Pipeflow Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics Pipe#6

Covered in this lecture:

1. Hazen Williams Equations
2. Hardy Cross Methods
Hazen William Formula

Historically, and number of engineering formula have been used

to compute head loss. One widely used approach is the Hazen−
Williams formulation
(FSS units) : V = 1.318 C hw R 0.63
h S 0.54

(SI units) : V = 0.849 C hw R h S 0.54

0.63

Where Rh is the hydraulic radius (A/wp), S is the head loss per unit
length, and Chw is the roughness coefficient.

Hazen−Williams Coefficient Chw

Pipes extremely straight & smooth 140
Pipes very smooth 130
Smooth wood, smooth masonry 120
New riveted steel, vitrified clay 110
Old cast iron, ordinary brick 100
Old riveted steel 95
Old iron in poor condition 60−80

There is a relationship between the Darcy f and the formula, assum-

ing water at 70 deg F

f= 1090
C 1.85
hw
d 0.015 R 0.15
e

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Advantages to Hazen Williams approach

1. Coefficient Chw is rough measure of relative
roughness
2. Effect of Reynolds number is included in formula
3. Effect of roughness on velocity are given directly
Disadvantages to Hazen Williams approach
1. Empirical
2. Can not be applied to all fluids in all conditions
Example: If 90 gal/min of water flows through smooth 3 in pipe,
calculate the head loss is 6,000 ft of pipe.
Given:
Q = VA
R h = d∕4
V = 1.318 C hw R 0.63
h S 0.54
Q = 90 gal/min d= 3 in = 0.25 ft l = 6000 ft
Solution:
V= 90 × π 13 = 4.08 ft∕s
60 × 7.48 ( )( ) 2
4 12
R h = ( 3 )∕4 = 0.0625 ft C hw = 140
12

4.08 = 1.138 × 140 × (0.0625) 0.63 S 0.54

S = 0.0218 = h l∕6000 h l = 131 ft of water

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Hardy Cross Method

SMultiple pipes reach greatest complexity in dis-
tribution problems, e.g. city water supply
SBasic principles are presented here

SPipe network is the aggregation of connected pipes

used to distribute water
SNetwork consists of various size pipes, geometric
orientations, hydraulic characteristics, plus
pumps, valves, fittings, etc
SA simple pipe network is presented be-
low

SPipe Junctions denoted by capital letters A−H

SIndividual pipes numbered 1−10

SClosed circuits given Roman Numerals I−III

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SFlows are assumed to be clockwise around each

loop
SPipes 1, 3, 4 and 2 comprise Loop 1
SPipes 2, 8, 10, 7 comprise Loop 2
SPipe 4 is common to both loops
SSolution to any network problem must satisfy
continuity and energy principles throughout
the network
SBernouli principle requires that at any junction
only one EGL is possible
SAny head loss around any single loop must be
zero.
SApplying this to each loop and junction results
in a series of simultaneous equa-
tions

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S Equations for loop I are

 Q = − QA + Q2 − Q1 = 0
A

 Q = Q1 + QF − Q3 = 0
F

 Q = Q3 − Q4 − Q8 = 0
E

 Q = − Q2 + Q4 + Q7 + Q5 = 0
B

 hL = K1Qn1 + K3Qn3 + K4Qn4 + K2Qn2 = 0

I
There are like equations for the other loops in the network.
SFlow directions are assumed, may actually be
different
SAssumed that pipe sizes, length, hydraulic char-
acteristics, inflows and outflows, elevations,
are known.
SUnknown flowrates Qi, i= 1 to 10 are to be de-
termined
SThe solution is by trial and error

SThe simplest method is known as Hardy−Cross

SStarts with reasonable set of guesses of Qi

that satisfy continuity and then iterate until
head loss is satisfied

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SIf first guesses are relatively accurate, then

the actual flowrates Qi should be only a
small ∆L different from t he guesses, Q0i in
each loop
SFor a pipe that is only in one loop, then
Q i = Q 01  Δ L
where (+ −) depends on the directions for each assumed Qi and ∆L
STo maintain continuity, the correction ∆L is ap-
plied to every pipe in a loop
SFor example
Q 2 = Q 03 + ΔI

Q 8 = Q 08 + ΔII

Q 4 = Q 04 + ΔI − ΔII
because ∆L is always assumed to be clockwise around each loop.
In general the head loss takes is expressed as
 hL = ()KiQni = 0
L L
where (+−) depends on the direction of the flow and the Qi are tak-
en as the magnitudes of the flow. For the assumes flow directions

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and loops given in the figure, the head loss equations are
K 1Q n1 + K 3Q n3 + K 4Q N n
4 + K 2Q 2 = 0

− K 4Q n4 + K 8Q n8 + K 10Q N
10 + K 7Q n=0
7

K 5Q n5 + K 7Q n7 + K 9Q N
9 + K 6Q n=0
6
and related to our flow rate guess adjustment equation
 hL = ()iKi(Q01  ΔL)n = 0
L L
Expanding by the binomial theorem and neglect all terms with
small products of ∆L, e.g. ∆L2, ∆L3 etc because ∆L is small, then
 hL = ()iKi(Q01n  nQn−1
0i Δ L) = 0
L L
Solving for ∆L
()iKiQN0i
ΔL = − L
nKiQn−1
0i
|
L
This equation is used to correct to guessed flows in each loop.
SProcess is continued until continuity is satisfied
and ∆L is very small
Process can be complicated by boundary conditions, pumps, etc.
You will use WaterCad to solve these equations.