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Calculus Cheat Sheet All Reduced
Calculus Cheat Sheet All Reduced
4. If r > 0 and x r is real for negative x 8. n odd : lim a x n + L + b x + c = sgn ( a ) ¥ Then there exists a number c such that a < c < b and f ( c ) = M .
x ®¥
b
then lim r = 0 9. n odd : lim a x + L + c x + d = - sgn ( a ) ¥
n
x ®-¥
x ®- ¥ x
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
If y = f ( x ) then all of the following are If y = f ( x ) all of the following are equivalent
2.
dx
e (
d f ( x)
)
= f ¢ ( x ) e f (x) 6.
d
dx
( )
tan éë f ( x ) ùû = f ¢ ( x ) sec 2 éë f ( x ) ùû
f ¢ ( x) d
equivalent notations for the derivative. notations for derivative evaluated at x = a . 3.
d
(
ln ëé f ( x ) ûù = ) 7. (sec [ f ( x )]) = f ¢( x ) sec [ f ( x)] tan [ f ( x )]
df dy d df dy dx f ( x) dx
f ¢ ( x ) = y¢ = = = ( f ( x ) ) = Df ( x ) f ¢ ( a ) = y ¢ x= a = = = Df ( a ) f ¢( x)
dx dx dx dx x =a dx x =a 4.
d
( )
sin éë f ( x ) ùû = f ¢ ( x ) cos éë f ( x ) ùû 8.
d
(
tan -1 éë f ( x ) ùû = )
ë f ( x ) ùû
2
dx dx 1 + é
Interpretation of the Derivative
If y = f ( x ) then, 2. f ¢ ( a ) is the instantaneous rate of Higher Order Derivatives
The Second Derivative is denoted as The n th Derivative is denoted as
1. m = f ¢ ( a ) is the slope of the tangent change of f ( x ) at x = a . 2
d f dn f
f ¢¢ ( x ) = f ( ) ( x ) = 2 and is defined as f ( ) ( x ) = n and is defined as
2 n
line to y = f ( x ) at x = a and the 3. If f ( x ) is the position of an object at dx dx
equation of the tangent line at x = a is time x then f ¢ ( a ) is the velocity of
given by y = f ( a ) + f ¢ ( a )( x - a ) . the object at x = a .
¢
f ¢¢ ( x ) = ( f ¢ ( x ) ) , i.e. the derivative of the ¢
( )
f ( x ) = f ( n -1) ( x ) , i.e. the derivative of
( n )
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
Mean Value Theorem Maximize A = xy subject to constraint of constraint is y = x 2 + 1 . Solve constraint for
If f ( x ) is continuous on the closed interval [ a, b ] and differentiable on the open interval ( a, b ) x + 2 y = 500 . Solve constraint for x and plug
x 2 and plug into the function.
into area.
f (b) - f ( a) x2 = y -1 Þ f = x 2 + ( y - 2 )
2
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
Common Integrals
ò k dx = k x + c ò u du = sin u + c ò tan u du = ln sec u + c ò tan sin 5 x
ò cos x dx
3
cos Ex. x sec5 x dx Ex. 3
ò x dx = xn +1 + c, n ¹ -1 ò sin u du = - cos u + c ò sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c ò tan x sec xdx = ò tan x sec x tan x sec xdx
n 1 3 5 2 4 5 4 2 2
(sin x ) sin x
ò cos x dx = ò cos x dx = ò cos x dx
sin x sin x sin x
n +1 3 3 3
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and Applications of Integrals
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. b
òx ó ( 23 cos q ) dq = ò sin122 q dq
16
Ex. dx 16
2
4 -9 x2 õ 4 sin 2 q ( 2cos q ) Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
9
b d
x= 2
sin q Þ dx = 2
cos q dq y = f (x) Þ A = ò - éëlower function ùû dx & x = f ( y ) Þ A = ò - éëleft function ùû dy
3 3 = ò 12 csc dq = -12 cot q + c
2
a
éupper function ù
ë û
c
éright function ù
ë û
Factor in Q ( x ) Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl.
Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) Term in P.F.D
Horz. Axis use f ( x ) , Vert. Axis use f ( y ) , Horz. Axis use f ( y ) , Vert. Axis use f ( x ) ,
A A1 A2 Ak
ax + b ( ax + b )
k
+ +L + g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx.
ax + b ax + b ( ax + b )2 ( + b)
ax
k
Ax + B A1 x + B1 Ak x + Bk
+L +
( ax + bx + c ) Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a £ 0 Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a £ 0
2 k
ax 2 + bx + c
( 2 + bx + c )
k
ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c ax
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in. y = a £ 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a £ 0 ) interchange x and
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5 A which gives A = 4 . This won’t always work easily. y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object Average Function Value : The average value
b
b of f ( x ) on a £ x £ b is f avg = 1
ò f ( x ) dx
in a £ x £ b , the work done is W = ò F ( x ) dx b- a a
a
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b b b
L = ò ds SA = ò 2p y ds (rotate about x-axis) SA = ò 2p x ds (rotate about y-axis)
a a a
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
ds = 1 + ( ) dy 2
dx
dx if y = f ( x ) , a £ x £ b ds = ( dxdt )
2
+ ( ) dy 2
dt
dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a £ t £ b
1+ ( ) ds = r 2 + ( ddrq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a £ q £ b
2 2
ds = dx
dy
dy if x = f ( y ) , a £ y £ b
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.
Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesn’t exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.
Infinite Limit
¥ t b b
1. ò f ( x ) dx = lim ò f ( x ) dx 2. ò ¥ f ( x ) dx = lim ò f ( x ) dx
a t ®¥ a - t ®-¥ t
¥ c ¥
3. ò ¥ f ( x ) dx = ò ¥ f ( x ) dx + ò
- - c
f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.
Discontinuous Integrand
b b b t
1. Discont. at a: ò f ( x ) dx = lim+ ò f ( x ) dx 2. Discont. at b : ò f ( x ) dx = lim- ò f ( x ) dx
a t ®a t a t ®b a
b c b
3. Discontinuity at a < c < b : ò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx + ò f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.
a a c
b Dx
Trapezoid Rule : ò f ( x ) dx » 2 éë f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )ùû
a 0 1 2 n -1 n
b Dx
Simpson’s Rule : ò f ( x ) dx » é f ( x0 ) + 4 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + L + 2 f ( xn-2 ) + 4 f ( xn-1 ) + f ( xn )ûù
a 3 ë
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins