~S \!i'C['C "li.Oit'S{"£ll~ly labeled ollig.o.nuJ:clooticies Willi (om;picm.emlll"l!' roqucm::cs to Ih~l\vO Ilmhl...""S. w~ mi;o::oo ti1~ IWIkles. ruld.um;Lltmtcd Ihem Ibr .~ mill .>11 .l'OOlll 0 fClJlllCmlure in mimlw~~ils conl<!ini~lg ~ilher 1:lI"ACI
:11.

1 (;~~ 1 .~MI.~aI'g'l1 05 OJ.' .IlO

~tNn.

{at ~.~ ~II}. 1(IIh ',~!],~)lIOOlh 1 l3I].'!l

'l2'o1:l).

i\

posilh'C' l:JIg.d.

or

n1rl~lhil~unCllionl.l1 pauieles

win!]

di",uirac<r:n::gimn:\. lo:r

<lu'IHlyre CltCOOil~!!lllndf...'i[rg(1[ CfipHl:rc Wig. I} [ni n Iyp:ili:"al CXp1!rl't1h.""'l1t, we likw,cd~wlI) monomer slUC9ms ~one: ~.OOd0d with ~ ll]il~"II't djfC anI£! Ibc ather with ;fln acrylal.c=l11nodifkd probe) ~1Ldjace~a~y down a, micl:ollu ~dicChrulllld and used a \;,ffi"~3.io.n (o~linllolll~'-.no"l\'Ii~hogrn!lh'y(27) of 1.0 polyf:m!rizc l);lniol~ ~willh jJo,.um burstS or ~lluuviQlel. fUV)I~£~111.;J;Cl'OS.l> tihe slI'Cm'l'ns ~JB) UllQ\lh! Sll. ,lin dl'i:s manner. pMilich:s wil~~ II 11~1\}fe-seem. gmphicailly CHl;oocd rcgl(l.ll and 01pl"OLlCIQ;:Ww I~,giollem be s.yl!lthe.~iz,cd un ...si'lfIgle Mell, E;L1;:hfl'Hilid~ i:ii au ~,\;,ln"I~d1IwO"dhm:lb~i(l~ml 1(2DJI -~11<,Ipc'tFi.g..IB) .,'hose morp:.ho[0£l.Y i:-; dl,'" ~.;:nl1l:im;;dhy a ph,{~lmli"~'I.'i'kth{lt is il1M.,;'i:t~tdinto 'iht,; ~T!i;4d'fi!:Op ~)U,r~~LLm:1 the 111:i.cml'ioop:: OllIad wl'iuS(i (If !.:llcm:i!S:tr'y u:; dCk'nuinoo, b.y 'tthc ClOJlt'Call ol'nhe

uv
", ..... ii,.". ..
CO ... ::1

c:: ii

n:o~'il1ig IUOllOHil.Cr :i'tii~ill1~. Til...: cr.~1ti:;;;Hni~cd p11~,y,uncrpmtides lh,;:n, no'l" ,C]'ownd1,c ,hafllincl [Wiihoul sticking d,tl;;w oxygen il1hilJ ~iol1 ncar ih~ dll11'l1:"I.;;I:;urtla(j~li pm, \\lh'Cil!; dn,.;y ~utc oo~~ Icci~d: ill. i!t n_'sc!,',toili.TIlt: r~~lI1j:ch.':.'i c.mb..:rin~oo of CKcessn~IDK'Imer and 1iIK.".i I u.'>Cd l.or biological <1I~YS. We ~df""Ol)'l,c~hylctIC glyoo~~ !pEG) {well kno~..n Ol!:'l <! bi~~fI!m f"Il1Yll1crl OlS ther<!rlid.c th!.fl'lda.ion 10 d~111imni;lhe ~ml'~ !!block~ 10 :<.~rtlu;~ aOJ;'f p.~J:]br:'lXil1j,ug"lio~ <Illd ~I=- 'llr.1~1."P'Ilt~ eiil. 11I"iIalqi~~lo ,111110\" .mUi~l1iis.~~O:ITi ITIltQl1I:,~tt111 or 8oigu'ia.1ltorn 1:~."HhpmI1.tcJCl~iOl~" n~(: pm,I~Tl:i~
co

IFig. :ill.. {:A) S(h~matk d~(l~r~:rn of clClt~Dd~etl Ililf'tide ~1{iiiI~n~ls~1'I!i)~~in:g po~.)im~rizadon aO'o~ t!li\(l C!ld.~~I!:~t lami!lii!r 'sn:f'li'amSW ~kll! si!l9~~P.['(I~i!_·if!{!U~~h~llrli':;l:!li'iU ~ar~d~s [shol!m tn (9)], «() .liliagraJmllllhllU( n~p.re~e~tEl'ti:!l1"l parlider~i!Itur,e1) for ellmding .and <lInalyle d~~:e~~ol1, Encodil:l.g ~d1.eme iJlf sh~~\ln g~I"(J\~~iI1~ gertera~iM Oif221J' t:tM8,S,76) ulilliqu~ I;ll:lms. ([ill' [J!irt€r~nti1al ]i'lt~ff.li'n~~(€c!!):ntrgst (101'0 1ml1l'QI!!'Ilf paltides generared by lIl:sing~he5()nem'~ 5~(I\mifl (A). (E to 6), O;i'erla,jl of nll.UJrt)(CI1i!!:e a iIi!(1 D~C ftilllage:5 o,f sili!9Jte"'Pir1l)!b~ ~~), mutUpiiObe (IF, b~tt!()nrd, i1m,d p.fQbeilrad~e;]1i ~G,l.:::,ft), ucoded IPilftides. ShQ!\i1l1 @l$(! lis, @ :Sl:hJ!lPllliltil: If(!prE!'Stlilitali(!lf1 'gf !llli!ttfp!Qb~ Pi! rt!d~-s (F, ~t;)p) ,~rl~ @ IPwt ·gf !l1Ll()re-£~emti~!.eIil:s~t.y OJilong th~ ,!:jen~e<r ~ill!e of OJI'gradil'nt pa rtide (G. ~'h'!)" S~ai[e hars m.!lJfcate 1100 ~Lmr 1r1'l ~EI)~ (IF), and (GJarnl~O pilm 1n (lH.
1

1394

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
d~'i;,">C1ion \"":5,inclll;;ai~d ~'C!K:~, which \\'<IS!1:1f,11I:l;! 'by Im~bol:-w~i(IJl Il!l!(lre.t:~
Pfl~lt;lUl'KOO

~icB~ OOgl;~~llli~p,."'lih :iil,l,~~ t;;l1~>iS~"''l','t'c liI.MC in dill.i,t'il;: mld hybridize ,~v(,'lF<l1 "",m ~ll(nih!ii pHl'i DeIC' h4:;x1y (].'l')" In 1L~i£'&~iIJ~tutt::c. illl:" pmtic-b

"~t

!'!C<ij" ~~

par-

illmll~ unifmmiw (~.'!:) \)j,li.d~ high ~pt.i'l;Hich.)" 1.0 the Qli,gpr.n~ ~;~hlhilijng nl!O~"~nce m1~}'wben ~Iw i.l)I~'li rf~~rl't (f~:g.:Jq, "'[:no fitlnh~~ d~!liIlOlh r"'[\1" t~\,": ~,V<t,)<t 0" ,1tLf mul..... t~)k,dng :.d~L'Ill~, ~ fl!cTfot1ttt:1;!uh.::: ~n~l!;l SI..~.

qlfCflCC

detection

1!S,<:a)lwi!l~ d11e ~IS~

w..,~

'iMilh m\llIqpl~ <ildj<!'~m f"mct i~;m"httif.~(fi,g, 2. D~p

or 1-gI1~ch:s

F l.h~~hitoil~ll!l!bf,'1';\\'~ \,'l;;;rt;: .. b~ ~1)simtll~t.,'tI'il~~1L~ly liL"'~Y Ibr uill/;:~'!NO ' rn'h~~ S~l1!J!~'lI'IL-';:~ 'lwhlrlmJ D1~!¥.;"'~ tt.'Il~trol) on ~I "i:rlgl~rlirlock_ A.!:l,!ri.Il"lht.: ~Ih"~ly ""ia~ hi;g~~~)' ~ci~c ,Wig. 2F~ ;,uu;l '!r'C~' uniform
1X1\\oiL;'1;;ti~hc:.

P""U""!id~ 101f!~Ir!id~ IFig. 2D~' U8l 1l1ei"tJCrfocl;'~

oJfi Ih~ PllrI~tk$
(up; OC't)' sJ:l~fIli,

rrom

Fi ![II" 2:. M:uU.ip If!',Xild '~fl~ly5is usl If!g sirl91!~

M tQ '0 ,1lilild muttnpr,obe (D to IF) moo(je:d par~eadedl Wil1h DNA olligo'" mier' ~fO~-$ (Oll,5'-AlA

lides.Th~ ~rtk~~ w~~

'GCAGAT CA.G CAG ern 'GI\-3', er 02', §''{AC 'TAI 'G,CGICAG GIl ere 1\'1'=.31 er uno prolile [1!I1!~t1lw ,oelll!Jr'ol (()] as :\!h e~~111 :S(hW!~t'Kol!my if] (AJ' cC!!l~ {E~. ShlWlll- a!N~ rep;r~ ~entalive UlJlme5!1:eme imagi£!S r'OFl5<fi'ig~~oOO (8) d mi ml!lltiiprll be {D)

IDjd (!:iilillt:r 5!ltiIJk';S. ool,lkl be I,I~~-dUll' c~tC'.i1!l\it::t[<C't ~~'nlliiplc1I:in_g p;.h~lili~. ~ Ii' uirlei' lO j'!rov~ ~UlTlhiJ::; m:e;tI'~oo of mLi~l~· ~1~ mm~ysls i.~~mcl.1:c8~ loli' hi~ll,,:tin:otl!lhpul ~pf'liCJ.urol1ii;, \\'C developed a ~in~'PlcsChe~'le io :;e·m~ 11"lJ:'lich:osh~ a flow-lJnuu~h device (.Fi£. 3i). MLVI~ip:l"ilhc 1):!.l'I.icicl' l!,;~d ~Il ~I!!!h>'blidilalion 1:';<1'~x'fi n'ttln't jW!S! dlJ.tlcrilxlCi (.Fig. i.. D'lnfl \VCfl(l [kl\'~I.'<I ~~!tI\I1:h a Ilmicmnuidit' ehrumc1 ud ul).~.",~~ 011, <In lillv~nit;;'tI nIilO:fIi:~('nee mil;I1~~~lf!(: (2il'~ PMicl~'l \\cre ,!ligll!il~ l!!>illg Uow=~OCL!~~~lg ould1~ro.!; eled dO\\\n a cl!<'I'l!1t·~ oni~' 5-ligI~~ly~-cr ..

dmn

~lI;

p.antil;:I~ widlh

~ii\lD1(!~Y ~rr...;:~'l:!n

(2,~n n~t'~UiI,lI\:1!1.m1 thi,; p3l1llcks

\f(!1e

lFi~. 3A). \~rcW!fo(;d,1 llio-

"anid~ a'iter a l&mili! i!FI(I!!~altiQIiI mth b~tlli fll!lo,re~~elilt:·liliJe:led ~:ar~

~b:vcd$lrlool.hl.y SII.iekill!ig.lm:Jy~

down ihc' c1'llllUK~5 wi~ht1lill 'iai:(.'.n m =:I (k-sigllilICd: dctcctiio.1fI regjun in~i~~ ~11ffiJ111~1 Oil eXfl.QSltl'l! \\Ii~h ofl t ~25 S as Gile'Iliuticlcs jl<1Ssctlll:c flCk! or \'~

'~€IS.fworesc~ii!ooi!1l thepr~he 1f'~IWliS ilu::li~t!~ Uitl.e:5 ,.. file!' illlCillhal:iOO i~

target. dlelediol1i. Al~e 5M'IIIi!, ar~indMdIll~d IPgJr'"

'(us~ug I), 2U" o'bjeclhc~ ~X1lJ8C SQ1]UCI'lCl:':> were bier :lIla~yzcd 10 :(ktcmlioo!hc p<l!f!'!id~ code :md
qtl;il;rll~r~' tl~,!$,

(~TtO\l.i.c' S1).

~:lI;J:llion~ ~oillitainin:g Ino 1:a1l!J~ts. ta.l!let 10"J![y, t~~~ '!Jel,2 ooly, '01" ooliill<lrgeh ~(Oam:! mJ. Sca!le b.;il'$, 1.00

A rcpr'C'O(laf~;lli\f(:)P'I~i.c lc imilgc 1s)lhow!l (Fig. 3B.} 'W.it~1 oID.c--sponrung :b]!ct~sutyp~OLsa~mlg o I1lc fWlC I"lr:li,ck ''iLt';!It:.iing .!!rubeS." Tile eedc a~OJrlg each lane !I;.1IJI! be 1.1otc~minod, by an:;:d)'zUlgI1JC !'il!lilap dips ,mel P~'I!L;,.all~ iu~hc iu~l~ilhiily pJUl"i. By
~~'fTIiI.

lJ:iii!1g the E)o:rulI[)I·~i[}l'I Illu{m~:sctn>OO..

\'Io\~~

dc:I~'II!J(I;

Filg. B. FllO'"~Hhr~tigh ii1art!l" de: lr~adilil!!i' (A) Schemiiltk

re~N'M!f1l!.'ltiofl ,of ill 'Haw·

IA]

p!!~id~ mlihlllm!!f

a pQ",ilivc laIfJJ,~'u (to1.ccl!iorrbas Ihe conlml ;}\I"(,i'!lgc ili~nL"ity ~JlliS l~afitt SUH.l'ILlnrd irninl1'" uhr cfleh dc\ pMlid~Wc \VCIlC :l'ilhi:c [0 tlCOlII'n1CJy id.cl1Xi~.Y~he ~C:ilCC ofoolh oH!,~.mu,l.dCO'!kle uq;cts 3.1kr only
a shon I {l=mil1i :~ncuL"ujGIl.

rQ(lIlsing m~crorhi!~di!!:d!evio@o lI~d to idigtn and rel1d pa tides aftew hybridil,Oitionl '!l'xpe;rime'~t5i. IFiilrtTI~!~el'S ,Hoe directed dowm <I f1anm'l 'ch~IFlli!e l ,al'ldare iD'!a'ged by ~~liii'~fliL!ortSi:enoo miC:r'o~
~M

'lllctlmJu,ghpilu' of

OUI'

systcrt]

is luimilrily

dC!I;!r.linh~oo by the dcteeuon schene and 'lilep<!ir-

....
1m

lid.:: size. 11'L(; panicles .:symhC$iZl..~ for this ::i'ltd]' are n;ro!lve~' t~.lI'g.t (X)rnllrul."'IdwhJ:l (hQS~ in 01111;1:"
H()w_;~I,lrolllgh mC'lhods. mC<l;,~ur.ing YU ~un i~l wid~h.-30 um in.lh r:cknc;~ and ll'lO l~ 170 ~I II I

d~l«tiOImI

,o~py. ~B).A typlc~li!ma!1le ,~f

aJ

r~km

in, l!l:l1glll. Lm'g'C" si>llc

~~L~

~hrol!lg'h dmC!~ as; s!h1l1U1iIilli W ..The ]1ln:ageIO'li1lI, [,'lp!lU red b~' I!!:s.ilflga micr,oscilJpeIiIl@UlliJ~ed !!:illll'Lef~ 'MI~ ilni ,expo~'lIrre of 1I:1L2~ SCi5~'l'e pa ritJ1de f!OIwdllll til 'vel«lty ,CIIf ~12,ao 1lif1t'1i5 th~ou§lh Ute

~did!

~~IliF!

ill'! ~ no~=

-: - - - - - - - - - - E: ':'"-:J._ - '

- .---.... ,--------

- - - -.~ -

:vell~'F -~

CI ArnJlyte D.eU!cilllW1' CI GafCio~h~'

-12l1XJpmls:,

,cha;r1li!el 5(:11;11$iO~ nUiOfes'cern inlten~illi' 'W@!I1! ti3!lrorli aJO'os~[i1e rive laliie~ o:ftlte lPail'ilijd~ I:() ~I, tlih~ au:fll'
,1JInd elE!d o~~omerl<lr'g~1s d

O;ff

:::i ~Je.
~ O~

CitJ~ Ayg: ,0,;066...... .A:vg ... :3iS!D~0.1 O'l ~ ~ ~

01: '0.329

(.y,.~l

0(2. tIlI.2lD (+~l

(01 <I nd l:m.w~th p.a~. the :iilOO ~ &!C' lid,~ 1111lhi~(I'Filmt(!liorl~ '~h~ t pi~el ,Qod!E1isread from riight to ~ehan:d ttI~to bo'ttl'lI'i1" \lfh~~e I, (lI,an:dx rEp~s:ental ho~!!, no hole" ali'id an aligiiiment~ m>a~kE!~, rt'.5pe(:tiwlll'. ParitJ1de ~ho~~llis '90~m !by ;270 pan. A.U., arbitralry un~~.

\'oll,llm,::. rn.lo\ll\lw~r. ~hc gll;:,n[.!XIr!ick'"I(I"1I~m:L'tk:~(,; n;prnG\I:I;; ibi li~}' "''''' hm ..~ d~'!.ll(IPl~!~·'l~CtI;l (2N~ wi~t ~1ilbJ-d 0IU1111,l!;.'h~{)wt.:r Iii.'itlundmu.:y dl,m i:. l)rpDLo:d, in nf.IW.,;:hr,o'LIg~ :;YSI!';ms..,lflilproving ,eme~ ICy. By uing cOI1SJCf'vMivc eSli:mrlfl:[cs. we :1~'liI1.dthilt !':'i!J'r~"Vs~cm should be cillpilbh:: oj'provl.d'~fIIg mpid. I'l~gh~cnsit), ,m.;lllys us 'willh a m;jm.;lls~alb~csemTr~'()volmnc: ,t28), despitethe ::i'!..",·miulgly ~f~C: prnrlidc~j,...,.e. In <JiddTtim to be~ng vccy t"'"1Irooliciblc'.wc h:wc' a:lw shown II13l OI1!lI' :Sys!e~n is ve.r.y sem;lti\!C'. With 3U=lnh~ inclJlb<Jlions,we call dctiocl DNA o'H~rnnCiS co!n~Grn.'1llh' a~ 500 <It!Olm~les wid1.m.l!l l'1111!in .... ': idin aicl~':d.~igmill an1Jl'~ik:~~io:n(2~), lhis I IL;:iLd~u,~ '~L' bdic~ [ll,U! our !'1y~lJ;.'In \,viU be .n ~C;;L"'!
;,t<,;

or

lilot

.gnly Iim~lS, 11"lC"hroughr I

dl'C" s."Imrl~

OJ ...

y$t~m il\11

<1~S!l) illt:rc,",~

stll1i.iliw 1UiC\I:m,';il ~'OI1"!ifi'iL;l'tjn:l:l:y aHuil1wk: ml'iullipkil:mn.~Icehi.l01!ogi~, \",il.h ~le fumed, adv"dl]·

REPORTS
~~s QI'~n"in"(lI1r,: 'f)>l!l1idc :SYl1Ihl;l;ii:is. inOOI1:x'1J<lli{[n ol'muhipJc probes, 1~lw ~i1I~t l;~l, v-irlt!!;J!lb
l

liA. ~ L'oIiIM. C" Sewher; E. I"n.~A1i~tly ~ 4125 112003). 1!.~ lIt !llr,a\ilt;~!i!!iI~ ~ ~£.•. ~; :lll. IE. l~ MDrali ,N lJl..}' .. Am',
U99j)"
'l!lj" (hMl.

ml.irl~iroo ~~. PlW in"llk~lW'mmion ~1~~!m~i!!l~ !!.1On;:than lI~hilldm:l n\I~K~VI~ 11liC'rosoop'\,,,,

I. .

DeiII: Jec/ma1. 199 (i!:'O~))_ 115, 2. L ~lll,.Y. M~llit~ Q. 1H\:Ii~n', liL ''1\lg'j')iy'll, AM! GlI,Il'IIfi, MIter; ,~ l6·9' j200:n. ~«. 't'll:;!, 1078'7

:r.
75:.

Re~e(l'1!Iii(:es .Uilltll N!OI~e:5 gliGer~~ !IWf#~ ~,a5 ~~OO;1t ,Z,. S. 1". IFQIliOl' Il!' al. NMum 36'1, S'5S fl9'93]r.

l.

u~.

s ,G. ~Ele<!lIn" S, t, Sl:!hrel!oe!f, SC!'~ae"!!69. l.7,~(11 t2Qil!ID. 4, ~ j. FrUI.Im, It L. ,Mcillace. 11'. L ~itl:1, L F.IKi~k~!, lit ~1lIii11~I1I~r." Clfn.C"tm.,4'~. 11.149 r:l.997~'. S;, ~]. ~!liby't'f~~.J".4m. CI!em. 5Q(. :J!,2;::.21:!J3 {,2:00I0:1. &. ",Xu tI (11,. M.IdtiCAl;~ ~',. ~1. ,~a {,gOO}. I. lit. Han" X. Gaa, j, L; SUo S. I'fji~, Mar. iIlrJt£clrf'IDf.. l'jl, 6H 8., .'!:.., \'I" hlii~o ~l£It,

t2:00U.

Q;j(!.m

.NrDMi'. lliEl, ·2Il·0 1~:Z.OO61

;t_ ~u itl "),,, NqI'IfJ te't 5, o!9 f1OO~). U.. ~; rennin,S, OUIl; 14.l)ilig. 'II'. Zl'lIIanQIr,. ~~ !iI<In~g,,-, 1. Am. C1!em .. Sa•• :iI.:U. 1!.Ci.'5~6, ~200~l U,s.. lit ~lOew.Jm~r'~~ ,~ @t, 5fitnf'e~~!'!, H7 (;wo,n. 11, Itl, y, St12l, ~ Al!nQ,I, .1jJ0'aJt6/, ,000I!'iIl:, 31M. cps:e (~OOf,j.

ro,

~, f. C'IjJniifl ret

a,["

~Ql. MrilR>l,

l. ~9~2oo::l'~.

0'.,

IK c:. 1~1{~ag!J', ;r.:, Y. :t(Iii1iQoZ. ~lf~~'99~hi A,5~~, 1!o!I.. P. NOIla. ,M~i!W. CMm.. .lJlt fJ1. ~11, llll'g, U99S<}, 11.9.IR, f. :)tMre. 5i::iffla' ,21~ '571 U99~}, 20. T. M. Mdh!9h, !'t t(, Miiner" l Iii. L~~, II)" P. ~~Ie5, J. (Un. 4li(l'·mifli!: 26.. H'lii U983), 21, A, It. \I',a.in~., I!;. l\i~I1~, Pror..~rl. A\wd. S"Q". U.s:A 97. 1~~2'(~OQ(J,). 22, II 11'. N:iI'IAIlI.. L. A. ~Mar, lfi!'MS lJi&I:l!etlll(Jl .. :l!!iI" '1 (2D1ll2~, ::1:3. I, B:. 'Fan. iIo'.I. S. G!iB1~.~. L IGwld~r~oo\ Ntfl. b, rGen~. ". 6n 1[2M6l. 2~. II A, fergu5(!m, F. jl" SiI:!l'nierl. D, lit ~1,AAtI', G!~ n. sna ,(,iI!IOO~, ~S, 1M.H. fiIDiel, K.I»~, C '!,!l'~ng,. L H~ "Mill'. O':le.!l'47,6. ~~2A '1200~). il~.lit ilrJe;~a_I1I~ $, C. O. Sml'dl. N1. lrel!~n~ IR. i!rl!iIme15.. II Ill'!!rn~er. 1It,j~ ,I'iltv.. Ot!:u~ Obr.o ... 1, ~<11 (mo2'),

c.. IF'lnegiboo. J. ,CoIJlifn, t A. "'aU~!l1. P. 5. I[n~re-, N~r, ll!Qtr.r: 5. 3:6'5, QOO61 219, Matml'ltl. ntd 1ifi~lho!k ~'re- ~ai~m~ as ~~poiilnnQ malEna'l on S{lfm:1!' Onlim~, 29. R. '~J9~ ,f'( gr", rfEE fl~ns. M~51i'!.~, 3745 f199i~ l .~O\. A.~. Itou-'blm ltili. Bl{Jt«~~ 3:11. 1008 i::lOO3], si. A.. V,,\I'a~ri~~ll'".~ rGlr., 8i~tKh~;[rj~e'f ~9.2 f~~99l ,no n, F,. ~l. f;l~"~n ~t!!J.. 1!Ir,rdti( ,1lf!;M$1I1t/.. n, 61l'~
27" 0" De~du~!.iI1ii. I)"

B .. 0, c Fregioo!l, M. f.2006),
~~.

(l99~).

1[1l1n~,

P. S" ,DO'jit;

'tfll'gIlJW

22. $12 2

1j\I~ gra~@\rillLly ;'!(knowl.ed!i~

05·0~(IiIU8 :5IliPlPfirtingl

~WI1lp9:FIImmllr4SF gf,llnl. Ili!'~ ID!I!!1I!.'b!'U1~Fell~'!\I5ItiJl.

(hil~fi'l~Matelfl'ial. "'Mt.il:jM!Jlmi!~,a~!l~(IIll!I •.enWllllll3151S~e:l'1111391fDCl Mlilt,F'~1!I:wi ~lI!1liiadl! :F;g~ S1 ~" ss Tilbl'!;:~ S:llQ sa

:ede.retlOe$

mM~, 51 Md

;,2~

n ~el!lt!er

ZOOQ,;O!·C«P!i?d 4 ~m~¥l'

;;!OO7

10,1l!2Us;::iel'l~~.lH4'9<!9

IIDI'verse R,ellatiiions Betw'e,e!n A.mounts 'Oil .Air' Po~luti'oDiand 10rlogl ria Pih i,e: IP rec:ipiitat:i 10 111
1

1, 20 kill east r Xi'un .., Ch i~l:l tOOL! I~OC':llio!! ill. F i~. l} poov ides a complere rceord ,of foulL IrlC9StlrcrncIUs per dll.Y of all m~lcorolo£ie:l:1
(I

Oi!1niel RO!i@n1Fem.ti.:h ]ll'IiI [ltd,.::!! Xi JIg l{1il1.:~ ,Zililrllillll¥1i!I Ya()I,~ Xii~ollilollilg XU',2: Xirlg ¥arl!iJl.:~ (11il1!l!oi'!ilill~m Diu:2 _. P,]rHIC:U~ilIte ak poUlllti®1l ful,al$been slIIggested as the (a'LlSe Qf the I"ecel'lny ,()b~e:rved decreasing U~l"!ds, {If 10 t~~5% Qliltne ~aUiiO bl';lllll'!{llI;:'Il!. MH.y ~1[1d ~Ip\'ii.f!d IgW~aJnd p"idml;atf'Q!1!" dOW,fhl,fil1!d I)f I!.uballl ~!i1dl~dl!l$~r!llt r!l1~eaS, ~,ql,lal'l~ij~ijoo th~ dle~~,nden(~ Qlr lhi~ 1",;;Ilti~1 ~he !I),roglr~pnici W Qf p~edp,it~ti()n~ifnhan~arlii~liilt f~(,t:or (I!iil ~h~ am.OILlmf~of ae(I(j5JD'ls i';(lilI1Ipo$~d' mosH.y Q~ polklti(ln in UU~ free tropo!splrier,e,. bi!l:sed 101'1 me.a~r'E!im~,nts at. Mt. IIHLla lIi,ear Xi'aln\in (ill Dlb'a i Chnin(ll. nil:) Ihi~lly predpJtllition ~ill1 be d'e(rea~eld by 30~®, 50~/o d~H~ng hazy (®lldill011l~ \\!iilfulViisi~ility®f le'~ [hal1r S klLome'lers at t.he m®Ull'Il!li Iiltop, Th:is tren.d' SOO\'lSthe ,role ~If d~r p oUlui[iicmirn fhe ~OS:!ior sigl1~li(,mt wlIter U~:W'lilr(eSin hiUy iHetlIS, wh~cih~s:a liI'IlI~,or prQ!ble;min C~imllam;:i I'I1;H1Yother illr'eiil!i,lDi[

clements. ,e:ric'ef;l~ [o',r OIllC' measuremenrper !Jl~y of IllfCC:i.pil;m h:m dIC,plh., The 'i~ibility (V IS I LlJelhre IQRQwm;,n..'JCorued as. I (I classes, ;lIld !IH! values ;lIICT I QSO were '[!;"'I im,lIcd d irec'tl)' ill ki~nm~t~'fl\"wi!h respect ~o 1,IIU~!lI;H'k~,of

~C1lrc.. lui

.lknOW~l

d lstance

iD1 the

mOlm~a'i.ItOl!

lanrl-

nrdcrto ro(lm:cl]~c eBcct oJ relativc hWl.midi'~y{RH} on '!;i~jbihl.y. RU V;!!irlu;::-; grc,>I!~cr~han40 .auld less d~an 99%\'''C'JiC (OI~A n.;rl.1,;'(1 In the cqIU!V:[II.h.'lill ,,'i,~ihi~:il)'in dry condil.im:ls (iJt., R~il<40%)" \l\lb(;'iJ] [IUri <40%" the ,,~sibillhJl did :nm. need to 'be corrcetesl for

RIJ. The eerrceilen

r61f1li1

Wi

la ~s expressed as

th~ Wo'r~d.
arge CYUlQCIfI1m~nm~s Qf SIiJII.mliCl'Oll pan..i.c.,.. l!liltt;!!ir p7JlllU!lkUlIlOl\"C been dDC!.m1'C1lncd Wi SUllp~PI\ccii"hmiou"tbrmiJlg ~~ by se!'ving a:-; clklucl.·dmp oond!;lI!~,~~io~1 n~aclci ~h,~t uhrm dou'~t;; with "~~lnn {.kop;> Il¥t~ 01X\~ !ilmll'(.'IJ· In <l'l.l;Ukl'iCl.; iuto r~~illdJ:{lPl' nd W !li;.u;:i'lK: a i:1'l1O icl~h~ldTI:lln~I~~}J:£ (J -41. 1111si~ IlIiIillli re:;,!C!.i i k,~ prt"C~pitafL{m {lJ'l tho; ~roll]ltl wl](.'ilnhe

a,"

I ifctnme or. lite 'CIOMd ~.sshorter I.hilnd1.~lhnc

~l~e CQ.i;l'¥ciiSID.n of
2l. . .

lor
.!onm

C'hlLld

\!,im~r~IlW pl'Ccipil;alio:n, bnm~ filild '~V~iP-

Stm:h sll,QJj"livoo clO\ld ct\:uru:nlstypJt1:l11}'

iH.nu rise:> o~'1t ropogt.!l~llk-

11n:s.m~Ul!i! of Eill1h :5ct~mf~, T~ll: ~r~ Uni\ol>fsrty oj' !~~II.i~t~1l1iI. elU5<lLtMD., IISlfa~L '~Me'lecl1ll.ogI('.al In5l~IIJiU1 ~.f J :Shaaff!:til P,oo'l'ln~e, X~··!)I'!'7'![0'(H5, 'China, lKey !.aoonaI0l~1

~[lr Cloud Ph~;(s: .;md W~~!1I11f ,MOO~iK~!JjOillo of (IIln~ MllleDrotogbll!i§';'IOCl.altioo, Chilllm l'!c.;id~rny 6~ M~I.i!Oro" logl~~ S(~()e:;. Be:ij!~ lO@o.e.l, (hifl<l .. ·Vo \~hom oo~~e~p(!l[nl1k:n~e illlIOuI.dIbe addlre5.'Sie(iJ, IE',rnait
dani~Lr!lllsjmfeld'@'~~"1!Idl

(lm.e when fon:tld d~\Wl acmss thct'ildgc line. Thcrctbrc:. dccrca,_<i~llg ~ljellcls in,~hC' gmgraphh;: meaCnllitl!liCCmcl1t lhctOlr of !hc prccipil3tkm m(l~, mmr~cd dccrc.usJng trend fol' I'hc ~~'~IQjc wh ieh is ~I:!c r.nT(n tJ.clw~l !h~ hi~~ tQuo ~I,!e i:Hl!r'C!m.!!Hp!:ll'10d. Thi.~ I~nd rcllcets !hclrr<:~1CI, ~I~)wind ph~im;;pre~ill~I.<i1I!l;In. wc~ s!.!~gc:';l(d i~~CiI'[;',!8ing "i f l)!'l'[hu!.~o:U! ill ('~ inll ('9. WI d~llring lhi,ul 'ulnu;. ('rm!;,~M(;I'II.w]Lh ~ho;;: hypolh~~) .f(,: fI(..'tl tih~ tl:cnd of iUbl;r\;"L"I il:lg ;Ii r p<l'llu~ir}]l diL.lI:iilljg_dUI~. po:::ri(J!;~ (h Thi~,l'I~'lKYI:I1l:;si!\ W~ll:; o:sis 1.~I:ilt l ir ~mllrulion SI!lPI)!',"'£iC~ Orll.~lf~~;phie ; Ro ~howl\ :5I;JlislicOllly Si!!,\lliHi"'l1J~flo:rl.cd by the dOCILJII.'i'''llcd r(:;dllcliomi oj: pri;cipi~an.i.ou, 10 to .J5% .in the jJllSI hllllrcC.l1hD~~ in ililuChr 0:1:' emu dC'C~,r~inIS lrcnd" of 14~ndl 17%.. with. l'(:sp(Xt l.oDhc low-,I:~\,'cl fa iing,auges {I r Il:tllfi}' in. the fIi~(;Ilmlfllifil ~:i;UTlg~S d'le \Vcstcnil Ull.il<:d St.lles. dowll\!l illd of ull~jor 'LlrOOI!l and !nldm;:- ~l1d X~'aH {$ce locmio1'ls iii! :r-ig. I}, I'('Sp(>Clively F~g.3 ,. triol ~ug\!C'tI~ f1} I ,~OWCWf, b~c[~IlIi:ii!.': u~ack {5 of o r hi,stQrk: .. ~ records of ~I,mbiefll Fu::rosols. it The c @JIJ~ ror iihc J.'I::>.~""i3'lioitJl f vitOihi:l,ii~' o \\';1S I~OI 110S...ibllc to (1]11.mifltul,ll.1iwl)' . .,ella!.c i],I1.~ .. d Ito l:reltds C3lll ile-I.\!5l.edbr m ig u~{)rillg the lime racWr :<tFJu:JteslinC'j Ito diwclly. a~ ,I ;H1Ul~mlsof ;t~r pOHHI.i(l11, ~o n,o. We LliSca a. set G r n1eJ::J,turemen[,~ 13,ken ~~ncc' 1'9'5"1 (JIll 0), ~'Inc~k'lll of the ds;ilbmW disl:mo:. This was mOL!HtOlinlop in cenlral. Chin,,,,~o qll!."'Hti(y ~'he done I'm Ih!clJm::mTCc~cd vi~ibiluly ~.F~g. 4), imp,~'Cl l/! r ,acrQ~1 !c:i11.,ding on 'prcdpi 1<l1\ion in kcm,l!s(;' INn'}, ,of '~hc i"'~ipiuOln~on ,,,,,,c'nt~ .m: ~h,I't ,;n:tJ;:a. !;xclu.d:Cd wi~h the ~"Ojl'()tI:tcd \'~~.ibili'lj'. Wr.; hYPfJLh~,~;tJ; I.hal (I.:dlllc(\d ..i8ibilit}'~luJk~~~Jl A. lIl'h,:III".'O!"oi.o'gical ('Ih.<;oCrvOl.I,[}ry ~'L 'the top

V I SIV~S IT dry} = 1J.26 f 0.42&-5110g( HJO :rU I). whereRl I is irrl pereent ami Dl~c~l)gison the basis 01'10. If there was fog or preeiphatlon at <III 'dsfbility o'bscrvOll.io.UII t~me5 in ~ (_lay. the v~sibililY ~h31 .:Itl)! was excluded fr!!lnl ~hc . corrected ,'~si~ility setlcs, ~l':llc'dllily Iil\,'e~£:c , values arc presentcd ill Fig •. 1. TIle \'islbBily ;ltlil!C' I1.H1lmt~inwll. shown In: .f,~g. 2, haC! a

or

nr

or

or

ML i-mml (J2"':n'N.

W9"54,'E • .206U ii'i}.

mhc rlit~~~"cr

oJ rilo[("

3em$O~)'! mtd

c],C!~id

REPORTS
«('rN) lho.~ reduce the lPn:,'!i;ipi~<llif.ln over Ml. ! lua, U' this hYPQthqj;i~ i" i!l,~m~t .a11d\'i);;ilb!~iW ~'r.J<~ ~Nhi~!g ~~ the
C(lIlQ,ens.ul,ClI1 mldc]

M.1INI

If!n,.~ill"iwiiorl !l1~,rnln~:>. ~L iP~-dI,I~~~ v i!o! ibi I~lY :dlim~l,cl: ~~, n1~illly!I~5~1:l:1 of g)r'~~1,i,,:tR.[J}-,IIliTld nl0f(; 1~~'(;ip~ !~iQua.ul!1h",!ocal!o!; Q r v!",jb~lilY ... Clb!;lc:r..t.. ~iO~~N I( iML Hu;,!!). '[hi iii r~I(~I]OI~C~OIl ;!i,ilO~illd !.:'~I g; !J.ni ~:s;~m:: U iflliu~! uf ,d:~'Creli!s(jd ,'i.~i it)' w i~h im~l't:zlwd Pl'ot.;,'C ion n,!c.it bil i[piuu ih!.:nnmlial'la:il'k. wi~h respect 1.0 l&le reference l"fCeipi~8li(hrl iii! 1,I~myiln,.whiehi::. il.he elo:.~sl 8mJ bcst·col'rellltcd min g.,aLl~,!.!i.O L\.'II. ~:ll a, I

Uowc\,c.. li~c observed reI3~jo:m. p:~e&CHlCd in

Fil:l,. 4 show c';o.:,<lc~l)' the
O'Pl'lOS~le

result, The

33AliNI
!r'ilg. :1.fopogrnphn:( lIIlilp !II the line,,!. lhe height rfFl~E1'l!elilt11'~!m[I~~Cmili, o,f

~~!lU:j¥

(OJlIDUrl],

1,500'(btw)" and ~OM' m ,ilIlt)~'e m lewl {~d~. rf~pe(li",~l1.

~ao '(green),

o'l'cr Mt HwJ,1l is :J~mosl dOLlb~,~ thou nf H'uOB.}!.in ijn rd,ji(!~"!('li)' gO¢lc1 \'~8ib!Hty Q.r -20 km. 'n!OBlt rnt~o d(;c!;~JL'\¢.'l and lh!.;",mtol,lul ·of p:r~~il'!a'<Jti:Orl ~H MI. HU!I
ilI'I~I]roac:hot.~ lhm or Uuayirnm

a:\i~~I',jJ!s,C' I)rccipi~.uioll

\'iZ'ibiliillic!l of :lIlhl unci below. TI~~ c:lTcci of I.JI.~CW<l....!~g Ro \~fi[h fil;'dI!JCI.~d ibil~il.y dUl~~to !,mh.~ll1,;~ld \'~...
in!;: OV!lrpO'W!l,~OiI hi.; ~~·P{"C1.00,

;l.erollo~~ofld

Cppos,il~ bias

lK:e3:1,I~' of [~\,~ reduction

of

'-=----

\!~sibili~y g\;(;r .ML UUill:fll times of enhanced pn.·dpi~9i.i.OIl and RI t TM.~ OOSJ.!I'\ '.1011 Sup3 IJXYU1S ~h!!' suggC£tilOil IhfLl the' association between the ~rend:s of dCCIl."t s i~lg: \ isihUil.y and Ro is cilII.lscd 'blylhe hnpacl. of I~(! ('11~mm:ed aernsols, \\Iilh tume cm""'.illg"lre~~dI uf :>tI!ll(lrc.-;...ion !n Ihe Pl'IX i·riil..!t~¢I!l'i)VC'W M'L !~u:! . ~hmis gI:Ci:li~Ci' i~lan thaI sI'Lo"l,n by the plains .1Th~n gauge. which is m~mifestc,d as :l deO(:1iC'Jjl,l~lg 'Ire~d

tar
10

Ro.

Ct

19m

'~9M

~910

1'980 Veali"

'~900

2tOO

......

199C1

,iiMIOml

Fiig.Z. [rei'id~ 00 lA)~h!! (liJ&tl~d vis:ibiJuty .l! f'ld (B) tne !lO!Te(;too \li,'SilliLl\y' at Mt Hua d~rirt9 tli~ wl1~w '()Me:lIVatiool perkld,. Ead'l lPo~f1t w,!!~es,ents tnE!!lIVt'llOaged vi~ibil~t)' 'ror 1. ,day. iJi'iheljnel'lr 1~l!fIds ilroEla'kl!l'l.t),t:e!lil ~ep.nately forille periClds b~f!lJeM5:n ami alrter ('Vm5l1 19'&0 ~m'!i!nll1e ll~e,rv.a/~®fI rn~thMCI!o~y \lI<l'~ (h~f1g,ed. Se,e table, Sill. A ~Il~ B" [or dl'!till.
1 ,

I]~c ClU~'C:;; iIII F~ 4, R~) de(n;'.(Ih'i(.oD fmnn ..l'ITtoc'il 2 ~ p!I.,'riocjis; of gOfH!I ",.I!'i.n ibili~j'~o u~cnrly I Whl~1Il vi,~ibilily WIIS less •.mn I ~ km, Th~~~lkulllll1i~d average lIo lor v.llSibiliEy iutenlflls ".'!l:>fI1bolltl ,65 jn periods o:i"gooel, '\'~s,ilbiliIY l>20klln~mdl decreased lorlC3rly 1.2 ~llr \~is,~hml,~ less ulum N km, Th is mremgc or
MUiUil '"" IHI!J~)IIi'I ~ Ro ~l. 11100iY1n'I

AocO!dill!;!:

n_

)I' .. ~,.

11).9'4331:1i: Ri"' ~.on439

,~~~ ~ ~!I'= ·*3,5

+1.001a~ ~. (lI\~70061R (I.33!'J6, ....,._

...:IL~~

~~
-')""

--,_ -lI' '" &t '>!II• 2J1'~192'.x R .. O,I'9'75~ ~Jull~14· IIIC!(!fi40il!!:

)' .. U9'~&-O.~14i1i Ill- II S3iM Fil" Ol,l~~

-!Ii"'
1400

12'.211:5,.'O.DC!J5i:!,191

flloo Mt HlJaOOi:If!J1 ' 2:.2'

'MOO

~-~

Xli!ll!!1 ALllIlilual, Ro-2Q!1):1JRo1'954,""1I.~1.64""O.S9i

p'~I,na:
~I

HIJ.~i!ilAnli'l'nml!!lJ.Ro200l4JR01970;;: 11.31"

2: 1JJ

,!5~.::l1ll.1:l16 IPl'!(UI:H;'2

I••

...... E4!

'1.6 .:llI. .

lei

'11JS~ 11.411

1.. 4 '1.2

:.200

1900

----

1960

~'910

Yealll'

1900'

- G.' 2QOO

'.'

1
,260.

11

1971 1975

~980

196'5 ~000 1995 2000,

'V,e'all"

2006

<1),1

Fiig.3. Ro ~

T~(ld:i of
'£I~Wfli1l:S

the IP!ilin s1atiim~, of

@flrn!!ii!I. pftic\~itat!~n

a sallirl ~in.e' wiiti:linl ,~{iiI pI!®t a~ '!!he r.a~no ~l'hW1!elii R:o a s

W ,Xfll1!1 ami {B) 1~luayil'l.The o'ferall d!!'<Ji1!'a51nglr,etrldlin

@Iif1;Ol!!nts

~JiId 1W!lJ~~Voe!l.lfli I-lI'lj~ @11t! Mt

!I,l~Hm~~ bVlh~ regrt~lol'1 line at t~~ refie! Qr lh~ '~mll :s~Pies nd lWi'!l thlii e beginning ol~h!! !iE1'rie5~ 'ThEt ~e!lrre:wi()f1 e~PJlatiitmliIw tIiIe fmall lines are gjwn aMv!l!' tiUl! top of t&'lilh piot~~e rnlb~!l!' 52, A.uul 8, rlor daJ~.

REPORTS
IlIn:d H'LJ1l<yin1l!'S a fu nt:liiolil of the vti~mlY gt~~t.Hu'a for 1980' 'M'I 210M. Tille f@C ,i3!lilcl b'laci!: Lflrle:~~r!l

F~g.4. fhoedally rairlfaU!!'l Mt IHl.iia

~!

clouds and i'tJ"~]lli1iliJtio~. \\ihi.dl '!.\,'<IItcr ;md ~1C1~' eycl~,~.

IHe,fer,eil'ltl~~.i!i Ji'idNm.t~s

"n'Ot;!

E.1rt~I\~

int.erpo~a[ed C)LIf'!l!i1 flits ~'llinI1 a weight (ilIPI)li;E!d Ttie '~eigM i$ applied to

'~o!,

20% of the clot.:! (-1()j)IOI~ TlOfl/o !()f the data. ;ilroliln,d~'he rurrent P,()~i'U:). R!o.~ich is 'ilil~ dilStilIl!C.e' btlWOOrl th~ ~f es ",kmg titJ~ wg:a,n ~m~mic (ird~nat.e, is Ire@(ed f~lr

~ '~Ja, ~

f
:1:::
II:

1. It. iQmn, ii. iB. Pl'lmip!!. }. ,MfLlOl.lft?l.. :14, 2ill

Uc
.'C

~:
~ ~

~O\lIe'"\I'i)ibrait¥ ,diSt.iJ!Ilees, Ric f~!' di~(f,Ett8' ''liisiiJililyil1!PrvlilI.sObe:l1w@1II

2, 4. 6, ,$,:mO\:[2, 14"~6,,lI:,B, 21.,

.~~.
011 --:2:

2. 1)_ ~m~i!ld, G~~, ~, IE'tt. 2;6,. 3l!D$ !~'l9?~. 3. O. !!(J.~,rrf,etd,5{ienr,eo 2;67 ,.11'9:1 {~OOO}" ~_ I'I.t O. Alil!!neae ei aL. S~"" 30~. 'IlHll2@0<l1, 'ii. A. G:1v1!~lO. RO!f.nidd, J. ~. MilMNlI(lj. 43,!!ffi:e. {.2,ooo1!~" 6. o. !l:Q~!!i!f!~eI~, GiVilli, J. ~.~!i!~NliOt ~S. (l,l}]: A. {.2006}, ? r, t. JirOl~, W. fl. (gtton\ J. ~. ~~ 45,. 2:36
(2006).

n~5'it

2 5, and 42 klTil)~s

~E!r1lJU!d

by the

~inge black d~des ,lIiltn the' Villlue's onthe Irtgt!t Q~dil'l,atf·. ]~e5-Uipp:re~ S~Q;III effect :KIt!! rates a~. .. viflllllUty Id~slame 0<1-8 ~. :$,e@ t'llb~ 53, A 'lIlIldl

........... _--

_.J-

~--'

.~

B. O. A. ,(M1mlll.. M. IE. 501a~, ,I). ,,",YOOl'.'. Immltli1'r Morlif, 17,14 (ooo.s.),. 9- Q. JiI'l~~<l1I.'r/, ,L~O!II, ..urn()$,fii~rl.. 34 .. ,OO~ ~O'. ~ 1M,Z1lIl!!~ I,

a,ror

da,tOl. Iralllg.lS ihm. provide Enuch Il}rmll~ \!!lUrld"s W31Cf

[IJ..."'>OUIIl!..-;itS.

n.

d("CR~~ ~n R.o 81mlll 30fif, is; censisrcnt with the t111diulg:o 01" ihe case SJ.L1dy reported m tilDe ]tocky MOHlltaiiil-tDp obscrv:ll.ory. where D. sory" redloc Ikm hl the SnlD\V rJl£ \'\,'lIS rdmted 10 aerosols ~Iml caused ~.:;m;(l,~lc'reloud 'OI'O!P'$ .mbd redt!J(:ecl cfl~cic!lcy oJ r~hci,r ri Iuilng on S~IO/W"

or

rJiw,. ~. r, Wa!1g, (lim. ft,l~~'. ~~jJ)', 201 tWOS} (iii Oii~e:~). ft. fj, l!i:il)'t 10. H. lJDWil.nltllll. '5:• .i!i. Colin, W. O. ]. I!l1ii\iml Gr:rJ'p'/ryJ. ~ l~. )0.. 15
O. !!Olenr~hl, ], J1;tpl.,II/lL'~1,

(.:lllOO~"

~a 'c,co:!'-

~;!- I!., ~~

~~, :~:2l}a

The SCII1S,i1h i~~r Ihe prec ~I)ililliml from 0 o:nJJ:l,rnphk cJ:oudsw the delli nnC'~mllimp;ld of tmlhnio:n .HCU'(lsoL~ is not (111(H"cl~d. This. alsn
~ncan~dllin :-.,'1.,'(!ding Ih~ :si.llIlC elouds wjlh aero-

U. (.Q[Ilmnt~ 011'~d5nn\!t

l1<!!k'l)S I). "Ihese observadous sli!ou til m ~ IU'oxy to CCN cencemraueus in the free b.'QpG:ip.lllcre ~11C \,'islhi!lit)' at dlC wp or MI. l]ln:l.m. 2fJ(r[]1 Rl

<!

~L~ that are '~llginc~!1.~ W!;t(Xcll1;'r.l!,te~hl.~

version of do.ud \;,,'(}Ier
jil110

COIl'

preciip.itation

rnn

Fgr'~~ ~ I:nen~ i!!11 'C:~r:fI<!1!i:, (lijjfi~~ RI!!!~r~h Ct.mmme~. M:nioMl ~iid COOiiIol, Ratiirlt:rVi': F~ ,aj C!'lJ1':llfj~ aJ'~ f~f19 Ca-~r ,ol'Jd Mdi~ {IInW1\!'.Nrlif'~ '(N~qiIi!PiI~ #!lad~fI1i~ !'111!~, 1II'~l:JirJg[o!il, [)(,~:ij. 1.4. 1Ilt!~ 1m'~Il!l'llJtedlll)lbe ~iltki!li!~NalU.filt Silie~ee FO!,Hi~!l'il~of Cft1ip~ 19t<!!1~ 1I!(I575'OOiIl, the (hin~!!! "~ililt~try1 )(j~no~ .aDd fedin!illOOO' (~J~ma 0

~5~.

t.oo

rtS'~m

:;JI~m\'c ;.1(;'<1 ~C\..,C'I ~s; ,dircCI.ly (Q:IT>C'i;nod \'\/'ulhlhC' di.'t.n;;l:"i'in~ 1~l1d of Ro 01:1 .CL cl i~l1m(~!(jgiC::I'Uy tQH1trlli:tyillg Ihe: L'l;,;:';PO~!~L:or~t(;cipiI3[OCHrn 10 II'Il(;'IIl~ng.lil~ seale. The (Ih:;;~rr"cd sup;p~sitJlJI or 8(:ru....n,1;}I'!nouuns, 1JddlC'k~s 11r1~ ('CllOJl1i1l11L.".nclflllioll SiliJp:paningl p<.!C,(;ipil.lii.Ti(mm Mt IIUlli. l $ only nll1l~ ::liud~ ob-

cnhilnx:e tile rroc.i(lilatkl'J~. \.'ll,l)t_>cillly unrler (:011di~ions wh\.'fC Hll.:WJ!CI' ~~ l'C'llb~'y IromiJ!ir rolhnirm aliC' Ijw grcmC-$1. l]lis]1;1;;) ,llre<lld)' been :\110\\'1]1 An '6:!G l1~~ C11~ in: l:rimd U,n

200S0J8.3)1)99").lm@ k«!~flJlbpm ltiT~l:Iof Shillaru:il P~no~.,. OJ !if~I~e fflele!)r!ll!'!!9i!;~l!;!!li.i!L! d' S!lll~!l(!j 8 p~no~. W~ ~ir·e- r~t~1\{ll,g~l:i~I','cie~~~~[(',,1 g !1'!!!:(ffiil~lOO (fJrlIt.r el ~~!1l!:~ IPf<D-m.o!:li!<r pr'D!lid'i~£I~U d~[l! irllillis 'f~~rth, CIll'I~:i:lE! Matelrriial.
i!'/mlJlfill:lO

ill China" but giwu the extensive occuerence of lhis Ilru:no .nnelfltlll. elsewhere in Illc \vmM. it is Iikely (l~aAthis is II m:UiCir eeuse ~o.r slIJ)Jlresslng 'IOOCti lllmi,a-ll m I,he nmOUnllllbUl p
scr.vmicm
i

or'~hc U.S, N3I.iollm.1 R~(;aliCh CQ~i'l'cill t.l-n ~lmit the: eeueept of rfLtiimive lortirn£l should be expsnded lO~neu;cs, of IImll'il(jllltilvc lorei ~Dg.sueh as, those caused by~ I~e,efi"ccis (I r aernsols Oll

1I!o"M'f;5dMCem.:l!l.Il~gilcOiillenlt.rLillJ3151"5;B:l

Tlilltn S:1ta ~~ SOO ]"~!:i~elJegJi'flm .?3 MO'o'ett!~eor 2G~ aWl~'ed .~ ]aJ1!!~IrI" 2l)01 10.U2{o!'ocilffic~"lB194!9

()1I11,kll~'lic0n13inil'lg d s DNA g,CilUln1oeS. such as herpes s~mplc% viruses U~SVI and l11.tLrine cytolncg;a:iovimg,. IlfCllCcogaliZ1!.:d by '~lR9 lJ. 6). W~IClI)I.'<lS, til{)sccml~<linin]l, ~ing IC~SII'lI!Jidod ll'I'.N!A l:ssItNA) g~1l0m!i;'S, stllch as hltllucn~,1 I'iIle:liIll11g Kyu I~@e, ", }~r1r1if'!lr M. Lu n,d/'tt Ballaji RaRiI,al1i1U~~II1I. 1II.", 1 \'i'llu~ ;lind \'c.~k'lJhlr~tOIll,Hid,~ \'~rU:;j 'I VSV J, <l.f(; Notlonl Mnilllli$hil1l1:a,2~a Alkir«! Iw.a!i~k:i~· dl,~t(,1C:[(jd.by Ttl" ('. 91, ,;Vliu;11 C;ol.p~:D"jmlL.'l'lL1Im.), 1 {rgl:~~id,DO the ~l1doM'iTllC Dt),lipoliiL,ul'IlJl ... P~aSIllli3!(.ytold' ,dl!lildrii~iit:(eU~ l~pD(~ detecl '!;Iir\l,51~ iin Hu~ilcidiWiedl ndoliome.~ Illy m8'am oIhU-like ~gl!ms, plllD",i,licd (h;,D:NA <lind ssRNA G<lin r@ce-ptQ'F~ mRs). Y'e!'t. IJI[I( re'!lpo:nse!S to (:ertai III fiil'l~:le·stra ndi!d ffii,f\JA{S'~RNA) 'lo!1wllIsesC([ILn ill:n~y' aH.Ei'r Lri~ger r1.R~dcreUldmt cxrli.'C:;",h:n~ 1.1:1." '~y~)C.1 ~""I!a' 1l'1F,alfI!rE!(tio~. We pr~:ll?rIi~1~~d@n(11! ll@r@~hCllith@ ] 'reco9Jl1qij~!l (Iir :S\!I(h\l'inls.~.lbyTlR7 reql!!ir"'@s irncrlCfflf'lS. OFN:s) (7 .. ~•. M.I. MoreQ\'icr. 1I1~ 'lransp(lr[ IJIr (.yt!llS(l~]C:ll'ir.al f@lpl.ill:atij~n ]1fll'Ei'rflili!'dliat:E!s ]!UO Ute lysosome by ~h@ proc@:;~ ,cf auto~nagll. lr.l·~ioici (,VV) imid iated ~: SV ((}:" II ,. .1.2, 1 I:n adldiith~li!'!,ll!! ~cpho.agywasfl) lUi!~ to b~ reql!ir~d for t~,~Pf()l(fuctio.r! '(ilf f!F!~~f~M()n"r~ pD(s. n€S~ ~ll1d tu::ai.~illa;ci~!,rated (7) or tOr1.lukJ.(;hyJea lr!/ ~eslillts sup/port iii key 'r~le 10lr~U'oophagyil:ll m~diiiitifi!~ sslRINA virlil:5d'~~.c:tioli!(Bodii'l'lerf~r(ii'l~[~ mixed {!J)innl1llC'ltL[I virlls Ciltl .induce I.FN-u $'ecfl~~iorl Il)i' pm:s. ~Ifld ~'l!lgge'5I!.l~alt (ytosDlk re'pljical'fiJ) i'lin~F.!!rmediat!~.(If li'k~st!s s;en.le a~ ~~:thIl{1:en fC',spom,;s compal'ubk: to ~u.~ir Hv·e comltcr~
s·ig 11'Qll.llr@5.

A,ulophagy-,D ependent 'Vilrall IRle'c'O'Dlni'liolo by IPlllasmsl,c:yt:D,idi Dendr1iti,c C'sillilis

\rl ruses wi Illlolll IJdl1i£ direc! Iy ~il[Cel.ed <111,(1 achie\!Clhis tllI:mJl.gh lhellise Tnll-like I.'Cccpiors ~TLRs)iln th(; cm:losomcs l·fI. Vi,rn'l,

or

rl~llgl1!iled by nil'!:/',

paris in pDCs. pD('rccogl1lilicm

of U~:v-~

[",hc~ nl1. !\C'v~ml d!~llllel ll"lh\\'1~YS. Tlu;: d;Is.'lic~~1\iimln;oL."'(}g'fii~ion P,t!I.!hWOlY.UII!>J~-d h'y l11o~l Gdl Iyp(-;:... iJii\'oh;~ ~ylfJplaslilic P\lil •.

cU::clio!l (I r vi I;;~Ii!lfec~inn by Ihe in !late on,'? orlhc mml1Hl"li1~!i ~!:mmJlnc SysllOllil

oeetH'S inlde,~cndcully

or flls,ion 0'1"~.\I::f1!:~kalion.

bu!!~ t\~qlJ!in!;s. aU;;:",;hmenl .1II1d cu~do,C'y~oi.'Jis tern l:cco'gnilkm mo~c:c'l!le~ to dC'I£'cl vir-II [oi;ign<l.I.ur~s~.lH;h .. s doulbl,,,,~stmrldc.o RNA iii ilO\11I' ~!lgth.ll i ~Ii'lOlclion by Jij \ ~ vi n~)l. iSlll1l (ollRNA) ~l!'\~'W!rt.j; .a~!dS'-Iripho~ph..~(; roqllli~d {14~. l'h(;"'~1ob~,"J,'~ujml.';h,n ~ li:;d IJo RNA Il. _~). [11 co~~rn:n, hl: rlSJml~l~y~oid lh~ idea Llmll!l~ :rLR·:uawr~ij'llc:d n.:co~niuiml of ~ v~IiIJSC;!; in pDC:. f.lcCUDowil.\'!til,ll. direct ~nt'b::dcD1(1 iti~ct:Jm~ (poe);;) :lIJ:ieI.hOl!lghl to dlb'ucet ..

(.n

1398

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
~iml mn! lh<!il Illlc pwSCllce of Y~rnl :genomic ~n~c~~i~~~id.s;~"".~!hi I h~ Cndo.80!1iI"lr~y~![I)mmi'll 111 ~oHi!p,,:n.n~~n~s i:'O:sum~!'C!l~ ~n "~!!''''nt'Q "!l~i\'irr!! n ~tg'rln evem CO~lplod!(j! ...im~ re(l~i~!kln"
SV" bolill 1l9t ir~n~'M;::nZ>l (7), requires
;I

recog-

\'''~~ fC;,JL~o:r~I,;d1~h .. t ~f v ~1f.l;L]VI,1'I,~i ~;rn.!.i Q~l inkfl~l~dilll!.1,,~ \\llCT~~~II~ "'!i;:ti;)i:;:!~d in rOC:;, ]li:Jlihw,I}'~ (.f 0'1 l-I.~IQ~"'\,~\"~[,. [his 1)<Ir.ld~.gl~~. GO~S vsv !I]~dsv inrlj~lion. l.il)(:nfl,lsliM rI O[~X p]ni!~. \\II~y U V irfmtl~.. !iur~ r~mdh,::rs lo!l~wi.llg

~\!s'Cd w~thlmc green f!lll!rlirC~(C'1ll prot~ijn (GFPhwhi~h .1lII(l\\'cd us ~(ji "'ism!~i;,!.~ >l~W~ IIlh\lJi,;oMlm~ fOf!llll1!.iorl ~II rt."II! li~ncin !i",~ ~11!,~ p_?), Dl!Ilril~~ 1I~~oph~g(l~;I~.l!J fonlll1li.O'IJ.
L(_' J ~uld~rg()~~iI:tLi't.hi.uOIi fr!:..1II1~ihc!.':yin~plie . ~Qn'l1'!n u mombra!lc>;[!ssocialiC;'d fonn, which i~ sco~l,;'d ..:s l;ytorll'l~!'Il~C P~!lC'I;1 bj' n>Ull!-

P'\1r! ~c!J! i'~RW\ viruses, such as re~r·~"',!p!)! 'H~d c-nlu)' of viru~s m\15l preeede recogni.·· lar gJi"IC}'li~,1 ",inls (U!), ,~~dvsv U II. .illc~~p.l'I.M.1; 6rlll. To c.'w!i~im;: 1.ltiIi~ po~:;;ibi~il.y. \"'~ u~d a of indlJc~ri!!lIfN.dj S'Ce~limirJ'Ollib Ij;D[,~,.bi VSv :~'IUI,;;'Inl. wil~ ~I sil1gl!it,l!t~~~C! 1lt~id 'Ilic:>t; C.1~~es..Ui~liIilCcI1i1nl~i>ln u r [iL;'t\O.!:tllUlimi of dck~:ioll hi'l!;~hiiOiJ'i~lles I ~ iucl~c ili~Ir1111.M J i )oslINA vi~~',t; b'ypDD:,Il"e!:I\[ij,~IiIi~ unelear i~nld ptoldll (VS\IAr.,115 t ~ !'9). In wilild-llYl~e (\:\rr~
:'U:S!;l~J,I~.. I.hul iI SC P'~tiiH~~,lI1.\ i'b'il ~L)I b<c {'I<~rnl~ il£, to ens;ure i"C>!;;'Ol:ltt1 ilion '!,jf such vi ru,sc:-

a:~'

in I',I)C~, Tu C'.xl~lore'the i:mm«:cliliia r mOCI'l{lll i:"lu:: of )1s,RNA vi~<ll ,fj!;,,'C'o,gni~ion I}DCs. '~"Hl' ill ,,"i'I,;ml im.'(j the roqu~.rem~tH ofd~ ff1JI\l'!l1~:'~<l~~~:;' h~ \' iml in It'Cl ion. ~!lOOllt I'di'll ~(;I 1~1Csiuen L'l1W~ \\'1[11 :HSV h~;::Oig~:lili01il(,6. 11. I:?). r·oblUi'i~ i FN"n 1]1.\ocIuc~io.1'I by plllfil'iodrU('::;; I un in ruSpO'Vl~ 1:0 I,h~' s:;;RNA viruses. S:ClfRi<!u virus ,(SV),. OlrH;I VSV. IlrloXgl;.liF~.I!'~e ...iru:> ]!]rr;c~in]~ I(fig" I). Thus, U v~ imld i:lJ~I,_~ SV ;l nd VSV i:llduccd l'!Ylllpfllr.lll~\ldy Jow~r IC\ di.>o~ ~:PN~rJ p'mdllelio:1'I in! pDCs relative to ~i\lC: viruts~s. O~ig. I A I. Thi s d itfcreucc i.n If N·a levels C:Oli~,d nt'll be: aeeounicd for by inereased virion pmclm::~ioil with live viruses, because ~DC.;:railci:l w I)110ducc a. ~i8l1ilfic:'lm mmllx:r of' irions dll ~ Il.,g I~ hOlJI"" ofim:;!JIba~ion (llg, s: I). hi eeatrast W SV and VSV. ho!h UVa lrradieted and live iufluenza virus iX1L1ic]es induced ,oo'~nl~@.rnld~ h:~!C~;S If'N-a (Fig, lA).ID1 ad.oi!iO'n. !iCco,gni~ionof all nftlresc ,~;i;RNt\ "iruses dC~Cindcd cnti reb on Tlllt"l i1m pDC..; W~g- lEI). Thll'~, I~Dblll~1 !FN~(l. pmd~l(:~ ~ion in! pDCfi nWtcr s~imllll:lDio:u!\\!:iil.hVS\fnnld

or

~~hoo~ ~nd F4I(i!l~tyof l'I.II~dicill!il.flOtyQ. la~m- ~lI!llHo:m. O'.rn~llIt!l!di ft@5e~~n~ for '!)d~m:oo <I,~d T,ad'!llolcqy, l~p;ln '!~dl\n{e'<I.nd redhno'WglI' ~lI(;V. Kawag;udli. ]!Gpan,

ll)eiPar:limenj Olilm I1MJMbiofog;y, V,a~e lmw~fs!ll!i' S<:lllool ~ M.~ dkifll!. New H~lI'ell" ('1', USA. lOepO!r'liI~nt Gf Qlll Physio~~, 'ol(~ Mied~eal.0100 Dl!int<l Unllif.sily,-,Gradl'!ale

'·Th~ fPresenl

~'IIUlm mmlfi I!Jut~d'1~~IlII[1'lIy l.o~hi!l wOO::.

aOdI1e~'!C [t,eIP4,r~rnenl o! Iml'l1lunol'Gg~t Il.liml'ole<rs1'~ o~ Wa;hi ngtoru, .~@~Uil@, WI!., ITo Yllillonl (OI're~poll!d~lilre~h:OLlI.d be ilddrl'!~!ie& llti ! i'ffilS<!ki@1~'udu

ro.

I"OPll~,mioll I~'Y a<;sl!t<shlg OJ C,oHlbinmion of !11i:'lrp~·!Q.~ogy ,~ncl imn'llml[lll!.loT1l;!1cC'm::c I)"~.. ru Ilctiomd L\ii pr'O~cin \~~r{l'U bl>'i);;';'~)l.Ict~~~~o !~'.·.!1S,i'\UJtopl!,Il!QN(li'L11~~,~'l pUC's ,.~\tc(,'ju,uaild ~~'MI~l i!l h:i!!lh~r ~'L,w~h: di fl PN·t~ Myn!~!l,:'s,i~. I):;~l¢d by ~IHIIIl1C[;<fr ung' 011 e - .PDe A.-f" eells lndeed, VSV8M51 induced signi ficanlly dl splaY:lllg cywwHcP~HI.ct:m.'!' GfP ~MWln h ighcf how·c.il'. oflFN·n Ilmlll dijd \VI VS;V. at !(F'lg. 1). lIK'~C i!n<!Jy~c:> !'C~c,[l!~cdIhm ~tl~{)~u~ ~h~ ~.un~mll,dhp]i>ci~y,o:f i.M~~lio;~a,tMOn (F.i!!l." 'lJlh~~~n_~Ollill,,! rQm~ inn OCCiU~~ (:O!l~t;:l~l i\ cly in p[)C\. <lnd thaI ~nfm~tiO:ll\Iil11 VSV did Ilol. \ I nil] Ibe: (l1b~f!L:'~" or produ~li ..,~ virion n:: Sl,:l!~I. hl :l signi.lica.un ~l1cre:ls~ 11] th~ rCI'(:!C'HOQ~Y:r1th~si:>(~ig.. I), These rcsuhs SUll!:IOlI1cd age ('if p:I)('i> com:!ill]img 8.!liliIJP.~a~.g.Qsonnle.£; the hypol.hesis lhm vi ral l'CIJli,c2tlion n mermed latcs ge.i~crnl.ed a:ftcli" v irn I ~.·ii.t"iQ,nl 30d '(~3ble s I ). delivery of fl~c '!.tiroli ~lm:,1:e:ol)ro~cin particles We: next exantiacd the roCllLilX:rni.CI1I. 3Jutoph agy in hHUUC v j ra 1 1ie:!l:O!1l ith:m by to 'the' cylOso:1 Im:w~,diei] major s!~m.!illllS 170r I'D (',~, ·U;o!:h is ell [].wc' Mi:um ~mcd bone IFN-·n prodl!l.CI~(HJ by rDC~, 'LI1~Onl V'SV rmH'OO'W Ii:cMs wilh VS,\l inlhc I~"I!,>.'Cru;c inroc~ion, r~ W1li.~tmcle.~r~l{l>w c¥w~flli.~ vir:1I rcpH· diJlb'!;;~Hdo~~, of ph~m1<lc{DIQgj,c,d.i!lhihU~ol'.., of mJtOJlhagy. 3-f111Cthyl,l(lclli liae (3-M A) It2/~) C:JLt~OIli :inllcUlID!OO hues. rn ~ghl be: !)C(;ogillilZcd by TUl:. 7 in the ~ySOSQI]]iC of pDe!'>. A \\ cM·- mldWortUlal]uiil] (15)' A~.doses ofH\~A (110 '10 mM ~~lJld,\Morrmlil!m:L!] ij 10 to 100 !1M) ~hal known Ilalhwtt)' b~ whitll cylrnJOiic umncf'j<l~$ O!IliCho~~I~ to '~I¥."ci lc.dl:y unhih it ilutoph;lID' ~ 'If'!: i!1lfOd~~ed to the ]ysflsomc invnlves c jl.Iill.D(lpIHU~)' (111- To di,;h.:rmililcwh~~lllcr '~I!II'. 1(2'4. 151 IPN·a pr(ndutluon \!'I'm:ii lDnrnjjl,k'~c1.y <lIlbo[li~lH;dil'il rl,_~sponM; l('I VSV (Fi,g, ]i)" tnpl101!J.J! is Illh'ollvcd in [he mIHO'~IH1n Ol FLinthc.r. h~ purifi.b'l! pDC~, low,(;n' do::;.es,of cyc()sol Ie v iriI~rcpl icat DOl1lim';nltit'dia.le:;; to I.1:U::::;,Cjil~hi.biw:LS; Slm :r'Gs,tilhc(] jln :i(;~.ecl.ive the llysooomc Ihr i:'Ur7"ll.lcd~mcd dCtOC~~OJl of vimscs in j:1I[)Cs, we ~n.rsl ,e..xamjln~d 1111..': pfln~fLl ilJhilbit~on of resl)ml~s to VSV~ b~l. m:1I illnuclJ.:c3. without .a lliC>C~Bllg dl Slilrvival c rorm~lion of 3Uloplmgic vc:skks ill pDes 1(I]g.. 33 fLnd SlJp'P;Q11 ~n~ online m;fLtcria~te.xt). a ~lcr Vif.li,S s~inti lati,Q!il,. I.~ iSD.OI'ic.:llll}l'. 3,lU!0<,)~mgosom,~s h!lvC bC'l.."11 {!etcctcdhy elecl,:II'On Olle pmciltil<ll compHaHioll in the lIIS~ of Wi:mmannitl :iis, th~'l.l it '~l also ~l1hilbil cmlomrrCmSCQpr~1(EM). ~:owc\' cr. i~is dim,clIh to l d iSI i11,9 Ll ish oml qti fIIIli i~3tc Ime aLlro~)I13gic CYWisisl16). '~o rll~c OlQ~[llli::> possib:iJi;l,y. we examined the cxllent o,r infectlml 'by VSV. vacuoles!Mu ('lIller' SlliLICtllrcS by 11~nl'pho~owhIch depends on. 1:l1l,o.ncyl.iOO it' , ,~t \'3.J;yin,g :lilY 1lo:icly oosed ol~EM. ThC~CfON. W~ u~cd dOfl~;;; .1O"MA and '~Vo:l;1_m;lImin. lh;: lnlll'b~ lr •.mi:lgcllic mice c,"'P,I''C's:;,ing I,be- L(,j Ill'olcin

M j'!rm~in M('iil;kslt<~ilS.po.rt oil" mRNJ\, ,ffi~ril1,' Ih~ ~Hldcu:> 10 the cytosoll thl!)' preve I~I h1£. ~tllnS 11!lI.ion of host g.c I~'-"S.. ineludlil~~ I.FN-u. We reasened tlml. if fU!i.lol1 and virnl J".~l)II(,'iu ~)1'linhc$is were OJ preooquis.iw lor ...iml ~uc'~alilif.in. !he vs.v nu~t,lm 1!i'!,r;ki!1:g
l~IC

VSV.

pm.

1'(:'~~~!1CC' ~TIli.~~o_'>(;'ol)Yl23l. T~c LC.3·GFP ap~~i.on la!i(1 uo cmb::t o,m [he ~jolosneil~. 11lnctim't'> ~)DC~ (fig.. s.:n 1lh or obtain ~Mi~ll>l.icd,l':.;i~niliicarll qUHlhl.ilkaliQI'iI
'h'uni>g.L"i1C

of .mI0l)h3~solfil.cs. we um."tI mLlltfslloctrn:l. il~lliigin£ flow cy~ol1tlelry IMlfn. which <11lo\"..s dHl.raCH!I'iz,1Iiml or .~inglc eells wil.hin a

:s

~or or

or

B
..;L...

.1!.Ji:v4l
[!II UV4JS'atled

J~

i
i

'~5'OO 125~

-; ~OIlKl

700
.~SiC1

,~ ~oo
,
VSV ,

SV

O~--

DiUere-otijall'1e(ogllitiCl!I'I ~r siSlFtNA Vi~UI~S: by IPf)C~. (A t~ 'C}WT (Ilf {IE!} 'llR,~f-!iJIIouIS~ b~;HiI~ 1i11.lllrlFQI?I ~[lCs {Z 'K :!lJI~ W~J~' :s:ort.ed by nIJ:Oiie~(emi"e·3(tiv[l~ed (eU $In~ln:g (FA(S,)al'ld S'lii'iHdat.ed ,rQiU ]1,8 hours with ~:tA~'a!'ld or ~V"~f!a(li'l!.u~dl v'S\! (MOl = lOt S,V (2:,8; )( :l!.O~

Fiig.l.

om ~we

(h~(kei'l e,rnbr!f!) ,11~sJm:l1, Qr il"!l~h!l~u~!'IIMiRa(MO:II", 5); or K} V)V~S,:l or 'IIS'V (blJith ,al MQ'I = 10). IFN"(! ~~,~ts iI\I>e'!'i~ ,g~t,e(lIIld inl 'Il!ltl!r~ $ijp~rli!Q1tall'lt.o; ~iiii.ry,me'-lil'lbd imml!l:nn~orbel'lt assay. ,As:tefi~k, P <:: (105. !by Th~ dla~~ "IFE reiP!1~~M'ln,!jf@ .©Ir ~h!'E@ ~mi~r e~p~rimeJilts..

REPORTS
it{JII~ ;l11~he r.m.~,~ effective in St~rJH\~,Ii~,iIlJil, rFN~f~ prod'~'4;:!tl{l1l did no;~ 1I!,1~b"'l.cr~dO\';y!o",i;;; OJ' .~~IIID.~-,q!J!~ ~'1,.1)lj. ~IWO~\ ~d i!~ IIlil vsv i~!:r~~ um! i!lrI)C~ or~'1!!CI!1·1P.DC~. as clr;iJLl;Vll~~I~~ by lh~ VSV G",[jFr!,. .."pru_~i{!,!l ~H!:!:_3," Th,,~.,,~~~hs "II hCHl;tJI()pOaCllic cells l,~k;edlhe ATG genc cytl,l:~lne Sc(:fCIi9H (lfl(lldn(ll be ,>lOcoli!ll~(drn. (Ug, S4~). StIC~ln~'C h1l;g, no Q~;r'!.'im!~ ~~c1Qc~::l 'by thG: diIT«~n~<c ~.!'I.!hcmlc 01' i:vlrJ:;!~li:~n ~.fijg. ~n
~'l~I!.-",·i\i'''.!

or

f,li!"'9w1h ...

tlI~

rQi;m~~lihuh;d

~'h,;mainp~.i~l.iil;: ~"O!:l1p;;!1:n:~m,;n~l'l.,i!llcltu~~in!j:rOC:;,

indic,~~C\1 Ith"l J·MA;:)J~~dWpr!l1l!.lnllin spccil:' ic~]~.y imlhubitcd 'UI~i£l'p~;;I.go~n!1.1GrOnn<lliOl!

wilhOiJ!! iii.lirl

in the :;pl~~"iIl. ly!~lPh t~O(~";s• md Imm~ m!lrn:nN • (.Fig, 4f\~, indicating that ATG5 ~~ not r:~quki."d for 'Ihl; dc"vc;kl:p~lL;~ll (I r pEl. 1>, ill
"'~\'fj.

a.ffi(,"CtilliJg v im I

~11lry

<Jltcl iii :Icetioli.

To

~N,~DIl,iDllC'

Lhll; rl.)'II!Jlir,""mc~1 rtir

.1L", 1Giph·

4!D) or ~.~nliv,,]of pOC's U]~, S(~" ~n~lr)Jl~"'t'l.!.. US.V~lor Cl](i st~m~I,I;.ti~1!11,o:f ATGr-pDC!l 1C.~1iJ,~.i,{,,J in sinnih:n M.'Crd.ion of IL-~2 un.d decreased Jc\·ds of I fN -a !I~~g, ). Th<C'SC' 55 oaW i!ndic~INXa th.~~, .!;lhhCl!Llg,lf! iUIl,~l~ reeognlilunn or ~-ISV·~ ~~~X! 'iG ~,e~ti~ili~ ~lihlcl q

inH'aibit!:dVSV ~-cogni[~Oti i~ pDCs, To d:t~~1Jii!hdl'de~lto.III;!OIli'lIi!c Lh1!ro~c of 3,Ulfil)hiig~ in v im~ re(10~nil~'!.:)Il. 'we liIi:>crI ~
gcn.oClic~P'p'rruldl

3~

ill iiljIlII~e vli.rn~. ~:I."CogniliOl~, IDC~, plllril1(:t1 p from tlhc' l\'f\GS'+/+ er l\TG5~ chim~.i'ii~ were

ill fectedw

iI.h V SV. .A:rleli"VSVi~1 reel ion.

Ily cxmnihlint

,,,,,Des; iwllU!OO

in A,["G5. a gchle es:sC'Iltj,;11 fortllll~ol~h,,£os(line rorm,lIjo'hl pn Ilccam,c ATGS-'- mice a re incapable of SUI,\' ival l\I~j'tmd ~ d,~>,u]" We ~171. mature ,\TGs.-;L rDC's W~_!'I;; oiYwijJ!II;'d frorn ICllwlly ~11I,ldi;I~~'d \,VT mie~r("Cglli.~liwllL.:-d 'Wilit ~i~,i()j" <J.l'ld sl:lh..'~J~ cells Jl:om ~h~ II.T(i5-+- uecaates. Upon fuH ruc:omwill!ui.on \''''ith ATG5+ c~~ns (ji,g. S4M.

fi-:onu mice dc'ncioJ1t

seereti;on o:f ~~oth IFN·o: ~ndiil1llerle!:l ~ iI1~~ 2 U:L-12 ~was dimi nf s hed ~ lht:~l~,~I1CC n of ATG$ {.fig. 4, 13, and C'J. The di~nh~bhcd

'~hi:: 1:r-~·f.I.pi"od!J.~l~.ml '111~~bscnet:;o:l:' ATG5. Alilhoij~h f&~.c mi.'eJlan~smb:, unknown, the seteetl \Ie dcrcif:~~n U~\I' b~l f1:01 Il-tl. -a, ~rocl~<CI.ion by the ATGS-'- 1).1)('$ mi£hl, ~:l:~oct dC'rC1C~h. e $011 ins of I be TU~ dowa~Iream j1.lgnal]ns cOflilpOnl!lll'> to lh~ !ysojmtlrn~I!L:r j,:;l aJil.cred ~Ill

ir.i ATG5-.... pDD:,

:>'Om~~. FUl1lhcr.

~o i.n'i!\l;.l:;1lg,,~~CI~!~ 'r(ll,C' or ~ll~t~II1l;J!<!~yin 'lnti \,ijm~ :re·,'ip~}n.~Fi.'S I pDles ~Il bJ f \I~ \"t),. Al'G:lI+ • Oll]d A'fGs--l- dtinnl(.'lJ'ic mUIJ::'~ were 1nFC'C!iI..'d W~lh VSV. Sysll.'rnic lnfceuon w~llh VS V i:-; kll(l\v'I'! lO Wrgcl ~d~!liC' pDC~
'!IHd

iJ1,dW!(,~ ptn~k IP'N·~ prnduc:titll]

in ~h~

~rum ;:a,lar;DUl1d 12 i!t!~~rs Uf~. Sil~c(; It-Ii and ulhcr it! j] ::I:!rm:rli:unry cylok h1Jl"$arc scereied by IJ.o.ll-POCS :ill re"'PQI1Sl~' to VSV illrccl~olj. wemeasercd SIC:rUI'l1l :IFN-o lewis. lnfcetien of l\IGS-J- dll lmeric I'll lee resulted hl s~gnJil'i~ CIInl~y rodMCC'd IFN-o: responses comlXlooci w~lh the Al'G5"1~ chuncras (Fig. <IE).. ('01!ecl.i'!;'dy. OL!f d31:~in,,:iicatcd 11m! illiIIOph:!liW eceurs.con sl.inH ivcJyinpDCi'1 .mdi~ Pl.,\! ui roOd ['o:r 1X.'C1O:gll:il~m~of VSV, but mol 1151\1-1. i~~-

['c;clilJ.ll ill 1i)I)CS. III a(](lli~ioll.OiUlopllt"lg.y is I'CGlllircdl ror I)D 'producljon of type: [ !FN:l1 in \'i I m[lndin vi \10. AlIIIIOph!IJ;Y i:.; :JI'1l ~m,cicnl, pmhway lor hoIiIlt'll\!'1~a.l.ir:[tlnmO\',~r of ~Oll!il.~ \.'(,'1:1 ~ I]U';:lC;CWIU~fir. i
and f(Jt:ll'LlIrkm ;H.cClUI~s~lir.!'!i duriUJ.!:'t slarvtJ:IIIOlt Recent s,I.~t1h;.\.lldic3~C(1 the hnpori nm\l!.:"!'c tt illiJ~(}ph3goSQl1nes ::lIS 3111 flll.limicmbial o
cun1lpo:tiC'I'ill. ..

unlCICIUlliDis,m l~5Cd LQ degrade

and dcstliO)'

~·'_II
I· -

$(a1le bars, 10 !JIm. !;acliil lVIO'l'i:s,01I ~(lm,pl)s,it~ ,~r arreded b;y these il1_Mbit~r~ ait!:l!ilJ" dOSie'S e.~.· ill nll nedl" whre.3i5 IIFN·~ lpmr:ll!l QllJl'I \Y,ili-5 in ~ibi~I1e lC!inefE~ti!lll~.(r'Q~ralphiS of lihe sa'iilII~ (;!lllb, Th~s,e
'e!'xileriim~mts h:i!!ie' beem u:ijH!tltedi lhree 'liilil1'~

if'iig_ ,2:. lr.o:rmatnQII1I or alJllopm<llgo'jol'lfles in p,D(s, P'D(A·I~(]nlc+' (e~15 ohtalirned hom LO-GFF traI15~~rlk rnlo~ w@re ~Ji!.aitli~clri(lr lh~ presCf'!tE IIliI pUlm::Iil;Ie- G;Fpl" o'lLJto~h1l905Q1iIiI~' by ,Mlillf'C ~ ~,g!;!lf:S'aJl't~r if!c~b,pt!gf! \1!'ilh "'IS,'ll !1i't l~~ ifldk~t~ c MO~SliH m:ediiil comtretThe ILlpper fouir cells ]1:1 the media e:o(I:I'~~O r,eprest!lIlIt (yt.o!5olic GFptt' l ILelils, \lIhereas the rest i!)lff the ,C!eLIs r.epre'selii t pD{s ~'l'itlh GflPpumta. llhl! eelumns re'pr€':l.Emt i:!,rigmlIOJietd (BF)imaginl!J ~gray)r and PDCA·,l (o,r ,;1111 ge}, 1~(J·(3 FP (,g li'eel1~, DIRAQ 5 InliJc:te~r {Niue. !',ed), and GIFP/nud~.:Jlr {eveday) sta~n5"

I,~ ~:g
I

-'I--:::"-±:-:~---j
c

=~E~

a."",'''''-d.~~d

G'f,p____"

Inhibit:(lf$ ot a.yt~phglgy bt()ck VS;V Ir,!!JDrgnirtilon. IE!O\ne manaw (:ells WlHes!l~liiilli!a~d with -V5IHifGF~ {MOl", l[l} lomE! presel1.(Je I)ff~hE! ]rldiic.1! ted (fO:5I!?'S ,~f h)hilbit~ws of a.uoophaOif. WorrtmiHIn rJin, .i3lnd 3-11M, ,iHlOO{AI lnf,ed.l0IrJ (GF:P)
IFigl.~.
w@.~ .1!ss~@d. Nc·rth~r pi[iCs; (tupper Ing'hl l'ILI;ldr'II~t)nor ]l'IIri:!~tio'n 0'[ iIloni"p~ill(s (LO'Illt'r rig !It. ''il:l'adr<llnU \lla:5

cyiosolie llaillog.c:lls .. Certain vinl!.'>infecl.ions. sach as USV~ I. are known to tri:y!~cr~lJt(J)phflg)/ (2.\')1 lor the pllrJl'!'O'SC'S vi m I d.cg_IiHI:m.lion (_'9~" whereas !polIovirus, and r:hinovin~s usurp .m I<Jphi1lgosomal mach h1CI)' lor\! irn I s}\nIhC'S~~ pm,oL!l: st~Jdyrc'!,i<Ca~s liDe h~.lpOitancc ()f a.",wphagy in: ineate I«QYlliHon of "fro:! P'~lth!Or,l-'.'H~ a!UIIFN"f'~pmdlL'Clio!l ~!l~lDC's. The ~.!!ld~n!ll'iof~ll~ !·«..1l0~ bU!!lh!il!il:hlthe diff{;.~~u:!iul m(;-qtl]ll,1mC~'I. 1\;~;o!:\nlit]u!:1.n<1' divc'rl'ili.;· for cl,~~ (l,r 'IIir\il:;,(~ in pDe:>" A 'broad i>p(1C~rUnl uf vi11.I~(;S a uiJd ~hc ir ~ IlJect·i:CIIli cycles, ij-'OIH the: "~ fnOfl"'f~~"{)Cilflted g~1 a(Hlfa ic uuclcic ae ids in the endosomcs to the ~plic,adQrl (I r ,·lrn~ gC~lomcs in. the cy~Cl,sol. ill!:: detected by pD('s.Fill1illilly.

or

illJ~ ~IUIi Hl~iD.!!;k::IiI~nh:rv(;lJiiolJ dL"Signl",'tI tucmllI ...

!1!1ii!d! (8) IfN"f1 S@(~tijQiF!

irdednon

(li(

bt'lt ccrloiM CIWOD~ic v;iiral ialf(;"!Ciions, m~ghl. bcue fit nl.'ll11n in~COrrQr<il,I:ill'lg :IgC1ilb toprom.tDtc ruutorlmg~j j~'ol" bOlh \'~r:Ji1 ,ek-:Srn,(t[lti;ol1 :md in Il.ate n:cogn h ion.
1~~~'~~E:!IIli~IIJ;~O!Ir;ld ~~~~~.

with! simiil; r

,r~l!llS,

]n .al do~~·de,pelfldeliiit Ili1li! finer. Tlliie '~aLa a iie t1~p. ,,~siN!tati~~ of 'lihlFfe s;hnU~lr exp:.enni@nts..

1.. H. t:.!1lI1!t D/" Ht1~' .1141. 1!1li1 ~;lOO6)' 2. A. Pi~IiI!m!!lif N' a~. Sdrrrlct. ~;M,5'9;!!20061. 3. \I. i'klm~n9 olt tiL, Sc/r.j;j(j! n.4" 994 (Zooti,

" MARCf--1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr..ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
AlGi!;
dIIlJilU!ral

II:
8(1

ill
~ :~
;=l,

a.
till ,,c

50 4~

a. 15: 3{l~

'!iii: 20U)

wr

oIil+

./.

ni;
V'SV

-,1'.

,~ro5 chima;1lI

ATG<5GIiUQ~

A:1f"G5 ,chl.!f111l3Jit

AlTGS, ,miN!'I'I

Me<:Ii!Q1

VSV

iII'!·anQiI¥ (8M) ~f ~he r@(.omS!lH~t€d (hi:f1iJ~rk Imk~~¥a,~!):ss.e:s&@dby Illo~v (ylOiillHflirY" S:e(iretron 'IlW (B) IFIN"fJ.and {C) Il-!l2 ~rQITlI 2S,,000 ~ACS:'50:r~ed I!lIDCs ~rom the im:Hc:ated ehlrnera \ll,[li5 measured fo~lm~ln:g "iISV In'r~H:liOnil {IMil.1I l!O}. f;adl dol reprll'~rtl:'; ~n 1rld1~vidlU'~I, m.QIUSi~, (11),) Tile ~M.e,rIlo,{ vir (!~ lnr~(,th)lfli!l Ulit Iwn~ liIl,anm\l' (~Ih ,oiltal'm,Nli IIr,emthe re~p'octive (himen'ic IiJIl~1!i\la!l: .as~~ed aUel i infec~ior1l with VW-(l/GFP' ,ilIt. MOl ~ 5. {E) Seroli1i! I FIN~-Ci:ie~pO!ii'Sf!S\lIere ilTieastilred i ffiO'm AlGS, d~i,merk m~(~' ;ah~~ ~r!'redf:(!111with 5 x l~ilaqli!e4i!l:rm,~n9 li!f!ltS (If p VS;Vil1ltra~n:o:tJ!~~.y alt. tlrae lindicailBti tilil1le pO]l1ils. Ea(~ Id,ot r~pr~ents: ,aliliil'ld'iviclllil'l mOl!ls€.Astl'r[~k" P' < (11.05. Th~ data a~€ repr~S~fltiltive (li~:'Ji,ve [{In and (0]1 or Ulr,~@[(At W;l" and (IE)] s'!milCllr 'il':qJ@ri!'!'l~!lits.

F'iig_ ~,.A~t,opl'!lagr-iS r~qlUlir~d r~r \fS'lJ i'\e~(lgll'li't'u(i[!. I~il,l~r. lil,d 'Sp'~ee~ c~lhhlm a A iPG S..,r- x ATGS 01< - pups ~\I@~'il' Uisl~dl t~, r'€wnstillJll'@' ['~hgHy ]trc! c'iiiilt:ed (57 B L6 !II1IiN!',(A) ]i1:e p,re:)effii'C)e Il'f pUC'!; 'in HH~~p~,en (511), lymph Iilod,e~ (liN), and OOI'!1E!

IE

.20[1-

1~1

...

4. H. i{alo 1:11 I;, fmm_ 23., 19 {lOOS,l. u 5'•. $4 tint!! f! uL. ftrl.rm!ru'(v ~l,rot {;W~). s, ,~ ldmd, l'I.. :>~l:O,.S, Alii~~,It M~zliitQ"', A..Iw.;i~M,J

&~ !11M. 19:8,513 '(20:011. 7,. 's, $, 100~b~~"T, I~i:~~ 'iL H~l'I1.m~ s. Abira, (, Il~~ ~ :s:aus:l, .5({,~f! :~O!, 1529 I"mo,t~. Ill, .L M, lL.uoo et Qi., Pf«..NaIJ.. A('Il'.d. Sr;i., ,U.S.A. a.O:li, 'Si~98
9.. ~"Hell lilt 01.•. SCiI!'M~ ~.o], '1!S26, (20011,~" lO. I!'.;. Yil.WdijjN 01" J. ImmElrlllL ji"14,, ~,i29 (2:j)6&) .. 1,1., A. titug ill' ~.W~ lDl:JI.3:, l<!iH '(21l1!J4). 12'. lit. l. ~kI'<liilM,. G" v. A.lm. 5ml\l'tl\. 1. tm.nrunm. 49; ~91.

19. II). F. £I"jdl il\t uil, (mi!(111 C'f,J'j' 4" ~,~ (OOO~). 20.. (, ~~n t;~. oer W., A'I'Q1, Cdl 6., :ll~3 tz@OOl, 2~lk 1M.Mulll!hlrn.:l, Y. (J1il!i!im~ f. ~Ojli.iroo~ rtf/I Slt.~(t
21. ,421 ~2002~.
~2" IN,Il'!i~~hl'm~. ,1\,

~(t.

i'io!i. Z.iI!!ll!lf·a ani!! G. l)'011 flll"ledlnic.JI iI~iI\!;l<ln(e. We !J;J,ml!; P,~.~~~" ll, !iI~!!' .~ T, (. G~gre !1Ir Amni5 CilipDlt~!lrn fiOO'M:I'l~1i! !Ii.f :~rn.ijl.e~ U!iti~ l~ge$1:rMm 1ili0000IlIDkig!f. iIih1~ mil: Will! slll~lJI'II"t@dlllrjI' Pull'lil: H~iI1ll1
~~I!

t2:004t

\f~lI!@m!lt~,.II'I. M.aI.~l, L 'I'~!I1imgri, Y. G:hwmi, M,,! ~ .. r~tl;5, 1.101 {2DO'lil. as, It'. Ki>'beyii et Ill" .m.rlO J, n. m!~{;rooID. 24. :1', 0..!ieg1~ 1". !J:.. G!if~tn, ~" &~rl. k()r}, S& U;U 7S1', 1889 (1:9B,Z). ::!S. IE. F.. filll1rrrm1oon,U. ~~'~~.I. Sdle~!1m, 111.Vfff.ll~glit.. SI:M~rD~. I!L ,I" ~~r.If.!I'''.1, 8i.(l('J'iMl.. 2.'43., ~..,~
U997). 26. lIt Ar~!Iii" M. T. JOOoR!IOI!, .1. A. Sw~m. J. ,Cdl g,w, 135, U4? (!!.'~!l6)_ 21. 1\ Kwrn~ ,i!'/ of" HDrrJl"~ .Ij,J:<l, 1.03;1 '(~OO!li~. 2!. Z. blLllIay f! I:l., ,~ ~tL ~rlr.!. Sa. SA '1!I.:l.!l'O

9/~ Itrt~ ~:i":~S·9 a~!l AJ~6"110~ 11(1 AHfrQffI

NIIH.j.MJl. 'I'II!~ Sl1PPDllIed I:lII 'tll~ training g~1lI1 PlIO:;r,iJfl!i rIm NUt, IU:.t was ~Ilwnd ~:fll!~ ~jnn.1J!yd S;dfll(1l ,,!HIl~~'~' !If KliIeO!.;II..!. ~n !n... iig~t~!n ~ pa~hO¥!,rnMi!; ~r [f1~~liDi!l5 DiSI!~Si!' ,,q,'fIa~ hllm Iii!!· 84Jfro!J~~U WeII.(lGin~' FlIl1dl.

oo~

(:l~'!l~t D. C A!i'eln'~i1u~1~I!.MJt Jrnrnlllll!1t il\[

S!!l!PIPonin!ll1 O!l!'lff;'lE!M.lte,~i.d
1tMW.5C!i~mag,~~glrcCl'lhinV1'l.Iillfl13~~C1 ffliIlwlsill!ld' !'.'leti]·iXliI

14.

~:OOH s.s, lle!i!JICO ~.rIlIL. J.

~2~~"

:t U~~

{lin. InVllit '1].S, 3:2J65

.15. i!i. Cm:~J!I. 9:.. 8@liln~,; ,Pmt; HI1M.A~d .. Sl!'l. U:j~-lI.:mt 6935 {21000!1. ~, V, Hg!1l~ng ~I ~~. },. 'r:mmtl1(l.l,~7l. '~!l3:) izoo~). 11. W. Ihlclril!t t!f ai, J. .f~. ,NI'a 19~;.~Ol (ZOO;!)l
18, MiJ.lfria'lJ; ~rUI melnod!i

aoo~).

v.

SOO

li~~ '~Ig~ 5:1 tim ~6

are' illllililablt

~I!i 'ilJppOlllijl1gl

IiilIaIM~I.

DiI.~timlte'

On~irn~

29. :t Tal~, H.. W. Vir.grni'ii, fl. tI!!oiII'1~ ..!i~tifl[J~t 2, 24 a (2'006). 30. "I. V,.I~~~ ~ ~,Il'I!(JS g~~ d56 (~OO)t ;'\ ~1!. W! af!! I;lt.l'~r[J~ Ir.!~. Pwllll~l'll;l~r ,mil J. I~ I!!!r Ir!!Ilig~1i'I1! imd ~flii!iJe'. fl. "'~!.l~~ito~~Cf (ril".III. rM~ 01 1M' maii"~IUl!lj. w. MIlIihe$ Ilcr luil¢iJ1 dl~OIJ!.Sl\1fi'!,.:Imp

li!blie'~::i.
:!!id~Jef)Q~· .~ Q::l~r ~OO6, ~~~~!~ :~1~~!1II,!I~ny~()~7 'Pu~IJ~II1M 1lI'I'1"f!:1 hltiMi'!f 2(":1".1:

l(1,1'll2(j,rociB1il(e.lH6:8eO
'ili'l:::tll!l~ 'IMs fmoom;1~'1iii1 Wh~n dtli19 iI:l1$ pa;jlBr.

REPORTS

S:tru cllur,a I I:,nsi,ght. inlo the Tr'B,ns,gly,cosylu,tionS'tap ,oil Baeterial Cle'II~W;a B io:synt:hesis; II
PetpdcloglYGli!:J1 ,glyoos:yL~,~i'!sr~ ~a~s. {GTs} (aI:a1y~~the polym:eri;:~tio:n soop I'Jf celllbwall biosynlihesis., ar!! a ild alrl~ hig;hiy ooflselVloo a~mS$ aU b~~I.e,ri~. l(Jl'IgJ ron s.id~iied th~ ~h(J~y '!J1raU" (If aflrt,'bi~~k researth, ~h€y irepre5-eli!.t all e~en~~allil,nd ,~siiy a((e~ible ,d,r"'LgMrg;elt ~or an~lhio%k-~es.i5tant baICtflria., ll!i'u:ludin:g m!t'llhldl~ilil-,eflist"li1It .'Staphylococcus tJ'UteiJ£. 'We oolve li1ftemllinedl t~e 2.8, an!Jj5UOIlI1 slJlllcbil re af a hlihmctlortal ,reU-'l:IaUl(Irc)51s.-Lnln~]ng ,e-n;ryI1fl:E!',induding lts tra n511eptiiciase a lui GT domi:l~liIs, both IlJI1Ili'gand ed il nd mrll:l'lie.x.ec:l \lIiitJ'h ·the sillootrate ollill.og moeli1l,ol'l1~dn" lIne pelpHdogl!f\"il n G'fs illdo,pl a [:old di~tilill;t; rlrtmT~'~no~~ of ather GT das.5'es." Ihe S;lrllJot~J giwinsightil1ltl Nl"5 clfiitik~l rllilture~ 01 the 'C;lI~ ~ytic mecnl'lllri1l'FTI a1flid keyil1l~ro1l(tiCim. reqll!lrMror illllzyrrm itIhffibithm.
iIli!~iiIi!br~l!ile·b~·'ll~d, IlCb;!~~~rU'.d.'~i~"'\'<1!II .. i;;" bui~l .~.~,gll}'OO~~~ ... nmn~ ',-,,-a;';L; (I TI .U'!d 1r..11i,"P!.'llludm;~riff} I.:I~ylJ1~"l\. \'\Ill id'l l!ll!!,Clh~~rpltldut;1i,l croli~~ .. lin'kc't! pc"Pl[d~gl)'(llnrncsh ~1~1 gi\ es IhL;m-ICIl.'lfiuJ:!:l hs SBmiglh. and shripe. CtIZ)m{$:ln: e..xce~t{~il. drujil tl'ltgc.'l'> brealilsCl [hey 3It! ,a;..~entill~. 9(;" ~re

liJ,i) mo!Cn~mycin
.I!;~~lre
!'I'lIi;ll\!-t1/J;'

.cOl1ilP'lc;;:". The lr ,fum1lin hiib... ~~g1il~llIl!l;iI1.lm~ h~n"!£l!~g}lwSYn'l"-

fJrWlflfmuff!(!r!~r I~ (71 [2gp~ ""''q~Il,;ntc id~~lli!y ~or 'til~~2.9~·io.(i, r.)n;:~oc)l1.. wid~ ... 'rnL!il 7 ~i1t\mo ~*Iru1; (~'\I;~uijOJl (RMSD) of :W A lor

OJ Ei ~hr.;r.m~t IlfJt both. 'Ill' tlte Gl s/[P tat;;llY!icclo~n~.i~~ ;II'C ('I1,Ip«imprnS:;IMc \1"]!~'fI 'I?l'lm~Irillg DJie hm C~)%lil~ ~{)nTii!>" .uradrC,:;Ilirig dml

J.

!'I,PC(: ~~c: !r!IDC~lom:rc~lf!: ITn i!1~C!"!;I.;ti(l!n!1 \'I.'OlII'ld b¢ 1!II.~~Wul~11t.'Ki~l.llin!l .. ,..imi~!lr ~lCIm~)Qill!!d10 d

version or fi!3P2. uhe Or.ll~r lJiullIIicliomd en~m(' idCiiu.itl~ in Ihe p;alh~CiiI Stdl:Jlly!m_'()fT.1.t, mm:'u;~i. ccss1blC' rrorl'~ '~inl!perirJOllim. 3n::~ ha\11I! 110 eqllh'l)~ ill~<iilPocnzyme SU'UCIUn!' {2.9 A reseluden], 3nd a COIl~I)~;';. of Ihe 1!1K{.)'1:1lC \!ililh lllC' alIlihioti~ Il!m nil nmmml'liiall, c:dlrll!;"TP 1.'11Z}'l1'CS [also kll.Q\"'~1 nlOCno:m~Gil1 i2.R A)i. "[he gW\vlh (!If both c1:y5(l{li as IlCnicilliu~l~llndill,g protcil1~ {PBP$H:lre!he'~rgc~ roml$.lCq!iil~a:OO~hc dC~~~~l! bul)' Icl!inle~h!i'I:I1T1!i~lC" or~l~ ~bcr.."!n1 .glOUp or <!!ltiooClcriflL"" ·to \1!.rhiChfl dij!\~lIrn~I~.}'~!igh ,d~gu~ or It');G!ifu,'1[t!ochas d~\~~-la o;.;icic (lit Bolh s!nl:(:um:.'i" Im!,'~ Ii!v(lfnblc ~CI\.,'{11~ oped ovor tllIe I},1jSl '\,\~O l decades of clinical use, The dlCm[cshy (tab!c SI). w.uth R",~111~ v:.dl!C'S of It).1 .-4,6:% [or 1I1:C'O!poolZ}inae {!JiK~ 23.1/2!':,.0% pcpttdoglycan Gf pl.'OI..cin fuJllti~~j. GJ~I (W\,.",I;I,
c.ril)I.org}.has !JO~[ruC'tu.r;~rtfI!t~l:ui\'Qoi H) d,~te ;:lmo i... ~u...(ni\lc (,OlIIdilblb: I'hr Ih~ stnICl\Dre-l~l~d dnl.g ~i~ll of new :mlib.."ICkrithl! COIMpcundis. GT~~atld TI? (;IRyrl1'L"'S 1l'l1UJI'be r~nt as n1llm]oliU'iCliomd of bi Ill!nt.tiomnl pr.nrei;ll~,~.ll.\·,.,il]~ ~bc more pr,evll~cnt bifLJI1~I:ifm3~ 'Cllfl.yil1t'CSpo&~" ingan N.;tcUiininml {jT.'l~ oolllrl;ill anda e~r-c:tmiiml TP dm:rmiu. SCjh'tmlt.'tI by a sm::tll Hl1k~r region, The G'f~'loomains arc :dw'l)'s 11JC'U.lbretJ1Houn.d .. am;] they po.~yn\\''lrizc a lil,id n pell.lapliPlid:c slIIl15tmJre imp ilt~lil1kl>d l,,"acetylml1:r;m~ic m::kL

n~~J.!

Hfl';JIt l1~m'lan~ b<1~I(ri.~ ir~r'.:1l;:litm.~. . ~.ICl!·L;. WIi,l.~pi,1nt two c[)'1;I1:,l11 SEI'iI,I(:tl!l.nL'ioi o.i· a soluIJrc tru Hil'~\r.:d

IlleR: it. ~OJ'Ilt: .Ila: ibii,lilY ~ii1Ou nirIIilE~in'Dk!er I:'e.giml. The G1'jll doit'!Iin has h;,,'Oputtd.~VCOIllI~.y~j~ g;liillilJtl lc ~id i\.~~li;c. .. 1EI14mlicl E'I"11 (~)1•.Rlild Iheir ittnI10t1.1t1l1!C has been dCIIl'LO.Illf;I.m.lc.d in. nUlimtiollmJ ~1mlks on the E.~,'hol;!rldl#l [~~ti PBP ~b CII~ll1ile {9" The {!I'l,',erJH:fold (i rille lillid U~def1Cl1dent GT:H d'om(ll~~l show)l nosimiT.1fily h10 cilltCf '~I!~ClT·A 01' G T·B (bids dml h!ll"'C kIf;J1L"1~CI\'~d in ,III i)!1;,'t~in!il GT 'L;'~)lIli!() d~~s. :;,uucwr~~, The lI!:m~lUlr~ i",p.r.~~~.lUII'·U].y (..(.hcli,c;lI and is comj.'lQsoo of h!'!O scg~!lenl\1: tim: glolll~"'tr "head" rcgirll] ~illl~Hl,,;ti !ll.!"l W duo: lil:~k(l[ (kl!1mill "ll'l!il :;.H. ~HUlJ~L;r')<i~\{'~8l~Onl ~.,_ n~ltin tl~i~dOli~r w [he Jl!lL.'l]nIm~i11ll lFig. .~),The

or

gJohu~~r
SlIl1f.1l ~ ~

&C~rnc,I'II~135

If~ri[y 10 bfLClC.iQpl~ag(! .~~ysoz.')Il'I'ne qlL) IDAILI Uf~) gives a Z score of 3.5.12% SflqI.ICflC(! id:e~l~ily fori ~'leQ$,1ll-26(l re~ ion. with an, [{MS[) 4.2 A for Cnl. Given IIUUlhc l'l.\'('1 l'flzynl~s :le! rill :i!,i~ndbti~loolf.a1Cf,:.,i1 i:-; rn,"siblc' i nll<!l~h~ GT~! modu~,(;' wW' a~-qllinxll by ~hch<lC'~

reg LUIt. and

il IlliiS

seven 11 h(~li("('S; and II low sl.ru(,~i.I!Id !i,knl~'

or

,ill

N~OCl.y:l,gII1l~ooalnillePO~J''11f1ern I(Nt\M-N lliG hi, The IP domalm, are soli\''Cnl.c,~poscd ami calaI).;m, Ihi: cro:>.,,"link:ill,g 0:1:Ihe peptIde s\ibsl.ilu~ns on !:'he:;' acetyl: f,;ml1llS of Nil. M.lnhib~bJrs (If nhc (JTSII~'l:H~l i{Ul ~n:;J.}" be Ic:ftS s~llhjt.'1;:lli(l' t~IC ,!cvc~~ (!~mcnt of li!;,'i.'ii~I'U!Q~ !h,hUnTP'inl hibi~UK. whic'h elm be n~lldL;:r~-d ind'Hb::li:w by,~I·t1,."r'llinll uf nI:,,~ p'l.;·~Jai.dt' :;,ub~tih.l:Ciln, -no'~~Lbly vOlalCornyciu~ • . irl nx;"i:o;tf.ll1lt slmilil:' (2. J), There Ii>ORI1.y om~ '71'CH~ c:h<lfa'Ct(jj1 o;:diJ Itn ibulor 01:' the OT ~I re.:1cti(m.~hc Slrqnom;n\f:;';o; flal.urn I p;I'OOlllCI.lllOCIl()myc in. whi:,h is not cfliC'('tivc h~hU1!!llilllS be'>llllsc Or[~oor l'l.iJso.rpl.iO:I.1 prup!:'1'i~ei> {4), DQipJt(l iis. ~xltCi.l.fii\i'~ !lise as II grow~lprol1motcr. <in ~tliI'I1.. 1 Feed, ill) pkliSunid.bome resisi:Jllcc ~.('I 1'I11;~Il.omycill I~.f"" tleera ootccleel so raJ" ,~5 UindCII'S!tJndil~g )" of Ihe
D~li1llilil!,mt o~ gi~hil!ilIlis!ly ~ml MAIi.e,ul;!r 8f~, aoo

FDr Ihe' nK~~DO'!l~lCill"bol!lld limn. l1iu:PB'[P'2 \'i.·~flrc~urem\~!.'a]!l· <B biloh:IT ff,:Jd (d i:I]]l.illsi:ons 55 by 60 by II {I A~. w~111, fiTs I the :lnd liP drllllain.c'i s(pm:rmlLidi by .11 shm1. ~-dClh !iJ'Ikl'l' regiol'l (Pig. 'l.l ll1Cl~lW I1I(,DI!Ised. ~runino aeids 59 Il) J 16~ OJnhJ~dthc N·~crttllln,lI 'h'll:l1.~m1'!:mhlllltc .scr'l~el1ce and some oi' Ihe ].Q\\'~ (lo:mp1C:ll:ily C~I.CIi'Ib1Ii:n~Dfllil. 'Ekxtroll di;.'iJ'II.'>ily is, viSible foJ' I'csid'lIcs 67 to CfJ::!. cx.cq.~t I~r a ril:w s.hOrl.Io-ops in t~le Gfr ~I Llomain tli:1 7 tQ I 31) Hlld 10150to ~63 in inK!' J,poeI1ZYI11!! "m113 7 H), ~44 in

teriophase al .fI[)O.il1t lang 3£0 ill :lIS cvolutiau, ~)i~c low sequence idcl1lj!y.. dtcrc is, good o"'cl~ap of I~C :SI!COD1(_~1J)I ;iJJlIICll]1lC b'11l\\'~n the
'b~ [ljrnt pllw~i\ic ,gJIUltllnm,1,C GT S<I ,QHIll,liifl m'\.~rb}'sIlmi. or 1L ~E114 \V~~hEI9, It:5.;pcclivt;1!}';fi~, 2.1\). The: hdk'JIl ~(.roloID' is pc;m'!l)d l(ICI.\VCCIl I.be I}'So<::yll.le and tiT ~~ rol~ds.wit~ lhe· s.oltirbr.e Il3-rich
1\\r(iI C!lzymCli,. "lIld

ttrl'<!l.l)'li(;r~itjllcCl:rlhc

1l00l'Win I o:f AL repln&..'ti b,' tI~,.; r1'OClin:bmH(;' assoeiaicd (rr:!!i~ jaw sllbdomain trcsidues 1:2~!O 1, 82). The jaw :is coml'oolo)d u rlhl.w 0: hcl~()C's. wit~l~hl! 01ltmno.s1 hdii'l. cOl~~aining tl~e ~'CCO:llld ptlmtl:'vct&raIYLicl\::s,ldne. E 17 i.. pock!el I0J11Kd A

IPi !!I., I. o.reril l1shrd:lilfe of ~BP2,.n,;~ nlodular i1~lij,ge !llf lTI~ GT !i1!. ;jj!lid mlP Ifotrl!5, ts<hO'>\ITI~ ~'IIith itI'Ie p~~d~(t.eld ~p~siti~1'! of UI@'tfo'H1SfI1@HliJ.r,1Hl!ll ~1E!§I1Mrepreselll~E!'!d by a vl"ftiGil illlut! ~~ta!l!i!~.
lIIhea"tjye..~ille re~~Mlils

,nn

ri®l~he

mil' ·{53913:~ flllndkll!li1l~i~iI1s;

'Gr~51 Uo~w" ~~er" ~U4) ali!d

'"!head!;

l~gjOfil

(~l'Il.er fur I:IloociRne!3ItIi.,

UIli~Of5i'ty ·OifJ Brili5iJ (jotumbia,

sho.wn (I) r'~ Sp:h~F@), whe GT~~l,dQrmllilllis pro· IPosed ~~, b~ at Ileast lP~rtlyS!ulJmE!'rged ln~ne bila~rrilll m:eerro .a;o::e.!)S
the Up~g Irl~!JI!l!SitfC!rt~. whidli~ '(Olll~tlililt Wilh

l'Ia~ t:h.eir C« aoom$

IMembrane

'"'Jaw· lD"eglon

235>0 H~L~1fI Sdeooe~ M31l, wnc~r", C<lood~. "'1'0 \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1k:n~ei!llIO~_dIbe add,re5.'Sie(il.IE·,rnait
1~~l:iIiliil!@lbyron.biI!!Cllc!m,IJil!Jt:;"Q

oibservalions,

that ~at:aLli'tl~ ;!c!1l!1iily ill nd (ry:S<t:aUizationJ were depen.dE!'n·~ (lIn 'dii e ~res:el1ice ,of det~~£I'~nl$.

14.02

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
b)' residues
GI~~'lOC CQJls~r""m{ln

cl,oo~ to t~l~ ,1ignikocil" rt:!gi{lu~ shows se~n othl;!'" (;T:;~ C1117}'I!~ll- .m'\! ~!l~y be :~!~]POrl!,u~~.rilrCO!~':lcli,!~ t~~c ~!ilO (lfmh~ ~rnlb"'11IDlnbl11ll'; :\~~n\.'ll~+ A .:;:h;:I:\ b:t\'.,1.~'f~ 'hh~

(KtH);(fJSbG nwtill.s, 0),· lllC TP cm:1lyllc S)9R residue I~ -1tl A flom ~lCf1'lliln.a~...e ~;;tt;!!y!ic t f,~io~~c 14 of th~ (iT:;~~om~in. lh~ 'r.T~I !l'
Inl'dl
~)q,":'il;~:;~Jl fivl;_~ ~gallllh[Ll:;i

~(;'M"'ii~CI\.>a.o;;

mflot~r II

~()1l11li,';the imllCnll;Q~I,

heli1'i:

Qf~hc j;ll\'\f

)1l~hdQfll"1n t~~<iitdividcl',

~w l\\'O' p(l(:k-

globuhr :ludj!l\,{ ~~lx!o]l]ililj."~"i]llll1cd:;;nbiip«kC'lwilih ;'1 larglilf ptl(;kct en '~hl;' opposite ~,i:dc ormhco ~lpk\C~d.G. The ,e:lcll s.~lpL;fi~:npo~~,\'i with d~¢ ~ub~Irnk binding ~i~~~ ~llld n;b~(,\d ~.)!Sl]i.!:jlmile i~ II fold::>lF~,. 2 A), n~ 30Ii\,e :oilc or the TP Iclo.i'l'lr'i.in(ioli:!,[ldifh. l:he eheraeteristie SXXK. (Sf~r~,XfNl(_'l\'lIi1lL'i

ih":~llOllOrliirM:lim~al (I) {Iig. S~). Motil!s I ;Ind III COil· ~ain du;:GTs~ ~'!~~bl!:(: l~lUi.;JIIHii; .. cid~ ,(131 <!Ild £ ~4 En I, R:.'>p<;cIQvlity" \'Vi~hnillCif Co,~n!llt~ - ~ .A 4
G'f~dl'~r~7.:}'!l1ICiI.

inbo~~:1

I~lOtif,~,~on~T\.'l;;d !lIld 113 f1,Jm;tipJI~.1

1,;1:s.md ~.!ii p!iDbllh~y QJ!\'olvoo in :oi\I~lmt~ro~i. t!;tiOU1_ ('br~~~lI"l; ~H!rmS~ by t!rnl;, ~OC;I~ionof !~L .. t\~iJL:rmil~all\.';Sid~it·:> M in 7), 'dill,' hy(lfO;ll!hobio•. ,;;t~d ~hc h}'!!:fu:inphil~.'~ n.,,'ttuil; gf !he TP ,IO:lllll~l'Iti.';Id ~o a modd .!'br m~1'1!!bnni~oti~I'Ila~(I]'i iFig, t '"

il}' ,ot'l!hc io~wct1~~1lI1 llIw j,~wSlI!bdon1<1ili or The

apm1l in lill!;: tl:PD~i1Zyl~~ 001' thi.: _ 111'1t'!ti'U'&. :Inoli IV HI'iU \l app.c!flli' h)

G~ ¢ ~,i,gu fLllclfC ~aittd)1 i'iby 3. role hi umtintDi"iii1ii1M~I,e slfilCIi.i.re or nile :C_iTsl

r...

m~llIiltl1y~ii1~OO[Lnd.

i>inll.~tWlre (.fig.

31

~or311 ~mlips cO!hcr tllOlH d'LCC~ lipkllillut tFit. JC,.. !\'h:~cill!'}~l,lycinbil~ds in the cl:cl'lbc~.wccn Ihc head and jMiM :~~im~:s of Ihe (JT,~I fold in an.

obi !lined by C'~).eil:)r:.;HLI~izuldml. lilt!.': l:i:cei.n;m, deilshjl of Lh:i:"QQm,pk:x inhilbitor d~,\V!::'Ud~iin~d

\v:!:-!,

Cl::~cndi)d cOllfom1illti:cUl [Il!ila~rolxlb~)p mimics !hal (If Ih~ gmwinkl ~~IW~N:imin MJb!i~II1.I~~ {Ii:" I~R1!!bllCl. R.illg~ BI(1i F {.Fi~. JB1 ~'nod~'l~ in 11 ch,m,ir on:nlhl1t~1Lli~.HlI. fO!llll .. l",~·i~~!..ldp]~Ul(~, wilh id~L\.\ ril~g B :rO(:;u~ld. ro~"I,~\dihi<! ~illlk~rrc,gioll . •mdring D 11WjLX:li!]1l nll~ into ~H; bulk W~\"l\l1'" C[lI!c"k.iOh;'Un will~ 'lh:i}; :1'D~I~]. mrJe'I1Q!'I'ljlcin derivmiw!, .~ftekjng, ri:I'Ig D 11C~::li:n rnldbimi<: ~Icli\'ily ~ It lJ I, Rimg A c...'(i.,~ Ihe ch,:lI:lncl 01] the sid~ .fmmlteSI. fi-ounmitc m~~nbrnnc: 8ndi'll!!l,}1 be posIiH'Qm~d: ~il~li,l1ud~to II peptide S!llbstit!llell~,hill Ii NAM
!':Ub",UIiMC. he T l'iulg

l1.C<lre~1

dlC'

'!llll ...

heEl N

(,'MU.~ytic 1\..0",,""

IFilg. 2. G1I"s:t.do!l!l!.:lifl oomp1!lfi~Ofl with l.ysozVffll~and Wr!f,~rm.atioi'laAch~~!!J~ bNWi!lE!n~h~ aIP(;II~~Zy,rl'!~ ,aJnd ligand'@dl kmns. fAl· S~nu:t:~l!Nl'=bl!!~dl i!Ug nlFllent or the 'G,iI' d'oDT1O'lirl (lJb.J!e:)wliUlllhat of i.t (grNn). ~ 1iIe.~il::esHill arild 'frl3 (if U nave m~Jnt'e'rp.!lrtsin alll re!ate1d (he-, and V-lypoE:' ~~ot.)'I1l.e' fdds (2;0). ine ptltauv.e H14 catIIIlytk n'5,d~u;~f ~he 'Gill'~:] domain at1.fJliIs~\!e~lwith that (If ;.\l '~lbothinl s~kk o rep.,e-sel'lta!Mlorn) at the Ie\m~ Ql I.l, ~eib; 1~i1. (lmet) Or~hog:onaL view \lli~h lcQIl!!i ,omiUedi. The lyooz.li\llile $lrm:b.m~rml1il depo5ililil:rl 1[l9U tg,~s ",lilo~~n,lI'IIitl1 tile poly-NAG tigandl in slirk 'Fo.mm.The ii9~re ~i~hli!!Jl1ts ooththe Mrikii'!.g sln1Harily ~j'l $Eioondi!iY $~rlll(tlJre' ~~o(aU~~d: i:JJ'ii.y w lh~ Gr~l head :~ubd~l'lIIfllilfdilll!l tll@ ,~el1:Sil?lNalio:nl!)f ilrJac:biiHiit@, den bEtween. tiill! two !!'n1yme t.ypoes:. l1he rogiolil~ beili:l~\!' d~h hol~ fI(I 'SmH:rural$lim~L;rilY ali!d ;:lIFE IP~e$'l,lunab1~ the dmerefl't be~a~~ tClf the !lleoo~(lr lh~ '61m5:~. d()lllilrirl t~1 00 to(illiim~~t ti1@ :m@lfIiIbr;:!JiI@ and :to ibillld! i! IliiJjdk ~1:!'Ils<tral.@'. (8,) (~.rdQrm;\!ti~:nilll :ehan!llE!in: the j!llwr.'Ubdolfl<1il'l upon binding rrn,oerno.l'Ilyc1n hpr'e>.5enled ]rrls<tficJ;::ro,rm)'. The '1'Il:()E!'rnomyt:1n· bo l!Pild 'rOffi'li! is bluJil',aJlld 'lh~ ~l\liIDenl'Ymlli!' is~~I,(J:\1,r,

Inocnmnyci~

pjw'splwric acid dh:$ucr grollp of i~muter the plJanc of rill!,l;s B to F.

in ,m ork:mmL'[)n!hall[lOtenti,dl~ diroct .. ,hie .Iil]id W'lJq,IPtm\'al'd '!h~ Ilwmlbmn<l. The il1~ratti{ms 'OCI.\VCCIII ti:lCprol,c111 and illlil±hitor arc extensive '(Fig. 3At ,crmsb;ilC1Iu \'\J]dll1lOCnomycin~ ilUlCi ~:]mcd COml'M)Wm_t<iposscssillg some or dlC It)\v\.~. mr.'t.liUIig inJhihi~rn)' onnCC!1:tr"'llm! v,rtI~c,..;; l.iJl.o\"~n~ <.!mibioui:.;;s(12)- The h(."I(~ sLlbd(ml<~ill tr.!'J il\ hl'M,,:liy idenlli:C!l~b('il\!I'"''!.'':11 ,ttfID;[·I1~n~..:: 31l1d Ihe mn.loclioln!"cil]~oolJnld GTs:1. $lnletui't.".S" \.... lIrl1Cfn'

B
04i

E
·,."....._\...-OO:NH;
[I

01'1

D
Filg. 3:. IOeMill of m!oonQ!ll1ll{(:i1i1l bili1ld]lIlg. (.1\)1 111iI~e-ra(lionsof lII1oe'JlolTI)'(:ln wii!lh lihed,ol'll!l),r Sil bS.tHii'OOs.ite' t(ifG:f~l' w~th

HO

,
r
IFU

0 0

,e

$~l~tiNJ s<ld~ (;n~iIil5 :mMt!, The pifl05phillric add 'd~f!~ler!Jrn~p' b~Il)osilio:nooili! ' ~ r,egi~:n ,~:I fg~1P()~lw~ (my!!)@. i! ~dl '~ile' h :~lIg:awr!lngs '~(i11Tlll an eoc~t:,n(h3d ~iHII@hil th~ ildive-~ite den. Ring 0 projec~ ll,ulin[u~o~lIltJiolil, illild' Inng .f!. is ~otal!:ed close,),!. tD Hll' ~ir'lker regijon. ~B) Ci'll~rnical Suutll1!re or lIlI~enQmydll1. Flln;:!i!nly, an R1, '9n~~pis II!sedin piau: ICliffhe ~~ Imoenoc:in{l& npild un"i. () Etel:JtroiFIdensnty o~ the moelilO'myd'n lllIooocllJlte. The majll i~orf .0;1, :t!rOolrCromla.t. c:on.t:omoo .at 10, 'i'roT!fl~h~~ffiI~!l mooeilalt ;,tB, A re~lliItnOIii. FQ'r r~~~~m'e" the ~I.!IMti~ calQlWtk f,!ffidll~ U1ll4 al'!d £:1.71 are :shOiivn ~Ifi~tickr\(iflT1l.

REPORTS
ch;!i~~ ooc~r in the j;;)\li' :2B,\'fhc :Sl.llC!~.y i;;O:n~r<'~ P! ~$.H!:.l.~, 'Kt~:4. ~~ jUry f\;';'iiidll~.~ ~u1d~I~~ b~i,\"~y qOl:llL1"\'q] 1\ 1~l T 15U, ~l~ E ~79 n,,~d\,JG\". :!I.II;: ~ocml.-d in i:h~hiJl!:,!,~~orrl lx:iw~L,"1fIi dlt..~,[,,"'.0 ~~bdonmrn .. '1!1(.1lImy 00 imJXlll!!nl i~ ~lIrlO s ahili:~'y of '~hc GTcH dnnl;;ual lQ 'I.In-d~Q !'iu~h .. l,;(lnrpFr!'iauion~i dRlng~. B~~..oo ('1i,,~nioJI ~~rilil~~IJ'~ il 01'1 ~i~;:'; bC't~D'i rrop.c~(;d Uild rilfli~'1 (" and E or m'ioelrlol1r~J'cin would. b~mltl :1111 S3lfleW"J), the as a N Al\ll-NAG db:aechll"kll:: Or~1(," 5il1b~~lIIilc. I h ~heconmph:::.;: orGT:i!iw:i1h~'~nmnydll •.lhe mil':: OX,~~O.eJ1S ,ll~d N-:LC:etyl ~'OlIJ)S of ril1~ C and E :lInCi<lH Ih~c 111.'1· Ilhlk~C$, are :if1ooooin :~"'Cm11!!~11\">'ilh <I li ~Iei~r glycml dmill. ;\.!'I'lM'!gl ng Ihe~L" li~lk..g~, tDfnh:c ~\'iI1S dlr1i~l S!!.!ll$.l!011~ W fini ~n~e ~1[1~CQf~hc~~lh~bitrn' pk!c!"!s!1:!L;' !txillc!Hlg iI!,'{)~·1end uf 111'1.(' dmilll lflllitJ;Ie.-.~ fmll11 Ih~ l.'OIl!OlIJilir: nmchilu:,'I)'. idc!lnii:a~w uJml on!1.\: h'fi{)!r.)'~IlC Ihm~br ,~~I' ~'fllt>'l11if.'$.
'OOnro,~I]g~i(ll};il_~ s~bdrJ!!l(l1l1in {rg~,

I;]!~

Tile ,dtfiJ;'u.nocs bC'lWOOl the moermmyc:in wing Ffphoo,'nhol'ac acid "i\.~Wl'!('l.!i mo,jei~C'S <1nd
~11'!; '~~~(~ S NAM. l~yf{JI·}ho5PJg<l!~~C):> mO~lit;:., ~n~li.i bt;t 1'l,:,<;po:rhiMc tb" f.iT 31 .i~l~i ... bHitm by ~ilL'1~"'I1Cllin~.ul!r, 11'l'V!..';SiigJJliIJimi~ hypodl~i~, To t \VC ~naddcd n I'UU(h!lC!l.\·Cc{l1l11ri~1>i: t'I.fbo!lr~ t~N ~i p~d][
;u:!d gm~\I~llgcJIOII~n t;,!JmI:rnh.~r,¥H !hCIl1.1[K,,'!Imllli}'til1.

I1IlQ(f.c~else :'iiil.lKII~r;;:;. NAM p~pli de SL!bs.tit1!c~~ the ...n ~hm IW ~[l,,~ic ;4;,h!o:'"~QC(;\!f \'vilh !l~~ cl active-she

~d, Rql~l;:~n~thfJ ~'L4 ~i!lbw:

NAM·NAG
l1ch~rc.,:n rill!}"
E

l~h~11I

;I

cl~!i:at:.~harud~ i~ln. a IH,4 linb~~ w

m'Ld FiJ'lJunot,;'l:.oJHY"-~in n":.\ulb il~

l:ioll.md ~~[l,Ie~I,I:r;e. \V~i~~11crl:ipid H i~ !he dOHmr ur mx:~pIOi in tI'iC POiYI1lilCI'.Wil],r)1'i Jil.;'liCli,oJ'i hillS, bcci:i. ,~:;w~~~iiw~)' ddnilecl ,~jJ ~ Fto,i'I'Il Ciillh,,>Lmil1ts,
IH~d

impo:>~'l:i by dt,-" :>~rIiieIHm orlhc 1liPOCilz)H11!e· mOOllm~~yci~l;bou nd rorltDt~. wecan new a~lmo~! dcliniliely oo.ncilldcliml.lipiid~:~i!\ rllC I.lCceptor, :lrnd the a;ro~wh~gdl<1i-n is the donor.wilh
Slq~P(}1l

:lsl!Immmil;.'Od llr l:VcIz.c1 UJ)!.· Modelil'lg rhe !ilrrnw:il1~ ch,~inIdonnr) ~U~l'i~.rt~ mo~h~ !11t}~!m· Q !.tl)rt.~n~l!nir(,Hlirc. Nl\:GgJ'tlUp .~~ fl llil;:lo~"d 1;:1\, cr Icing E. and .he <l(t.join~ NAM SL!~<!!, !'illIp;1:I'n:g il11~'Il1!<c.>1wi!}1 ri:l,"~ f. The- rr~{lot.'nrIH'}'{: in-bu .. sed

~:rom, num('.t'(fI.!."

C'.xlliCr]mellltli

~Olll!l\.""('$,

each ril~g f 9.lIbsti'[lII!e!l~ of m~nnln}'c;~11 cmreluting \'\Iith !;h~ 42; ~~L~~~lC:rll. ol'Ni\M (e.g,. ~1C (" Ji OCUNU:l ~llj of cinl!;l fwith Ih~ C5 CI·I·21).I:1 lll,mup u r ]\JAM), I](">l'ti~i~ or itliii!i :.nnggel'ing •. Ihe ·1 p'hO;S;~jJhiilyl !J.IlOup!;of ~hehi: illl~tlhiliLI.i" alilU, lit!! !>~h.:>H'II.c poll1! in :..illIli~!Ii' ~:'L!.,>;i!in or:i.cnt!llion~, ~IftiJC3.llle~ o:~ 0 fm.oL"'Jlo-myc~in ismu£hly equiv(' I aiel,1 re the modeled rin,!_l. ,o.'\)!lliet~ of NAM ~ru,; S\lsgcstt.'<! ear~icr ~1l'l J 11'll' 111i:-: l»si~iol1.-<lhc :Ill: roll ~m, hyl 011 Col of the htll~bi~CIl' .. above the l'llilal.C 01" NAM .. 0\'\.'11'~l~ ri~~g x)'g.c!~.The mt~h)!!gm~p o li~';$ ~nW(!""l 11].(- o~tjr C~. sill,,'; (1!f ~!Ui(r(:u~'hitic d :.u'l!:iI1;k~~nd R;lgitm(~llri~doy Ih~ lEI ~4 lIIld Ih~ inc~ming4~:~ I end ·of (l'IC'>!.cccplOr, In eur ~!l1!C!il.!!'l'iS.. ~."l'UT!]'I!c:Sp::jOO lO moo~1 du~li~]id lh'-CToi.C

lIIi!l!m fur ffilli~ II lloLvrneri·,

IF~g.4,. IIfl~i!)pOO:i!dmedl~·

(-I.)

(+.2)

IB

z,ation. T(D simplilrythe'~ 'ci~agrams:.lh@' ~Il!tid!~ st!~

'il!!'IYiud. W ·s<helT!'.atiiCrw

s~i!JiJemson ~p1d1 ~IIh(l\l1! lbee1il

@Uiri:ks (,lL(tII 'the dkmcr,. in iIlil ~2~ljke ri::.acri~n,~hoi!li!lJ~,lluts the' ,COITI]taIlUlI'

s~del R~dlJ~ I~U~ ~(Il5 'to de,puowlltite ti1'~ a!u;:ept~r 4~("!f! ~IFl~llP" whkh '~Olil~

avoidlNl ~, prE!VMt (oofiUi~ion \'Iii!.h the mcencmlyciin liillg ~i!libelin.!lI). 1111lIlri~ 11Il® ~I!!~, ~ip~(lil 115 the' a(~'~Jnl(lr(Ii.gint ~idl:l'~ <In.d l]w grUlving glly-cen d1llillil is tffilf donor' 'aB'ft

~.lJid IIII pll'lymlllFiz.Won. FQ,f darity, 1't:1I.. and R2 gmup!i ,a rE ~~ 'inl pla~ 'o~~he OAc <3! ~ d N H'A,c:g raJ'!I ps, I r~· ~JI'I'!dwel.V. !'Dr '~®liTIpaiathl'e, fgl!! FP1i~~. the f~,1]~tl'~' ~.~ Lym,~ s9,g,~r rulb!iil@~ are ~~beled ki pa~the5e'l ,(the trad.iliclIl!larl !lonrlerld@tll.m~ !!!~tn.gs!llbf.i~:e'S <l to f lla!5lbeetil

'(!J~~pior) UiP'j.d 1[11

a~ffi'nl~d Illr'E!Cm50r,sinto a ~li1!·ijnkif!!:! product Irw~iclLI!1 E17.iLl'IlIarYas(;ttlhi~ J!!II'Ot'eSlS, by direct. protonarliiml of .he p.h~pharo:e-suga r oomn:1er by , ·~""'1'''''ln ,'..~ IPJiI' 0 !IJ 0""", !~, ""', ~ .s'~!I!1'!B!. 9 i!~!I;! ~ .\p .. , ...... .... '~r'e!1!pti1rQi!I~n illOO~tlilll1 mUll

ill diva~nt ,cation, (I) Spatial rl~;Jliret!ntation oUIhe ~ipid: II ~i:)wm:e~til),n mo~l. ]:he ~~afl,e fli!terf:alC/i! 1!h(l~li!tal bladk H~). lran:smOOlbr~me Ireg~rJtwrtx.:il. blue rl(l~n~~~t ,;3!OOmri&sing lPo'lypeptlidie {&ltted blU!! Ikl!!l aJl'esJimwn {or !!:ffsct 1fIhe :~>o1i9'in ~tliuotm~ is. unmoo~fiedl Irom the nFlCl e-ii1lal,mfcl~·lxnmd: co'Tlflplex,.. \wlil ~e g~O\lliilllg gl~nO(_Min dmil~,r (~f~ side)

mow!m\FlI

stnLKIi!.W! ~il pmiimt. this ~ibllliorourrili1'1!1'.ih~stronger IJl'DiSi:liiw ,c::hiu'ge 011!he Iil!~t. side: 'of the acl"we sit~. r~l.3i~Weit(I! ~aif i!)li'!~he righ~S<idt [s~ ()1 -!'fIl1Iy as~lst fur

Vir 111~ rEtairL~d acceptor

lipl~"pyFOp'hoop:lR!.te 910UJP ]ntoUt@' donor

modeled
~htr~!'11

(Il!j1eY

lilulenaJlililyrin ri~g_l; E .md F lIndlllle' lipiIli III',a(cep~'O( (rigilt. :side)

ritter:! llIl'al'lwlly be(l'IveenJ duO! '!lI~YC"'i"ClhClri'fII clomor amll~e

lrani5klC'ilted inrlli!l1 dire('Don dffiot~cI byli1e ye11G'1\l' arrow. AIlIf s!lIgar cham ~fnger lhalll fallllr $lJ~j Ulni~ (d~l!In~~ ~ ~nWfi1ingl'lJ,Mo s~a r 1!l1ij~~.Q1rtliIea;C!c:ep'trid W~j'ld proJect: i)~Uirllm the GT~! dO:i'!'!ai!i1311d Iller!! are no S'!,e(J(: oo!'IFier~~~ ~~r 1

~vith Em',~l ~1i'i5l;kk r~,rm).PlI':tceiFpolym~ri~oof!\

fU4, {atal~)( tresid Lre lliie p,roduxt !,lI'OlJl'd Ilwe

;nr1lJ,oo~'N!'Idi~ Iocared 'ior,~I»SitklolttJ, brim!!;1o1ih P!l'lI'(Ip:1liJsphale~ fiii! I)tiI~S-\Jb~lmt:e b mod'el. (10) D'etlib or the Il¥drophobiic pl.atfom m !!hE! GT~1~o!.d.The Vi't'lY 11; i!I~~I'J!(ii't\atety 90" fmm {(), ~vith rl~idut's.~ho~'iiiii!il'il~tnck f<.!~m. (Jirtletii, h1'tI~pI1o~cpIMblm gra~j.El.l4 and IE17iL.

pmi;itiiofll" {CJDetail of .adive,.s1te ~oc~!Ji imdl deft Residues IEU~ .[In~Et7 Jl.'Ull 'liffiimm illls.pa.~~-:frill1J~ 'foon"lli~ eteormtill~r lPo~f\tia.'Is bed, n~!l!gatN,e;bwe. positiive)ilmlkal:e a [onlll!!'lVOO regi~lmor pl1l5itive (iII!ngeacrQS~ th-e mid~le of the pcI~et. Th:i5 region Ibl mls the pfl®1<phmi( acid dier;t:er 'gnmp ®f moenOO'l}'Cin In 00 r

1404

" MARCf~1 2007

VOL 31 5

SICII~NCI! .www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
~~ ;!,'Cl;eptor .adjlttcn~ to Ihe I~mpo~(~ dener sile, \""~~l thc"-"OI"I end, ;!'!,'"il <l11!e Ib'r ~,nWr;:'i.ction ,,,,iUl

b{'J(hE~ 14
~[ltiitio~ of

<B~~ mKI

'C~

Or!!~L;' g~)110f~\i~<J!r,

~illlb:;;~i.tt::s. H.

lipid U i.~ c;fDrIlf!Hl"dhk Ih!li +.2 af t~!..::sub ..... irnt~ u~m It V J)!,

'0

Thii'.

or

\'\I~dl [he rro!l.";ICI inn GTs~1 sub!5~a<.lel '~hc1~~~'<I!cti~m.I}'~o;t)'!i'i~ rmdllltt'l.

iii.lid .fut:l~.m

si!'l'~i~"'ro t

We r(opo~ tlil[u~ E ~~4· i.~ Bmu,'11,t'db~~~ diin;.!;:'clyilb.. ..I.!'iI~Ca proh;)!l rootll the .iIi-OlJgro~pof th~ ~ipj.cl.U ~.oC'CptOi':. The de. porolmUlltlc] Ibn'"~ Qr .E11.4 l'I1il~ be swbi~itctl hy ~he atljacci1i1 .R.249resid'uc,. ~u;ctlycm'l~\'cd ss p.1III cd'~nQti r V: 111(.'l)uoWnl alt'>lr.ILctOCltl step I)ro~ m,blji OCClhllS m'~~ro.lniiIJnli)p,~Ilth Ihe c~OI. rol"hiUc: ...
~nigm~i(ll1 (If the dClI10r C I wwmcl lIw m:o.1'tor

,I

d11: ~ ~A-):iI1I,l"xll~rod~ICI. The lipjd"PYITIJlhoorihme ~c<l!vin~ gmt!1l' r ~lt: ~~l1or is then rh.>e tQ g it111~ ,,\\.[11(11' ~d be ~}'~I~~~ in liri~~ I.! ~"iy!¥~h\i"'Si.<;, '\~ rmf~Cl!>\,': "'mt 1J1!IIm"T~,u~{Jn 9f tti!g ']J~wb'~'o:mu,;d rruduci. ~() illC dOrl(lir :$iE~:i(S.\le.."i,:>ilL1d by .~~higi~t'r . al1ini~)' fur I:h~ p)'mplm:>W1I!J.1~r; nmiC'ly ill (he donor ~iulc lh;lI~in !he n'l;;t:cplof sik:. with ~:I~ oon·
(l!

l(ll

'ii, M. Tenr~11: et aL, IIlOt Mi:.,~cL 314,350 Il",9l'. t, Hgjllll'. (_ ·S.... IIiIij'~r, lV~·d~p(Aciw /iI~. !!:7'. ~.;~

(i~·99).
H. P.Wil!l[eI. NvL •. nor,rI!l~f.dJ\ll;';l 43i,. S85 u'9®7). 12. ]. Hi!UMli!.~. D, Ml;f(f!!It!'l~" ML!idWn,. ~, !!iJ.j~O!t!'!~f1'!. M~[jti!ffllllll1!,; 8J«ilm:. P~. 11, '9:)7 {2,OQ,6).

w.

c.

13. fl.illleWiI, o,.~

ili'fL' ..

105. ,ot610 (<lOOn

KctVt."(H I'iol;i:tv~dy c;lm'!!,l.1d K15$, KHlJ. lli.fi7. 3 nd K'~68~id ues loC'al.cd near dl~ clmmr r,y nlp.lbOt>p.h~I.ci<liiml dl~ llcti,'':: :':i~eI Fig. "10. ni~ moocl i:sa~!Iin rerl1nni~irll. o.hhc: IYl'1m-ymc aetive site.• where the t~. lind ~2 SlIIlt s hes ~1Ult H1irl1ch the modeled GTil'1 aCl.'\.l~tor '~IJ£lli~.'SJlOS~S$ ~ the lowl.'.t>l. ~,!b.~~r.W:::I~l~ni~y (he ::ub5;~I.cS. oJ ,dl

,or

tw:«freJWit,lf 43. :~;'l3"'S ~oool'!i. ~~r,~t!!1fai. f. .l!I'o!ii(1gri'(l~ l!:S:7. :i!U5(2005l 19. M. fl!rf~1t M.. ~(i~n·DrlSlt'ClIn~.,.), ,!lat'1triel.138, Z!l211
~i;L O.

~4_ Q, ~~~~rr ,!t/ ~", T~r,'IW~n 5:3, 11$15, u'9?n. 15. A. It tEung. IiI. ,~ 11)I]~!1, ]I. f. HOmg. i.1i. III Bi!I'g1ulli!, 8ic;!cfrli'miJrj)' 40, 5665 16. 8. Scllwar!z et (i'f.,~I1M1'i~ 41 '125,52 j2002t 1.7. o. S.. 8~fJiI!'m. II. (Jjj@A, Nt. lit Iitt~~1), S. llhltl!1r"

{loon

2,11 C. ,1.

Q006~" i'~,

now 1)J'O\'itic<! b.litl)o [or 4,-Cm ~!I) ~F~g:,4, A <!ltdB~, I n ~lC mOf:n[l!~n),'~ addrol'1i11ng rl!!nlw.:r quc::[io~); ... bOUl tl~~ medmcin~'lln~pl~x •. 111..:C(I!U:i>(;t"!'cdE i 71 re~id~K1 lie..... Oi"U~lor[his i!l'!]ullmun fm~ibiOr i;)Uf:;)'nl~ OIndror do~~~r ~o lill.(l glyc(·ric aeld rm.llili~!y ~'1;mmh~ th{! d~'$ug;I'! f !l~W'h!~lUbm;~~·ri"'ls. Wf!n.. ;I~~O o nil' (l~~'1'l'" Ihe door fool' umh.;'I¥!<lfl(hg: !'i~Il!C;tlm::' and r'hfl)11111illC'~u~r~i!bk<l!~'C n~!~ ~lllO'''~l<I!C in l~· rl!!m;~jiun rol~niml:iih~l'I.s in o~l!.;', ciini:caUy ill"flOr~ our !1ub.s.~ml!C' m(ld,6~). which i!1oo!nb;i!l.n~~111" itlll ~,lIn1bJ11~h~ or lipid~~I!il'J!![:'(iTs, pH ac~iv.~ty pramc:;. nflhc E. ~'On PUP'I b I..'U!Zyl~\i' I( 16) e~I:.~,"\ ~OIlJh;: dm")~ CH~ \..'h~lhct En~rl't'!~PIl.~ ares 1.11l: iiug,:liT"plu'X''.phmc ~ink1J.!Wto :lss;;is,t o(':~m~~ RererffllCf$ andl INU'UlJS 1 (. G$!l"m, ]. ~ (:hL!)llI:ll, ilJl'u,a!lro1. Mat .Bio.I. .lieii'; 6Z, ysis.Funll(~n'U1lom. liIl.liil:1ms. ofaJlis; rcs.u;d:I:I,~ i.iIi 1,079 '11iI\l91" II. l'oli il?BP~breUllin $.mm;, It-sid1l11:lactivily, :2. T. D. BU!j!iJ eI "1.,, .8irldremi~rJf 30,~08 Ih!i!'!i'Ji}. whereas IIKiSC of our predlcred Bml1.nod base, 3. c, 1,'I'II~1l;1I,~.:t ~:t 300 f19~'3l',
l~\O Rtl'llClml!S

These

U9ge~,

r...

D.. lia~lr~l.l ~. D~tq\

'- M'o!: .fJj·lIl.2!701l, ~ 1.

We-Oban!o: S. IHillilers; hu 11i~!pflJ~ m~!l'i~lic diim!s~!'!.

W~ ~mr,!li~M fur ~m'im~ 21~dla~i~f.3~' ~1,(Me

Ad)t,~ru:!~UgM $oo~~~.f~!! ah:tlllil: cCOI'cliimOll!I!fI:l!M f~!Jtl!Jre ri!d:oH af the !l,PDffillIIDB- .ilimd rnoM~m.~dlll ~Oli'l'lpil!'~ lmt'lb~m dejlaSiltd .al. ~!h~ Pm:l~ei'l1 i!:!m Ba~k. l'ii1ill1.~C>oo'~IQlllllimbe~:~201~U~ndi .2otV. ~'e!i~i\itty, figultli wer~ J1fl:iPiIreQ ~n'D~IIP':I'Md. Cffi'!:tI.P)'!'!JlItorgl. I\ILCJ.S~ i~ H_F1I Oi IfIwgMs Med~lli'I~ijlJi~ {1itH.M1~ irnt!lfM~~~~. '~mBt!r, ~ c,,:IiI~dlilll 1~!>I!IWli.e ~~I~h 6f ~al't;lil. ~.(I511U:Ki~n~~~, !Iild a Midlael5lfiii.ltl <
I1i)Ij'j~M10i111~~ He\l.llhl ~l'ird'i

~~~liIroMI!llt~lW. ~

Ell~,

deaot (9). !tf E 171 doe> m:n at •.110,~;mwll-

4. III. C. ,Go:Idi'i'iM, II).

(1000) ..

~I\g~!

(.1m: AIM (1Ii'm. 7, 001

A.U. i!; a MSFHIl: olInd oCiJIIii. h!II~.1i1:t~: ~It wM!umd'ed !J,~ mil! .al!d! "'H~ ope1aii~SJfl!Ild$ .ili!\!I ~!l!rri!¥~ll1lch!«:' rlin!k rr(ft]. 'IDE!! (aJl'i~1 Ii'l)IOOaimon ~ !ilnD'l':u.iDIi om!! M5~H!ii"

ate the $~Ib~~rte, then we proPOSC'! hm it he~lIS.to a comd imm: lire r)lmpl'KIsl~halc gIllli!!p of Ihe donor. cilJ!~r diroC'lI},ar \~n <l di\ <ll~!l[ ~lOClHd cation, llw
\!m;nab:l:cpH Op:tl1110 and d i\,[Ilcn~ c;]!~ionroquil'!!meats orl~lcGT:'l' rJJ11 II}' or !!~lZ}'mcs.(f7 19) mmy roi'i~!lt fw,m ..<!!.:r)fi~,g l~oc<ll c~]\rirl(lJ~rnCilll'" f o ~hl,;'E 171 !'CSidll(:, Th~ SN1·!lUkc !iC'<l!(;I'~OIlU(lr;111'S
fu~"lW(i!.'1IId(mOnllld .ao;;cplm~ C;<lLI~;lIg invcr:iiioll
<U~

5. 1', 8Y!i!~, L. ,lit, !)iN!i1~e. F. J!Ii!~~wdk.

Algmi:l: (~ftlafJt~"

~.timii:;fH.

5.ilip'po.ifllii!!i1

.i!5 .. 1]1·74 (WOO. 6. ffliIq~i!!ls ,iI~d P1~Ll~5 ,iIl~ ,iliwililble ii:I~~I.R),I)Q!1ing nia1iE!rn~1 (iii Sdf.jJ~ O~IIDil' ,. (. CmMrl!1ilI!o"Mlim:~ I!f !!fl., J. M~I.: 8lot 355, ~8"; WlIilQ.

Oiiill~i'i~Mate,iiial. !lM!wMl;q~mi!g.argf~!litCQll1~n~rI!J1IB15I5iU'rJ1JA~2I[lCl Molltrloall!oodl Mir!,1liIiXI~ ~'f~:i:!

~he clO!lO[ ("1 mmrlt(;rie cmhrm Md .iOrll1l1mOCm of

I. ~['aiJle-letifr ibbrf'l'iali~l~ b.r IIIe ~rni~!) il!I:Mj resiliue.t. •we: i!~ fOl[olM; j!o, J1!.g: C. c,~; ,I), i\l!fI,: ~. G'!w. f" Ph~ Go GIro H, Iil:is~ ~ ["Ie,; t::, ~J~ I.,. lUlU; M" Mi!'~ IfoI,Asm~ IP,.PrO~ Q. Glm: R~ A~: S;, :5eor; T;lhr, 'If. ~:l; lW.T~p; aliloY, [~_

:Fig, 5:1 fable ~o;l.

·Il:BltrM~!l'!I .

.23:OdOOe~ 2006; a(ce(;!'~1 2~~~~~1iY ~OOI

1O..112~il!m~~" lHMll

Dyna,miics, 1011 Repliilc:ation--Inldapend,snl Hiilstone lurno'var in IBuddin'g Yaast

,~1idl'~!oE~lF. IQI]Qr!.,1"'t Tom ~y !¢aJ!p'~an~O!·h Mi"lIlky'~l(,i[IfI1"o1'Slephll:IlIIY1r<lltQW'Sk~i,'· ' r Nilr IFde:dim;t!l!l, il: 'CUv,eIF j., Rallilid'tl:1U 'Chro'matif!1 Ipl~y~ ~()'t~~i~ pr~(~s.ses, gQ!lf,~,fn.~ by dlfhm~nttim~ m!~~::i. .;!,s.s.l;!V dlm~milC: T'I) th~ b~.havil;)r (If dl~(iom~tii1lii1lli'l,rii1i9J (~lb, W~ ~S<oo ,~en(lmk tiliill919lfifays: tOIme~~l,i!ifehjiSl(I!ll'~IIfUI·tI..iFOQ\lE!r in G 1.~ rf1~~l.ed S~((h!iir,omYCfs cero'Visi(,l~at5<ln9W-~ ill( t~I)~Im:E:Iri;'s'ClkltTIQI"!~I\!~r 4"'l!)o @~. ~hoe 'g'~nom,~.~lnd ~l')\\Irer (~26~ base "1i'l~1"" r<esQlJUtio~ Oliter' lilI,e e'n~ij~e goe:n(lIil1!'e.Vile' liiiiicl '~hat at IliIlildeo.s.ojm~sa~ promoters !I re re-p'La ~ed mo re m:pirU:If tha n at {.odi ng, regionqJ a iiii·d 'iiho1lt Ir,ep [[Ire t11!ernt ~a~~ iI)'!iier (:Cldi n~ regku'!iS il:(lrre·~ate~\Ii(hj)Q~Ynli·erase d~nsi". 11ii,gdld~tijQn,ra1pfd MS'OOile~I.IJWlQ'!Ieris fi!uiij~ .all kllHii;lliiii d'iromatiliil oofllmidalf'Y e~lI':rnenB. 11he:se Ir~$lilb slil'[jg:e~t that ~apid lhii5l.Ojlj~ tll.lrrriover
~ef'!ll\e;l:to tl·Uln.(tirl!lla 11y s:eparate cti rl'lmat11ii tlo.nlIai:n~ an,d prevenlt spre.ad 'Df hflSUinlj,e states:.

rale or hii~ollc 1 [] 31:gC.(;lQmte sc[ll~ ,<;(It'lS If! adclrt."S,,> 1"\fO q Mll!S,lnOIl\.'i.. First ~s t~!cre C\.' idcnc(! lOr ~IlCI1l1lrntll~crill~i()ll_,acrem:JCIlt IB
!'if.K:lCi ilIel!mlO'!'er
:Ire thc~' <Kk!i!~ol'l.ull ll:u:."ohi1lni~nk"for hi~to,~!c I~Fl!nvC'r? To n~J;;'a'iiurc'tumm,'~rr.-II<.;'S, w~ l!I:,:od Y~1<!."l I.,;.myirng cOlrns'iWltivt;iy 1.,.\.\prl.~~ Myo-l.<Ljill(.;d, hi~m:rliJ H3. us; \\'\i,;'11 ,aiS:in indl!lcill'la.C' fi~~g~'~~gg~;d UJ (5) (fi!il. SI)_ .FlJlg-U30 Wuili inrltll"t:d rill 0.1run:'S~c1 ccns [or '\ImIryiug 3m.oUrrD~S [~me. dlffinlUllin \'\'3S. cro~s·linkcd 3m:! digcstcti 10 mI.m]'tOnlu.ck~Cffimnes (J 1). find Myc- aM FI!ilglo laggm~ 11l'it~)Jl(s\V~1C iUDmnlln.opn..'C~pimlCtI SCi!l!;:i;. 11!I~'~~m\~!d! Socolld.

or

i]~.;: dYi'I!IUnic bdli1vior of Ii> :kiey 10 umfcl'Si.all.d:i!t.lglilc _ diver:s.i;ty .or bi{llogrca~ oo,1cs of chroma.ill. Nudeooom~.. arc C'vicwtl :11 man;y YC:I::1I. pro-111Olel1' duril1,g gellc ;!ctiv.<!!~ion ~i ·1I <l!nd ~()e . fl;1.l,tci)S(m~e:;

.C
I,.

Illal".lII.ci.crh:ing

is lin !~ hOi1l1l0:iOg). PJ~gL: of RNA po!ym.cr13.3 aSI: U I~Poll n.)~~II[s ill c:dc~ion or ~IIJi.cko~o:m.es Iro'~ll S~Il'te (N). but l1C1t a~1.(0), ending i"fStGl1!s. In contl<~'<t.sl.u,lk::> ill P/~l~'amIJ~ IN!l)n.'lJittll!lrIJ slIg.gl!!l1l~h"'l 1B is no;~ reU'l..o~'.d durIng f~~ I~:
~mn:ilcr~pli(lnIf',. FUr!~lC'm1QI'!ll,L"O~J!II't.'9.IIL' {
o
}'~~~'i'!.

If.a.ruHy ~ l\ifI~ and Sd;eiiil~e~, Cemer rtll' S:P!I:eID5 l81olQIDi. 1'iI~I'i'.. rd UlVwe~i.~ (a.mlli~ii!lge, Mi\ 0213:8. USA ~SClrg~. •. o~ COlflllu1el5demre and Einglm~enin!l.Jhe· IH~llm;:w'Jniversity. ler~!em 9l!'90~,II$f<!eL ~Depaflf!'lm! 01 MeteclQJ !3r;:f1~~i(s and! Buot~dmOlog~. !fi!i(iuU'I Q~ ,~i dne. 1h~ fiI~brew Uni~Ersity, JfllI!i,~tt.rn 9111.2.01 Iw.alll. ~ Dli'parll1"l@mlt of IlMol~G~ (helfii~tIV a!illll Mole[ll!~r P~<lrmaoolQ,
!il1!ro'¥~ U... ve~~, i OU15, USA.

2!l{i

lQ!1~QQrl

~~i'!~otl'.

!!~.

iM

ro,u.~mbl~d in Inn!.'!.lnp(ln!\.';Il're.s'.1'im~ {5). [~ Dro,!!fJfMriltj·,. ,It"ni\'~ 1.r..n,w.rijJl.l:m). k~,Ld)110 ['1Plal;;o~ !lk·lm~nrhiiS.tmut U3 by the V!lti<lMI i\iofanti Eil1J..3 {6., \.~~it'reSH in buddi.n.~ ~i'L~L (W~'b!lj~~oJ'ily1113

r l"ln~C'rj~)1i[]l~

~I~"~ Hoi· d~posicii:ln til..,

l\1;IJ!.l" It J J)..

~n

i~'l i!1clc~~li~!ll
di~agl\,,'C!'i1.c;:ll:l

bt:tW'('Po;ill T~K= :..tLltli('.J1;

I~~m

Tlw

I!I~

If.! nti:llp

Illricl(lCU ... •

"T~N authoJ5 (om,tliiliuted i!qua[L'~10 Li~s WDr~. ~parimenl '0. Bie<lh<!lmi~ll)' and Mo.le@l~t fJ~~ffi1l~C~_g.g(y.:ljlll~~f$.1~!I'gf ~~(ih!ml~1~ M(:t1i~~l , ScRliool, WOOlE!SI~r., !WI Ol&lS, 1J15:A. $lo l'ihom '[(If]r~~nden.::e silnw.'il boe adld~E'~" E"f1I1i1li~:, CM:Ml!r.Riioo~:UfM5~ll'Ied:.12dlll

tPres.eiliit <KIdrilM;

REPORTS
Fii!). :11", 'I'inf!~ (OOF$fli·~r i"I~s!:e1l!l! tliimill\re(inyea15l

t4'l "3

tl.!J'i!i!)~fr~:r

23

adj~oont nlJ~l@omm!!'Sin 'G,m-ii:!nN5~ed yeast eul~Wies:, fi!ag i1li1d Myc \'I,I'l'~ imlmun(lpreci,pit~ledl a:t \\clriol.lll, time points. ,If~e,r r~g~H3 iliI,dulcthHi! b' ,a~s.)j a~d1 Rag!M.yc F@tlo~ (y ,a!(i;s)~ver~m~~red

by 1iT110'~~~. m~ A 'oomr
pulalimllalnno!!h,( redu:ces HmE!' oollrse ~.(!Ita to .. 5ing'le t.llJnwer p.<!lkI!lleF

'rl.ll~
HJ!.Q

(AI,

terr'l ,(lteqllernyof

his-

to:f1:e-

s.entetl

tJJfliIOver >€lI'€llB:.,inl !lmil:~oJ min""l), ~~.~

<15

ORFiS ........... """"~

d!lt.;!1and d~:~asimlda~ed usin;.g #. ~~lIe~ are r~~~ru,~d a~ blu:e-yelt(JMll heal

liT1il!lS

~OO·l~ree,n (M bali', M@alfilJlrlld tim,!HO!!! ~E'

the leHmO$t

S,NT1
~~I:l1ffl@n m~~~'lI~@~ii!fI~S!jm!.!liJJ~!!l

(rig,hll. Tn@ mllnQr !!liiffe'.r,@i'I~.s (R~i;(h,l!iO

dill:<!r d@mons.tJ<llle thO'll. ouu liIiIode~. (;dpllllr,es~he IIrnl1!jDnity {d Fil!}. 2:, IR~:t.i!t~orl oolW€@PlI lli$lOO.@' IIIiI Od~lfk.aili{JI1lili and Hl3 IllJIfIilO'!l,el', 1I11:1deoS'Or!IleO,(rn:lui1lns} V€r"lLl~ iii Illn:o-' t!illr!On.s'lr'oli\l:S~. Nucleo5'lJlmes, .n-e ,oM!1lrl;!dl by tlllmOlllleir rate 'QreM~'.MQd~'~tcatiofl and H0;1 ~els (12, 18}.are shown ill'l ye~lQW4!o·b'l1ilE! MleaJt lma~.~m:ei'l~ :~~Imllrep.re5il1!nits. l '~flrkhl'l'l~.r!t iii£! bQ"H.'OfIii panel shO\~ '~el'iloif11k ro[a~ell~ (l.?): 5 '~nd ,3' "i',S;S, ~~fe~ llO II!!ll!deo$(lm:€:!: Sllrf'(l~fldiflg nIl! trarn.crjption"i s~rt sil@; Pf(l--oIIIl ot.,e;r ~ndiutes othe-r IIIpstn;~'1lirn p,robe-s. Pro'leitn..(ooilng seqlu~m:eos ,ilJre Se;f)i3!raledinto' $', mit;,ldle,. and onl
~~:di! tl~11

m~sroll:~ tumnowr

~ru mi(l;,lIurin{! Gl arJie:st. ,~tC) [)l~Iri1lUlia,nDr tlllmmrer ~iilte~lor IIIlJdeoonme~in Gl~rr@s.t@dI.~R a~nlll@dI~mDwr iFilit.@'S ,{lfl!' [~~~rw(J@(i as ~Il (B). (11)')s:aI!I'1~~ g;efJlomic:s1reldij, Wil~hliI11!cfitlOMl'.lTl!!$, I'M m'lor c:oded by hi mowr ffile.
Wi! ~OJn;paii\'.d high.~lmikllli rL.amO"'(!l'ilil~csto

1III1JI::::r::J~Elcmllllrm ••••••••

w,oo-lg-

,1i14,K~~ 1i'Iali<~
I"iMKi'~ !tf.;K~

I'f]ilitllSAiQ

'i'f3iJi'(11~ 1fM1ii!i.!!!iC 1"I~liCl~ FI4,Kll6J!..c

~.::.~=~.i.·1 '•.
1'i13K~r.t~
pl!glllao1er ,S"TSS 3'T'SS 5'C!bI$ IMJu' I
I

II

II

1111111111111,1111'[

.',

IlJj'I"'~nr' rl'r~
II

!Pn....·i:Ouslly :lneasLjlL.'tI remure.o; of these m.l~I:Cl}. . semes (/1, /7, .1.''1) (Fig, 2. nnd !fig. N~Jr;k:o~lncs O\'Cf' l)mICin"!Dodi~lgt1:gton~ were oo.ll:lC:::l, \'Iihcn.ons, l]m~~lI"!lC'r nu,'ClOOscml£li, W('!!'C ,gCllcmlly hm. ('~CSillO!ldin.g~y. h(1! nlld('OsoJ'n.~ ~nl:l dep11ctcd (If the h iSlionc :~nod~.I:ocalioll."lhm nre "~lcrool},l)ically'" dC'pk~tcd s'l!fI'Ol!!lwing jhe [r.ln· s:::ripIto!1 $liiml site f['SS} U ,2) and \\'L1't!' eo:!l'o,'l!lNCly tnn~chod :tOr UlC'hi~mn!: I~111\ \,,~rin~!I.I~tz i (16 . .i 8),

sn

II

These

IiC'til!.lll~~ :~"' liolttbl'L;

rat

l\\to tr1l","'I!\Orl~~,

FiiNL" I.~~cy Sl!ll~~l\1

1.l1m l'(lI)Ii!.a!;,~!1ilCun. o( TSs..

.3'" O~El'.r iii ama.taticN'lS de'lll'iile illll~ OOIilQlniiolisly re pticatincg $'eq~'enc~, {ARS:st !RNA g(e'f!e'S, ,~f1~ Null (aiiW
ether 'iniulirgenk I'Iegian).

rn~..c.D6 .))' COO ~!N!!I\

~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

::lJ:lja(;cm. 11illCi.l'1(Jl>Olim(;S with {Uri Ilpp.roprilltely I1ilooiifkxlnluclcop~a.'i;~nic pool ooull:l bcp'.mll~lll~ Iy ill::l'!llmlSibk for promolcu pauems 0 r h is [om: unlCxliilieat i!:D:Jl. Second, C.l'ilsurc histone modil:K:31.iom' due 10 rn(pid tumnver watl~d result illl a

or

:s~e,Jtdy~sl;iltiCpknlre of srereetyped

promoter

rmiC'ly. t\m~lilicd DNAs were COll1PClilivcly ~'lybrkliize(lto a, .20 base pair (b,p'} ~S(),I~tio:n Illi\:,I:wl:my 'Qvcl,Jng 4% or ~he gen:on1C OJ ll, )'icl~:tllg P'Llg,lMyc m~in:J aI; cachiime IlQin., for eaeh neclcosome g:UI {H1r ,"'~~,<I!1' (fig. ~ \Wt, ~1!C'n At

l;'~lim"Dcd the W!or~o\'~r "II~ (UII~iIn~b(;r H3 T~rIC~ilil~';~luiax;'d t(}lllRJ¢tuc-uiu!I (If.f.il;Ig:...IH Rir.l~lo~um;:l:Il. ~'ll;rll:-; per l,m;~l of '~il;m:) llf 4,111C':h ml.;'IJ~~,. (30 [t) 4:5 IrninJ limi:L'l; uwr ability Ie, m!~J~ll:rC the IIUc!I.'i)I\UU1,.;' u.;;.illg .. i1iinlJJlc ;1n.LI:~)'ti~a1nu:xld th~l ~Til::;, CJi.pLiriim:J:U.fi I ,dfll~,.".ith a ~11ilil~:I Ul1~bcr 01' ~<t11C:>or,hc' li.mk"£l, ILLIc:k.,,(~i>QJncs, w~Diclii rt{x:,u· eJlc n

or

tha't I :~3I'Cpll~~~lli:m, r.JIl.c8 were \~Ic~lkly amlcorreImcd Willl ,~13OOClll:t3I1,c)' {jig. ::i6;. These ~~\!hs, ;u:c coll:iii:5l~'1]a, widl~hOM:' ex~~t'Clcd 1'13 I)C'J)~<lWrlleLlI thlnl ,;I I1tlCpoo~ ofl ~1I, and 'tiCmQlr~~I .. ~tc~h'l! \VCC.;,lIH .!1;"'OO~l'\Of ~~nig,u"n· tl',l1liVc~ I!.llllU\'Cr ro.n~rro~ll t~~nC-~101.mw .:x.pcri·

chronllmlILl dl!3~docs 11m ca:pi~lii.rt: mUliSicm SliUCS, potent:iaHy hidh~£ any m.. lbcr of i nJOnll'~~~VC m

or

h~S'l:o:nc mooincmion. C\'ClllS. ,Analysis or median 1'C1)ia.ocmenl J,111eS ror; variolll:il gellomic Iffi;:i conl1im1cO thatt 11W"I:IlOSl: .r.Jpid nunnver o..iC~l~ 0'1101' IJJ{u:n(l!~c~.'R, A. "n~c;l, IN ~;n,..l~U!u~k:,:(l~m:r .RNA~nl,.~, fr~~, J"A and .13:, .;;m~l, ~!g. S~), JMo.~l. m~~N:I)Ii,iL1!1;-d, given !h~, Yllillmie: d 1.11. J ~:cpJ!<l;t:;L'UlIl:TU m,('" Dl'fJ..mphiln!!jl.n;,,-.; (7;. 19),
Wilt; ~'IO

~:lbw H31'Urlmo,vur (J'\"cr IIro1\:"~1]-t1oo~rlg

Qooilfl!(;

~10\li\";, :113 Iti,nm'o'C( in codd,ll!!; regions, I\:.~!lili\'c n "[llutcltlfltovCl' ;Iij}lc~:l.lQ\\1CV- \1miat iml or UiI'lIO\'c:r ;mt~>:; mong cedi IJgn:gr:on~ l'lInllOv,,;r rases, m:; expecwd! gji ...englobal 1113 dation ~>Ji(!Ialli'Cl ub ... it)i. d~l~QS"ti(l<nd:urirlg Yl1mnk rcpllkal,iOlI (,f\ilg., .2 er, (liver a wide range ofpat<mwters, 'lite rnl]o migilli. correlate with po~Ylnc:msc ilC~.~c~ FOL al~~h.. lacool' brOt""\.Ic~~eslimalecli ;r;ncs :i$ ;ro'btl'st."'I:1'tc reS'Ll ~Iing C\l<unpiJc, h Iislol1e~l1In~~)\'Ci (J1\tCU'I~IC and liS. S3). W'e 'IImlyzcd tk!lmm't.'II'rn!e.>; tn G1a.m.. >stcd ceU$·across du~eIl~ire yeast f:,reJlomc' l!sin,g I:'atc,cstimak'S~]an GncW I,woomers (ilfma~nilliidc indudblc gcne PUS; i51lKlre" l<ll~k~ill.:lip.h."1fllttol' ~iJ.l'l:i cclls,ll:ian in 1111~yalChr'On frlcd cells ~Fi,g. J.C '"Glmm::rci3~ miCJ1rnlfl':I},5\""ilh ,-lM"bp ~~glllJlion (depending 011 mc-a:5L~rcmli:lll~ phltrOI;m)oolwcal mdoo\so!1~ 111<11:Olre~Y[l!Ir'n O\'I;f .mod i~ol wld Il.g. S9) .. ,\i!i.r~ tl~~!l:rOremcarsl1ln."d. [:DOl ][ en! i( M, !7) ~Ilg. S4~ a:nclobbirl\;-d a high ro!Nh~lim~ "COll.r (m~ wli~n;Jj~m;"''1!~.l~U~l J,llc .~ lil<~!cr Ih.1U [itf: ric~1fl:liOlil 0lCrU...~ !h~ . I.'!~L~~1,; ~aN~ :;;vmlll"~. fi~dlilllg bt'w~'1/.'n !.ut~"Jo t'1l;1!11 !~~~ ~i"tino~1 1li1.~a,'il1J11I;~1~,"]'U Iw>o' ~ p.1~~~lh!lil~ lf~g, S5~ \;!i~ ..100 Ii'i!'i~:lilc"idred ~i,<ho.&;~ ti:nw !va~!,J.~n'ilyof our '''tt~rinli~i1l(.F.~" ~C md ~h"lpn~YI1i1~~m ~!irid:l~lli:J1' uvi.;"!" g'""iIWl':~",hubilt::d ,good I;:Om::I!1~lnOll r~ = R54. P -< 6 !oi m-171 ~~'ionic h:i~tl:mc Ot'£'Upllli.cy Ii. J ~0 r.!i,di~l,g F~~,J:J3).

(14, .15) ,(Fig. tEl II 10DCSI.~h,:'l'aMdity 0 fOLli' :r,,.:.'>til~lS,, ..'c'repc"!itoo D'hc ~;;;\~rilill\,'nlin lIfI~YHd~rolli~d y~st (ligS2ll. Q;bt;,"1·'!;,'~j)g "",;!!~:I.-t"XWuc,liU.c:d ~lH ,",:{)l\Sb,i~lll~y lat>h:f
p:JI:mIlil~leffi

mll:lil~e Flllg-[l3~10rc .ilLlly pmlC:~1l eau be dQ1CClCd by Wc.~cm b1ot. We thcil:,'rme MlulioJl ;lg~ilnst Jliteml imc~rclml(!11 ofllltm.CfV'CL !:<lIeS, b"E!l~SC ptM"<lIli,ctlo.'lr dlUiC{:;s~C',g" FkL~ =:1B dC.g,IflI.

gellcs. t~dccd,l~le ('oldest probe:>,if!l1id

~ioll
jJi:CQOUnl

p,robcs,

COVCif'" 23':l'!:i of tbe gt':i10fi,lC ycl:

fihr ml~)'llI%

or lW11,O'I'Ci';

Dcspltclilc

,n

14.06·

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.~mag.org

REPORTS
fiig.3. 500\71 h(~ttJfl,e' fep!ail:OOefil ()\!!~ prol.i!mJ.· '~Clding !ijerJ!l'S. (Al' ,til'miilrl hllH\Illwr rate5 f,llr genomic
,~n!i!QI~:ti1(i!f!lS' (f~
M1iI
aOlI,:!;

wh(l~zg~(iI1fl~

dl;i~id,(B); IPr~

~~~1 dk~FiIJ:lil~ans of h~r'iserltM!dI Peg~OOiSClDmparw \ViiWil the E!lliliroedata set. Jil axis (lOSJaritihlll1llc SGl,~')
lurffilOw~ fa/II!!. Yaxis; ~h!l)\ll1 fira:clioliil nlp!llD'bes WiiWilill eech ralle m~. ('0 Ftl5.'I. 'codiFig regi~m and MiID(]ated l1!!Kleow:me5, (01.01 ,rociI.ed a(cortl'lngl kI turnover r.;lI[t"5 'i"roml hi.gll-re$oluiti'Onl miHnawray ,~Pt?rlmJ~B on l!n~(hr'llnt~d yeast oultMre: (UlP), <uld G:l-a riI'e~~d '~I~wre$ '~lOOti~, ~[I')Sr.;<llller Ipl~1 ,of
S!1:0M

,11\[11 p.iQb&.s ~ Mkfl-COS -'!IIR~A -

~sflicol'lNA
~
,

(I

I-Ii

1-

._
'M'I '(1..1

,c,Y\dif19 regio!i! hiiSOOJi1~tllr!i!Q·,{~~rM1:(1~gli;:f!Q!ifl:e' da'ta) (

~'ersus Llig,a of Pd, IIIen nknllie!lilt

riCO:!!, 3"CM, lTJ! I~N!I!. TOO Q~; NlU. !iI'ID,

Gl!lnomic al'l;J"~oIBliicn

Turnover

il'ilW

.' ~'I.'i.' ~~~~~~~~~~,

O,~r--------------...,
!f.

.
,ii,

'i'

+.,J>h ........

PQI H enr'~ment ~mi:cl~CD$) l1Cr!JareHremI'm~ ~F~g.3m. Ui's iN RNA 1)[llyn~I.'!l.·a.w p;l~!llC' C'\i'ic~~ in;g m.u;klPMll!l1~",Ul ,\'.Om!) C':"'!'O.1I<,;dlilollgh m,m}, h~£~nl)'Iroj~'C:l'~bcd @CnC'S (ftPi.37lJ. ror C'.x3nJl,lcl wi{hhislonc
tl!llHOVCr rates,
pfll)'lll.c!:;:h<;''1;,': ~')ticl~on rep:r(:oStIlQ.

Q.~m;;.i~~>;Jl~ wi!h

,A

CIlilibii!lo,\\'

Ilm~L!C :[!ndII~~ IU)iul~~ .1 ~d;Lu:iij,bl~Ilil'Sll. S'I,cr :I'h'.fcooinlg n(,,;!:!;iollE!i:snlme [lmID'\ er, I.ht:y ,~re 1il1li1:i'kcJ:y 1.0 aeccam ~;;)r ~hc hull\: of i~ iSlrlJ1C I'Cplocemenl (F~~. 3Al P'ltclm01ClS, of h.ol.codJnrrl.~ l\l~I](DWI!llh
ill!;!: h~:;;n(m(;

the converse is HOl. \~ I!I"C mJljmx.'111. cold In oodfn£1 qiOllS It\g.. F~.I IJ), Morcover, 1\.'I'l'lacemr..1In rates ,m premoters ~~'C~I:.mnHkc'lilo(i;c '
l'C'giOil5i,

t~mlw be hot.

btlt

lruc: M{)5~ hOI pronnolCrs

m cooing L'Cguons. poorly ,oofl'~.ImoowltI1po~y~ Illl.T3ScabundrutCoe" ehher ..,t i~lCrJlOI'I'n(I'DC'r.' or moe-I:" mite cooin.s rcgto:1fI O'ig. SB)), makhl8, i~ ll1llil\;cly II1:u promoter fturHOVer is oolcl>' a l'Cst~l.Io(}rpo~y-

~m:rn$C :~C'li'ily. \ To .~}r:i.1.I~\I'!l.'iJ~ic,~lb' !;:h']1·~tCri.z.:C Pf{ln1otCf Ill"_"

Inne
~UI1!lP\'!;;T. \,\'1;l~~tl,;-d I!l!:

'hou~~:i.umcl ",I'

~nltitCl1\ ~bf~ulrtcl:mwrn oj' Hlll,1J,Ishcd t'X.rcr~ i rn!O.'l:lal !lIld ,lX;innptJilliltiJ:n~all;L[lIlO~;lll:Olfliii (11II:iJ~cS6).

TATA

4. !l1Il.!!p~dltl!mo1i'er ,,~ Pr1HflOt:e.rS is"s:secii'lt~,ti Willi!! 'f'I1I!!!~Upl@ parlJialIy ~lI!!dollPIJJng f~~l!Ii'@'~. 00 m.oters \w re teJJted lor siJ~nHi(~IIlH~ '~Flriehad (p<lO") anillotatio as.. C~JUr;Uer r.allJllmlWlS !diag ~,(lt pmJrune~a:'l rQ\\I'5. anlrlota,tions (table, 56 ,lind rig. :511) as (n~uml11!l, BLa,crc bars ]l'Idkate ~ositive ,Q1i1lnl!!)'tta'l'iQfilS;r(l~ g givenl Irm)liliIot@r. {B ~o ID) Q!.iertap b@t~~INl ho:~ prOrrrleters ,~mdl pail'S ,of en rkn>ecl ,ilIl'Il'Ilo1:all0IilS:. P va lae ShiOws~igl'l~Thl(i!lIlI,,,e 'of oved .. P' betJ.'IIeen pili rs olr .aJl'Il'IIo'talio ~S. 'g~'oIIel\1'I l~,e 'eKt,el'lt ,C!f Ib'ek ~vedap ~\ii~hh~t PNifl'lOL'e'r:s (hyp'er~oometfk dl,S~Tibl.!i'~i():nt:5AGA~d~mii'lart.ed 'genes alr~ 'e-m!i(h~ for 'liAfA -<Q~U!lifl~l!1g IP:rtlflfloliers (8) C! 1iId1~re-m:Qd~~"te,ly (aw;::I,!M;ed wi th :lH;lQl! nil!! 'g'eFlliis (0, \'ihe rMS promote r~ w~th RtllpJl soit·e5a re nOll Iiill'lricill ed L!i psb'e'ilI rill el glen~ el'ih]D.ili 1'19 high IPoo~ II~ ~@\i~ls:Q!'! eur e~~~nm@n~ (D~.
Filg.

I~ot

III'S

The IU:mc'S.l ptonHOIcer:o Jm~IUid~ dtGISC c[ulJying bJn.:!il1!;; $il~ ror a, :>tul,,'>'C.t of Irun'>c;l;lIPliol1l WaelOl'S :;uc~ as Rapl. IlcbL OC~l.:ik lind Adr~). those !I11}Slrcm1Jlof gCflCS, iieg~lblcd by ,hool'l1adfliIm)(Ii.l~~LtilJ!'ooompk~xCt'l !,,;:.g,.S~n,f,,(Ti:rpl. M~t1Ltl.lor. SAGA. Swi,tSnf.f11l'1d S:iir).3I1d lbo::;~ upstream of g.C't;1e5,1ISSociMOO wilh nuclear pore
oo.mptJi~lCiHS

(~.g". Cscl, MlllI'~' Nup'~1(11 mId

c'S~

Nup:!). {.~IiJIS~Cl'iUlS i1O,t rl.'O .. m~ers based on enriched aJ!n~oliI11011S yielded ~rnie.rel1clcn! dLJ_5tCl'S Wig. ,!lAm~d I.ig. S; II}, ~\!Ch ~I:'i a group {~fhot 'pmm:G1\;:~, ;l'~ ... m;:i"l.lJd w~l:h nuck:;;u, ipotoe C'OiJ!lPO~
rk:illl\, (2l)'1. These 5t,,,~r;t!c dH:;t~rn~ugg~$!!I~l

mhC'

nri!lnly

cnr.idulil~I]L~idCI'iL~ficdlr[jh:llli3Hy

REPORTS
!.'lUy !,1I,,~r:iJ<lPllll,g rneeha~i:.ms Ih:rmridpr1(lm~~cr ttmlO'''Cr W~,I;!i. 4. :S t\l. N:tlc~l!lnl~t~ple,.p;lrl
[)t SOP1!l~ ~'lf~j:m~~!1~S; -.;t!;g~"1't

d",wh)110'~~1,.""

o. h ,(mid. CalSI[!N',. by cm5'1~ Qr r.roInO~C'f ,dlfomminln .. rks, tlwtl ffiI!1S~rJ pt~.Qll;l~ ~i~init""I~(Il1 (li;~III~ D:r!!j' .~r! the o('l\ll~i~!.. i!\!!1: pn;,.~11,l1;;~ 1)1:' :,In
3';;:I.i\'~II.ill·lil :Slimuhl:ii.

15. ~mK

liI_b~~~,h~ IlIiI¢h~u~~:~n~lor ~~Ip~d !t1nlO\'\.""f t,~,g" rnpid h:i~l\ci.irI!.:" R."P.ll1.c~nIil";:1J1 at SWif~!l~.:'n;-gu buiL-d IHO!lIKltiJ~ rmwwdl be". COn~UCJlOe orSwi :nf .1.~lklJ~.}. whc{~..!'i 'l:~h:t,;r cli~;id:uUCI1I!1; .Uj~ I!;;~

iItiJ}{]rl:.1n,.

\-\llh'lill,:Vl,~r ih~ :f~Iu;:tiQlrl. ami; il~lp]_k;:rlim1 .: ~t> I.h~[ tL~uiy-.....ilk'; ~'IJ(_'-al· s t

[§.

H. 113.

iII~1'l11!lli.t:illg

tc,g_. ·\\'hi,l Cil~I.~~. r.lpicl.ftp'.I~m(,,~ll1;,11l

ojj:t liLlL::k.:iiI'rOR';,I.;<!);

M~ili1ry~i::ruIU~~ ilm nueleesemes (ii'iel~J. of

i1Tlg.~Itz ~• tit NA getle:.. ~~li.ctCill"jX)i"C asseei r~~iM. , and Rat) ~ flntl Reb I sites) ;IIif'C agsocjal~d w.i.tlil lcHlull(,1.:u1:fS Ihat block. hctoi:loocill'Ontmlilii ~1~renJi~~ in )"Ca~1 11 1<1). Iilow 00 l1oO!.mdrn·iC's blbck I.uewl :-;p're,~d~ll~. "25) or chrom~ni~~ stntes? SU~"'Cll!lCd !l1(.'tI'!li.n:~-;::In." i!1c~ud!(!long :llJ;'1Pi'> be~WL,;\'~!l lluck'O."C'lnl~S, or 1UC'n.li·~I,.:"d .,!t~lyl~ ltiml C(llllfx'tL.l \'\I~~'1 slF¥n;,'fIdi~t'I~d~!.."i~~1\y.I!H![iGrrl t?6,. 27h The ·L'llflidI13 rep:I"CC'I1I~m 31 l'lQmld<ll')'~<l... <>;ocim~>d rugion~ ~l!ogg... ,'l:U~1 O1,itC'mmiw;i hyp('llIWl5,i:s: ttim~ ~
COnSI1~!U !(\.I~I>LCl!n!(·!1lof HlICklO!Wn1!;','l SL,.~"''Cl'ro,

1".aJlionstmUc:s of h istane n~lIC[b;; c,m!11dbe clln· kJ.1,undoo .~ di~l,Ilion \villi hiS~GUlli;~:;myin~ ~hc c iiv(,~I;JI;!ilCItior.1ihC;i'l~nli k .... of tl1~ .~mL,:'h~h.l:ule 'Cn". rool, l1iimkilig lIY,iitLini'ii..: at gA.".i:1di.: ~~~ldiC;ii k.,;y I.{.I d"~ciil.Iil~!".i'I'g~nl'ill:'lj"I~t'li\,,t: role::. ~.lf hi:;tn~lc l1'hl1r!-:s in m,'lfl~()riif!~iol,o[1 cM~rol. Flall9~:I~.rn~icl
tuml1m,~r·ocel:lrs ruI.chmI11lll.tin boundaries
[£I.,'C 3to;u

n.

~lJl
2:1.

IUJDlWe'Jr.lte-:; c.ao tile 'iiil'i\~d <it Ibe.tUfl~er:l'ily til C~lil!)'1l1<1,~Il'!!! cr~t GenQrn~~r'~[ an 5. (~I'l'~~ h!ll1l~f(.ompbic"(SJhwji..liLl1ItiJ"flOn!' 8. tGuim!l11!I!ll:e .fl.I'lI., Plo.S B'ML :~, 1"3M j2Jl11]:5J1. O. t(. ~QlJll; Ji\l17l., (df :J!2Z, 51.7 ~<l(f!OO). ft. M.. Ral~n~ l't ~Jt. (d] U:::i, 2:33 12:OO~~. K. .A11ImliId. s, Hle!'!i~_dl,. {I'I!x; N~ Awl!, S,f. U,S.,oll 9'. (oSl!!wWl 4), :lI64111 ~200'~), ].. M. C:i§Dlliri J!!'.r· ~L. (.t!IJ 11], 421 f.i!OO~). 0, Oon~~,c, It MiIIl1~, I. llirnl".,. Ii:. T. lWIlilk.a~. ·GeJ'lt!':!i

~; n, 6-'8 U:9?OO .

.22. K.1~liIil, G. Jilrib, C. ~jrn, G.V.!lA IilroJi!~ 'Ill. K. Lrillmrnll, Cdj lO;9. :151 'CilOO2)' H- M_ 'I}_ ll'IIlri1egh.im~ .M. Wu, 1lI-I!)_IIl<!dl1an1, Ce/ll:l!.!l, l;!S 2~. Q. 'i'u fl.cl .• N"~dfk Acids llifs. ::11. 12'JIl· ~OOa:~,. 25, L n. lI!_uS(h~. tk L lKii~ffI1~i.i!r, J', lljfi~, 5.iocmm, f~" 'lSI f2j)O]~. :2 6. :It ii, J!, :R. &roa(~1 (w. OprJ!. Ge!1~; Dw-i!:.!., 199

(2~11."Ve IIOOIHJ:';!c IiIliitt CrnS1.1re· of hb.tonc maeks ~or assooi<1JtcdI~mtei~\;~i yrnpid tumover delinl1b il<;. lite slj'rend 01" ctllmnk"l,tin )iiJ.alcs. \ll,rc runrtilcr S:1~I.'(ul~.nJ.: lhe wid~SJ'Ire.itd I~i~~o:nl!lilln¥wcr at Ih,u

{2oo,n

A:imt.i,~".

r:rn~l~~I.,;'~l.tQ!ilJlI~hol!l!l

!l'~a"'~~ltome (lOlu!d ~r'!J.~, .in ;1 ~~I!.~¢. to '\:",:"1'1<111(1"lh~ .gt·nom~ b)' !~re~'!.;'111in:g CIWOJlliiJ~in .~lmCl' or adjoccnl gCI1.Cl1. riuun "llt'JC!iUg!;,'1.ch o~hl.'r.
'r~li: cmillp;UC'I. Ehdme~(I!~ anlll iN@1m. ~1I.. Ill. ~. 8r:m!1i!'iin. C. t, UIl., IE. IL H'ilm~:r:.

~.:r.Y. H.

("r'~V(! ,1 I~U~(l[:!lnji !ip1'('.mdi.ngC'hmn~ati!i" dorn;lI~n bi.:fOI1: il spfi.""'"llclc\;; ~LI'l}' 1~l!lhcr j 11~. S ll). To, i:I.~;"o'L~ligmc I.hl!! rllllc: of Irnlzl (whose: ro.i!cln
IiXlunL'lary run.c~iofil is poor].)' IlIl1d:crs~oodJr in his-

~. O. hr~~1~in"

wile repla(~mellt •. we ~m:aS!la.~d FIkl&"":~ inco:r~ 13 p'ornljoll. hl iu: I !JJ. ~m'uml'" t1rnli Dlg !!1(]b::lIIly slowed ~1.3 inro~lX!mti:o:n but bv ~ocus-spo::ifk: C'1'li'CI!>Ml FLml~~rC'.x~-cri!ll\.'illl."willlX'! 1l(.'q~~i'!lfXi ( w wr~'1~lg~~ (i;llS 1"\:'I~rli1."'n~hip ,Illd 10 iC'VahIOlr1C!IW .role of llll)idllll'IJJJvct" ~n cill'Ollmltin. iJ.oomdarks. We have measured lE3 1t.'U]Ia.ccmCJfn1';l1C'S ~hro~§h('ll!l~hc ycolst genornc, 11 ndin,g Ihm 111W!~ dooomllL;S O\"~r oQ{li!~g n:g inns; lIre Nlllm.ccdl t~~
!1ighlmll~ri

5, 1!:62 (2001!~. 2- lH, I;l!!I!g<ir, l- 'Grie5iemtred:, .L~ :5lr~:g~rn.. It D- t:i~lm~1'lJ,. Mol. (tit It 1:537w:JO~). 3~ C. ~. ~, 1(, 5bi~1I~, '8. !':i!01 B. I), Slra~L I. I)'. lij~
t, 1Jfu,!.

:5.

~Inefb:~f. GPlla.rml

Chl'u. (I. 'fwl l~ S"j'jrllI'n~I@r, It B~ Gt-nr!'lle: ]l!lit~, J. 11.15 W)(lJ:). as, Y. Milo ~ o'f" ScN:!r:lIllt 315., '1403 mMln. 2.9. W~ ilia n!J!: K. AhImoad. N. rf<llli~~,~. GillQ!b" NI. MalbUt, 4. .iO}i!f!~1,Jjcl~".it ~1i!~lermi!~·, ,It Il'iilrg-aUt, i!~d t W.apjnS!Ii f(lr o;jti;eo!ll ftt!i!dan~of Ur~ jjj~jjUl~pi. W~ ~ih~J1k'. t::_i1 1 Ibrlti@ !J~n~ll~ !'jlft ,a'I !hi! lRS'I'tl ~fl'~1rI. O.,!.i!:. I~ ~~r!~ nm vaf! b~~,C~rI!er Aw~m;l1ii1l ei~ml~i~iII~ ~i!ffl~!:! 1~~iJIIll!! IIljjmiti~h~ Wjj~~OI!IU! It~it~.1iih1~ mtllM ·WM~1ltIJK!fljedlil1 ,;ralmlo t O.],R., :5-.18 itlll! .... t.I.F,r1OO1' .ili!~ ~iio!i!a,L !~~Iiivile 'Dr 6me~.d 'I'Iedi~~l ·to N.F. !i'oll'l !hI! mildll Sdefl(!~ FoIIi d~ign,. O-J,R, de~~medl~h~ ~rilii~ !ill{l r.tF.IlI. c~rmi!l·fhemr UIJ~ SeB, d!!i1f;l1i'l!!d.. .il!ld M ..(. {'o!rrltd wt,. flDllll d\ro!N!~~!mlmJI1(1lN'ecl~ita~n. T.iI:~ NLr". ~ 'O'JIR iJl~dl~e ~I!!. o..l.R. ~~dl ~.IF, ~~Iii
St:iIMIC!! frog~atn; anlll

ROOU.

srn~m~i!!!, r!.IlH; til! o,l-R"

from,

!lli~ 1i!~Il1~n

flr:nijB~

Ii'Dt ,~t!I_ ]6,. !J(II!Il {z,oM~, 4. lit 'rMIiI~~, .~f.l'. ~. r~j··1'1 1599 {2:00~I. W 5. IJ. j, 5thIi~m.tr, !P. ~~b!1ir., W. !'!Of.!, ~f,qL Ceil 27'

n,

('NXlo).

6. ,1(. AIiImad\ '5:. I-imil«lff,Nkli. C'f1l 9, 1191 (.100j!~. f. ':t'. Mil!)' ], G.lileli!iI;:OU, 5.. lie'mi!:ofl. rifJt, Gf'JIIe.t 3:7. 1000 (2rOO~). It HI. Ii. ~iiIl'i~n, K5.lrllltib MOl.. (ttll .. 15:1~!: lOtH .24,

U1e liIa~r .

p~I:om~ rn[~. uUhol,lgh

nccms

\lVhm. !'UIlCliO:l'liIS s(;n"IIcd tr.... hiSltlnCrep.iIIO~l:'nCJ11 "'L1pronKi[I;!r.:;.'! R,apM m!110¥eroollil\:l truI1S.iC1ildy

O\'CI' nm)UI'lf.!H':ns ;nld

moS! lum<:I\'l;:r ~nlllJ IIR A~t~,

expose OCC~li.ded tmllscripl.ion

1~.cl.Ol"bj !Jiling sil.cs

{20011. 9. A. t:ili!rrjilhlin, ]'. O. S!!o~~trl!ip. tiM80 t 2~, 42)q3 vm~}. 11.0. (. Thiriet~ .. 1. !ililYt:~, (J,en~ Oelif. ·:11.9., ,677 (W05). 11. 11- Iling~r, JllK. Tl'~er. €~. e@ 5\ 1700 120(0), 1!2_ C. L Lfu n oL •. Pll!l:l': BiD!, ~,!~Zll Uoo~, 11]. Go C. Yoom .~i0,1•.,. ScfuJJre 30~. 626, 12005)1 1!A. t.l!a~~lijals .iima !I1~iITI~~5 ai\!\l,ilabl~ O!~. ~~pl!ining .allii ma1!~l11~~on .Sdl'.JiIC't·Onlfflf!·.

:5!!l!p:po:~ri!lgl ClI!'lf!lle MO!~'~ir.-il!l

1I!MW;5dMCem.:l!'J;Il~gilcomlenlt.rLillJ3151"5;B:l i!'fJl_~Q)51I!lO

Malt.J'l~l!i oodl ~~1lrI1XI~ 'Fig!\. 51 ~II )]8 fabll!s 'i1l ·10 S6

]Jill AJ,J!lIli~t 'OO6·~ .;iO(~tr!d 10.11L2~scigm~11.1H4'il~3
,Ii,

F~linr"f)i :t!OIljl·

Hiilstone RSlplllacam'lnt IMarks, the IBolundi,llr:iies 1011 cis~'RegUlla!t,ory ,Oom:a'iins

'Cd~ll~lilf m;et1il~ry
ar(~iof:!, 1$ ~nJknowlll. IN,e h~'Ii!~~~~mili!ed ,(:hrQ.m~~ijl'l ~t 1J'm$Opflilli flol'iflootk 'gen.e rJllll~~rli, by mea5'1,u"iliilgr, ,ilIt high re:'i(llul~o:n,. le'!le~5:,of hi5tOI'lE,' re:p~a(~mE,'nt al'l~ mlu:cleosorilile omlLlpam:y.~,omoolic geml,e d.!,lders disp~y C(lil'lSlpi~l!!O~$ p.e(llks 011: hisl@!'!e Irep1ilooil'liiei1t at b~iji!bdg ~~ rJf i:is·.regu'lato ry dillmOOIll!i: $lJjloI'irlmp~ed 0'Ii'~~ b:rnati '~h:in~ ,(Iff WW riillfi~aiOern~1'i1:. :~~k$ ,wf hi~l\o'rh~ repla~me.n't ~lQ~~ ~~ffi~PQ,nd

wake onl<ll1~ulu~lg ~'o!}'mcrn!iCw, l'Cijnair dismplod

('ilmr'll;!! ill U), .Hc~l,;', ~J\r~n,';;k \\·1ICI~1f:ir~li~!nI!~ !lI.'" 1~.]\X'mt'illl ~ndm,l(:r!;m$omC' .. ~~Ip;)!:!lC'y .m·eal~o

di~rinC!livc ~t ci:;;.;.!ugulmmy d(ln~t'll".

LO!!l\"lp~.l:]l'i.tl D:!'fJ!!,'.()lM,il~l .'lld{mogu:w~·r S2 cd~$
'I';'Ct'i!,;

iincliilicc{I to

prodl!Jt\:

biolill.:ru.IJggcdi ~B_3

rnr

1\''',..] or lhrree o:Ucyck'"o;; (1 ~. DINA \'\.'HS ,exl.G1CI0d

~:smp~li1t~~:f'I~

~t I't(lme~li:c:giei'l:~S: byd:;-11~~~~~ry

~1,em~l'!~l,"h@~f! medlli:'ilf:!l!Sm D:r

f:bom strepiili\ idlin pt.lll~d(!iwn~say rutd. milnliCti!lll.~flbdt\d with Cy3f1;n~d C'y5 d~.

tllpMI.

[urad,

roliyhri.dizcdloll1llicroa.m:lYs.. To provide f~ Sliillt· dmu. we pp.)IIh.)(1 hiotin.m&gcd I ~13...oQll.ta~nrililg

dD romm.ilJutl IUI!::i'tlk:l. i\ tlalysi:s. of I.B. ~ m IJ kvds

'lo l'Iuil:lea~Ii~-4tYlperse~tive sites, ilarl'I(I.ilii91 ~~"l f·Or Il,,,,lyoomihi aliiid'tni~I1",l'3x mmup pMl~n~,alil!d sil'es .of IiIllIdmsnl'l1le !!:Iepietnol'll. OI,UW rt'S!litls sug:gt's~. the ,t'X!1.s~8'!Il."e al 'l."",nl;inuol!I~ p'.rocoE!~~~hat di~rru~B al1f 1i11!1~~mSlilil1le:s mal nl<li ns am1!~sib;Wily of ci;s~regll~atmy and 'lIre<rn'91nl:s~

over Ihe Cillli~ 3ft chrom,(l)l()I1I,c mnn ~,e\"CliIkdll1ill. Ihe -35i(Jckb bilhOltlX complex (BX-{) regton dlSllluys the lowC'~1 B,3jlS il'mioof .<!!ny reg,tOIl I oomp<u<!hk: ,..iw O'l'! JR. and .he A~lcn mlped:i!l

or

hro~la!ill c,m bo!: dtill:ereni.iJLtecl b\~ I.he , rep~k?l,io.n-ilUl~pelld~ ..n;l. n.ipl.ac. c.m~.nl. or onc h!sh:me Y"flmll~',1~h .mmlllcf l J I. for C''''<lmp~oC'. i~I{lI'nc I B.J is '~Cpt)silr;:d ~hroUoghO~1 h nil; '~I~ cyocll::. I'tp],Ldll!;l1 Unh«ti:. d!cpo~irlJi;.-d d~nr.b'ig [c;plican~ln (2' 4). lJnlik.c rcp~i~3lk!H~ CGuplll.KI :i:;~.I.~I'i'!My r! 13,\\'h.i.tll uec'l,Il}; in ga;p~ o

bcl"..... old "CH d'le Ulilsert~'fl or pl1;'.C.....isting

ot~l~r

l~lLcJ,ooso:n1'CS

or 113.3 ~~prc-ccded

on d~utgJ'tcr hd ~cs. b1i' dislll\Pl.ion hi~Wnl;$ dUI.ilig l,r..gl<;~:lip'liG~.. nd

~Basi( sdrlflclIl'5 DiYisilm. Ifrf!d Hutdlli~QIIII Qmm Rn@<lHh (en1Jef., F.1iM~ A.~,~n!Je ~ouJi(, SM~I~E',W"1 '9'8:1109.

n.oo

.... ,the IUTlC~'SS~. ,(J. 5}. \l\t~~li!\'"C' p:n:;V:l.011.. • c . ~}~ 511;{1\V'Jl ~ll!I~H3+J: ~pl"OCL1lOlll~mllrct'i,!\.;1'tlmhlc ~ho.~!;,~ [af ~tNApol}<I~m~ I.~ ~diidi ~Ugg..:ffi:5 l2). dlllJt ~Jilldu;l.] rep~1i1Zt~h{~i'ii of' IB.3IXK·llU'S ~Ii. Hit:

USA.~r)l«ui1lr am Geltll!'lar Blol\)g~ ~~r~rn, un~er>ll)i I)~ Wa~h[1Jj9lO'" Sll.. nJ~, ~YA '911:1!:95, U)J!, •.. HOI'l'afd H'lIgh~s

M.~~(.allnMiun.i!, fred t!:ukihi:lIISom (amcli!r .Rf~l!"r(!ii Ceflll!r. ~'alte. wfl, ~:iQI!'i., uSA, '1'0, wllOfl'l coneSll'Olrloonu' ~OOOldl be ,ad'oilressedl, e·tI1a.1i:

~11@11hm.afgl

1408

" MARCf--12007

VoOl 31 5

SICII~NCI! ·www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
homcg~k gem:: 'mnpJ~ (i\NT.P"'O also ,d:f5P~·<lYS 1'0\",[!3.~,H;1: ratio {f\r;;- IA~ Lo'w !·l13/1 tJ ~ar.o,'l :;J~. !1Iw hO~~ll,l'~!'~~:Jl~ dtJ!I;i!\;"'J11,,In; ~ <'Iltrj1.J,~I,1thk to lllf~W:I~I!l hi,~m~(,':n,:r~a~11..~rn!,l!lli.. ·
WQ \!1Ilu..'>IlI~!!y

~md nltli. to ItDWI~I;Lt:t!i,!OI>Onilcoor"ul},:m~Y, 'b~'Ci~I!i~": U33 !C'\,<fb. allhe B;x~(' ..re j~lr OO~QW !llOO~ml the

"k'~

= 0)1

lar ..I~of 3R, \vh~!t;O s ! 1] ..

k\·'ds

1~f(:

3iR IS

ANTP-C

~ll~!!!.h'tly.. bcn\l¢ Ihi; 1~1t,'di1U~ oVI.-nln (.fi!!}. lB~_ Even Ille h~l'I::-:i'ocIiTalflfILi.cC31mllIDi>O!'ilc" (6) il:iehIH;;k" .. ~nly ~hot1~: ,(~~.Oo.kb) s;t[e!ehil~ ..hill me as .1."'plclecl. ~111~ 3.3 Ib the nx-(: ~Fi:!;l.I C~ 1 A dt'iliiC61JJ1 'iI lew of ihe BX-C {uil ~re&tan
1"C'W."'lIbi

the

l~rcllClICC

or ~\'!::l'Jlpron~in\':m ~.1J.3

.IIII...-

.....;;.....:.....;...._;;......_...;...

___'

Tramposons G~fil!eS_

~~

_:::-I

1 ~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l~b'
~, ~.3 3~
I '~, ~,

u~~----------...;...~~~~~~...;...-----------_,
100 kb
r

I ~II ~

•I

I 111!-/~ -)j".I"~

II

II

I'

I. I II

~'.I 1I11i1~JIII~I_ _

II1I I

{R~" :!f\~I, Nmnh~y, the ~ICll hiW1CSt pC<lb ODl'~l1d to tile funCI'Ol'llla~ lb{'ll!iI1dmf~ of the seven prmim.,]-to~di~!'i~. ci:-;..~"§u~mo!'y(j(F I'nain~ d'!l!lJ\ reg~I!:,Il:~ aJl(/,A tk.I~'l iuh4l a!l1d thL.~ ~l .d/u{··JJ lit~k~ to j(lMnhO:llt~mic ,gl/,~11J;-li~i!)I~~i;;~~'\,'I)' NUril ;ml:i."l~nr.[0 'IX'Ili1,iC[~orn tiac at~('imcn 17). i .on."pjCl!oW!~.p;;.'aksofW133,,!!i.o C'Orre~'KlI1dw duo: h;~d[I\'l~YOOIl~b f!"N1I01~~ (,;'1Linn;.'ut (PRE! m~d 'to pRlilno~~"INilbiuldlC' ~Jbd-.Bg~·n~,. w w~'1ic~ krID"~~l. i~ [r~Il'I} :)C'[i".'!I:: il1 S1 eetls l8 .. '9~ nll''[l;:fo:rc. eaeh of Ihe m.a'>l. .r,ml1lilrn(;I~1U3.3pc!::iks in t~i~ p region Colf~pollds to II pre\'iou."ly dcfllJed c.i.HeglJlmory dCme~ll.Our filldif1!)? ~n:' ~ikel'yto be W"lI~rn~. ..... IJI. pC<lb:

lI='iig. :11. fh'e 11[1,1(·(s !~~f;l'Isiil!i{:ly d!epll,e-t)oo li'l I!H~,~:.(A~ '-nL~~!{~ klg",ra~l.~' pr©fill: of dllr,@m!)~me ,~mn i 3R. Ori~M~ti(ln is pJQx:iIlTl'i1Il (01 On bCiSC"!P;:'i]F s(.:iILe) 'tQ (jijSloll (;28 Mb).1Ihe IloC.:iJU,ol'l ,(:if ll1'~ two MI,omI;Olia; gM~ ,dl!l~~rs are ]odi(ai~ed wUh h~iri:m!ntal b1'us. (113)IU.3 (red)! ar,)d H3 (bhile~'l~rQmes;ror th~ WH and na!'llki,rI!!I rl!l'~ri!J!1s. (() S:"m~as '~B~lo~ ,~hr,O!mli!slom@ 4. Th~ ~!J(,,,U;OIIlI~IOfl' ,ilflOOliOOdi lr.ll1!i1J ~S(lIfl:5, '~Ibrrowrl~~x.es~illld '~'8'JUl!i (lb!lIClkbQXIe'S) air!! shown OOrl'~ifl~ eaeh pa rI el, 0111 !!li1Ilii!'~ 5'4"0' 3' all:lO~ the ItiDil,eand 3:'·4(1·S;' be~OIO'll., li?w[iILe'5 ,aIT!!di5p1a:~d ill'> mO'liing <llv,er,ages, \llitill ,[I l·klJ (A) er a 2.541,10, ,~lB,and o mrldo~"I';illi lOCNbp flll~ervaJls"

causein blu:ki~alB}'Cai>t, rrnll1oler.; '-I!rI(1 'bmmd.lonies llIre .,doo sites 01" .imcrlsc h~~ollc' rep~[!;OCL'mml (Hh A d,..m~ris! tiC ICatlln.: of OO~~~t.Jllrn...l1:rics b mmll PilE." '11 Ihe 181)(,(' is !i~~ Iht,.')i sp:a!!dlJOXY~ .ri[1ol1.ude:JSc ~.(DNm,c]) hypmcl~~he sites ill :JL ',Mel}, of ocll~1t'I!cs" im:h.Hilng S2 cc:]ls Un. To OC~tciI.'l.~:lin'C'inc' h is~onc l"Cpl,t~"CI'I1C1!!~ pa1.lCfHS ill Ih~ vicinil)' (lr 11!Y~"'fl'lel1i!'i'li""(,: ~i~~,-", li~od we
Ihe ~ntirtt:BX.C !I! 2f11·bp, ~~oDlITion (I]g,. Si)"

2 •. (allf'lSI~~ IilI:lUS i111$t.olf'le! ~epialcl'!~ @'n'~~~ dsr1egl1lLi!~JJlry' dOIlili!i n tbolurlda rlles i!rid DNaslll~ lliIyper:!ien~':t.l~'!l\~ sil.es, \vutiinl Uli~ IS*·c" (,A) flltapan!lil ffili~tone p'r,omes. (lor tlille g'bdolrn~nall a nd rI~l'Iltin[J f@~f(lrils @flhie mt--C; f ncluding fOl!rwe-thIllCl,[lpellil PIR~-bolil,ndarij~$ [mag:ent;a 'b~!Ke$ tu, lJ. 25n.The ISicat~ Qt~p ~l1dka,I~~gle'ilQim~( lQ~iUi~f!(In lit with ,~!!m~, amll IPR~:.IJ~Llmdtarie!'S irndk:atedl 0111 '~h~ lill~ i:i~low'. ThE'li,ve Abd·.B ~romot'e'r!) ar~ n'i,arlked~vith ~'Drizonjil anQw:s. 1913.3 ~F@!l) .ilfld Hl3 (btuei') L~~~ ratio [profi les are display.ed as]!,·kb moving <I,wrages. E!~ldl'td.a~e$ belweeli! .adji3i0e'.nt di5~egu~S1k1ry dcmains ilr!! lndiMl;ed wY~n Ibra![kets, aJbove' tllile lCDgl" ratio plots" (8) IH3.3jH31 leg r.al»:s, '~tmll!'j1r:l) .ar~ sho,\'ff'I h!r 'l~~ Plli[s (lI1'a8lenta) !Hid boundarries (bllle) tQr wh~(h ONa~~hypers~m~t~w sibils h~~e

fiig.

'0 I
"".__,..,

f.
.~

~'10

Fo:b
,

~I

1_ ¥.cp

Fifj·7

~biB~_
H3.3
1=13

<:1>' 'j -

1'O~~~;t,I~,~~'_4J
e _:lJ

~o

1111, l--"'----'!;\j\4\~"__'"tH"If_,,:LL--"'-_;;;_tf"_~-*+-_II_~i-"'-ILL_tt--'L..li_+_'TV'L..f4'lnH-'--!:..:...~_"T>_Mr.:iIl

be>el'l mi'i pped (in:dka~oo with veflka~ (m~\liSli,

="I,!6

REPORTS
S~~·";.tutpp:;gi9n 'oo~.~m! to hightcv~lf. of cQmh ~'(Il!P (fru) pro~eTns. \~ hich have been c!]l:;;(ln\'P;L,<;'~ CJ011i~iPlCl!!mlS p;i:<J!b o :~-!~, ~T!"1ImW in an 52 ,ceU l.~nc ;IiI high ~1t'!tiQn ('~). J U3j Wig, ~EI ~lM S I). 'I !:U enrichment ;,!!.1)~nd<L'f!~ (Fi~. ~!:!) !i!1!:ltcJnwly 1;;'O~~1)(l11.d i)g If ~1!C PRllX""~ tli!;;!~~l:~~p~;;; n!J!c~~om~ .. !~ 1-;,. r~V:p'~I~ i'1~ ~i'~ I~no~ ~tmh'l,I~l~Jc ~o hi~~:r OO~~P<lm;:y, lK't,n~I~~ "'~~1~i:dI31 id'(;Ili~U 11:11; kqlO~li'l~ql~c;:kH.'il!,,'-h}1~1'Cln~ilijw s ik~\Vi[~- ci~ii~A.Q;:~, b~lldill~. th~u we \'\lo~k1 C1'\I~'1l::l !! m>l~i:l;:il10S(l1~1~ !t'~ iic,:,'j.I~'IJh:!O '\'<L;'1i"l; ob~ip!cd tlilr I ]1].)1,11.3 pml~,k~ ill lite [(~ifm. t 1/-13). NWid~{l-;;!.: J)'p!.."~~ir1r;;~.~viiycQJ!l\.~-porldb'I~QC & bot\\i"'1i;."I~ ~~k:; ~}'cGbillldil]g idC!l~ifi~ sites of r·d<l.ivdy O1(lC\,:':1lioibl~)Nj\, [ •uw pc"b uf [13,]:, 111d~"<i.\'"hen \",'!I,) co:mp~Ire(1 Higs. S2 'In~S3) . No.1 .. ~RE~ i~!JicBX~(",In; WOlun<Jtno be SQ .Im!~hci,· 'p[ln~[;:Jl!lUif;l,j)l'Ic~<\1lo illl;lIk;.l of his1133 pmfjl~~"",ith Ih{ll~ for [~~h1U!Oi;.'f-QI!.7~~C s.i.l;'~ ofr~G bim:hng; fot ~i'i;~n1lip!t. 111~U~IR.'T F(j'b-,; '~CltiC .fC:pimC¢f.lbCllt ~ug_w..~r 16iIM c{mli~1~.ujlI,l8 dil>(Elj and :rn~tduo:r-£:.'-"'~"Ci!l'itt. IPS{") r~G :iillit'ilmio:t P(;Ji1-Si:s. d~li\d~~bly bo'IJ~~cl b.y EZ 'M I'S,C rupLUOl'i (I rrrqlli,dlZ:l~Oq:ik"" Cl!:~'i!Uljc:>,ei:..ocglU Irll,ary ~~~It_", ro~ntdl haJ~ l (} ~~l.ti. of PcG~i Iltliiig We ~.n !(,~,.Tli1e raet that ilI.U PeG :.it~ ilii.!pcalk~ oJ hi:;,.. DNA !:c:illli\!c[o surrol,lli'u.linS regiom;., ill lbc fIMOn,~ii1la:l1regPOUl 11i't' also lo~1 p~"!iks of ~pla(:(,lmenl.. not \'~.v.c~. :>liIW-c:>l.. :PRE.l»iii'idtl~l' elci~1enll!\ in t~1I!..: BX-C lIi1lL'i 113.3 ~Fi!. 3A and l3!b1c SI), Ukewisc aI. the 'IO-~'i.'i: Ilull, h.ili>tfllte rep~~"'Olltcnt at PRE;,; mud IXlliln.darie~ t\.NT,P..c., IIH Ll 1~<1k... f r~G binding in (tiC o ('Inherre~ifmsm\! bindii1l~ sites for Ilnl~tiip~e .Po,ly" i~ C'Cill~ i~lIIlj\, eaed i~ldC'lOCnd'cnt o:U'the- C'xl~,U!::s~t{l11i or d11.: homcolflC ~C'~no> ~hal thC')" re~IiJ!'lmC'•. For. C'(a~nplJc. ,U~t-EJ is c:-!l~rcs.~d <II. highlc\'cls in S2 ~"(Ilb. ...1<1 di~rl!aJ'l'> [h~ typical ! [13 S' l)C;1k ~hran ,tClive' ~~!~. ~F~!:, 2J\ J'. \,VhL;TlI.\,.'Lj Uh\';;LlIld ti~lI,i·A <In\! .~!L.'.l.r.ly il~eli\I(~ lN, '9), Y~'l ~hL;"PRE.<!
each

The b,rt/. ~ ~~p,F!lh-7. ~!Ki~h .... PRE>lxnmilirk'l' l ~

"'1"

tll

or

mil

aad LO!llllnd,u:i~ r~ulmin,g all llu-e~ g~l1Cl'l ,m.: :.[11;'$ or oon~~i~lIOIJ!~ ilil'lll'llC' re,pl,~CCH1.l.·Ht 0'\'1.:. a !r~.v ~(:k:!ilwl,I:m;L
\1!.h;. ,l!MJ c~;lrf:!iI1~-dhi~.rnll.t rcpl~,c~I~~rH. <w~r::lg~'t! ever the 17~ gC~Ii;,'rnt;wDdc.;.EZ+PSC pc."Lks Clu:t£idc or the: BX~' and ANTP-C (Iabl:!.: 'S II lll":ld ebscrved ill1 :m.J peril: (;Cm.cl'C'id.over Ih~ PeG Illrt:XdmUi1~ 'tFilg, 3,c' and ~:i:g.~)" Thcrefbre, Ihe :Slrol1~ msseelatlen ~ctwe~ul rw IlN)tein, bind illS !lnd histone re,placcrncm, is wn Iimilca
f[)

honlcol.~C
!~lk

gJ;.;:l1C! 'C~l""'1C Tire li,'Cllonu::wide' 1':',

i!> h~.f,lh!Jrhun Ihm lon~l~ I BX~' ~~~d J.\N1P:,.{'.pl'C;~mlf:lhl}' because GIller PotG-~jjdrl!!'. IB,)

~iws Jitl1C ~1t\1. Slll)cxinl!lmcd ow::r :S!Jd~deep U3J! 'I/,lIkys 'I fii,g, SS),
The (lo!OClJll~Uion (If ft'G·hindinlg ~i1).~und 10(:t1!1 p~,l&!i of n3_3~iII,~':\[~ .hilt 'th..: Ill'OO~"":.i Ilmi. dii'Ol;upllS Ii:llck'o:\£nn~~<~ ~~..c!II~.}1 ili]l~ijUI1~ Ihe m ru;cl'.,'ii~:ilJ,ili't)1 Ci5-.ncg,LllllImry DNA to PeG pooof teias, I r SQ" Ihcll~lhcrc should bea lower fuv,;!ruge ooollpmcy or aueleosomcs over shes or IPet] prolein. bi~ldin.g limn over Iheir stl:rrmmililng re~mlS (8. J·n. Tetesr rhis po~ib,ilil~.\"'C' hybridi:GO:! nltcl'co.-.rofllOl~ Di'>lA and Iragmcntcd gcnOlnic

.,fi:
IJi:!:lalMi!I

~,

02

II

"I,

6B

'II)

Ir.o:m E2: &. PSiC PM!!::!:' ~f!:h}

Fr'iig. 3. SiUe5 ef PdS ~fn,din91 mrre'!lJXln:d ml.o(.al p~~ o'FhiisNmeIrepla!l:!!!mI1Hiltal'tri r,edm:eirl nudes~!lme H,3.] k!9·rtattCJ IP~l)me U)' EZ i!lli!d PS:C prorh~ (8]'at (A) th~ BX-( ~rom, Fig. 2:#1)and '(IB)~heo A!NlrP·C. Loc:atiom ,(If prolli1in.e~t EZ end IPse Pf!i!lks are rna~ed \lIiilil 1;'entkal dG~tecl ~il1~1!. mbijta~yKatil'lg W(l~ lI$ed 'telradlll"le vI!sl)Ial (Om!p~rt5(lml betJ,~en IH33Ml3 log rail1:s$ a rnd Ill"iear lEi A end IPSt pr~f~i1e~>i!!\ctllJ!a~ '~.1!~. ·aJ,~s,h'olo'!'!f! ]111"90 55. (I IU.l ~rfat1o J!)rof'ii~s<tign'llid aro!i!lfld E+!PS( a peaiks for~h~ BX·C and AWJiP.-< regkln~(4otted lil!1~~aad f'(Pf the I"mImmaer of Ih~ gIllilQililiUil (m1.id I~ili~), :shO""If)~1 i)~~~1 aVfHi!~m: Il5iftlgl g !HJO{iiP'\JMdo~'\I, (Di)Sam~ g~ (0, e)OO~t sh{ri.'flngl tll~i'llo\tfi'i!lj ~r,age~ m rlOr Il!lI&i(lS.'lOmaligeli(!olfnnc IDNA. IJJg-ratio pmti~;
1(I!{WP'Ull'C}I'. (~mPr~ri,~[l:n q)lrth~

DNA

0111

the saine

mirn.Jfill'l'1J)'S 800

IlfDC8SlH'Cd

mm.c:icosol100] (gclrom:Lc D~A logrratios. ,tit,r,ot.md peak !legions o,~·EZt-PS(' birloiillg. Itudoooonwl
ilWld

Filg.4. Bindin95b~ for tn;G, IprOlte~f!s, a midi po~sedl prometers iillf'el ",)~c;i(l,t:ed with ICOIll'SP~C:uou$ hi slone n~ ptacemen:t ,<ilnldl ~edu:ooo !11;,u::k'~·some'O(WPr~!i!(Y, til) A\I'I!;!f,alg~ HI3:.3JiH.3 <lInd 1l'IllJdeo~orne ~({up.an(y ~09-.r,~lio p;~oi~:~~!iigl'led at 390 Z~t!t!· a ~~ndlirilgl iii~s. (IB~'A'!Ii~fag@ H3.3 (md) i!!'QdI tl!3, (blue) ~.ogl raH:lDs at lIInindl)l(ed heat :shl'Jck g~iI!~~ [J'Ot~dI g~gyijjFIiIl!S gro h~st~nll: pr:Qmles (or aU (llnl1llt~l~dl gene~ 0'i1 .3iR; linmm 11!1 de(rea5,1I1gintelllsily trnrn tJhe1: mm~ ,~clt~-e('~QP~O%)t~lthe ~.~iSt a<:tlJve< (boU.olil1l 20%) gen'~ ~el:s. VerysimiLa r tII]L 3 pr,(lIme~ Wt'f-e ,L')b![lriltmil'1l t"'~~ dlir,· rle;I'JeFlt ~~pe.~UIi!eli!.lS SlLGt '(rig,

11.

1,

[)~Aw<liS c~e""rly dep:l!:tccl Oil a .... m_gc " Pig. 3D e table s, )1urnilm" m ~h>C'dcplh::lk'lll seen f{1l: !:IC'ti\'c g\;'l~PWH10:!l;.''f8 '~1)r.g. Sl ~ t essen!i;lll), !he ~Iru~' A;.'l'H,dU5,'1Irl,.'].~ oh"li n!~ir.l'!IVi~h d ij!.

n.

;,H~'~

Hb1;,;llt nm:nlnxJ!c\ Ibfg~~IWn[lie DNA ~r.lgJII~ll:UtL'{m: Uiig. S6), \·I·A;~ (.j!:!n~lI!fJ~lhi;Il the curn;;:;[Kl'nld:(;nt:~ !bet ween hiSl.{ln{;~~:lIa{;(1Il1t=nt and mit ~o.....ollilC depictiol'l i~ II g ..... ,ollnc:'O'Ii,·.idc ~;;;il"[~of:P'c(:j-hil1clJii:lg

:si'!cs.
In ,1AmN/J!ri/,r.
illclli:dillig
IIllalf'lJ'

ci~~-qtI!lllto'~clCfneiJIs.

