Std10 Telugu

`³°Q®° "KÇH=ò
(¬^Î¼=ò Ð Q®^Î¼=ò Ð L¬"KÇH=ò)
¬^Î= `Ç~¡Q®u
X STANDARD - TELUGU
(Reader and Supplementary Reader)
JO@~x`Ç#O J=¶#°+¬O
JO@~x`Ç#O <Í~¡O
JO@~x`Ç#O ¬O
`Çq°×<_È° ~¼¡ ãQ®O^Î ¬O¬Ö
Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation

© Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2004
Chair Person
Mrs. M.KAMESWARI
HOD of Telugu, Queen Marys College, Chennai-4.
Reviewer
Dr. M.CHANDRAVALI
HOD of Telugu, Presidency College, Chennai-5.
Dr. C.V.USHARANI
Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai-4.
Authors
Mrs. G.K.ANNAPOORNA K.SREE RAMACHANDRA MURTHY
P.G. Asst. in Telugu Grade I Telugu Pandit
Bentick Hr. Sec. School for Girls, M.P.U. Hr. Sec. School,
Vepery, Chennai-7. Chennai-79.
Dr. PADMALOCHANA DEVI D.MALATHY

P.G. Asst. in Telugu (Rtd.) P.G. Asst. in Telugu
Venugopala Vidyalayam Vidyodaya Girls Hr. Sec. School,
Mandaveli, Chennai-28. T.Nagar, Chennai-17.
Price : Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School
Education on behalf of the Govt. of Tamil Nadu
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

*ìfÇ° w`Ç=ò
[#Q®} =°# Jk<Ç°H [Ç°Àì
ì~¡`Ç ìQ®¼ q^¥` !
¬O*ì| ²O^Î° Q®°[~`Ç =°~~
ã^¥q_È L`Çø× =OQ® !
qO^Î¼ ²ì=¶KÇ Ç°=ò< Q®OQê
LKÇó [k `Ç~¡OQ® !
`Ç= ×Ã<"Í° *ìöQ !
`Ç= ×Ã Pt+¬ =¶öQ !
QêÀì `Ç= [Ç° Qê^¥ !
[# Q®} =°OQ®× ^¥Ç°H [Ç°Àì
ì~¡`Ç ìQ®¼ q^¥` !
[Ç°Àì ! [Ç°Àì ! [Ç°Àì !
[Ç° [Ç° [Ç° [Ç°Àì !
Ð ~¡gOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~
*ìfÇ°w`Ç ª~O×=ò
¬=°¬ë [#° ¬ì$^ÎÇ°=ò#° ¬ieOKÇ° ì~¡`Ç^Í× ªÏìQ®¼H~¡"³°Ø#\÷
hä½ [Ç°=°Q®°QêH ! h ×Ã<=°=ò ¬O*ì|°, ²O^Î°, Q®°[~`Ç°, =°¬ð~R=ò,
ã^¥q_È = ò, L`Ç ø × = ò, |OQê× = ò =ò#ßQ® ° ^Í × [#° =°#¬ ° #°
LÚæOQ®*èÇòKÇ°#ßk. Jk qO^Î¼, ²ì=¶KÇ ¬~¡Þ`Ç=òÕ ã¬u^ÎÞxOKÇ° KÇ°#ßk.
Ç°=ò< Q®OQê #^Î° ã¬"¬ì w`Ç=òO^Î° qb#"³°Ø, ²ìO^Î¶ ¬=òã^Î
`Ç~¡OQ®=òKÍ Qê#=ò KÍÇ°|_È°KÇ°#ßk. h Pj~¡ÞKÇ#=ò Hùä½ "~¡°
ãiÖOKÇ°KÇ° h H©iëx Qê#=ò KÍÇòKÇ°<ß~¡°. ì~¡`Ç^Í× ªÏìQ®¼ H~¡ë=Q®° hä½
[Ç°=°Q®°QêH ! [Ç°=°Q®°QêH ! [Ç°=°Q®°QêH !
