TRIGONOMETRY

Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions

Right triangle definitions, where 0 <  < 2. y
opp hyp
e sin   csc   (− 12 , 23 ) π (0, 1) ( 12 , 23 )
nus

Opposite
t e hyp opp
po
Hy 90°
θ cos  
adj
hyp
sec  
hyp
adj
(− 22 , 22 ) 3π 23π 2 π3 π ( 22 , 22 )
120° 60°
Adjacent
tan  
opp
cot  
adj (− 23 , 12) 56π 4150°135° 45°
4 π
30°
6 ( 23 , 21)
adj opp
0° 0
Circular function definitions, where  is any angle. (− 1, 0) π 180° 360° 2π (1, 0)
x

y y r
sin   csc   210° 330°
(x, y)
r = x2 + y2 r y (− 23 , − 12) 76π 5π 225°240° 300°315°7π 116π ( 23 , − 21)
x r
y
r
θ cos  
r
sec  
x (− 22 , − 22 ) 4 43π 270° 32π 53π 4 ( 22 , − 22 )
x
x
tan  
y
x
cot  
x
y
(− 12 , − 23 ) (0, − 1) ( 2 , − 2 )
1 3

Reciprocal Identities Double-Angle Formulas

1 1 1 sin 2u  2 sin u cos u
sin x  sec x  tan x 
csc x cos x cot x cos 2u  cos2 u  sin2 u  2 cos2 u  1  1  2 sin2 u
1 1 1 2 tan u
csc x  cos x  cot x  tan 2u 
sin x sec x tan x 1  tan2 u

Tangent and Cotangent Identities Power-Reducing Formulas

sin x cos x 1  cos 2u
tan x  cot x  sin2 u 
cos x sin x 2
1  cos 2u
cos u 
2
Pythagorean Identities 2
sin2 x  cos2 x  1 1  cos 2u
tan2 u 
1  tan2 x  sec2 x 1  cot2 x  csc2 x 1  cos 2u

Cofunction Identities Sum-to-Product Formulas

sin

2  
 x  cos x cos

2 
 x  sin x  sin u  sin v  2 sinu 2 v cosu 2 v
uv uv
sin u  sin v  2 cos  sin
2 
 
csc
2  
 x  sec x tan
2 
 x  cot x  2
uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 cos
2 
cos
  2 
sec
2  
 x  csc x cot
2 
 x  tan x  uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 sin  sin
Reduction Formulas 2 2 

sinx  sin x cosx  cos x Product-to-Sum Formulas

cscx  csc x tanx  tan x 1
sin u sin v  cosu  v  cosu  v
secx  sec x cotx  cot x 2
1
Sum and Difference Formulas cos u cos v  cosu  v  cosu  v
2
sinu ± v  sin u cos v ± cos u sin v 1
cosu ± v  cos u cos v  sin u sin v sin u cos v  sinu  v  sinu  v
2
tan u ± tan v 1
tanu ± v  cos u sin v  sinu  v  sinu  v
1  tan u tan v 2