!);

-~+~~~~~~O'~~~~51
[[l~Q~m

~-

--

~deo ~1ie~~I!;b)

lD!starnoe rrOlilll5" 'end ~)

012

PRES!luJ boundar.iL......are IKltmd by lh~ ir~G protein.,>. Zi.... 9m!. G/\.GA ffi:lcto:r ,'.ie I(Gi\f ~ (l5}. T ('I h;ost Ihcptl:iiif<ilhilil.y th~lI. h~,>~o-m: It:pla.ccH1.Cn1 i~Cl1hanccd and IJlock:il..wmiC' occuIfKll'IIcyilS redoccd where ZC'S4!1; prolcin jll,L~relil!nIblly bind:s.. We' aHglloo 39U Za;.te~bindin.s. sties idcllfif'lotl by hlgh-oosolllliO'Il chmrn;li~in inul11l1l,,"" plii;c.~,Pil!I .ion (Chlr~ I;:omhin~d wi~h!iling mi'Cm~ • O!II11i)'~ Oi~P'-Chip pmm[ri~l U6'l ,IIlJ !lv>t,;it,:lgQd If.I;£ 11~lio~,of rn 13.3.1IB find 11L1ch':>lJMJ.:i:illi: OCnli-

" MARCf-1 2007

VoOl

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
f';>"!Itc}" \"!c 900CI"I'ccl " prosnincllt m",,,jmunl ~~!~nc ~''P!OJ;CC!OOl~ anda ~h..rp !1fiIluimUlH(lfml!~ C""V-'i('llIl~ O;;:C!:!l~~.Y ,~t~'d P\'~r '~h,;,: 'pt;l!~rn

or

<!!.liW1IUiJ:nI f!F~~.4A
WC;:I\,~lhwilK.J c
am!1 SF!~\ whidl
(01'

~ld inb]~ S2)~ Sinni~lIr fl",':SJ,uI~~

pr

\V,hm precess m:!imagns ~h~ chmmiltin orc~~· l1~gy~~Io;ry c~cn~CI"l~~11 ." ~,m~ ~f Jhl1';? M;n~'
!IN!~-hiI1~~il'l,g ~I:t-I;! c;:h.rrlall1l:j.1.1; ..hin~~.ll:!il prG~~ I~ imoh·~d il] ~<m,,:n.1J:~ll::ni.oll di~l)hl}r :;hori I\,~idclt~c l~ltlC~, ami DNA. P 9i. !Ind. smn.l~IUilO~i~ ~rm~:o;cri:I~lipH l1!ctoR' S!!U\"" ,clYIm~nic ~"M;\~1avirnat ~h\:ir r~n~liG~'~! b~rfiding !ililc~ (lO. 111. A 1l1P!;ld lot Ithi~. pt~~11 bus been p~t>"ld •.~n\1"{1~viP1M I.• ~ ~clllimiJ\~ GyC les of "lueJt~ .. ~ d~mlr~im] by 3. Ba.'.1.hIltl!l·IX:]III~d SWIJSNIF c.l1:roi~'milli"'i\.,'ijnOO~~cr 8i1.J tmn.'>'Ct'iptioi1 fOCElI.lr bhi;ldii1.!il ,~1/), bii1.d· bl1i~ ()W' ,PeG and u;.;:G l)lfolcin~ is ~1'>O dYi1illnic (21., 1.:H" .!IIIl~ \,'C' 1J'Iropo.~llml a simiiw: eycle of nucleescme di"rul~tim~and ractor 'bi ndhlg mkcs place at bmiu~Jl:niC!l!!nd ~R.E.'i.N!Jd~mc ,dll>" n~I]I:ii;~ny S'lJV[/SNF .000m:!Ckling OOH1JlJex,~ wmlkJ b oct"~iiirn);d!y (lviCl !1l.lld('(l'>O!He:. l..?4) .mcl !:rJJ1:;,icfJ(~Y e:;,;:~~ DNA \,~hLd~ ~~tllddb(;~"O~!'tC ilV".Iil,lblc III OIhcr di m,l!~ii.lJ;,: locltml\, il1.dW!cling IPtiO l11'01""in. s, The cemieued toc,;aj ']~'"l'I..'HOC 01' nl!:cb~ :;tIll'!ClUI]md~km\, ,~((:lcldDl.lr;lQ~[ in ,mon.h(lf cyck! of ~t'I'!Iluddiillg. 1l\!Cl'l:'i\f:ml~ (~I)k~ni:nll. 1!lI:d~,><; hypctsL'I'l'iuti'l.'hy. :md hi.'>IruIll rcpl~rol'Jj:JU III the !;]I£':" Thlilo l1~odc~ coold aOOQ1,JInil.r(l['" 1111(; di\'CIi'Siny ofm.,G

~. 8. E. S!:h.w'lIu. t:. Ahmad.. ,tifi'lf'r.!!IfIlI: 19, 9104 (:tOOS:~• .41. (_ Wir~iJIJe r; O. lIleil~ 1)\ S[hu~E!r. ~ ~,J:~'.

lPfi.-clk:I!.'\CI {.!jAP :lOilt'li(Jigs. :Sf

!\IiI!g§L.?'Sn:. IIi<ll nucleeseme di5.iI!.lp.~ i!l: ~'i!l;:ml fi.;<'I!.w~ of IlrXGpmhil1 DNAa inn bil:!din~~il.GS. H~lJ ~l]vidi~i1tTit~t~I\;G. !ll1d IrXCi

,I

5. 6. 7. 13. 9, ~O\. H.
12.

pruEeilj,-~jlwiljg ~uK.";s,l'L~ill" Im.il'i a ~p.~tc3Lit)I~~ i:j'ltlerh'~'ldeil~ I\.'I]Jlaet'tIK":ii11 l)i'O!."l~,OOe2I1l~~c essenI i~lIy iJknuJ.(%i1f\m~.~:; v...-:r.:c ,obli1iu~oo far:~ 1J.3~n;. whidl~ 1<Ild.ki;line N.tcI11~1nm] mll II mtd dcc.~ ItOI m....'iC~nbJk: d1.U'i~~!J. I'C,HC<lllm~ m£. Stj l, like HI!!-?end M"h~. ileal, :.hook ~cnc pill"" ~lCitCI'S me fIl'Onl!ill~ll( :>i!!O:l1 of GAF b~nclll';' na-

n.c

u.

1.\'1. 15.

llL
17,

:it.7611t200~.. S.IIL ]"rlid:l ~rJl •• Cel! '116; 1l!3 {2004), f..L. S!U~d u.!, 'Wi /Ji"t. ""'. 8\2:10 ~'OO4l'. ft. tt MMda\ I~.~~ tJiNllDpmfnt' U~., :lilll3 l:1!lliI)jl). Y. It SdtY,\il..1Iti!: u,!.. MU. ,('iemt<t:lB, 700 (iltOO6). er A, 6f.~~i"!l, (I.. M.. T~rm;;:r, ~ IE:.~ 11!;h!', ~:. ~~~d'9, NtlJrJrt 412, ,6'H. I'll!. f. 11)[00., T.. ~!lIilO" 11'.1. tlim,S. II!.:lfdt'!Jll'lih 0, ~. lii,mdcl ~. linied!lia!'l. Sr~JJ,e 315. 1WJ5 f2007~'. F...~iIf(11i tf ~~,l'lr:.fd~Ir:llritif ,1m;. Z2', 3:138 U99'.:!}. 4. ~ ~'Sainp !If qi, M"t C~t2:4, n. (iilOO·6.t $,. ~rg~ I!I ol. Vl;!ve.top.~r U~', 779 R:ooot B.. ~iI~P. j. M~II~r, 6~~ fJt!;j; OliO, 2.o'l'1I. (2006).. H. W.• ad;, C. Ii. fi~llief, Dw., D,n. :232~ '~3 ~2(05)'. ~ lit .M!!!~ i![ ~L. RloS r~~f. BML l, n30 j2.1lO6;}. I. A. ltib~l!iltdll fr.· 01., Mol .. ("~n. Bioi. 2~. 6148

M"'.

eoon ..

c·!¢t!81.l llyp<:I"$C'n~lti\'ilj' ... nd Itld.ured nll!~~~IH~ CiOOIJI>W1Cy U n l1~·.<Il '<lh:o!.1:.pr>tJ;tcilll ~~~iij !;lI1.'1)!.\'O H ~!'L.~ OQJ.ls:l.iu.lti'If"l.):I)' "poi~t;Id.'! for I,up:id IiI1dlJe~io'!l. but do not pmdllloodcl.Cl:'l1blc fnRNA~ in mh:c 1In~H'dl!eM ~'mm~,'Wc a~i~n~'>d !~S.fli'O genes H~ ~hL.~ir ' ~".\,!ui" nd "~>L;ri~I.;'!(.I mJ. al'll3 !U Ilrof1I~($. 5 a
F (If Mmr1urioon •. \W fl\lcrugl.!{iI sinilill.:ldy :il1~gl1L;,j IB.J ::md raJ p:r,o£i~l~filii :ItI ::H65gcnt:s Oil 311 Wilh );;1]0'"""111 5'aiJId .3' '(;nltiS., I.Hvitioo iuto q 1lI~ll~i les ib<2ISOOon eXIJmession Ile\!e~s.. 1m3.3pml.C'm~ were

~a. (. Jim,. G, FI!~nfel(j1 f~C "(lfI,N:M.

flAD02L

Sl., (2600. 19. R. D. F'h<lir6 m.w Mtll: Ct!1.r. 8&1. 24, ~93 {ilXDOO. .OlDI 0.. ~i~ 1.\[ ~I:, t.Mi!lO J. ~, 198· {ZOOO). 21. It ft Nlilgakb.. D. A. Wa1i:N, It WOlI~f4. G. L. Hage~, Mal: (t'H ~4,1l6:3 ~~,L n ].. Pllah~~li.,¥l 1(. Csiill'k, A, O1tin'.!itril~,. s, HMIl;~lt S J. C~I 81,,1: :tit 0, 129'r U9~m .. 23. G. fia, R. Heilllml~!l"" D.. I, AnmdHlWin. I)Ml~p"IJ'i!M.I
:13;):'

.so. (AS4\1~~

..

3.v'3 1200~~,

pro!J!inl>
tcitlS

II j J, \'Io'~~~hil'1;c.lWI(lc ON A-.hind~ng, plJ'O..

iZulilc lind GAF). ~.I:ctOO5iOJ1l!.: n:'1I1:oodcrs tBm~!I1nll anti Kiisn!1!ll,l,and~lis~OI1.C' nmethy:I~T3ns:md fig. S 1. O~ W.it~1 h ii:>tOll.erel)lacemell~, levels rClll.'lCl'> (!r~hornLxalld A.,hI) tl~n ;wc ~pcdtk Ibr p~kh~g Oil ci~h~ ,~idc or h~~ shock pmlll'OI.it..'fS. J'\fo d(l~r;II1."lC~p~i()naU~1 aclive gl.'.IlC !ll:umlO1"I,.\U!' 1131<4, a ~lNG!iCJllml dw[ i~h~ghl" cru~ched (In I D.3. lh!i;lm-;.~!l~i~~g g~·~bi.!~nic p~ \\IIl'l\!klallow L?).,hw~ ::;hock gl;la~ di ~)Iu)' p'-Ul!nV[I!;;'rn m..3 and 1]3 dips, ill abundance Ihat arc ,ru:lribuUlbk: 00 r~ Ilf.'OlcirlS IIJ~I. plll1l11Citt 0P-P{lIsutc CI)i~Cllctii:' '0I..llJJ~!. ai, OOlllUIJO!t Ci.<\-llCgll!:IiL!tm),;~il.C':il> p.ilI.fit~~ I1t!Ctco.~ntc dcpk:~on (17). O::m~:i~u1i¥,c eoncsto II iSlm!C' repl~.ccmcll[iJ.!so ;j]~iX'.a.l'"$ 10 be a ~C<!UJJ:c Rerl!rei!lce~ :and:INotes or 1]!{)is(.'Jcl IIr"{:Illl,O'l.f.:(f.~ in veI1ll."bml)~""'" bcta~sc 'J!... S, !iIIlnl~f,l!(, .A~Ii[I~d~ A!;irltr .. R~ WI ~Jo:. 8J'frlj!1, 'l!33 11L.\ is; !'Ilmngljl cnrit;hcd in t~l.\i' llpS!n.~ll:nl"'l:,.~iOl:~ ijIIltlO). of llrl~~chioki;n 101111(:rL-OC~OIf gell!;, !lc~r~ruk'Siiof 2. !!. ~~o.l 1f{eI!~krj~I,5. "'e~lkgU, lII~t'. 6en~. 37. :~090 (200Il). Wh(~lhcl 1il'iL" gelle is nctirc or hUI.CI.lI\;'C {an
8C'lavc

sim:L~ar

~O!]~O$oi::Q,f

hig,llly

@..:nC'S lFig. 413

,,~. l. L Wolifolman. Gfl!I1f5 ~ .. ~O>.2:cOO9 (2006), 25, Y. 8. 5c~w<!!ljz, T. Go t:~, V. Pir!TO!l[.a,&.I. eel. Sia~ :2 5,
4:32 tm05~,

.26. Wi!: iI1!~nl-l mllffi:lb!!!S Q~ QlJf laOOrillQI)' iIl!I :F. f.ilrm far h~!jifiJ'l d'i~ll\tI.ii~. ~dl T. ~~p ~I'i.~ j!;~ M~\3ii 'fg~ mil'lafltf.. ~~krn.a~ar datil! milt' IDI!@1'I ilI~~il~i!l1r!' Gil!nl! El:1lre.~(I1l Olllnill!;j~ K~e-!i~WIn ('lSE'6234.

SlIlipiPo.ittinglCIiIII~'ii1~ Mat~lfial
"WW.5l:,ieoolrnil~.aI"!j!Ggi!(vmleRU\rI!!1l815lS:8:l.7:1:liIlO8l!rl(l
1lI<!1~~I$~dl i','.lil1Jl~

'Fig!:.Sl tJi) ~~O TO!blll~Slag 53

IRl!I!!rm~~

If Aug!!!~~ 2006; at;(~ed 9 j;dn!<!!iY 2001 1(t n2m.rsciE!m'~.lH~1@IJ4

Anaph1as,e On:s,lsit Bel:o'lre IClompleta D'INA. RepllliiC8lt:i on witlh Iintact. Clheckpoint RSlsp"OnSBS
l

Ihe imcgrily or Ihc £,~JlO\illc. ::iueh n utplic&tic)H'. 00i11ple~ion chcck~mi1ll 5~o"Llkll)l:Cn~m mitasi'i: by ~l1sill~
(m~p'j'l'lg

(I~e IlCI"SislClJCC of lIl11'ep~k:alcd DNA or fo.rk pmgrcss.iim ill .fili~ OIh~Ii{'o'i:reD~rrmlilt

rrlor~i TQrrl!!fI-l1t,o~e~l.l·Jt m1ilCOIlinODe' lfIi.g:coLi.l~. V'ioh!~iI ,wrdon-P'redildo. 1, S<lrail farmelr.~' Adlall1l ]1i1.lrmlll,z.,11r;eLix M .. (hil1l~·l+ IllIhililPpe P'II:!ii@ro,.z Midi1!aellffisby.~ ~ilI!Imf'5 IE. t:l13~,er,,~' 1~l!lli,!'i Ar.3gdflll!~ Celll!l'lcilrcheclkpoiiIiIIs. p:r,eve Iil~ mittl!5i5 nil [h,e pr~selil ce ,of £~:a~I.ed repUGltfQE1I fo:rk£.Whe'tn,e.r ,clheckplllll1ts.also emurelhe ulm;p[etiol"l ,of OtIJ1.Arepti:cilti:(1nI !:Ie-fore rnili05~1i h. IlInkn'DIO'iiIl.Hen!'. we '!OholO'!l thii:lt:in ~l.!I'IS'~ .5"1i'K5·sJnc6i mLl~~n't;, W~g[ht .me rel~too to (iohesinlllld wlil~:hmsil'l., .rel]l~.ici!Jtnoflis dle'laY'ed~ JiIlosl slgn~'!karildy at oMural r,~pllk.atioil1-impcdlillg I@d Uke the riboS<OrlIIaillDNA :Qene

S 1)11a."l£. TIle 3],gmm:nls SLlI~l!On:in.g lhc C'X.iSi.CIIlCl!o:r I) 1l;;plk:alimH(Un:plclkm ch~ck"Q.~nI. dc~~vc from ()l:ll>t'1'\'3lif.lJ~~denlOtlSlluting ilim lu!ddin~ yC1!.'51 o;.l!JI; <lei i"'''I1: a :1;\:\'(!rfo.,boJc chctk~](!!int W"1:!cv~ c~~1; b ~n.:·IIfC<.lcdwith th~ dnu~ hyd!l~i'i.j!l.m;,·~.(UU) (2). 1](]Wllwr,.~i~c· chI,.1~t.poinl. .i\.'};;po~!~o;;: H)I ~.U i!.ii (<;LLlSI;."\l ~y L&a~at"Cu rnwdiltio:n of ~ill@:r..""I>!~.·~Ll.u;:k\d DNA 0111 rcplicoilliolll rod:~n:l'nhc.r 'D'~I:ln IImx,l~IklllCdi DNA. {J .1~[Dld:ecd, undil"!.,~ c...·icl~nc~ ~rom S\::~~ :'Iutlics )lJLJgf~l:; ~hfLt. yea!!1 cd Is I'Il~g1n lad" 1) rqplkatro:llD~\1mp~Clh)l1 cltcckpo,inl
,t6 8~

~f Sm(!5~Smi(6" (hr~!if!05;~rnl'l' ir!Q!ldiiSJ~nlcl"i(l!il QOCtlr:5,a:s oil (OnS,!l'qILlIl:!l(E! olr ~H(llic '~rlny 'o'i'ithll~ril1ish~d .f~p~iI::aili()rI e-spiOO'intact ,chockpo~ilt ~:pooses, IEllhf!lif!cuing ~~I)«~~ d tha t obs~rlll(t ~ptkt;lt~ 1(11'1 'r(lrk pr@gresiS~QfI~'M(u-e:; tl1~ ~l1I1Ipootr(il ~ !,dli'l(QU plifllgl b~l\1.Ii€tfil f1e.pti~adon
ICilllstl!!f, 111f! til!? Cllbseme

Qiflldlsegr,e~lti(ll111 ~In Sm(5-sm('6 Irnlilt~nits. We pr!1lPQ5Je th~t 'thecr.!l1illj;ll~e1.iQIl (If rep~kath)nll~ Ut~ slirveWanre Oir kn.mllnl dlu~(lkpo'il1l:ll,"

mi'ot Uflld:er

~,~"tI

d'lCckp;l·inl"-, 'ompl~tk{m. DNA replication ~. li~ ~ni!nlic (;!lli:r)''''' ~hn.'!lghl(t"I ~1!C l>.~bjc~~d to ~hm~lgh Ihc cdll ~>.ck whC'n DNA !selmiIQ~ ~'qgul;.riCin by .. 'eh~l'i':'kl)()il1l ~n~"It.:<IIlI~CIPIit"J;Q.I(J ~ J"J I~ l"il£chm'iism'l,', m:'t l\;ffiR"d It} ~IS ture clJilry kiltu ll'iliDrx;.il; \\ 'O!!I1d be dt'ltifilielilif~ Iii
Uka!.}'O:~~~'i~'C

t!t,(J,ui~"l;;c1dlulllf mt'd"l~ o njL.,!l1l.~~h,~t IlmVclit,t¥t d(;la}'prog.n.:-,;;~im~

or

The SmcS·Smct'l cumrle);. it;. r..::13ic.a j.(} oohcsin and coll{l\::mia and n.!lfLd~m~sin DNA It:f}a~r (9) ..Cells C';.:tprcssillg ~hc .~·m(';}-i.'>ml.fl nm~1!nl.<llldes s~~O'wed S plmsr:;: JlJd an.aI~1m.~nll}' limes sin~iliar to dl109::! of wiild4}lXl ~ cd!s Wig,! Am~d ng. :s I A". :Ind lihe ccl1!lr.1II,hl;(:k-

~rn

poi~~. kii1;;L~~~ l'hrcl53 Wa'i ",~~i\I.,~~I.;'d .dkr Ihe GUlly limA nililo!iii ... L~lidL,."rno:~pL,."DlIil'ii&.,.j.\,C 1;'{md~ti)[m~ t.m). nt'ri~ul"I\al DNA. (rONA) IIITII)I niJi Ihe

www.scie·ncemijlg.mg

SCU~NC~ VOL. 315

9 MARCH' 2007

114111

REPORTS
111 idd Ie" of chromoscme XU ~:i! a m<lj or bind hl,i;l ~~i~erQr the SmcS"s.mc{~ oo<mp~e,,,,lHh S~gN~

f,!,,,-ti:ol]'~!l...t}':'ilti.
1lI'~

~:lg::., w~ iell wi:'n;~lsc:lliedai.

di rr~n::l]ipo~i~i(l!ns ,~lo!l!1gthe chro~lt;)'S(l!me .. revealed ~h1UI

'~ gg l.ot;'O!.~'dhi,;ilwcl.:ln Ihe ~Iilt~~m~~ 'lIld Ih~ a rDNA sL;gf1i;g.1.H::d ctJ!.Jlfllll' ~g d!ll!JIgn:lct!iWlck:i

or

or d!~nm"i(}!~ll;

tion ckmmosome )om: wtlcn \)i,'C deleted dir" I~r~nt f!,;!ci;lmbi~"dQn gi;!]CS 1I1g. S2. 1\ and
B). Thcn:f9!'~" lh~~Il~jor.i~y of
i!)l "~m['6-9 ~o;:: ¢vi,;ms

or

cell ,ych~, We digested cheomosemes wi~h re!\OIT1,c~iQn ~m~yme,'l!'h<l,l ~~I~ tllfn~lgB~(ll:11 the
~~l[1o!lN
[",Iwed

XI~

~'hICJin;'J.iiC:~I~~ 9d~~liml

of

o NJ\.·bzISL,"d

',\~~l

Ih~

U5, .[fJr¢lrnmn;;'4,]OIl'!billal.iorl

!1:rl'Ildii~jl,JI]c[ion

btu~!,!p'~

wi!!~ the: ill!

~!liion;. I.h~s,

IOIllHPNJ\

strri:clLiIl"".

0111 IJ~!.,~ ~W:I

~:i i:t!e.d

~~ITI~:f!Inb;a.~~ rON j'\, fijb~1f);; t~I:jIi\,<em ~'.Xg lass :;;LIrfaQ(';l; h,."pl:\t;.

'In''~Y:ioi:l. \\'ith [Iu'! use nf dif· 1.i.::L\I.;:n~gmw~h ~""gUn;!!;;'=- l'ig- S3)1 ~~howcd~ha:t :SI1Q,C'5-S.~i'II:6 r~ll]c'~~n i..: ~q~lirod dlllril'ig S
S;C'gW~,",l~gJl
I~ c

wl'icrt:l!i1'; l1l~ IEr~'i3~C fFig.. .1. B !iuicl O. To ~_"p~{itcpo:s...s iblc telomere ~nis;';~,~n::. dc'~~I;~ ilt! ii'eG~lk:ation r6rks. we COi llJJl1it'd IIC· g.mtcd ~o (i~\li.:' pole in ,,'mc'-.;..-rilc6 intlliUUS ~ r1~. tjl\'el~ 1~~HCillilll~ IrDJ.'\J:J\froil~ \V"m~dI sltl{ -6~SI' SIB) ( I !:J). Thus, um:csolvcrl :1~~k!l£.e:;. i bCI.\Veetl mlll.,nl eells by 'Dwo·di~nC'n::;iQ~ml (2m gel elees i...rcr chml'llmtiJs seem to CIBU'iiC ,dhrmno,<;one tropheresls (sec ~~l.Ipp(lI'~i~l~ m~liu~e maleri,~1 I. IICintlisjwu:tkm in ~h~ 1'fIl!~"II]t!i, Deletion ('if' 'We detceted an increase ill licpHc;)! ien I"(uk ~hc lIC("rimbin,ulo:n ,g.:!m:: RADJ] I):llil~<lll),' :S!lll~ b:;micr (~~H3) ,~m:!i.t. rooomilimuiol], amI WI'" ~rr;,~s~~s~le smll.·f'P'} g~m\'tll! dcfecl 0 0). \JI.~,o mimuirl!~ ~~rur!ilIll1(l~in ,WI1dJ:..f) mll1.'1n~8· duri!1g s ph:(J$,-,rfl,g. 2.A <II!d 13). The n-ct;u!ll'Ur~Ja~on ao.."CT\',!;"l;i,! nlmilc'SI!'\"dl!!ctio1! i~I uond ~ j unc... n f' !i1.n,JC~LHR;"S iJ~smL"6-9 \71'<1[" not c,ulI~edby :(111 1ce~. ()!de Group, Med':lCal I*starrJn Ccunci~ {MRO a.inf:C1!~ im,"rc,I.\~~in Ql1.gin ITirill~ h."Cal~\,VT Ic\'cl~ of

~1O'rH rj,l:Hl'l'i,om g~!le "Nays ~ ..~ i.t.'jp.lic;.1Iled ~.g~OI~~ in~m'rorll:lcd Brodl] 111W w ~\rc idll;:rlliuh::d ~lfk·riI1l1tll.i!]odch:Clijl:ll1, wlioC'i:"i;'m'l BrtI U
!!_!JIP~

In

in \Vr

aile!

itIi.ul1Lirl'~.

Cd,~5"

in

ni~ Jikt:;revt'lil
tI.(:'leNt:d

1V,IL'i:1li I.&~C rONA

3.11d the

!!Jons:. We

follel inerease il'i iIi!'ii· i'C1)lic81~d ~pi> in ~·mc6-9 DC.US :relill~,","C'lo \VT ml:b U~ lr,,},. MOOCQvcr, the ~;V~Uliit~ Ilength ig.,
tWO

,a

~'oo I[Hire r1.i!!':fll.ed

[1(,...

Loncon, Hlammer~mlHI. HO:!p~l Campus. [')~ C~me I!~d ,~OQdon W'12: (IlNW. UK. OlIJl$Ii!,lIIte of i:lUU[:l~1l (leJletb,. i(NRS,
LJI11n~~ProjJr~! ,~il! Ilefh~f(he

~'il:i~n(l!!l Ci!nlre.

FaclJ!LJiy of Mtdk;~.~,

l'rnpi!mL

(01111!~

b~!bblc

in~nllcdi .. ,~",'l

~""JI.:~

ehserved

ill

~'he

Ge!te-:Ucs, In~mWlte of Molec~~ar Bit)'logy andl P~,yslotGgy".

GnlooilLe. 34,,96

114,2, 141. RUf! d~ liili MOlllpd[iE[, F;~mu', lOi!1JlIliI!lIlEmlt of

LJI~iw!fS'ity ai' (all'@.!;I~n, G.~r Filirillla~S'gil,oo lA, DfIi·

O!2:4·S4=':Hl9, U}A,

1353 ICo;peoollQ'en. iDli1lf1lffi1ark.~I~M~mlitl (en'Ef. :ar.!ltdeis 1.I1il)I\fei'$ity. US 500UI S1ir.eel. M!ln Stop 029. \1I.UliOIjfI,. MIl .

IHlIlUnt Vig. S4~ Uncxpcl;:t1.i'{lly. w~ four!d !lm~. Ilu.li!;;.\! '\,V"f ,~UI~. RIlPt:'(:j· 9 lI~lIUIO'lJ]l" c-"J:lihil~d 0111 h'LCre~~ ~rI Y~aifC rop:~iclll~llill S;Unl)(:HIil'I::S \.~i!u.:rl cells were arrested inliJilCl'~jfI]ia.'>C (Pig.2;(") I i'J). Tbus, !l:m.r..'6·9cellsare slill replica~ilig

~itiic,<I!U1~ 1)1~h{I!rter lilm:ll 'Ihal ia WT cells (.Fig. 2D). suSgc.';;li~l~ that .~mt·6-9 m~CiI's break during (Itc 'Ifl'm~i:lool, TIl IIJ!s.!h i!' 'lm:C(:d~re lmdt'reM i~l~JI(!,~ ~h~ m~l[J,u 'of tl~11lCl?l ic,~t~d n'l !flNi'\ !;l<lP~ I]K"~I.i~m,lIO)n~ dls._~~1fldtJ,iEim~. in C ~']S smaller l11'<lD~ a fcwlkiiolC'l.l."i.l.~~ <l!f'C !loOt d~.n~C'~ by [I~i:;.technique ,~U), We cen..hle dud~ lh~~ rop~it:<I!lii!JHor ~hc :r][)NA f(;lllion i8

or the

.D NA fibers in .~n~(_-6-~cc~1s was l

!i~-

dt,d.;a.yed,.
""me(.i· 9

ilirl~ !liO'! (!0I11m)1~h,ld Inl~E~ph;Js(·, by

in

1('("I~s. before they

The filCI.IJI:li~ Slll't'(l.·9 mllTiUlI;,o; are uo:! deIHyecl in m il~QI.ic '~Illry I rig. S I A) s uggcs.LS
I]~a~ I~ICY miighl. C'XCClJl.c:;ma.pIKJiSC'

fDNA

dlirh~g

mcnmp]~HsC.

dCI1i101liSlrrLlil'lg

thE!'t

~l!ilo'ihom ,cOm!:!i*i~Mee ~q~,d

lIJLsllriilg'!)m@I';~_f:nf(.'ilI!:.u~

·lh~ a1iUI~s~o:rn!ti~,rti!d:~ql!l!~'l!!f !.O~his~. I tfre~l:ai1l'&m Depa!l!l!lmt 'Cilfl~f!SM~ci~ B~q!Je~ F<!I!(!/IU'Ide ,MediciM, UJlim~l~t ode ~Ickl. MCi~~l Rolg .2,25008 U!k!jdil,)r;Ii!lm. :ll'fe5omt ad'drBli: umdladl & IIf'r\fI3otlj.adoo. ~I;al URi· 1lE!!5i!:ana<NIlfEl!!fal SeJibra, de ca*~rt.a\ (a~e~a del. ,RG~n:o s,iill m'W~~ 30010, 'S;;iflt;ll Quz di!! T~ne:rife, Spain,

there' is a dC'II">, i~ the replkmioll of this re!:lion, To Juml'i:cr C<Dllnrm Ibis 11(!1s.<;i~]ility. \VC

~.1I1iL~h::plicJt.i:on. n

:a[

iCI1Sl

j''o~'

ebromoscme

moniWfCldthc n.:pl icoui.on or indiv idtu;mlrDN A~ ci:lnwin i~ag chmmos<lm,~'S b}' [heir cx.~~nsirm

on si,litHli,zc[j £I;l:~s s,lIJ.'I~ccs (l

b~ addirmeill. iE·iT!ai~

.induced to ,~nC(nporn.lic ~l1onmodC'OxYlIricli'ulc (BnJV) in their DNA duriinlg~hc previous !fer" liC,jtion_~1'!;wdi~ion.wc hkll:;k~d tt]ms ill! mm;:t,~· I1hil!'i~ m cnsmc lh~u~ ~ht')'d~d nOI. L~lu;,r mHY.!h~·r

n. Cells

XU. We cvalliHttcd whd1CT l:cpi.iC'ali,onie;. ,",0ll1ipl,e-!ed i~1 .w~/('6-9 mu~Ul~S bdbre !ic,g~;lIkm U:01i'!l!,1, 'Pl~:lsoo·Jhi.~@ gel C'1\J(:lmpborc~~ I( !)FG E). s
~'I:I(lOI~lp~!C'~cly l"C'p:llk:alcdi chromescmcs do .!lot ecsolvc Iby .PFGE and reJlnaiuin thewells, In \1IfT eel I:;;. YDuclPlilcmcJC! (Fi!;l, 3A: urnc: () mil~) :;)Ind r~II'YfJCpl iC<I~cdI[ fig. 3 A: Ii um;: >1\0 rni:!H cll;rnllm~ol1lc..... cmL.'red thi; gJ,,~I: .o\'!.\~\~r, <BIll I

\,\I'C'I'C

A,

B
OIS1l1blJlbn ~I' ~.
C Cl

l
jJ

I,~,
;S;

lan~~

~". <5 ....

:2104111 - Gitll3liM
'41.o1!'~Y

.:oa ~

l ;,

----

,
"

'70
00, i5Q, 40, DIM:

i501
;25,

'ti

.", m '110 0

...

"
~

1J~i-9
DI~'~'

30
1

l. PaSi5eige through.:S pn",'S'l!', but not tllro~!1l11.aJn~pn<lse.ilil, the absence ,~f Sm(5· SIiI'tCO'p:mdU!l:flS cilu:omoIDme n.tlllidili;jullilc!io:n. (A) (.en qde dynamics: of ~P:lmlLifilelo ngatiolll in WT C!lnd smc6-9 ICi~H~,s!h~~'!'iJi!glt~~l sm't1i-9!ill!i,!it.;!~ts ~rt !liot det.;!y!l':d 'illl (:~1l qrde pr'ot!i~es.si'ell. The~lili(:a.ge diepkts, iii w'~;Flr'~if1!lI'Itatiw I1I1k~Ggrnph IDf spind~e~ dlli~in91 tile time IC,OIJrse. ~B~Segre.gali(m olf 11 (hmmo~ol1l'l;~ ttel0:'48 J.lin~erte~iln Iflle 'lelom~re 'britt olr ~a9 rONA. UlldiM tliie 1I1dij(at@dcGJmiijt~oni~ nrl m. smdc·9',. imdllQS"I!5-J: c:elils:. ~(~ ReiPr@s~mtali",-e mKrograpltl:5, of {!!'!~l5in (8). Rled, nlJldifilij~9 r'~;n.. teJO:t'fS'.7.
Fil!;!_

.i ::.:
,Sl~

!I.II~

,,
20
(I

10

~"b
2S,~

1412

" MARCf-12007

VOL 31 5

SICII~NCI! .www.sr.ien.~mag.org

REPORTS
Chr"(lJlKl!lii}me~I'il~~lCd l'OCI1~cr the g'C~ l\}M~e r,:;pl~c~ting (Fig,. JA:iil~~c;. 2,(1to tlO min). hI ,;;rjJ~'6"'9 I;I;I!~, 1I1!11'1;)'I,mt .:!!~ d~romo~om~ XU suess, Sim!lIlJ'

levels

of

~~'lt<!$3phosrhm'Y~-

llil .. t riJ~~,~d ~ntt:::r th~~I\'Inl,;'(n;p!il;:!luio~1 to

,(m:ld ,"'V(,.'U~C"g[tC:gi[uiol~} Wa.~,nl~m::]~gruakr Lh[lti

or

~h.. 1 i~~ cells '~fig. 3A). and the dc,!otion of \i\/T RAD52 !md ~HdC'cfl~el (Fig.lA~!' To :.mll.>,2"Cw~.\.'th~r Slil'('fJ<-9 '~"C1I1~ re de... fie-iell[ titi ~hc micl.iv!ll.iOTI oW k~'iOil\'u'i checlcp,~,il'u ~~I,thwa,y~,,,,,'e '[ICl':k'!!, wh~l.h.(."i'" .wiu'6-9 It~i,lI,m~!); actii'V,ul~ .R.rtd53 in i'C:5POiiJi>~ to ~~I)lli!e!lI.io:ul Fig...Z. i~h~in IRBJlill~oiOn of me!.aprnil~ in

c~l1~rr:. !Irr~~h;d m. b~cld~~ (:dl!.;. witih o:iJIC or HO i,I].dm:iioul, bod'lm.ym:::luu]lol,ll>Wl find nueleus in reSfmJ1SC to NlJ, i~~di.'C"",.lu.n,g I~at .~'llit·f,J;''9 coTls arrested ill Gz-M ','iI'i'~h" !i-ingie both M:mi:n.1l hlll~ !:hc oc:U c},,\:'k wh~l] l.hL; S ~hcl!I!ii ,of ~h~ dlcckrQin~ Il:[ol.cin Ddc2 'I~g. phu!>.;:' ch~"ekpo~!H ~~ uJl;:ti\l~~[l;:'d" I.:. Ilbluir:'lot;-d S5A). mid n~rcl.s.3i.it"li v ~ncdlFi.g. 3q. ChCCMW
S.i,liI!H1I.l"lt(~ul't:. w~jc,n cd~~ w~re '!!Xpo"","'d to
tlut'I.I'!)11 mel.btlc~ilil~i:irlalc., .~natl~il~oii. mliUliml~ poi.llI CUt aeli'!.la.l.i{ili a.~i>Ooecul'S

;H!Or~ were dCI~~co in \\IT !:1m ..,:mdi~Q cells • c;"\po~~d!.Q ~h~ fi,bomu;:lli:"il~id¢ ~d~IC~'1,,~ h~~ib. it,or ~IU (f~. V J), Bn~h WT !]ltd J"/~.,[,t'i-9

or ~hc 'DN/\,~cl.m1il<l!!lc ch~kp(lum in [~rOcTlSC 100 .~ing!e '~Q~lh~~"~l!'ilIn~ bJJc"k {DSB,);r,t th~ "
I\lMT

:m,

!OCl,l=-i~1~~II;:OO ~_"'I]~~l'io~l by

0.1' ~1~!!0

"'lldr~lll[lld~.:!Is.~~

{HOI IF;~ 3C)" An,er 4

~.'1m,lr:;\

wh~i'i OSB:;;

00.:;:-

sm~6-Y

iil:sid~ the

nlu~.h~!D~.u:;. II sir.! in~carry il"~ [u1

3rcr~llso

COi1'ii,PC!C'I1l in

'th~

aC:lh!"i~~Oll mhe 1 -See-l lr,~oogndl.ioll )iitc iiil~he

mj,dd.l:e of

rl:lNA trE9ioolli is; II'Ill"I:filll' smc6~j9 mLnaJ'!;t:5, W ~. ~iGatiolll ~llirerme!l!liatE5 0\1' iii ~[liNA 'regioolin 'W] ~d

..

;1,-.-,
Ii'
11" ~,
I

'

r--

F=iI=

r'fI
t

'~'Il~l~ di,~e~~ed with Elgll!1 and :separra~

SfflIGilH)

,ar ye<!5I: IrV:NA ,mel rreslJjlr:~, i'€pIliLa~l'lg seqlJfi'l!.:e5.

:S<hl'illli'!lile: n!pre:s@fl~OOn.s

by 2,[) ,~~OOf'~is.

,
I~)

~['
~'

~
_

..

..

-,-'I

-,

liew @ntlyl'1ll'@'sil~ am 'IDmVI'l. MIS, .autOOQllOOIJS' N'l.illil1oorsin pa~mh~ represe:ntdifterl'fll~ s:irull::~IleS QIi!,lh.iil.~!iJ g~.

"

ffl

WI

~~9
[~l..

q~~-

'Ii~~. ~B) Q!.!ooti1k:{'iIii~!l of ~[lNA rr~taOOIllSIJUCWre!i

~.
,1lJI ....

~11 ..

inl 'W. '[C} Wl1 ~ild Sffl('~9'

'wltw"'e!Sll rr;emrl ~111m!lt:!· pl1l3il'.eilIId arntyl!ll!d by. 211) (A). 'Qoolllnlikatl.ml of oor~poli!din.g IMDNA $i!nJ;c-

'9ft ,~l«~,pDesis as in
~Di!' IO:MA ,mmnbing ,i1IMlys.i~ of i:!Oi1II~1eIri-~i1nfllJNA repth:.a,tiaFl aitlh@ n~ml genes arrr.i!~. TWo trepr'e'rserntltiw r[lNAIiJJ~. @itjQ@r GDilIIpletew rep'lic:al.e!rll or ~l!"
t!Jr~ ~ ~ho!.'i'iJ.

"

"
(l)

~lJ

lI.m1i1l11glllllrr,epli'l3t.m ~p~ ,~re siiI~11. Gap llerilglhs <I renndiUltedin Illi Red.

~roiiiidi lIifI iooid~ stalfl of ootal DN\A; gl'~ell, .ai!'!II"

in, ~!iI)~!ld(tl' 'iMk.gl~ Sl[l room lhrooinOOpend'~t 'e'x~rimetlf;5.

boo~@'Ji1iD BrdUl.lError m~

... ,..."

--._ .&01_-,,-

-- ...

-=. ""-

. -"._ ...... -__- .... -=-

........

-_

......

U~liTGiI'!il'l!.......... . I'

=:
; 1~

_. ..... .-....... .

_.....
----= - -'Ii!Il I!o

·llrdU
-"""

__

.. .... I!O

I!'

"

.1!hdU
IU."---------------.,,

IDNA

m_

iIOI

_
W;!