iii
=O^Í =¶`Ç~¡"£°
=O^Í =¶`Ç~¡O,
¬°[ìO, ¬°¦¬ìO, =°Ç°[ j`ÇìO,
¬¬¼ §¼=°ìO =¶`Ç~¡O, =O^Í =¶`Ç~¡O,
×Ãã *Õ¼` ß ¬ôH÷`Ç Ç¶q°hO,
¬ôÁ ä½¬°q°`Ç ã^Î°=°^Î× ÕahO,
¬°¬ð²hO, ¬°=°^Î°~¡ ì+²}©O,
¬°Y^¥O =~¡^¥O =¶`Ç~¡O, =O^Í =¶`Ç~¡"£°
Ð |OH÷O KÇOã^Î KÇ@sû
ã¬u[ý
ì~¡`Ç ^Í×=ò <=¶`Ç$¶q°. ì~¡fÇòO^Î~¡° < ¬¬ìÙ^Î~¡°°. <Í#°
< ^Í×=ò#° ãÀq°OKÇ°KÇ°<ß#°. ¬°¬O¬#ß"³°Ø#, |¬q^Î"³°Ø#, < ^Í× "~¡¬`ÇÞ
¬O¬^Î <ä½ Q®~Þ¡ Hê~¡}=ò. nxH÷ J~¡Ý`Ç ÚO^Î°@ä½ ¬~Þ¡ ^¥ <Í#° H$+² KÍòÇ ^Î°#°.
< `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°#°, L^¥¼Çò#°, Ì^ÎíO^Î~¡#° QÒ~¡qO`Ç°#°.
ã¬u"i`Ë#° =°~¼^ÎQê #_È°KÇ°HùO^Î°#°. < ^Í×=ò¬@Á, < ã¬[¬@Á
À"x~¡u`Ë LO^Î°#x ã¬u[ý KÍÇòKÇ°<ß#°.
"i ãõ³¶a=$^Î°è < P#O^Î=ò#ä½ =ü=ò.
iv
=¶ `³°Q®° `ÇeÁ
=¶ `³°Q®° `ÇeÁH÷ =°ÿÁ¬î^ÎO_È
=¶ H#ß`ÇeÁH÷ =°OQ®ì~¡`Ç°° !
H_È°¬ôÕ |OQê~¡°, H#°KÇ¶¬ôÕ H~¡°},
z~¡°#=ôÞÕ ²~¡°° ^ù~¡eOKÇ° =¶ `ÇeÁ !
Q® Q®ì QË^¥i H^Îeé`Ç°O>è#°,
a~¡ a~ H$+¬â=°à ¬~¡°Q®°e_È°`Ç°O>è#°,
|OQê~¡° ¬O@è ¬O_È°`~ò !
=òi =ò`¼° ^ù~¡°`~ò !
J=°~=f #Q®~¡ J¬ô~¡¶¬ tìæ°
`¼Q®Ç°¼ QùO`Ç°Õ `~_È° <^¥°
uHøÇ°¼ H=òÕ uÇ°¼O^Î<°
x`Ç¼"³°Ø, xd"³°Ø xezÇòO_Í ^¥H !
~¡°ã^Î=°à °[×H÷ë ! =°Á=°à ¬uH÷ë !
u=°à~¡°¬° nÇòH÷ë ! H$+¬â~Ç° H©ië !
=¶ K³=ô iOQ®°=°x =¶~¡°ã"³¶öQ ^¥H
h P@è P_È°Ò, h @è _È°Ò !
*ÿá `³°Q®° `ÇbÁ ! *ÿá `³°Q®° `ÇbÁ !
Ð ×OH~¡Oì_ ¬°O^Î~Ki
v
`Çq° `° "`Ç°ë
h~~¡°O H_È°°_È°`Çë x=°_ÈO^³á ïHoç×ÃQ®°"£°
Ô~~¡°O =^Î# "³°#uëQ® ~¡`Ç YO_Èq°k
`³Hø}=òO Jk ²~¡O^Î ã^¥q_È# u~¡°<_È°"£°
`ÇHø ²° ²ÿØ #°^Î°"£° ^Îi`Çë#~¡°"£° uQ®=ò"Í°
JuëQ® "¬<³áé J<³á`Ç°ëQ®°"£° W#Ä=ò
Zkí¬ÇòO ¬ôQ® =°}Hø W~¡°O^Î Ì~¡°O `Çq°×}OöQ !
`Çq°×}OöQ !
L<£Ôi×"³°Ø uëO qÇ°O^Î°

ÌÇ° =°O^Î° "`Ç°ë^Î°"Í° !
"`Ç°ë^Î°"Í° !
"`Ç°ë^Î°"Í° !
Ð =°<Ë#à}©Ç°O, Ì. ¬°O^Î~¡O ²Üá ¤
*ìfÇ° ¬"³°ØH¼ ã¬u[ý

''< *ìu ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼=ò#°, UH`ÇÞ=ò#° ¬O~¡H÷ÆOKÇ°@ä½#° ^Î$_È`Ç~¡=ò
KÍÇò@ä½#° ¬~Þ`Çà< H$+² KÍÇ°Q®#x ã¬u# KÍÇòKÇ°<ß#°.ÑÑ
''=°÷Çò Ð ²ìOª =¶~¡¾=ò <³#ß_È°#° J=aO¬=#xÇò, =°`Ç, ì,
ãO`Ç ¬O|O^Î=òÿá#, W`Ç~¡ ~[H©Ç¶iÖH J<¼Ç° ¬O|O^Î=òÿá# ¬~¡Þ
qè^Î=ò#°, q"^Î=ò#° §OuÇò`Ç=òQê<Í, KÇ@ ¬=°à`Ç"³°Ø# ¬^Î`Ç°Õ<Í
¬i+¬øiOKÇ°Hù#=ÿ#xÇò <ùH÷ø =Hêø}÷OKÇ°KÇ°<ß#°.ÑÑ
vi
`Çq°×èÇ Á q#°u
~¡`Ç YO_È¬ô ¶q° ¬_Èu
[ì=$`Ç [k =¬#
Ju ¬°O^Î~¡ =°²ì"³¶À`Ç
P `ÇeÁ <³=OH <ù¬@
fió# H¬¶ëi uHO
ã^¥q_È<_È° ¬O@ =u
P H=°àx H¬¶ëi =¬ô,
fÇ°^Î#O, èãìÇ°O, n~¡O
`Çq°×ì+¬ , `Çq°×ì+¬
Jk ¬~¡Þk§=$`ÇO,
x`Ç¼ #¶`Ç#O, ã¬Mì¼`ÇO
¬~¡Þ^¥ q[³¶D ¬°ë,
q[³¶D ¬ëx =¶ q#°u.
J#°"^Î=ò : PK~¡¼ ^Í=×Á zxßH$+¬âÇ°¼
vii
q*ìý#¬
D ¬^Î= `Ç~¡Q®u `³°Q®°"KÇHO `Çq°×<_È° ã¬°`ÇÞO U~¡æ~¡z#
x¬ô}°KÍ xö~ítO¬|_# ~¡¼ã¬}ìoH ##°¬iOz ~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ|_#k.
ã¬"ªOã^Î q^¥¼~¡°Ö° `³°Q®°ì+¬Ìá H÷ë, ã×^Î#° P¬H÷ë, Jax"Í×=ò#°
ÌOÚOkOKÇ°Hù#°@ä½ J#°"³á# ~¼O×=ò° J`Ç¼O`Ç ã×^Î`Ë ~òO^Î°
ä~¡ó|_#q, `Çq°×<_È° ã¬°`ÇÞO P^Í§ ##°¬iOz U~¡æ~¡z# ã¬}ìoHê
ãu¬kHÌá xiàOKÇ|_#k D `³°Q®°"KÇH=ò.
"Italian of the East" Jx ã¬O
× ¬Ok# `³°Q®°ì+¬ D `³°Q®°"KÇHO
^¥Þ~ `³°Q®°"i '¬O¬ø$uÑx ¶`Ç, =~¡ë=¶# ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç#°, H=ô#°,
q=°~¡Åä½#° q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬iKÇÇ°O QêqOKÇ_ÈO =òMÕ¼^Íí×O. `Çq°× ~¡KÇ#ä½
POã^ ¥ #°"^Î = ò#° ãQ® ² ì Oz `Ç q °× ª² ì `Ç ¼ ªÏ~¡ ì ° `³ °Q® °
ª²ìfªÏ~¡ì`Ë é\©¬_ÈQ®=x x~¡¶²OKÇ|_#k. J#°"^Î ã¬ãH÷Ç°Õ ä_È
~¡KÇ#³òHø ¬¬ì[`ÇÞO K³_Èä½O_¨ =°s =°s KÇkqOKÍì =ô<ßÇ°x²OKÍ
J#°"^Îä½ J#°"^¥#° D "KÇHO ^¥Þ~ ¬iKÇÇ°O KÍ¬°ë<ß=ò.
H=ô ¬iKÇÇ°=ò, ~¡¼ìQ® ª~O×=ò, Jì¼¬"ÍkH, ã¬×ß°,
"¼H~¡}=ò W`¼^Î°° Ç°^¥ã¬Hê~¡=òQê W=Þ_ÈO [iyOk.
D "KÇH=ò#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇò@Õ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_# Hì§ J^¥¼¬ä½°,
~¡§ L^¥¼Çòä½, "ix ãé`Ç²ìOz D ¬xÕ ° ¬OKÇ°HË=_¨xH÷
J#°=°uOz# Hì§, ~¡§ =òMì¼kHê~¡°ä½ =¶ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°¬î~¡ÞH
H$`Ç[`
ý Ç °. D "KÇHêxH÷ ~¡¶¬ô~ö Y° kkí "³°Q®°ÕxH÷ `³zó# ''Ìæ¢H" °£ ãQê¦H² ± ÑÑ
"iH÷ =¶ H$`Ç[ý`Ç°.
ãOfÇ°ì+¬#° Dq^ÎOQê ãé`Ç²ì¬°ë#ß `Çq°×<_È° ã¬°`ÞxH÷,
ã¬°`ÞkHê~¡°ä½ =¶ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°¬î~¡ÞH H$`Ç[ý`Ç°.
viii
q+¬Ç°¬¶zH
¬^¼Î ìQ®=ò
¬ô@°
1. w`Ç¬°^Î Ð |KÇ°ó¬Ç°¼ãõ+²» 2
2. "³á+¬â=Ç¶Q®=ò Ð Z]# 9
3. ¦¬ãìOu Ð HOHO\÷ ¬~A 17
4. ÕAx [#à=$`ëO`Ç=ò Ð J#O`=¶`Ç°¼_È° 24
5. ì¬îr Ð Q®°]O *ì+¬µ" 36
6. °=#q[Ç°¬ Ð =°^Î°<¬O`Ç° ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}§¢²ë 45
7. =¶`Ç$=°Ok~¡=ò Ð ^Î°=îÞi ~q°ï~_Û 55
8. çaÄe ~¡OQê~=ô Ð N^Î H$+¬â=üië§¢²ë 67
9. ¬°=°u~Ç°ì~¡=ò Ð #<³ßKË_È°_È° 75
HO~¡ =Ö¬ ò KÍÇ°=²# ¬^Î¼=ò° ¬Oä½ë °
1. w`Ç°¬ ^Î Ð 1, 4, 6, 8, 9 20
2. "³+á =â¬ Ç¶Q®=ò - 4, 13, 17 12
3. ¦¬ãìOu - 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 24
4. ÕAx [#à=$`ëO`Ç=ò - 3, 4, 5 12
5. ì¬îr - 4, 7, 13 12
6. ° =#q[Ç°=ò - 7, 10, 18 12
7. çaÄe ~¡OQê~=ô - 2, 3 8
8. ¬°=°u~Ç°ì~¡=ò - 4, 7 8
"³ò`Ç=ë ò ¬Oä½ë ° 108
ix
Q®^¼Î ìQ®=ò
¬ô@°
1. ãueOQ®=ò Ð `³°Q®° - Hêj@Á ã|¬ìàÇ°¼ 86
2. ¬Ok Ð HO^Î°äi gö~×eOQ®O ¬O`Ç°° 92
3. Hß Hêe<£ "³°HOr Ð *ì#°=°kí ¬ì#°=°Kó¢²ë 98
4. ³¶Qê¬#=ò° Ð P=×¼H`Ç Ð `Ç°=°à¬eÁ ~=°eOöQ×Þ~¡~=ô 104
5. =°#¬°Hq Pã`ÍÇ° Ð pHË° ¬°O^Î~¡Ç°¼ 112
6. HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°à° - ÌìK.q. ~=°QË 118
7. =¬°KÇiã`Ç Ð q#ßHË@ =¶^Î=~=ô 123