Fi"!!bef l-iIh ~l!ib)

m
I~~~)'

W;~;eI1l~geO'l'·
KG ,«10 :1IlO ~

u!i'i~e.plk:alled I~.A

REPORTS
of "H known ccMIl!I:u cht;::ck]}oin~:_;;;, the S I~h":iie chcc'l:'l;)Qj~~I., NA·dmIH!,g.~ D d~~c"pni~ltru~~d t'~]ilw!1,; ~1«kpQim, Th~rQ' ~lUlm~tcr.w~ d(,.1C~~~dRi'ltl~J ;!I.C!iV"l!,i;:¥~~ i.~ Ipr¢. thli; SI~w5-Smc;:(~~m~1p'11,1:o.;. i~IH;JtlJWn:l of \11,1T und ,"'Mw6~9 ,~~ti tf~~, 3D). Wi! 'l";:Om:~III'~'\i il1ul~:r~[~k in tlre dINA ;I~ abo under nors :JI~y of I.bl,,~"'~ ;~ncC'hani:m~:>. \1I"r,,: 1i!1 d thai, d(:~pi~e~hcr a 1;'~ I~<ll .Ii! known C'h~kpninH'i, uU<J dill;."Ckpoi nl ~~I"'C i ~I'.unc~. F ~n![IU]". :'l#ltii~9 ~ ~ ~ll!'.n"nl$are Or;l!'IlpL;'~Cnl i:11'[ille ~,piP"K~l.cd~~f;k· ;I.re i!rit~c~~I~ ,~}i.'(.'6· ~lllutrU!l'~~.We ~pl uc;'-<"I~~on P t~i!'1'u.bcc"l!IISC' lliL,:'i,[ ~~I'i:;;i,l.i;"it)" 1,0 ch~ j;ril~d k.... dd:'iy in~J:i¢>~ e~lI:-: doe:;. :rlat nold UI!'I Ilt~HHi(', d.\.1PoIY,~i'i~riz Idru~ b~lfi~iillYl. \,...fL~ l<.'diibT~II"aM!i;; iUi~ Ivlhm o~'WtT~I~ (lig. S.SB). We 'OOn(;1ude l.h~l. ~hc ribosomal
gc\IlCmT<l)'

.u'ld

CXp["Q~]ng

th,e

nancc

I' Si;;c~l. C~dOlllJd'C:<I;;;1;

under

the

gll!m;;tQ~\l

m:!!nQ!Y

li.'fltry IbcrQI'"C cflmpk.'liag l"eplicmi~J1 (FRg, 4('). The !ll!r1c~ioll of the SmcS,SullcliJ oflompkx, is i:I'~1~.pn,[lJIl~ .~bT~pi~lg wi~h ~h~rc;:p,!iC:;Bltinn If!£QMPHn~; p3rti~ul ..r!y O!] ,t;'~aU~nging ~C!~lIrlnat:.~ :;,Ut;~! ~lc:~rDNA. \V~ (J.D, not kl.l(~\'\· til,:, C'~ act fCOI8{loJl \I~'.hj' ,~m,'5--'!,md~ nml .• rs are ... m ~!<!!rd(:d ijn~p!.uC;;~I.ijn.l1_ (jill'.; rU;IS.~ibijii'~y ·~!':.~ht .. S~ic5~Sn~c:6 tum::liO!i l'iI~ighl. ·~requi.rtd rOr

~ni!.ali~ '~UDli)' IJcforel~e COlt1J)k,timl or~.DNA replkatimo in ss«..6~~ mUI.m:111~s aot eaused by i I.ai IliIl'C$ in the ,ccll:U1:If chC!.:kp.oi III I1,Hii.chinc-rae.<;;, Our d:lIs. iIIdi:c:lte~b:u rellHca~ t{)'~l01" Ihc rDNA ,I!CSlT:Oll hi.:scvcre.~y dela)1cdi in [i~e ahscnce 01' SmcS·Smc6 lunetien (figs. 2: .~nd 3tH We ~~,tl,,\d'~",'hClh~r dimi~laliug prO{:'~i!i~'$ !l!OU pO,~I[nl,el. lil~plrc'rucioM fork.. ~nthi; rDNA \'\ID:llki . 11,;duee lhl.l ,d~Ii!lYand g\l~]flrc:'lS [he ,!:,'hronW!.vol'llc XU 'r!on{l.i~jl!.!lCliCln ~]~.ll;.·nol.1!'p~.fheifDNJ\ l I:'>
C'o:rnp>o,..w

.~
1'!HI'.5.&, ijoW

~:~1 rIf:..... ....., ....... J I4!1

""'10-1

, ~1'iO,rr--I':"""-I;rrl-~-l i"""H~t-Ir
i"""T"~Ii+-+!-t'f!i'....-.t--+t-i"li!'~--+-1

-ij II!
IDi

~ionu lIy repl iC;JIC1(),b;(;"Cl)I:u~~ ~Jll~ of prescnee of :l), Ijo1!~r R.FIt m~di3l!r¢l by th~ FoM protein. \IV h:i;eh is next 'tt:'lll'h~'35' I.i'faltscrirll[ion l.cffiini:illl~ iiem she Uti . .I5l I.n \:\11' QclIs. replication rDNA hl'lS to dC1l:1\~'W~ the p.~S.C~lec of ,UBs and ~lC' dLls~erill!!: ,ot 3:C! ivc migil1ls U.?}. wh klil I generates a shua! iml where large ~:lugl'l1l.C]l~S~I'\C ro:plk<lrod by OJ single righlwllrd~~mwi~g fork ~n lil~ ~h~m;C' ~ Fob 1. \\llud~I'Ilo'V.ing arc not b~o(kcd ,m the RFB :i!.lrlC': thus. rcpliem ion is acecleraied by lite 1ln!'SC'11CC (I f l ~I[O

or 1:J'!l!dL.:'~nr1l;~pi.·'U$~I~~

lII!1~di!'l.;"c·

or

l~n

lork~
Ie
1

~CI i\1'IC

forb

(inS[l"itO of [I!1CI. Dcletion o

rFOB

chml1mQl5fln1J; .. XII !":I·Qn~ ~ disjmli;lu~;m from 63[0 34,% (Fi!!:- 4A ,i~ldfi~. S6A), ]111 ruddituOIIIll RFBs. thl[~!ligh m~U]~ lOcripl.it'i'!i rares In !'DNA gen..::s are ml$Q Hkd:y
to pose

il~ ,~111['6~J9 ,ccil!:;; redlu('1cti

11ChllnCI1~e

lor

1QCljyC

ibc' locus.
I[rl'tNA)

[nllct,ilvfu~i.0i11

gene trnnscriplicm II~c simultaneoss dclleliOll polynu;:ffi;"'c (fol) I SUbLllli.: /\,135 .,mel the imrodllCl.iolJ. ora Il'IIult~.oo'py phllimkiJ ,oo.nlilaining, du: .)5:5 rRN J\ cod iIfQg rcgiollrl~:i1ed to an lJtNt\ I~o~ ll p~mlnfll.Cr (Ui;. JiIleilll)C'liYalion of' clnomesema I I:R.N.A gene lrnnSc.riplion redaeed c!JuunKl$l[lIUC XU .li1olldi~liJ!nc[iol!l from 6.:1 to I~% in :~m~1Io"9(fif,;. 4]~). He: .~i~lIlJlJ:I·OL!:n;!Q~1i1i in.1J,;l~Y' .. ti~lU! (Jr I U"o.Inl;;;c'ripiE im~ "un;! .~rl i(;,lliou b.'~P'~

or

uq.:lIknliQJ1

fIIC~

dbt'Mml'hllIRNA cm~ he aehieved by of the yC<I!.'>1 R,Nl\

Tiling,

allCI H.O lD!!:k.!d~1 1J1r) ,m a:rtC

I)

:2

.;

-31= .~

iIIiili

r!.;.1:";; Itl\,j:\ ,~",gr~'!il"lli(lri t~i' tl.;1illr~mnn.-;m11ll': X I.~ ill smc6-9 1]~IIIII;!.nl$. wiilhvurhl!<llly \1i,1T..:l1'ici1.:uc:y I.Fig, 41ll:lml Ji~g S(13), Thus, the d!cla.y in-I •.

'1~

rDNA rnJlIHcilaion observed

is a d~ met coo~::>CCllncncc
IDI10tC and ensure

stJblle fo;ri.; pro,grcs. s h:m dl1iot1s11 ill..:rnNA .. A cc:llirulilf chcckpo:ini C~HI be dc:r~lledril,'i [I ~noc'haiti:sxn that halts I'he cell cycle in \>VT celiis in response to OJ, cC:1.1alilc('l'I~dit~on (e.s., a cellular insult sucb as DNA dimn:!gc). anda gene i)l. elassificdas 1'1<1110.1' ,.1 checkpoint ir nnna~~I:;. 'oFll'!is gene dn net i.lITc~l [he cell
c h::: <l!'O.\i\lT od Iii. 00. We: Itavc ~lQW!1 ~Im~ smc6-9 mUlWnl cells I:id~1lvl; c.:.,."u(:lljl li.kil'i\i\rr cdl:;. wH~~ I't~$~ct In aet'~v:J~iL'In mi{~, IjJI~in1'~t:.,
C')'

or the

i:1ll J~l!·6·9 .11I1'umnlh' M

<

~i1[ub:u]hyw p'ro~

IFig. 3. smcJ!l·9 ~eU~ eliiliE!:J' an~ph,glse be'flor)~ 'C!ilmlpi.~~,lI'19 ~pH(atiQIiI of d'li'irDm05tl'liI'I'eXII, d~$pite ~h~ IPIF~IIN!(e @f ~If!M~1 dhe(klP(JI]~~ reS!'po~~s, (A) SY·iflcli1ronlz@d WT .i!lnd:r;mco,:9 cII!1tli!J1~S a~all~i!~,d by nGE. ttl, visutlli~ie yeast (IuorrmslJmesan:d therr w1eplkaltis'n, PfG) were transJ<erlF@d ilnd hybridized ~1,Fitlii a p~o,oo' 'l~ 'l,i'c:lrri~'I,l:S111',omO;SQiiI1:~St,o qlJl ~Iill'ify 1~l'Illry ,of lntliilfd ~~~ d'lromIOiS~ me's.. (I ld~'i'!t1Ir'i(a~'k1l'l1 ( of ChrOrn(lSi!'Jllile'XIII entlF:fintiJIlh;~ g;el,is ShO~¥flJo r'Nl. sIDc6,9, ilnd srnc6-9 rod52t!. (E~Is.llies;ing'le' ast~ri:llk llndl1ci1Ites ~hll axi~, La he]: tli me (in miin) o1rt!~r G:a: rre~eil:5.e at 31~'.1i11(B), IFlat!~,~ p 1~,:511lll1l.arLy r I)lhoij.lhQF~~t~d! In W'I' end sm((i-9 ·cll~l5;;!~t:eJ HILI '!~~tlille:nt. A DSB li!l M~r (C) 'C!rr[lNA (0) ~fldlJ,!~!I;ls :RatiS,3, phO<:5phouyiaticmil'l 'WT .mdl 5fl1r6-'.9 {eUs, tlr1l'"'ClI\~ ~II'I (8) tiD ('OJ ~mj~(ille Rad53p spede'5. ~Plho!>p'ho~~,ti1!dlR.a.L'iI!Bp is indic.ate!:!1 {U). VOL

" MARCf-1 2007

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
"7!;I~'fIl'1TI- i~ deU;[lll:Cll11i!I~CI OhrmTI9foO!lII<aJ ~~re;)jks"l'ld g<lp:ll, observed in Ihe Inlcgri~y ![I the whole neither ![IngQ!llg !"ork s nQI' ~Im~pli~ ~(!mm~~. We ..lso mJIiC Ih"t Ibil~~K~C r~I,)~i,t;:;!!~e~lC'!i1p!¥<l~~ eel I~ are OtiC to ~nfl:!pr~c~tQ~~I)NA. to q1~,'\",t ~1tJ;l;rIl~n."~ qf rPNA~~'ij!l,g\t,;"'"Pl cI .. s~iil;"'! ,;iI. 11~~ .'f~ilpi-9 m~lta~tcel~~ ~h:(m ,,11 im!~i!\~"!i~in Qcffliin g";'lol~~i~n;l~~n:il.. ~w;h 1J!~~!Il~ml~~~%. i;i1romo1SOI!III!lIi n,;"::IIT,IJlgit;Vlli,ints at <11 nOll··,ONA oU!,illd pp.crliij~IUy il1d~~ .11 '~cU I,;y~k ::JI:nt.'t'>t ~h~dl"P{li!ll1\.."'Ifll;iIL"C ~Fug. 4D1 rl~.,\,,~ h,I\"Ll lU{'u:> prJ), which, fJ~ il~nmlmtl1i:l.!i~linl frugiJi..: I!J~~~!!:I il~~ rDN A as ~ It1.Odt] ~~)r ~1)liOition thrnlJgI'iI ~K:i.i\,,,li~II1 fllf l~IC "pl!:.dk oln,'ek:p.uiult. or clllnp~"'I.!"!l. Ihi;:rDNA .p::gim~ might he COl]· sites, eould be a'nr:ihu~I~C! Ihl;; $cgreg<.~iCl~~ 01" the R.ui[j!.(]C:PC'nd~nl mLd";I!iOIJl~!<1SC check(lm!!1t. ~;idcn;,d us ;1 .. ~,pcc~a~~~n{l!mi(: il:lcul~,_" HnwIn In~n!:ll<l]iall ~I!b. rr..r~i!C' :il.~~'ShOlV(; hi\:-..'Ul r<uil~~!ly~piiL;';,JI.tcd:chmlll'im~(1Im!'"",. Sw,di~,,'1 wilh t:'\'t:t.wc have si~O'1!Nn dl!ll i'l iz.; under !ioro'i1!~1 z>JlmV1l1 to n::rllic~ll~ IgI:(;: ,lIld ~n k :-;clisi~i\.'1.':'10 mh~g,.rU:!§l in ~'~l1L':1gnl]liol] m'mp~,I;x. h~~\'~ :showll C'hcckpo~lil :;,lir;.ci 11ill nee, Dcc ~LLJSCfDN repA 111at lh:ilri!l~ S.phm'~t LhC'.lt:' is nDOnk Ih:rt~h.old, ~pne-atit'H~ d.::JI1IIj'~ (n-19'~ whi:d!. ~1I.~~':iI:5 Iil'i!it fiOt ,~!1ccIqloiru ~ct~vlili()i1 (211. Similarly. illl IQrk!l pr1)g~5inglhr.oLiig1i 1.~~O;:ote [~gje..i1S i~l Ime r>!..'S~nh;8 to 12:% of Ih.e y,ellsl ~~~~ornh.\ ito[·· n~ lc enti)' belore coinp~,e~kmor mINA n:pliC'l.lliml G~ do no! ~i,!l,nlii.l!Umj1\L'11ie [t~]lI~ and thm. [I;I~ llii~rK'I'tttrbed e<:M eye~e.~.'oil~oin~ lork:; bcdow 11i~]:l'res.:1li:lld level Ini::hl r!li I to 8c~ii\"lnc !)
pZYBel'llmt

aCiC~!nUe fOl:k ~'C~t;j1rrt ,. ~e, pausing,

101:1
!!!)

lIB:

'lill II!!

i
l
4-

i:

:50
4Q

I~I

sWlri~l~!'Cp~iCJll~m~IX!fort!' 'l'! !1!Ci:;.i!:-..

Ili!e,f!t~eif'!!Cje-5aii!d N(I!tes

chcckpoinl. ,duri~/:l. G.z-1'I!t nOllclbn::., ~vcproI'iOse lh"'l. beth the' IhnC'ly ::~r;u~~~ fl.C'lween. ion n::'I):~~:c<U'ionand ~c;ro§mion OJnd Ihe lX.":'ervoi:, or U!UIi:C(~o.r~gim;, ,m:..c lh~ ~"lt~I~1 f<!c!(o)l'!';' ~H-

,II

Ii

:» :m
1~' iii
--

Ii I
I_~

~'i

4l!I
:301;1

1" ]'. !j'I,!elr;]et~ C~{I', QpJ'~\ Ge~.IJe .... 2. 1l'..Pi. Wl!illr!~~ G, Ib ~rr. L :fl. l'ianMll, Gi!rn!'J: 00.8.

8,.ms: U:!ll'.oo.

2IiI
f~

652 U9~), 3. ].. A.. Terap~. ~. ~. ~OfI!ghe-~1. IF. llIifne't. Mo~. CtJI 1m. •.
m~3 ~OO;l),

.......-.
,!I'

4. l.M. SOiilO, M. lo~es, M. l\i!iilri~ Sci~(f'

~ ~~ ~';.I~ ,G_~ ~'II'
ripiI',nj

," I' ~
~

/
'1311

III

~D'
'J'iI1~ li!it'll pG_,g~

~D!

s,

~as

,.ri,!l;l,~

pIi:~~

~.:m-

,.,."~ ,~

L lou. S. I. E!led~~. 'Sd~ il;(tCI l!1";Z (20013). 6. f!.. i.en;r,,:ooe,. IE. ~!ii:b:~~,MDL 0119" 1&7
'7" $, I'i~Uli, Lmgallet', C

fzoon

',~l!.
I.~,;l,

5ii1'i1

ROO-'U.

K. tla~lh.

(M60

3788

flOOS1. 6. P. 1'000~ra. , B

1'_ l!Mld;~rr.~":S<~~, S- M,. ~~~r, !li!!r;B, :H!l,9 (19951}. 9. f!;. R ~mmnl!lN 01 ~tN'. ('d. 1Ml. '1:5, 7067 .. •• ThlJl

U~5h ].i:olm!s.ltOOi!ll
t2005~.

~j .. 1",

Ii'D~ (.ef)I

8i,ot'f"

41l.

ID
r-----A..._

U" :Ii. llIitlii!!lH ~r tit, S;:itii~t 'Z:n. lS 18 U.99\ll 12. ... fit~rQ, A" 'B~I'I~Ii'rll:fi. )Cub, ~ fi. ~; 1.6, 2~79 QOO:;U" u. y. 5~\i: ~f at, S;rien~ ~'l. ~5 ~ Ul996J. ],.11. 8.], BltWer" W. L l~iII1~;rnlll1.'eiI! :55", 16~1 (1:9am, ( B. M. 1H.1.i!ii5!{tf!~~. A. HU,",eflrn!l, ~. Cell.~. 'e~~9[21' (l986t 16. Y. tltl'!)l, itYafW!, M.NiormUfIl, tffJ~ ~r,l. A>Md.Sa'. USA :8e~3~62 {l!:9nt 17, i\\. m ~ ~~,~ aL. fI!Iffl\~. QeJ'le1. 7,,7,5'5 U99.S1. leo I\. 1'Ail1lffli!!1 tt ai, MQt Cd~ tliLlt 2.iQ~ 4~:W ~2(1001 [~" A, Rab~~1i, Y. H~m, Y. ]iangl ,M,. M. li! 8!eIlJW, ,G(!I'lI!!:: (,lintllJll!oiM'l~~ 0111tf1 3!51'. ~2004~. i1 2,0'. G. De !Ii(ro~ d aI" Mll. (l',I/~, ,a~ :ll!0r3:il~2QOgl.

:rt t:. 5hiliii~d~.

II',P~et~

S,Illl(i;.~r.

&nt;t

.pel". It

J2],6

(20021. Z2. WJ:(h~n~ I,· 1)<!!al;!~~1 ~I'!d ,r.!. Rh.l~d f!!l'r~.;::!pM ~"'!c.: I!rntl di~ti~ion. iFumlfl1l!)'rmrrUi'~ HabM I1ll!afOltrJl}''wa~ IrOOl Wi'l!1lr~~t G~ 2J)(!C:S~.1.T WM 'ru,ppOOl!i!d1 tl'l" ,ill .-lit

t t

h.I."

~riie (ulie IE.urapeaf)l\ei!'l~9mi'fiQ~ Gl'ilfIt ~!lJj! ,iI "l.:lmM 'I ~~~. ~omlrilct 'ri'om 'lIu! S:~lliIi~IiII~CII'!!ffi.m@nt. W~~ 'if) '!!Ie ~!iero III!boriltOIl)' '!'j~ ~vJ)~l1tld Ii!~ Fill", IlEquf~ !'IIWJ, t(!I;!'~nge; p;ar I~ Fg~d'<!~ii!!<n RWI~de ~il:a!~l', iI'I\~r~ !he ~. ~n, ~aill'lr.llt)i'!'m~ $.1!j)J'.!tifli'!-4I i!.)' iIlIl!' Oaflli!ih N~l1ir.lll. Soi:i~n~~ llti!l1~rdIllolJlndl. 1ht,A~1!I li!oorilC!)' 'I'f,lJ~~Upp~t~!iI !!)'~m~ 1!,I.!t( l!lI·ltlti' to:'

S!I!!j1i:portin!fj1 CIli1fllle

Ma~e\rlal,

WM'l',~~~rm9,~.,r~gilcOlilIEl1ll:rLIIlli31515;~:l11(pa,~l!lrm:1

lPilg. ,4. E~irmlii~atiji1!J replkat~Of1I l!llilPfldlimuts re$ttI~s se!!Jm!J~I'~ll)j'1 5mc,6~9 ()~11is.,tAJ S>e9!fie9}~;tiM ()ir 'iriJ te10;487!ag ]1'1 sm(6,'9 al1ldi sm(6-9 j'Ob:J.J wa!iIi1:s.. (B) S@lgr'C!I:at~Qn()f felO:48.7 tag ]1i1 smc6-'9~ $fflc6'~9 rpa13M, <31'ti:! smc;6·$i Job'iJ rponSd stl'ain.~" ((~ Dia:gramlill,llif. rlllpr15e.r11:a.1~(lUD the S1lg~e:gatiolil Ilir <If ~\l!s:t cl1romQSQm~);JI~ifll WI' (llild! smc6~9' mlJ~nl'S. (1[Ii) [l~l\t!yed ~p\ka'!:!cnrw~ 1f! yl~S'l ,c~~!s d~ lIiIot ~rigiger 0111 :re.p~ittltijlJll,"tielil1l Leliiolll clh~:~:poinit ~rr'Dr 00 rs, ~n (A)'lImi (IB)illlotiictlteSI) flrem tbree'illl dependent p

fflIIlt;rr~l~ mYJ Vl!)II

Mdl

i!.ililm,iXI~,

Ftg!Oo n t'li)6 :R~4er!lO~~

Ie-xperimeruts.

1:7 Au!Jl.m 2.oo~> :ilOCt1Ptedi,;!S klnuiIfjI 2007

lO,·n2~~i~ifiCi!.lU~Cl~

REPORTS

IF'roml ,Sw,iimmlingl to Walki,ng' willhl a, Salamander R,obol Drive!n by 8 S:piln,al Co'rd Model
,11I1L'lll(je'illlil ~]speelil:..l", ,~~,e<ssalldll'o ]
l(r'e'£p~,:tIl Dimiitlri

Ryt:zko, 2.~ )tlliillill-Millrri@

Cil1iJlel,gu'E!niU

hij!ll l;:':I;!'L';(lf drhe. 111';$,11fOvidcs ,;)j n~dllr ..ni'lMlhr rn);).:ll\'im" ~~~~!~ ')j,~1J1,l!1V~L;: fri"'~i!l\'lI!iw (J 5), ;Il~~ ~pl~~n.~why ~ :,",~fulI1InUq~ r~]~t~,!iC~'iS m1!;~ ..rnlK;~u~1y htghw ih8lt wt~lkil!~ In"ll;lUi.~lci~ (J. $,. I~yp)d~i", F~r~h~ 4k ~!:rc dri\"I,;, lid) (llf,CiUnlR'S 1'!)jJ\,~ 1rn~.. 'Oi~r~i(; ~~ GlL!.t;n<;!:c~, !l~u t~lt;,' boo,}, (1iscill.,rto~. This i:"'1;~]bill.~ mh~ l'<9a~idijabCn,..~ ~n~1;g!;J~Ui~j' dunnJjl Lilli; ~wil~h
<lW!t9!l1I<lI~!c;jIII~i <'\\Iil~h~~gIlllt.;-.twCl;;!l \~Jking ~il)It'iWII~kil1~ 10 s<Wiilillt1,nifig .md dll1.~ arbcmi!\I~;C:lj, g M~ki~g 1LndN,wil'~~lt~tllg ~ruqllill.~ltt·y rni'l,,~--'~3, 5~ 1 The ["'nUillooe~ .ils. (;l:im,~d or~. 'booy CPO asda ~ilnh ('Pel implcm~n!.. d a::. Ill, s.j'steun of e rol1lll~1cd 11()1lIitl~3r oscilllm.tilli':t (FiS, '~f\,I. SilnilfLr

Tihe ll<lln:£ilioll'l hom aquali~. to tl1!rrl1!~U'i[l& LOOOlil1lo,ti'onVa", <II I~;e~d~~opmE1ntiil'l \ v~rffi,bra,t:e evo~Lltloll,. We pre'5emit ill ~piinat (oro mneel dlnd HsimptemE1il1tatiol1il"l an allT1,Fliili'lliom salama:m:iler rmot tna'l lCiemo:nS<tr:atfi!:s how a .[lIrilililitive l1e!IJlral cir''ClIIii~ lor S'I'IlFTImlJm!:! Gill bE! 1E!x.tendeclbcy pilY~l!nelilcaUy mOI',e< re[I!J~t limb oiScilD.ats:ry (iel'lteJS to !axpl!aiim !!hI! ahi~itf (If saJilRlo'l nd'@rs 'M! switch 1b~~wl!ii?l"Is\vimmfn~ ,jil!nd m ~kililgl.lli~ m,lD[h~ll 5l!Qg~ts, IFleuralll1ll!lmiillllismlS. Jor rnladiul€ltian of !;i~k!(itiJ.,ti~:F@ni~:n., and type of

'!JM~lhat ar@II"ElL@Ii.ant f.~fan '~l!ia;pad:'S, It pr~iclt:; !hat Umb '~$(il~tCirf mfttflts ,11:1!V@' llrw~,r ]ntrin~1t: r:r~ql!lefl.d~ thalnl body o5d'll~lO~ '~e,rU~rs,~dl \lie' ~rill~efI~ bi!olJ:lg!(ai. dail:a Sl!P'Port!IIlD this, a
~ll,i ~r..al1'JlldlJr. (iU :il'llillili bi,' ~,ml'.~~, ~.g'l,.rd, "Li-d,: as lill;l 'tl1'lHupocl flitlSl dtl~iy [I,~~!~:'Ib.~lng. dIe lirsl. t..;~:rc:.I:ri!l~ V(;ri('liJ'Glre~ ,alid I'l!,p.re~ S1..'.f!!.~.nhL.'ftl For"', a ].;.J,..\Y"lliu~fl!lL1 fimn wil~(;h ~h~

fO ImHJUt'!)' nUI!(J~L~J J ).~hi:!! Lm"'l illgpropcr! iC$ of ~ M o~illmory cC.I~~er Ihl! o!'lCillmocms 'oo!wcen t1Uf)lI~ of nl{lb,1nl.lll! mn <leI i\'i~)i nd p~ri(I(Js of a re.;,t~l~ nlmi,~~i\,:'d y 11i!!~~l!!i!i: of<! ~~h;if'~ b ,(~ciU;u~,
witM cml!IDU~cliill'ipljtLldL;":

:;'1(k'So,r (he ~1)iIHlI room ,md

g,~\Il("I~ !Jr.i\,dill~ \W~Vl.'l ~JJ.t('&,jXIltd iII.!!; ID fieli~'(! ~williarniJ:lg wh\!!l O ::acl.i\91.00. by N-I1iI~lhy 1.fi.af>p.:1JJ"~~ut.c mll .apl1'licflb t!(lnia~ i"oli1~Li'd sp~I1u1 ~n.r'iJ pn;iflill<l!·iO:ll:;. (i'1. The

IIl~Ulf·d~l1;JIDC~]; OT lh~~~n~\ICItHi.)llIL" r o:f !illL;'~imh:.; cl:I(3Jlg>L;'lii from OiqIil~UI~(:o WmtWi1d t IbmiJ.blg~J.'l!J l.i:J11h CPl"i are lClC"J:LiL'tILi1. Ihe~iclll e.aHi IJ~ ~nfctru[ll~ J" 21" .~t~&c:Ilpllbk: of rapid 1,1'switeh illi!!! IJCl.WC'!.!lJi I.WO ~Qro'Ji\l[l~i;a·lIi s.cgnuc·ms; :Ibr liE !hJdili~b.~ aJ'idinl the d'Of"Jef!~~.lodes:. ,wiml1.'i.l~g,~"d w8Udng (.i -5}, TIle swil'l'D~ hJil1l1b.lIr S.~gJl'1(!l1ts for [ill'! hind.llirnbi;, (13, /.ri. " ~ui~~g mede is ,~imjllllr 10 ~ut of ~lC' 13Jl1prey. ,L Looo.iU'olion ~,~Ibe im~lljced by simple cloclrical \"'111:.'.1'1:.' 300 I'r are 'Ihe s.tine Vruli3blk,'Srep rc.sCI11O! ing tl~c phasea~dllhc' ;m11)1 ntlldco fosc:i,rl allOY i; \'t sl~mll.ll!l.uion of t~c ~~lescru:;eplml~!(00001fIm~or 1 prhn iiiVi! fish, w itl1 I:~sl a", lal II ndMJal'i;onsbeing m~dI~IdC[C'm1I'LI1C' .UIS,lnmn,.;,k 1~IUC'JlC'Y and amLnw pmptlgmcd .<Is.lrn\!e,~ing. waves ['min 'lilC'ail:l 1.0 OC'guon I(MLR) rocatoo in the tniclbLldln U.i'~ pilintdC'. and ujif: .<Ii po.~~iq:: rnt<;mrlt C(ltUI~h~\gs c w.a1 ~a~~,uitiadc: the 1~l'I1bs re Ihld'cd b:lck~~'ard. Ol~ ~evd>;of :olinmk!!~irnl indL!CCtile ,,~~~W kin,g gil i:t a by l'irm ~lln~'~Idl. Ill!,;' "d·;nn.,''l11Cicr!i'\:'r.'i~d~ !in!l S.b'iIII'Cr and, !II foOHrelihUl'~ilnld.h~lt'ir s.~imu~I~~ml i~~~I1.I(;(.'liil~IW~e!l oSCiU<\!,{lP.' <!!~ d~lim,'{1 !Ire w'!:;:igilli:!'. tig' wld IP~!!I!,"<C'u!'(,~ %', A PKlI'ii.'l~v,,~ bi {1!'ici~.hu[D1)I' ~~~Jl:lt ,~tCI1'P~~lg ~'Iil.iu which di~lgomllly ~>;PifM.l."~. .. r,upjd *""'i!cb J!liI!h!:l b"!"'T ... ,vinunillg nlod~"ln

l!;VOllItioll.:lll),

locmnot.hJJl

li'~lb:;; !lrU m~:W1.;"dwg(;lhl.lrwh;:h:;

I.hl,l boo),l1!mi-:!Li;

bODh mU!;:I~OIi~

S:~sh'lp(.'<.I ,~t:il!ldil,g waves wli!h n~od(,'s at~hc giRIII>.!,(.~ (5). lJJNill.Jillh~ s,;.bmn:mdC'.t mi .m mlli l1iimlml!l{.k1.. \\'~
.1idda'(~ IhK"C

runiclmn~tUl~

i&"m::;.; rd.uCd

~o

'\'C'f~

~chrn(.(:; IOCOilI1.tll.ioJl: ~~) t~IC Il:lOd~lie.~~uioll~ ulli(b~ g.one by .he: ,spnnal 1\J,eoilrol.or drelil.its Jurili1glhl! C:\lOltilifm~ry ~l:fnlsJtiim from !IqUfflitic 10 ter:ut:strifil locomOl lOll: (iii) the 11I1Ie(;hm~i SIll", I1cccssmy IOf

((iord ilmlu!Oll (rr ~~mb!)ltd axial mD\iemC',~us: and t(j~t)Ihe mcCh;mlS111l! .... I~ml lU'ldedic~ai! lmn~ilioJJs inci!.!ood by j'ihn~)!je decl.nc<11 l1dnu!laHofil or lite lllrnin 5'lC!fIi, \Vc crcild!'l~~h~"l\C quc;sli{)!1~ \'\~ dl Ihe .t!dp ilrllL!l~rico:d !1100~ (~f l'i; ~d"mOl!lder·s d Sp:IJliIJ !COld that we hwp~emcm and t~~ 011 ;]I ,~<lJ;lnl;u'ldcr~Hkcmiooc C31~l\:ilc of f;wimrning a:n'<i w,l~ki~!,g, Cmlj'i~"'I~IC~ll~l. Ihi.~~H,.dy ~1:5o "k~llon~ r~ <I ~'i'~r.;lti[}]l ()i"hQW.~~ool~I;. . nbc lII~o;,."d {lI,,;;;~bL{)I(lMk;;'l1 L

or

111rxld~. ;1I1d i:11 !iC[IiInJ:. 11:),ll!'biokl.gy (.~ulhdpin

clc,..,iign:i:ngrol:xll lo.tUll:1otOC'lU oorbiroUl:rs,

1\:; irl {l!hcr vCilCbn:u~ uJiliulals, SliIl!I:UTIill1dcf by 3 'cc!11rnll}m~Cm gCficrul.C!r {CffiH i:, t~)..As ill the Imllprcy ~9'. /lJ, mt.d in the .X~/wpn.'f ,e.lili'ilwyo 0 I., ,I J}. dK: CPG rQr m.;:l<ll nlOl~oll Ihe b\,""Idy ('[l(J is dislJ'ibuu:d alol1lgmhlc entire l~ngtl1 ohhc :iirilml OJrd. II lbnn~Il doolblc
!,:..;Jl.iI:;: m:c gCfl.crn~ccl

R~p!\;~ril:.'O~lk' btlnil prridut1.'t! by ~h(~ L1.'1Ili~\Yr. In 1J!C 1<l_mprc}'r!!ld tltl~ S;."llEil!llJ.V!dcr. ~K' ..l1n· ~~)I MlR !'i~inlllUl"Ii[ln hi.l!v~~ in'H 1]f:!('iIi;'Fl,'cd ~Il[1111 1~]L1Ud~~ : :Jl1cl Crl\Xi;l!C'llC}i of lillU::i~ dC'J"IC'l1d om the :;IfI10U!ll tOl\;ti~nl!llllf(ifm (I j" 22)-T}fp~."y. '<\, Il(~'l~l. { cl~I:.iSt,'S 0.11'<\J;r!l'l1:,r'"ih;:Sand [1pt1(.'UI' 10 I~!l roTllllmn \ pro~'H,'lityIt)f v("nd:mt[(;looom:m~Jr tt~lltlX!rll~ 16), iliorIL~k,in!!l drri\!to: is {Lppllicd. Ihlil;'\: iPim~, Cfl!l be dblilligiLlishcd: Ih .fL slIh~hre,.,>holcl plsase Wilhollll A~~iiOlI~h 1IlE:;:;,Cdam :ilhow ~h;.; ~nciITl! org.."lniZ<lLtion ,of tl~e ~OO(I.~~'J)t.Qir['PCr, tl~cy do I~m bu.r'SIS: t~ au Oa."C'nlmil1gp!lflSC whCilt: lite file. i), qU~ley and m;nplli~liilk~ Ofbtll£ti inlcreasc \\' hh rhe cl(,pl~in how 1.1~edilii~reill o~mmory Q~'i1:ClS arc cQ)upJ:C(~ ro.gclhc'1"3mIIil0\',Ih~ arc (liriJ'IICi1I by drive': and (iii) 3. satlu'Ution phase ':V.~len:: li!nL~rs ~ couunillld siwmh. r'Or gail, gcnCli!.t~(m .md ~m}du~~- S~JI)p oscilla~~ng. \Ve rep:l.icfLLC this cll:Tecl by [ImJ. Weh<!JVC (_k:vc!opo[la.llmncricall moc:le:~ on.hc il1!l:ro:il!da'ij!lI 'pieccwlif.C' lineill' srlll!lill.ioll HI ~~cti:on. sa l'a!nolndcrCPG toe.xplm-c dlCS~ qw;:\~.tons., \1I'I~kil \vhkh 8imilariy ImXllll<lIC,~ Ihe JmLinsk; litlqucncy ::'!mi ;,iUT!Jliir]llcl~'V~wId RfHcctudla],g to .a drive ~g~lnI. are i'l;'k......l~to all tt.'lJ:npt;ld~ P!lCVklll~ mUllCficld ! l~' betwee~~a 1000'o'cNIS.ciUatLon ~ul;.'S~mh:l, (J~. ,mld 'l1{)d~b;,07 It}} hi.l!v~I)J\n,jd~'d ]n~!l!!1t~;;~no i po~ Limll:;md body O:'b'CiJI~[OTS sndeunech<!lnisn~5 for gill.! tnuisidoll. btQl fm.i~ed Ill'll ~11l]:lCI' mlC. d!ti.~~., t'Ll;1.:p'mridcd WHlll diiTcn:nl :iimll!ra[iol~ lbn,Ug~.~. wc.",~~alll~hJ; ~\ilL It slim1.!lm tOIl c~.)C'rintii!m de" wi~h tiN' l,imb OOdUalit)~ ..yslCl:!li.i!lk,dly Q8cill,,~!\4;;ribt;.1cl,<Lbovc (,I .1) ;Ind •.he ()iJf;cr.mlirnllhal swim· illl,! .1] 10\\'C1I'rrcqllC'JlC'i.g~ lh,lJ:! bt;xl.y o."d~b.l.Q!~ 1'!Il:~' ~nillg .Ih."f.!'u~~I;;,~iL}.'i;111.' :>y~li,;m,uk;1IIIy bi£l!u;:r limn w,llking 1'rI;1;g~ltim.:iJ.."," mhG M~]I.C drive ~hYP'D!IN,'S;)i; 4) mid lol'JllUl1lling .. ~ " f)l!Jir n1KJ(lcl i~ ~';Il.'(1 {Xl .rollf I~.'Iilin h}'podl!..~. Iri,VCL- t~re~!mld ~lliI:;IIl (~]yr~ll.lli;'!'Iii:> J). E:,;.Q!..!rJl ~.br Ilypntlltl;~is 'I; n~l::!ru(l;y CPG .i.<; like I:hal. (If Lhe Iuuln.ng., il~:I, ~)~ci'l,hnorsrureiy{~ the ~r1!UiI11: dll,V(: r.f.
rn;.lIl!11cl1q' or J~'Kllrml .~~lPn}iPIClFXi.,

~iml;11 to '!JI~c s~nnublion SU'C:lJgtBl" Gmlh<i!:llsitloU.'t

chain of a,>,cili<JIiltl:1i'Y C~lItCi'S '~groWlps, of ~lm~c.~.hi~il, ,r.hynhmic OJIcl:i\ i~y~ ~ooalc,d

m:U1D:11S
0111

'oot~1

1S'~ 01 (~~te~ afi!d COf!1!i1Q11ll;anon :5l:Ien~, [.eft ~. ~wilul! f~d6r~~d~ la!J5ilml! (ElJIH}, Somali 14. rn·1.0L5 ~ntl', M.nUfIlil:rud,. '~INlSEIW.U862. Bor,dMIJ.I:.HIID17, j:"i!OO:. \!.J1i~iI' BO~ Z, ~~~L!l\. f~'3~-OO7, rOO(t. ~ "'1'0 \~hom oo~~e~p(!lfnl1fen~e illlIOuI_dI be addlre~. auki1';ij~Il'~~I@~,p1U1lli

lamprey ilnd ~ll!fmOOLL"ly ptodlll,Ccs [LllVClillg <lICliv<ltOO, '\\ ,~~I il tonic drive (~iC~ <lI s1)rt;. pic OOminli'lJUii;:sum\Ilmxm). 1111: timb CrG. ,'\,'hel~ a~~~<lIed. fo,i.t(S dl£:wlX'i1e I"G boo ~l:,~k ~ng mode. ~ P·(!~"liCl!!.~l}''~'d ~n 'll l'. IIy!pCI!!h~ Is ~; 111e'sI]'cnglhs of i1lC COLIp:i~l&" Ifi'OJU li<I'ID!o b&;iy G.1:CillrLllm>al1e~m~rthan ~~OSC .mn b._"l(]!y to body GSCillh~CII'S and fklln bGd.}' 10, litnb C&'iIL11l.~:s. "[~~b!, al ibl.II'S (he Iirnb C'PG~o ''0\, ~mdc'''lh~ m[lnr.d!c~"
WIf>'CS W~'l~l

:9lch
''''';1.'1

,,~C 'OOllp~irlg pilfi!lTiK:ter.; wg and ~ .fIre~l thtll.t lhe Ixldy C~{j producc.s~n'<l,>eli!llg.

cs {h}' iXI'~llc::;i:s I) and thc UI111.'1('P(i Pi\Jd)Ul::CS ' IlJ,e$<I~mM;;!I!I~r:iitl;:ppillg.lh~rc @;' n~~lil'ecliol1ill Cl)ltIpli~l,!!t. ~}om .Ilimb oscill.l:ai:m~to I.:ix:xiy oocil!. lat{)~" (fig. I A) w.hoo.e ~'ilrerlglhs are Im~cr ilmn. Iho.~w.i,lhiillli~c l'lOdy C~G~hypolllcsis 2). More de,,,iis mul pillillnctcrs :l1'C pmv~OOI in the S,1I1'1po:it~ngOn ~iuleM~,~~i<ll J). O RGoo~ ,aro inc!.9/.;~~:UW.y U9ll0 Ol~ lOOl~ 'toh."S\
h~illtW..~ Cn!.1ctvuing bioJ'ogiOl;:,d

IE',rnait

or~h(:vodJ' CI);G to I]~UCC !r.llvdliL1,g W~I'\.1."l5 ~l 'to jl1tMlllQ; ~1!1Ji!\g W;;~\IC,,'" W:I)1)(lid);.~~. 3: Limb otiCiUato~ ,L;:iun!1t'l,l al('~lb!J.,': ;it hi,~ qllll~,nti~llilli ils,. K')' ~Iil:nlit:!IliD ;SI.o~ ffie1 ~~~cil1g d I Ul
C!'lcy

•u:!d

r~

r~')o

I. kIT' , \W k~ l!ic :;pnni;;JI1 oottl 111oodon

rmlmiU'.cr IDbolwho~

{24) . ~IlIjlUDlX~ ~~,Iilli~fMd ~'~u) In l

~S'Q!lir;;, ~I

" MARCf-1 2007

VOL

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org

REPORTS
sbow tim! O'ur n,~ medel cOIn ~l~t:mlC Ihr"o,\'1:!!d i rllrt.riPJl wi~h \'<!ri"h~!!; $~cr;l ::md hCiildillg: (J,g". "-'"I;~'t;l~ !h~l~ 1!lQI;;-Q:ru '1x"w;Jy"!br~~,i,~~~iGm'l 1IJNJ Cj'lm011~ ;;,.ldioo lit ;J'II;,I),IRumiI~cd ~11~Jli,;):(ij,illw qli~HbrtiJ\'1,,'ly mn~pjttru- lIu:: ,gaii:s. gl~I~C;r.lft,-d IIln~ tn of dle ,ro,l~ ~.;"lImmllidC'j: arid (iii ~~!J :>~m'!r' I~1L!!]:I~
F'iig. t. (Q~fig:i,ualli~Ui1 ef 'lihe (]~G model (A) ,alnrl sallam~ mldie, robot {B), Tt!.e' rob!Ort is dri~~ al(~l,hi:ll!:e~)'., hi oge l'C1inil.$ JO'F thespij ne (iJ~Ci(k

c~m::cp~ of C'lPGs crn~ ~~ to ro·h!!81, ,~-on~otiQl1 co.mr(l!1 lOr wOOl:,.;; 'I.\,'i~~I1I,lLd~irll;!en iC\l! lnted jl:)inti'<.,
lGht,T &X~'l·!r.l!TIgmbo~ 1iS<gC~jJ'JIl!;:-d ~ "PJlm;."i.

:><i'X <I~tlil!:!ii~d ,hin,b">l

pi~~~ UI1~i~lhc fl:~ <I~lln'!;ll. li:n]L:t\. pcrrQ:llnonJl~~ll1!9~ !1Clmtion. llWro!'1nj(lll rep!~;tlJ,'4' '!h~1~~~iorll;l!

!hrl,.l5t ~~;II ,~bl~"gL~!di,;T :!QJ}11 'IJ)~

~.1lla"tdy~lm~d~ n,J.;:kilfK::n~ti~ :rt!il,l~~l1; (If ~~<Illl~' dt::rs ~Fig. I.BoJl llt'l:ruoo, ean mmllC: ib ~iD!lIrillfihz.;:IS l \l<o\ciIll~ lJ!1L1(h.~ :r~~a.d u!~lvlilltta:~l~ {l!I'~lC s:pil'!c wilh

lfJiylo tll~ ,~UIIIl>t;!\vh~kin si;Il'~IPII~ rnrnd ;l!!!rn.\',:;' d'k: :nhl:111fli.im] lx1\~1.,1b'1sVi,·iirlg Imd slallc~ SG"iPO~lfu; Ilhe mol_gr oonlmnb1i. am b;~roI(In ~!l:l dirr~lCi:

~m

by 10

at malQJ'.s.,

wh~ch

,(}f :!.6 QS(11~~rs wiilih

1fI'~

dis~~n ·the- ~hl!lmali:c \ftell.\I' Glf~n@ rol:iQltj a I'ltl rom rot,i!'!iQml~ .io~nt5 hl,r the limbs (b~ack 'C}!iliml,ern,. (I~ is The UlmITpOSlla of a !:lady 'CP~a douhle cihaJilii fiI,~iJt9 foil' iliilvQl'I'g thE!
splllll 1fIII00~Of!F--a a fI1dl (PG-4,~mill.~atm~ror driving Ule, ~illlilbIrnurm,rs, Ihe 'ClIutput~ Gl,f~'heosdlli!imrl>
~ n mb

reS'!:'ne'igI1DrD'r

COlli"

a,re used to det:ermin,oe'

the se'~lloin~ 'f'f (de-

:5~red,aJ'i~I.e$" ~Elrll l'O IProponiofl"l·D:e'ri:vathle

(P,D) f.eedbi!l~k'[jontroli.e~

torq,L!@S (t~ ro UQ iI tl1~~!' 1{ol.ta'ge Vr) 91rvel1~he adU81l alm'gles, ~. lih!!' C!P'G lilmde1 r'eH~i1{~£Ilen il nd rig ht drives Ii n::pre.~ lilting .ae:5{e,ndi n~, sfgfil[ll£rtr,om~hf' M llFl r,egriCllillin the brain stem, lfhe \f~l.odty, ,dir~(tioll1. (llildlylPe o~'gait e~:nib~tJm by the IroOO~ (ami be ad~!JI~'l.ed by Iilllodiryffin.g the'~e t\~oslgJflat~.

that (i(I:iiluol thlii

!1i'I1!(),t~w

fig. :;:I,., Sl",'il'chin:gri!'Q1'Ii! '~l!'a lking t<l Sil'o'iffl"trnmg, a(~-:ulY Qlf !he (PIG mOO',\llllllhE1nthe ,dri~ S;i~J!ilil t~p',fC!9r~S5h,l',~lyh,,(re~~d, (A) XJ signals from Hle ban body (PG O:5,{~I~iilt.UfS (M~mfltms on th~ to thst (lir :rn9l. lA. IJI fiI~tsaN! ill radians (sc,a'le !Jar e:Jl tJile tol'l right)., 'lh~ ~ed lines mll~tJ;ale Ihe lralil~ili®11i 'rifllnil :Malrnd~ng 1,'i',8J~~ (\'Ai1th syndil·!i'(I!i!Y in the' lfllllnil ~yn:c~roIilY if! thetaili31n~ 1111 (!Ir!lip~~ Ir@l.ln:fool:l~l\\!@~!l ttiil@li.'!'CI,'\\ ,~ <: t <2'0 s) to [r<iI'Ol'elirllgt 'lO'I'.aj~~ (20 So < ,t <36, 5)" {R} ·!!If sngli'lab h(llir~~'he~~ft· lij'mb (lflG O\SdUa~,()!fS, IpsU.lIOO'f-al 'r~f\e- afl~ hindllimbs ~f_i!! 'in al1liph'(j$~., {C) ~if1S<tntan;eo!!l~hQuenci,es rne<l:iure.aas B; in (ycle~.lIhe VilIriiatioJlsill Ihe il'lsl<inti:anseus heql!l'~lld~s among in;divid'ualo~ill~tars :lItliIirlies~'"" 4 s ,a,nd r", ,20$ GClrirl!~pcif'ldto bril'r~mc:elllralions andl dE!ce!eriiltiom Ibefore l"El'.!i(llllldllronizalion. (11)1) :~][;'IlIa_rili!,~~~e 'o~ the i:lrifrVl:!' appl1el:l ~@ana$dllat®rs, ih~ d
right :!1i~~are exactly iln ain'liipha~e~. nu~ IiIl!lmb.erii[;'l~ «m'e~IlO1UrtS

c
f

....
I
II!"

~~d b@dy otSdbtors in artbitro;llJ d~~'Iie'llnits, M@'lfi:eS2Sih~ws

~'ilfllli!~,r~.a'l(l1fr'Qlm lI'I!"llkiWlig to
SWirlllfllTf,]!'!~int lh~ rQbO!l,

i1I~,!:I ulpper

hor~illoJlll<llred Ilines [ones,p.ond 1:0 Uua lo~'ll!r (~~ ~~ 1) (~= 3, d~= 5) o~dll.a~ion tlllre:'>hoM:'lf~r ~imb
<;I!

l:~
I

~~~g
'5

i ; ;~~:
101i5 20

.25

TIme I~'s]

ao

::
35

40

REPORTS
.'11:~ sigll:Jiis rf('lm~he Icii atll! riigill, body ~Qks jOTll~ in the 11ock. lh~ body"lhn~ OXlmlnaosc ~~mCl!~inr d!e <'Pun:; rnotofl5.. ;Il~don ~hc pl1<1$\,"" tion in l1!O.h Iherorot "nd til(! r!C<!!ISiil.lim~1!!1{1cr '(]';or th~ ~ imh Q~c;:!l~:atofl'i rafl~lL;'~imt~ ~lKl'[[Jrs., ~J~li~ ~~ k~'!g~h(2.~,. Im;:w.l'i.i~~ the o!i~

'bt,,'1\\~Q\,'f1 ~le

limn 11191of the resl s<llal'lil.;.'!ncler. ill \\o'hich Ihc

~~;!"im ..~ '~ilero~di;;:lll;;'\;c~m~ntincreases nQOOi~ !iJT

I~<; nl{m~wni~,;!ln~, hc;;~dlf.l~"!i~ {FiI,l,4,q.ln nmn

nh~ n;D!Jo~.nhcn;~" :I, Il~n~r il.~!h~~~!I\'l,;l:Olllt; j~bl

~S~"lJ p),~, :I~d~tUO:ll"]~(;'.'li~l ~nlhntb>1ltinll+ll lor

I,.Il!llirm t;JI:~PL-ril'n1ll;;rll.~, V5). n1iC l'iI~oBd P!iMh;I;Coi ~ abniipl, lmll~;li[jl'i bt!W,.;cll !5!'li~ lii]l1p~Y ~' V".uyirig !hc drive j f~g.] ~ IJUrD'ig \!',nllldilJ!l (ii,c."at low ~ri"I:. i Ihc 51ro~lg (i'f\tiplliul,~ rffilll' Ilin~b 10 ooqy t:J~jlhlltib'i:. ~i,)1t:C n.11i! rod)' ["F'{j to (~illlllte !It II r,0\,,"' frcquet'I.'CJ1 w [lh m, S~..J1a!XlIiI st."klldil~ VI"<I\,!!.a'> ill~hc elee~romyo~lll {Ei\llO) lIL.'Q')roi~lg...;, {5l', 1lw.::: fi:equ,,",1.cy aJlI:l ID'l,lllliIU::lcofo....;cinL1liol'l ... i'lCreil~ rroponk~ll1ln)1 wi'!l~lhc dJ~\~. i\:U f = :W ~nh~ liJnh Q!'Cilhltl;lU5 S>\~urd~~ ..<ll'l!d!h~ indllct\'> a rapid !!lai! mUl~~t~fll]. t<l

\'\I,dki!~ i\1l!ll;;'rn:; 'l~mt~ C'IOl~istc!lltwiuh tJ,~ or ~h~~1 ~"w~lu!1ib. Jt.. Q~W~~ in MLR ~turl'i-

Tt~~c IlG ~ili:!dc~Ip:roJu[,'C'<~ SW,i~~iu~~ng Ri m

~;d'i~~}ml

dlilL~ do

the

aLl£r~l""lm,iiOJl of ~lt; ~'I;;ld 01' , ..~!lkil.l!!. hi~lt:1r ~!n,"(ll!I~I:J!;.Y ,llid ml~p%~~,II:1c orr~

c:inmio~ls" lhi; t~I"Jlki'ig velechics ,wl\.lin!lld mq.ge from OJB In OJm Inf~,U.WI ~D II body k~IIg1!lt!tt ( ,(I. .. f 1111t:'1~li"'t; !i'tnill'i. ~mt}(ll i.: ~lowI.TI!l11In"lfl n;~!#lii, wh.lrhwnlilotr; fll \'dOC~LLL'li' 1111 r.m,gt 01'0.1 to 0.4 'chL:' ixldy k1l!!,I!l't'iI.~. The dmbrei1.~c c:a~! he (,::li:~jlal.lled by lite- ~lJ~ICrrreq,ll~i'l<ciC$ H~dI in dne moot. 11 ~c ),wjm~ning modi! th~ IX'!bot is a~so COI1.<;.b.IC'IlI, '\Ill ith dlill of <I rca Ii sa !a.!ll1\11Wcy(Fig ... ,.

or

The

'llm'c~:illl:l \\lfl!\!(!

or body

Ulld~.I.n~O:II aU(iws.

dl~ high:r-~:retll)l1~'ltcY SWiIbl111il!ll: 111i:l(f.!;_ l'r;I\l.,.d~'Ig W,H(''"l few ,"'~I'hmting, are l\llc,~d. ,~f,LJ as in [he EM(iruoorui.].~ V). lll.ei.\!~r.w~·lli~-J;l\'.... .\es Ul· ~ C~~ ill nmpl!!W1d.l''!Ild 'kq~il:Y ,~,nh!i.: dri"'~~
fi,Jrlh~ incJl_~~. lIrllii Ih~ bod)' ~ill~~ ~.db ~ht'tlr 'i,I~y oscil.i!:uiDJ1 L1tlC:Jtah;1 cLnkl f:ilA'1lP)f;C.u~!llin!g,. ( lli~ 1t1l1l:lCracaJI 1fl~'~1E aMLtx: Wln.11 d!lfliLioo ~dnlC'IJI~tic nlfm~'y.'>II!s of tl~c g."Il1 tmlilshiOiDS. \1!'lttc;111 lotu"::lll'llll! u~Il'\lclli~lg 'Wa'"VCi> in 11.£ lClDdy asis 8i~ UillJl. ot'lSi;.'f'\IOO sillll!.l~I.anOO\t,;~ywilb limb 1'110\ 'Cf'l1lCJ'IIS, t<{). l\nCllhcr :iII1pOutmt sin:lIJIa!i:i!y Wi~l I~C MlR llIumlllkl!tio~ o;,~rl rl't1l11.">;wId \'",ilh I'W(}ITijllg.>l in!~(p(ll~ O!) is b; Sll'IJ) incroL'C of ~it'qJ)'Ml;(:i(,,:; dIlnril1!g 1IJ1~ ~rnt1lSiljo:nrmlll \/l'llJkitlg to s\vinlJilling. IJil 1L1Cmodct ~hclimlh 'OSCm;_llQrn; SIDW cb\lJ'n ~1C' I'hyQ1I1IlS dumlg w;i1king.rnld once silC!ll. t'fllpiill}! ro1C~iSC flilsh.'f ,~winmmi!!g rhy~lm'l~ ,rjltC 10 I~"C h~gJj~!ZrilllrHl';;'ii(; ~m(lWI~ill'C-i!.os.of !~l.;!~. ffiti~bllllN_ lll'il-oi (':;)In,d...rl
(;xplminl "vbay ~k1l1~nlU:lcr wOIlkiug ~i'n(])IJ1('il11C: do not o~t;rbp (3., J1,

the sab:rl'Wld~~f'mootto PI'OlJlC'I hself tb~""md ~n \\'<l!~CI: The bl~r.l!~'i!'ht1l~becn!cn~, ~~i!1!1i:~ar10 ~. lik~ly results fro!n .l CMlhi ~~,~u of lh!tlt; f1Lt.:'io~ ~hn~iJ of ahc s.o:lIJtqITl'<lIW!C'~. wilh j'XIi~u=-of Illinurn~.i di"r)"~fll(."n!. mwdi ~!g Jm~n h{;,ltl:f;) I[~il(f!~.4. '1~:lllN:'[l~ mooth,~" k'l\7i,rt;(: hqu,;;ncii(';.>;. rt.w~r I A <imd B. <lm~'\'$~,The cn\'c~Ol'K.' mro:inml :1 :l~" a.c'lIm~i,Jd jo:i 11K :md .. less Ill:oBk'd body ~lml1 end d:t~}Il1!.ct:;'n:u.;·m ~,"'~ ~!Irnll:}~ i(;ump~c;"l plOmc P: tt'('lJtlil_ Nom.:!h~~(;'%. consideri ng Ihe- rela-

hi~ld~i,l]fib~rdh:, This is ~~rob.llMy h'Ulg:c joi:nl. ;;(~ilh-c gi,tlJ~e arlO '~h,~ incn;:;;lM.'d !1l"~1I flf !hchill~~hmh ,!ll00lllk: ~irrl"Cl1"~~i1I!d i~I;I¢t;'~i'it;:Ii:I:... CC!!iI~i!s'Il;ltlwilh ~hn~'~ui~d~r k~ih.:W'i~tit:-;lind :EMG l\.':Cardi:ngs,.mi, 1i!1,t!iJIIJ 11I1iou w~\'eleu~.i!1Ilh of one 1xM:11' 1!t:I~~t~1 i ii' ~~:wiilla~ I'i~d C\ooC'J:1 when lI:ic n\"'1~i~i1.c:r r oscH· o I!I:ttoIH' h mooiified w:ith the drive, The s'lvim" ~nlin~\.'ckldtiJ!3 MIl£C n\)~n tI"<l"i IIi 0'.12. nil/s (O,.O~;100.14 boo)! h.'ill,g~ll;;:'S). re~m.iv,e terms, in Ih~ rob01 :i.whm: nm~e slowl), Ih,m P. ',L'(IMOii (Ikun 1(1.4 t(! ~ 2 lh!i1d)'! k~lg~k"A1). di~~-cn(:e .. The
~1Ilb,OV(: iiI"::

because !he flack of..

or

~~5

-~..-c---·\"?-=f'_6

res

an(.l :~,\il1rttrnirl.!:l b1b~llin\e diiillncl

Ih~ V('kK;ily .,nd mlJe Or~l.~t,u:~~l~l:b!!lly (.V,. In addutttmto :-;;l'liilllriLic:;. ill Il(L~!!Ignll);]Dt'('IlL'" the; t g.~~I~ IlrOOlI!l:'£ldb)1 ~ Ie wbo.1. :lnX: ~~ill1Iilar tolll.O,l>(; oi"' ,ji, re;;i .~~mf~iil:I-,(b. ~.rllhc wnlkirlg ~li,1 ",Fi,g. 3). tl:le bndy makc:::;, an. S-;.<;Impc:d Sialli!lhlg w;:we wi.ih ~odks <II.~lC gil:dles. Cn'i(eIOJloC~ :I.ucrnl dis.p~,OOL;"J,''iiCrrilS cotl1f:llil'!;,xi 10 b,h~dlireel~ml of muliml O'ig. 3(;'1 Me qlila~j1nii~\cly :l>imHru- Ib:dh,,; roooi.llilli

Pig, 2 8I1:ow:, al] 'C1JIaJI1!,plic w T:th a f>imlPlc Ib~' ,iI~c't'C<.t.Wof ~111;: 'C. ~h:: model ;ca!lL'l:adily clC'd~wiLh dri\ ~.t1\!lJl}!ly ,,~1I1{1 ;{lil~~i!lU;:llL'll~1n~~:d ~M~~~ l,L"i .lik(lly 1 \ .. QCIl;I,!!p"j gll,~ [il;"Cly 1.xil<Jvi!l,~ .tni!llid) IDld modll'~t~

~p'I:h.",,\liKC:n 1t11cn~I~('N~. wnllkill'lg Imm Ct6!o ~.2 I,ril; :i'\V'im:ll1lillikl1jm1lll1,,6 to 2,~ .~ h'lll1~e I:.: sflilamandcr Pff'll/fJde&1i utI/iNn. '1111 our IltCll!cl~'aIk~ ing.u1d ~""lI'imJn~1I£I-equ::l:lc[e:o mll,gc, ~'Ii\'Cly. I ~i'mn R2 to Oil I.~ and ~ro~1l 10 1.3 I,Ill;. The 0,9 in!!rl~1Si(;r~~lCtlCi~ oflll(; 111001::1hrn,vc been ~Ut.A'.d '(ltl~~lamj, tlIDSe ofnhc: n;;;11~'!3trumllld!.,1"tO ~:il. uth~ ro, w inihc~c:tJXjL~ limm.<j; ell: the 1'O'bm n:Kllm:s, A~l.Il0U,gJil runtg,lSwilhn

IFi !II.. 3. \Malldng ,gait. W Sue{es~M:: rmidl~IJu~IJJf'cflilts r'ec~li1"

stJi'ucled fmm ,di:gilbeclvid:!lo 'rij~ld~· m:~~ Qf :1.8 rna rker by IPoinlt:S (b1acik dCits) dUlring ;ji c:ornPLer~ :!llPppin:g ,cyt:fle of one

cmL...,,---.......------,r------r--;=====::::;J
,........ RQ'bo~ 14 _

- .' - SlallaiTiMMf

~ooMdl!'a~ sglamanoor (~bl:1ly

0.06 Il11S "" 0,.34 lilIoof loo~irfJs)" S'qullIrll'.s lmik.aJle giil"dies. A. du~ ill th~ edrf!mity lDf ,~ limb

nc

or

Ihc sa~'lll'ml.deu.wilh fJniiltrl'liIi~ dh,«)laOOlbCli~lf;; cJn~c ~lJ~hc gjrdl~s, jnot'C t'llt"i:t tn,; hind li111Dgi.rdilc is IOC'II.wc !i:JS'C'I: 110 the tail fO'l"~hcroilOil). 'TIle' a~ bl lHadu b'l~gn." re~ull1lc Ilwl Gnilc ~lllD1lm~~dcrwitlll ~wo!.,,;\C~p{~jJIllS:The ~f'~hC' ro\li;ll i!5. bC:Jl~(I\'Cf iQ.~ "",']ull);:' k:n.W_h, \\!lltO"w,l'i.!h:;,l~P(lirth~:>al!ull'L11di.'f·~ ~,~ildld~c{~ IrD1l'i,Ull~~m.ighn..lind dK: h~td of l!l'l~ l mIJou .u~111k~""i.oIC ilHlC!J]11 Jispl~lttl]kiill:.~bct'l!uIiOC il. n

]rnn(ates ~e1 ,e-s'tiFl1lated foO'!: (QI't tut: Mmhlhe grooild, Thle horizQJ1Jlal lilles :show 'lfl~' O'II'~raU dir'ec~oo ,cnrroMerd ~awL m) S,:;lrn,~ JiliiE!asl,lD'e'ment withl 10 m~~ 001 thi! r;!'iool W~ = .2J!, '~bdty :: 0.0& 111/s. :: OJ); boo.~ ~~.i'!g~s). (<:) [nve~
(oolesp:mdfngl ro ~e

'!an

la~e~ill diSlpl'3{:emenlt5 101 the sail!t!~ooelf ~i'!d t~FQbQt h dartJl jXliint:5 aM e!'1T0f bars, ~Ij)rr,~ool

mam~

0-

n
HHI

ol~all
00

M~rkElIXiS ,~% IBtl.) of

le;o

40

:20

ror t~

W' Ih~ tI~gesand stI:.lnrlilr.a Wiatii1Jf'5 ,til 5 sequences ill v,tlrimls wLOO~~ d sailamanmer and 2:5~enee",ror Ilhe rnoo~ (23'). See also 1lI111\l'ies;S1! aool 52. Ell rl'eante> body 1lE!l!ii(Jlh,

1418

REPORTS
~ively :simple ,d(!Sl.gn or the mhGI. its O\iCirnIi p~r1:O:rnmncc ~"Pl\WC:"l 1111 ckm\.'"i!l~" of ~~1'C'Si!~~ '!B}, ~:!:ll"I!~h;lr';s 1~:!lKl"~ ~~h[lvi"f, ht..;:ru] hunin~e;:[va be il]dw;cd ~l,Irin~ both w,ul"'iu!~; 1lnd :;;'!.""~Il~n~in!:l ~tprl,lyi[lg; ~l~ylllilby

rllc~cal d~ii\'c':l, Clw~'lm~c1'b and rjgl~l side:- of b ~]~~lixidy '['1'_1+ Such ,I I'!I1J;:'J1;h,u[rniSJli1iti. ,.yt;e. i~ rI'iI::~lI~wi'uh 'Ihe at:ti~ii't;:p~!'t(:n)~~ !('t lCU~o:;';l'~iJml or m.,ollffin:sti~cfii'cd dHrbig~~(,Cj,~ lul11il> ini 'mh~ llwilttlni~1g lililt'i!prey. ~SC(' (23) m~,od 11mO'oi'ueSJ,J The Imluci'cll k~Hd~~0 Ih~ 1'il~,lnwili1~rour p,~" 1 die~iQm;, {i) h P:I\o;.'ilie'l:> lll1ulllim'b oscH:lal.oNi> sat!lIr.:Iill:: :n lower tre'4rucm:ics ti~:im body OjCmawfS rth)'r('t,tll($i.~ 3 J, TIle ~!liurali.(!n COli kI be d ue d ll1.ef ~o II ~'hm~ l11oclmlll~n (i.e .. ~umb ruc1JI"ncm;, <i!l1tl inlfin~iC'.lj Iy limili.ldto k~'I'oC'F 1lci.'i!lluJ.:nt h;:',s)and/of ~Ou um;'Ch(m~~~lU~~ :L'tl!~cl!lllU~imd~~~\lIron$ i.e .• !he rt ~11L,,~..;t' !'!~'L1m~!B : iJ~uld ~!llllU1lI'!.c"mi!ling 't!I~ i~ mlli:I!OF.c~mllm!l:i I,g Ih!!.l~imb o.w~lr"llOt}i, if Ihe ,~iM!d eseeeds .. Ih~2'lhold,. r(ii)Ii:)'llOlh~.'li!'i 4 ~l'r(;dict;.. di1,~~r!IDIO!I!(.'II,I~(m :-lij~mds. 00' ~i!li~b• d .ul.' ax i:d ml~d!,!'; ... s.l'mu]:d (.·xhib:~1 ~ni rr~~r);llll ~ ull~aiml o

in~iOOtl.:. hI\.! OOC01.mt .md l~rotX)~iPl,giIIml, Il~ .;!(~ 1h;(i]lJc~dC's Ihl" the same ,tri ,Ie ':.... hen body d~~~nor {h~il!hln;my iXll1X.U ~ogcth~r wilh~hg Q~.il~l;nol'~ ,,,"~;ci59~m,kd frmlll lhn'b Q,~ci~hrt~. ~"'p;1ri!!l~n'!!~'l ,-.1~ow !hit> IlP(~~Uic'ionto h@ Wu~ (.. IN ~~lIX~i!ll;:;,ni"m imrirl"!l;: W'l~ ~~r.H~ilI'~ lb.i"'~I~~~ S~~timl " or lill,': Mllh;:nal'l ~[!ll\,'l;~1~1,;""_1~0![1~~ u) WIJ in !'\Pann! Olili;:m~mN ~:OI!lWrn;wK~ ~ ~~l('mjl: m",-dt(~~ ~miiS!~l r.,~r ille g.(,I~,,~c.;[tiun of lInllll:itip.k: gllih; il~ r~(LuCi. llll :>il1li!ar ttl iltl'; l!~111;lP.l'l:y.[lk'Oylll:lllCtril"1!l.1 d :>tullu~,"'ion Qflih!1!bmin ~lcl'l1!\/iliIiICild ~. hm~.i!1g '\it!!1,-tmJb,,~ Fi!i1~n}" !hiN 'WP.1i;. .ihio l,;o~himutCl< ~proiJouic.~. ~n !oiilhuu:;t!T!dc:u:N.(.h ~Wc r:~~-d tll;1I~"",>liL1iU1!i iet ng 11li;.'f(;.I~ el,llll;;i]I~)'rio 'M:.~~~,;ulr:!~i~hl,~ nll;::LI1t~~· thc!!~ur.l~p\!!ltlil\'I;'UYN IltHI] H!lliib (:'~nk:"~ 10 body o\log}' foj' cOIJlrollilig nlk~~oct1l'iilo[iM tl.f fObt1L~ CCl'iIIT~ W IIIIImodi fy (lie w111k ill!; gr. i! -I.h~ lIDd.)' WiEhriluhtll)l(! dC'~~ oITI\.~:tI~n. iii ~J:'[t1irukur[or will l.ell,tI to ilm'iKc la'il ...~linl.~wave.~, ::'I.lttl th~re wi] ~l~!I.1lL~:> ofooOFdlinl!liDiQfI Ix:l'IM.."Ci1 timll i11Diot:· ~~il SliC'ad,Y-:,,>lfIle IOOdl1WI·iml ifl rompl:oi:x ~\·iMt· I'IIlCl1.13!;,. 'CI,~Gs,offer Ilt1 iml~~ii1£ al)J~ro,LC~l lO mems.and boo)~mtLiubition: b'lIl, no!du) s.whn· :!ilI1\llm~ tillC' prob~el~l o.n~lnc IrajeclOI)! I:!,CtleUlltt{ll1r milliiJ ~nodc. TIu:' Im~'h~1~licrlJiml ort~li:i:,Sl!ldy IIIii'" H'~bl,<ltC 'by lII::1il'~~h..:~hail cycle h:IHlv!or '(ir CIlLlI,I\::d os-ci~I~(I1'!1 to :pr~lLCI!! Ilil!;;, m{ltrn' ooHwnmld." in :tt'.ru ~11Ot~0I~ i.~!{!I ::ti1O"" h~wn k!u3~1iOd I!oooJIlOtOOul Ihe oo:ruml,tcr com be buill rrom '~Oll of I~rirnili\~~ !im.;.,P(:i·b;Ii'iCd ('{lJ!ll![\oll aUO\'I.'l'one ~. ~dlJ(''I;.~ din]l;,'1:~i~l1>L!ily o,f~he ]oconlnt~u ~'O~I~d B)!])b!('H! :;.wj~nni!u~ CVLq;iuit I!!II(~ < ~-"pl!ain l!hl.)' ~~'!:.~l!l!~i~~t~ of whilL.' n..'1111cllillil1!jl ~.li!llhly Jil(,,1\iblc If) CD1'uin1l,1o!)!l.ly ~~. !F'oII~~;~iO:I1.th~ s.~'I;!i~t'h~t~\1,,\';" 'ltiw~~~,g urd ~j11~ ~'li.:ioci\y,di m;lim~. IIndWIlC or glIit ocooru" sWl'~ng \'I!jj\'el of l~ Wlndll!bllioll~ OIll'dIhe eo(Ip;Ji!!~l]t::Ug bciWt!!I.11~Y Dilld ~i~,tr.... his \II!OIk T ingll(:'l !he cn~ iro!l:r!W~l!).'!o1 O!1H!'d. O

or

or

,I

I,);\mn~

nnkis

or gai,t

!"'~h\il!a.""'W!i Ibi rW!l~(Lt~:f:i!l

I~e\fer!e:n:oe:s.a.lfldNltltl!:5
:;L #lIt ((IoIlelJl, in"~rJt(j1 (oo.ftf:i1 tJ/RkJ,ilm.il; Mtll'tffifflJS i'n Vtrri!'l!mt~ ,~ IH.COhllfl" '~.Ii~lId, S. Gli'~I.IIil~,E.d~. (Wi'lelJ',r!lE'\lil 'falt,l98m, 1'111- 129--166, 2. [,.Q. '(iO)!}, ~. "l,Siluliim, N'~rl1~ ~'~I S{<1'(~OOO!t 3. l.~ JlrOi.l;i1. A.A. !l~lIIi:r • .it ~ 8itJ. 'fiZ, :to;
(1992),

rh~~UllllICII~ '1},5-,211 b~' mJJ.;:i!llg c\o.l\JnL'{mury~nod·

<!. MI. A.. Ashlley- RD~,

5- I. IM'fOIye.i. El:em.. kM. Cll!JellgJJen,. J,. Nwt'Opmy$i{ft 1\1!, 6.~8 (l9'm, 6. p. lIi;Io~ J'l<!,1"Ne;d.~, Wll!\l'i)!J, (. 67. ~l3 U"'~t ']. I,. IOelliOl~. P:, sraM.hmn, 'R,.Diibuc.. ].oM. C'&ihe!~en. ... I- Nwropll¥Bl, :82, l.ojl'~ (il.999). a, M. M1~~~. K. ]b'!'<!J1C'!'i(. II. S!~~. '1/; 1.a.W5QP; R, .t ~jln~ 'n, 40~!l (11991111. 9. A. I:l (ohM. ~. W:iltiI!rrI,Up. Bmrl'illl'S.. 41. 11 (198m, 1I;(l'" S. Gri'ta~r,~ 11., lren~ I'fWf~ .• UI, ,ml '[1~5'5~" :n. M. ~ TIii'.!lolill. A. RQt!JI!tt~.J. ~l. ,(l~~"tiM. ~'~l)
{1'9~4}"

f.aoo~}.

fl.r.

®r!dI1iBLt &p. 8irJ.I. ilO~.olI6:l!

..
-~o

- -.-7 _-J.,.~8

1113 .... Fiig... 4. Swfmilling: 1II1'1ld'e. tAl S;llcce~~ive midililllil Ipro!~k-5,dlJln1rflg ,~ rOOf1Tilp~OO ~~vif1Tilmlirtl,~It:~(t~ ef C
r(liim,eimJliviidual

.2cm

,~!f ,..f ·.•

r

• ~,~-~.. . .... ., ........k .... ' " }"

100m

'12. O. ('001~~. 5. I)" Mell)'W!:'5i. ]'. Simll:!m5, It::,1!', 5illi!t, I- .pj;j~ 5~~'. !l1 (200"~_ O. l. (11~@l!Ig aL. t. N~Jc~ ~~' Q, 'li~9$ rtli.99(ij. ~,!l_ s, ~ikel!y, G, (~h. in ~9 .~rir.oo;~~r. ll(ltrdbooJ; 0 ft. millli~ w. I"m!hl, [jril~ ($priB!l~'. B{!~!ln,1.916), .. PP- 765-792. 15. ],~. '~lcj!Je'!I. C. !lO!lroeHu~. I. ~~WC, 1. Nf,l!)ffJH;i.

.o.~

~,olLily

sa I.a m:lIm1:!Jrer (ve:;: g',,17 riI1I/:!> :;: O.8~ body

,~s;

Hi
'14 . '1:2

~filooOl ~ • ~ Salamal1dar

$, !.ii'Br.n~r, A" 11'.~iI!IDI':iw1oS •. I., IY.i. Iordliln. ~n ,~fjfMt "frw{lJ~ oM M'O.frn" lloMl'l"';"', ~, S~ Ii S!~lm',S. Gnlln~r, A. Stl.\!>I1f~IOI\,I), G.• Sfu:ld. I1d~.~Mi'f i"N!~ CMMdlQ~, IW!.. 19971. liP- 3-::1.9, 17" It ~.l'M:m.rwl. IH. I\gl]eli, 5MW1 AJI.¢, .!ila~, !~~,'~1i!! 1.

2) •.2:43"'1 (.200~h

l~.

(l9S<~),

~~rqgl~5Is:).Salme~~~~mtr~n r

in I~ig~ 3A. A~rOl.'t.5 indicate the' po:il'lts ,of minlmai ~a~rraldisp!.a.ce-

body !!!llIdul[altiliJn (B) Ulld!!!~a~ t: tn{!;1I1:5il'l I!ne' rotllat Mrive '= 4,,0, '~elQcrtv"" rOJll, 1m/5 ~113 booy i ~!mgtnslsj. {Q IEJ1lw~OIll!S ('OIT!aCi $pOfl!.dl ngj to Ute, riI1I.aIDriI'Ia ~ lateual r(!iSJp~(J(elil'l;iNlt5, lrhfil ~la points; and fIT<lJ bars (!orTespomldl tome-

ii If!iIt!nt.from th~Q'!It~.illllrc6re(rll)J'! of '\5110" fvJ'l'lC rd lr<Jiv!Il'l (110 rr~z!lntall Umil50). ,c N!iI'~~ ·lihre·ra¥~lriW!g ~lIa.~ ~r!'me'i.· t a
=

'lle. f!.. J, 11~6io1. (~.rJ. :l!:';l_ ',1llI!1I11, ,I,'1M, O~l<J,II~m,

CrlJil'1II..

a;~, )3]. {2GOolI.

(l. ~~r~,

~, G1'illrn~~', ioi" B Ill. 19 {200JJ, 2,0'" A. .1, ~~ffi'!, A. Cf'~Pl.~. ,M. rCiI!relg!Jm, ,i!lWif~fom:ralil

a v. Ii.. '!"iilliW1l~, t:" A. 'Siigfl\!!rdI.

M,

:;I~:m1l005t

~t',~.
I

s· 4·

Z4. 25.

~. Ko~1L Go 8. EJmeoIJD!JI, :P.~!I1~r. J. N~~N~y:;ig~ 1M, 86~: Um~, $,. Gnll;fi~,r' 'tl (6., Bl'(tm iII'~ !jlDi{1Iii~s.. ti~... 116, :~$1! , U9~8}. SuP!l:DI!ti!lg cnHae' l'IMI'ilie':l: aDd leo);1 a~' ~"'.l!ilablti, lI.m WIY't'e' Ol1'l_ln~_ B. Webb."~~fm4''17, ~:~ (;!ooZ}, ~.~, Camn~ :5, A. ~&imtom!..fJM, (~!'I'I, n,. 375
{J99o'1},

,a~1afJJe'S a,nd5lallda.rd

r~f 6 ~qll!moo~ ~l v~riiglj~ \liei:(;I(jtin [or [h'E! stll!1lllll illlld l!ori1lllidl 2:5s,eqllienci;lsror the r,Q!oot (23),Stle

de~tli(1.ns:

100
.~l:sQ m~i,iie's; 51

60 M,Ul!oltM ~(%

40 of 81L)

:20

26. G. smc.m~ .J. A. ~~~I!;o, ~{'t' ~~r. B.'l!3 {l9S9.t 27. M. G!!I:ubit~~. !. :Slf'!'!l~, P.'!L BliJO!ltl<.]I, I. (o~fm. "'O~lIrt1

:le.

~Qt 1$?3(l~';l?),

and 5,2,

W~ ,adlIMI!iil.etil;Je ~~~ (1'001 ~11i~'~ Nlill:iooaU 5ciefl(f' ~Jl!!~lioo anl! ~~ lir,erti1r"ffli~6ti:re de !i! R~~erdjll~ e'! de ~ 1tiedlnfilfij'~·~J!(i f,oilC 03:n6ll.lIi\~ ~1ii!~i1i!ill'fmjl !fI

11419

REPORTS
Bl.1IiIe!:b.. HI, [la~, ,B,lrrneoirwl. A. !~r1J!,
G,.

I.e~.

~nd). 5!ihi!<!llor u~hA, wnmeillt'l;.A. Gl!!a~~rd ~r;]d /l.., bJ~~lldm~hetfp !flI !~ m'li!llmOO ~''lIl1il roI!!ot fi:l~,kjflll~tl~. reM'I. ~nmF. MMiI~d~ r~r pll!W'dlng 'lilt '1) motCf (-on1ifina~ ••

SIllJ;IIlIlJrtfil'l!!:II Oii'dine ~1i!ri.(!l

wr.w.!;Citfl~~m.a!J..(Ior,~wwt>e~!JiI!l!~1I:31SlS®1"M161DCl i\\~t~lfi~b· md~1hW~ ~ FI!i!. 5~1 '!o S:;I' VII~I~ $1

~rDliI.'lOI\II!;

,Refereo~~, <100 N,D1es MOOe-s, S,l ~mjl .)l ~ Dtn!~r ,;1'[10'6,: .~l!p1~i:I ~ l.!ii'iIil~iY 20{]l:;l' 2 10,U26t!i(iBm~~,

usssss

IErcollorgical S;peci,8lion in Soullh At:II,antic Island IFiin,clhes

P'e~~r ,G. IRyollllll~h p'~l!bmf' B,I.olI)m,u.
1

Afl1rHig

binJ:s, Uu:: ~pt;,'(:j,.~.i" .. ;lioli. "

of b~

~U41.-

~i~c s,fh;,'C;i~:.,Uli di n:cn::n~ hl1Z\l;_<i nfiily k:'lul to t-;rl'll~l::rilmic :>po..~~alioj'i (J 2 ~t bi:l[ f('-ioOOlroc l>p,""ei:!~i.G!,tio~ i:. i1ol. kn~O\\\ I\[t) cld~ :.p~,;:ifll~LJ-j'I..\.vilh
bcifl~ reduced dtr,oogh se.:l<L.mld~n1C!-l~liii:lt~ or. I1Bo.t'l: l'Rlucl~. t~'mi:.1Ugll Il'Opl~ ie ~IDIYlnOlllhiSin U 3. J .1). 1~,I:lnd Hnc-hcs h:lVC been ~~sp,ecimll)'~nf1jlL~n1i1l1 ~n lihe d<:,'e~ul~mclu or C\-'Olllllilon:u:y Ih~~tl~')' UJ, .J6).lack'sda..<;;:-;ie ~1!ldynrU!"\i~n's lim:h!i.\... . U6) pJU\ id~d ~lfln1l .'O\~ppon rllr !1~t!'.ull~t~~e m:r!Or.k~1 (lr~pc-.;:.~llI:il[.lll. Al1.lilnl,lgh['(l~"iI,.'i~ sll.H;li~ h~I!,i~ :;.!1{~'Ij,~ dUll h)'bndi7,aQi{l~1 .m.d imrogJ'cssiorl .,m.: n i!1I1pilllIm~ in Ihe C\'vlluion ofD.1.II'l.ri ~~·sl!nch~ (f 7 J 9l' OiLl10, !il!.'t! OOmlllO'!i~i'\'l) im\!r"c;1io~!)': [1I;in" ~~n;:(.::opcci(S dJifT~l\.lrK~ un S;YI1l'l!poI.IIl)l (8), Ihe iii itilllil !:lcvc'i:opm.ml. Urlil:loJPII6togi~1 cliclIALnil}, is S'l:ill cm~si.dc.re[]m~K~\'c· OOOtl[OOin ~kll~l'm U $). 1~-owcv{;"Il.the l:l%"C mJmlAy Oil' i~lintd.,altd :n.ne!! speeles make.." :it di l1:1.clih 1.0 in fer C\"Ollitioil.al)' jil~Jl,~peeil1.ccOtln~lilj(}n

.:1:

Collfif!1'IL .Ml)lollilery"l Tyrollil ~. 6Iro'lnl/~ Wa')lilfle Deilpore;2

E)'.;ampt~$ orr sympaiJric sj;!i~.iati'Olij, ~in mlUJr~ afle' rare lind hotly d~b~IIl\~d1,W~ d1e.~~rib,~ tlth~' Ipar.a,u~l ~pecii'IJtj,~1'I ~,~rinche.~ en two smli'llH i'>larful~ilij, the liri~talf11 ria Cu lliihraalr~hip ~la!!l~' i,l'l th,e, S®UI~'hI!di'ln'lii( O(Jeilll"n. Nl!.s{)spiza lilllmrtin.!DsilIl'lE!'[I ,d.allS1C E'i'.Yllitlp~e of <I sirnlpl.e ,i'lJdlaptiw Iradi<lti,on, wiithr l~'i.I~ ~ies sp min eaehisla rid: .1nI sbu ndant s l'I1IaU-b1Ued d'i~tary 91lmerra l i~1 and as:c,me' La rg)e-~iHe.d spedaltist.. lihe~r m;Orph[llogl~[a~.dfilltluity d~sell)l rnatches the ar';!'alitilli:lte!spec:tmm of seed sil!lM, and gel'let."
'8''I1'id!1II,l]e! lJ99@sts~hil~. tlil ey '8'volvscil indepen de rlt~lI'DI'I e,a;cih ~!iianld. SpE'r:iillt~ol1i scom,pl~E!te QI'I ~hl! 1 S sm'i:I~~F!ri!i~amldl, where there is;" sin!!il~ habitat wlti1 :stficnllgly llimod~l. s!1l!lld s;i2ii!!3lblL!riIti~mm,ll1l1!t is im:i!lm,~I~ete m~ UHl! I.ar9l!l!risi,.lrId, \lIherE! ,[I gn!a~E!r diWT~i~ ,of h,albit.ats has 're:!;tI~tedllr1~luee lineages. .a L!Ir .~t!!ldlysU'!J91e.SLs;that (he bl!lllltinlQ!5 have ulllide;rg,olW pilroll It~leco ~o9ric,i!l s,pe(iialkll1l.

phase. when tire indpie~n

~riljlg m~lCh uftiJ!C2mh.©C'nlh'iI'~' s~}C"Cio- pi:Lll'ic !K~mil!(}ni

:U1.d subseqsent
CXITI.I'I~)fcs W'e

dis:J)C'ffial (11.

u!.'m

~..;oo~ly reprodllcmg 01]3nisus ~m I)saJ]11.OO 10 I\lqliiJc an rul,l'qJJlrie s

9Ill0l1,g S«X"C;l1':S

The 11110.'>1. pbiLL'>ihlc

spt.."Ci!i.e il'l.'>C:Cl::> and Iksh.w,rtlcr

found in host· ~ish (4. W!. .11J.

\\'Cre iSl.)IJtoo

't J ~i}.(),I,I.!r' the 11'.,..,1, dr:crJ:cl;,;'.~noocls 113\,'c been , dcvclopoo )1\!.Uc~bng~lml ,"p'cimion can o(lI!)r::~ur ~h!l1Il1ghn:u!!I!ml 'or ~~XWI~ f,Clecl~ru! in 1~,IP;!!f)i o.r sympauy., \Ii, il'lII p<lrlkll or cO:lnpk:te O/\,'ClilJp be~~','CCfl 1'IO];lHII<1tt0I1S 144i)'. In!liill ~~;]jio:n is drivel] by IroqUC'llCy..aCPC!llk.·,m dii;Ull.Jlllivc selec~im1l. i~~hid! illdividulll nu'll.","" is; (k~~~rrnill'cc:Iby w ~h~ OC!nl~ilit:lI] ,n.f the roPlI~alnon Ihrml!!h 'Cfmril~ pelnciuJl. Ui", .ii:;; termed OIdruPI.U\'c: :;;~X"l:!milit:'m w' ~cUl'.."S d'L{; ~rnpoJJ1llltc~ ot biolog.icfl~ iilillcruCl.~Ql.1S I(.J), 3rrthouI~h adapl:ilvc precesses :dSCJ may reinforce ~gregatiOJlinl. ~1~OPfL~rit'f~lIydcrivro 1~~lCil&"CS I( 7, 8), :lEcolO£irnll sped aI.io.u is II si~ui~f.r process, whereby reprodeeuvc isolritil:m results from

.,..."

......... t:

.', :~ ..

divergent selecjion fo.r d~n;c'l'clJt ,enVil'Ollmc:nls, or

lnn~t nm'kOi 00 ;.~llrnp'!iom',rlllicmllhc St1rUctl.lllC 0 f l'IOIYLjl1a~kms ~f I. It a~oo pn::dicts '~hc itlc:Jcr!!1:ndeall CVoOl:LlI iml Of,Ot,"IIW>C.t'gClll c"c(1m!)fl'~h:l'~n slmil!ar l."Jwil"o:mm:~ns, ,~7}. 1Ilcrc i n,ll.l!,eh ,~ba~i: ;;li;mL!1 il!d;!:pl1.vC" )1.)'nlp<u~ .. rIc "P(.'CiOll,ticln 'll • .'I, fl., 9)" whh !\.\'Ct:m ~W(ll"CIk:;d S'1r.u;l,i~ ~1~tiJ~.glh.r! sp;:.lci;rlioH I!hmWl~hClm~~ .~11.1n al\rc nall.t;n~i;:1 im1.'i.~"l;;l~l~r l!Inlik.dy (9) nr Il!mjl~ !iib~t; nll:!J)' ulltkr lilr rm.m;; Ir'!$;la'it"~i\'ll: (,"Um:lilatJll!.~ al.. ul Qrigil~finy pru~)O::\t'1l(.5, 6}.ln ~(;';'Uflnly Ir~p~ dlllC:iJlg oxgani.~i1lS. .m"''>Orlative n1:U!ing is :ilIiXl!.~ry to redaee .!!,f."[1(; now bct"""';'CilI :Itncag~allhoug!l ~hc: 1l!.]l;li'l!:;f oei a nl~~~in:I, t-rnft under scli;;Clio.l!Q g Im][), ~ll->O pr..y .. rok: ,,6}, In cftlpirit"31 Sit1.dil~ ili~ di:l~kllii ~.{iIc,>:ahlck 1],11:: pO~!iibiliiy of illjtim.l ~]IQulidl~.

iuilio], SlXlI! aJ

or:1

v
..
. . ,

1Pl!r'Qf Fit!iPall1ic~: IIlSlitUI@'. Dl!:piltrlnnml Qf 5ciemlC@ <lrKi r!iltllfino1.ogy1INatim~1rR.II1~i1aKIiI Fwndalijol!l (entre, o-f [:t. celLenoe. !RI!i!.!efS[ty ·af (ape T<OWn, lbmd'elOOsch 7701; ~ulin

!lrarnl'n~', nl'i!p.;lTIm~Ii1I:o:f GEfl~I.ik~~ iLI'nillet:~lY ,or Pr@to!Jna,

.l!ih'fca. J:i\!IolKu~r

E;mlc~

am.m

E!((Ilut100

Pro-

p~vi~ @OO!2,S~m lUrk",. "'1'0 \~hom oo~~e~p(!l[nl1fen~eiIIl1OuI.dI be add,re5.'Sie(iJ.E',rnait I

Pi!l;~r !mY""n@~d~"(2il1

Il'i'gi •. l. 11he1f:.ri~tllnl dial ClJrlhil ilIThi\pelrillg;g (A)SIhGMIiI91 the d~:5!rlbll~i!:lns f ,hi!lbi~at types on In\l(l;.e~..,ib~ o IIS~~rld(14 !gnl) end Ntghtnll1go:!~ 1s.~!'Idi (4 kmf).Sq~al'4;!::I 1 to 3 show ~h!l.l mii!~!fq ~~~dy~rfll!~ QfjJ ~rn{(-es5~btll! :~slilnd., Tlu~ dli"'~r~ity of /lles0c5piM bLlntil'lg!5, c.ol!lld rnf>L1~1 [rol1il eitliier a Uop;iltJrk spe 6il'ltilm {B)

or p<lrall.el.s,yrnPil~1Iic radl:atiti.n~ U:D,

VOL

" MARCf-1 2007

31 5

SICII~NCI!

.www.sr.ien.-emag.org