8. `Ç ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°=ò°
Ð ì~¡=ò (<³ã¬úèY) - zO` nH÷Æ`Ç°° 129
9. ×OH~K~¡°¼_È° Ð
POQ®Á =üO Ð \÷.Z"£°.².=°¬ð^Í=<£ 136
J#°"^Îä½° : ¬¶~|`Ç°ë ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼O
L¬"KÇH= ò
1. J[O` Ð ZÕÁ~ Ð ïH.g~¡~¦¬°"Ki 145
2. KÇã`Ç}÷ Ð ².Q®}¬u§¢²ë 150
3. Hq`=`Ç~¡}O Ð ².Q®}¬u§¢²ë 159
4. |°°+²`Ç°°¼_È°
¬^ÎH~¡ë öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ Ð ÿ["_È QËï~_Û 165
5. "ÍK¬ @³ ° Ð `Çq°× =üO : ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼ ì~¡u 172
- J#°"^Îä½° : ².P~.×~¡à
6. ª²ìf~¡°ã^Î=° Ð T@°äi H©ÆàHêO`Ç=°à 178
7. ¬Ow`Ç³¶y §¼=°§¢²ë Ð a.q.~=°H$+¬â 184
8. ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° Ð a@° "³OH>è×Þ~¡°Á 189
9. §e"¬ì#°_È° Ð <Q®×¤ Q®°~¡°ã¬ª^Î~=ô 194
x
1. w`Ç¬°^Î
- |KÇ°ó ¬Ç°¼ãõ+²»
|KÇ°ó ¬Ç°¼ãõ+²»Qê~¡° <³¶Á~¡°Õ 20= ×`|í=ò ¬î~Þ~¡=ò# [xàOzi.
`³°Q®°, `Çq°× ì+¬Õ ¬O_`Ç°°. #=¶àìÞ~¡° `Çq°×=òÕ ~¡zOz# ''u~¡°"°
"³òoÑÑ x `³°Q®°ì+¬Õ KÇHøx ¬^Î¼=ò`Ë J#°=kOzi. =üãQ®O^Î=òÕx
ì =QêOc ~ ¼xH÷ Õ¬ = ò ~ä ½ O_¨ `³ °Q® ° f² x "Í ° × q Oz ¬ ° O^Î ~ ¡ = òQê
J#°=kOzi. ^Î Õ¬ x +¬ ` Ç ° ë °, Q ® = n¾ ` Ç #° Q® ¶ _È KÇ H ø x hu ¬ ^ ¥¼°Qê
J#°=kOzi.
¬ 1.P. "³ : H~¡à=°O^³ hä½ Q®^Îk Hê~¡=ò,
¦¬=ò#O^Î° <× ¬_ÈQ® =^Î°
H~¡à¦¬=ò#ä½Qê Õä½ Àì`Ç°=ô
H~¡àÕ¬=ò#ä½ Qêä½=°>ÿÁ.
2. P."³ : ^Î°Y=ò#° qH$u ^Ë+¬O|° *ÿO^ÎH
¬°Y=òO^Î° |~¡=×ÃO_È° QêH
~Q®, HË¬Ç° q~¡²ì`Ç°_ñ #~¡°²Ö`Ç
ã¬Aý_ÈOã_È° °qx ãìAý ÿÁ.
3. `ÍIIw : Z=_È° ¬~¡Þã`Ç Àß¬ìO|°, <³^Î^Î¬H
Ç°O`ÇHO`Çä½ Q®°¾ ×Ã ì×Ã=ò
³°_È ¬O`Ë+¬ ^Î°YO|°ÿÁq_È°KÇ°
#`Çx ã¬[ý ã¬u+²»`ÇO|Q®°#° ì~¡Ö !
2
¬ 4. `Í.w: ãHË^Î=ò##° "³¶¬ìO|° À ä~¡°KÇ°O_È°
"³¶¬ì=ò# ¬à $u ãq°~òO¬ Ð "³ò^Î°"³@°
¬à $uãq°Oz#, |°k #tOKÇ° ^¥x
=# =°#°AO_È°`Ç ¬æH Ð ã+¬µ _ÈQ®°#°.
5. `Í.w : ^ùiH÷#\÷ ìO|°`Ë ^Î°+² *ÿOk
^ÎÞO^ÎÞ=ò#° =iâOz =°`Ç~¡=ò =¶x
²^Î¼ ²^Î° ¬=°=òQê lO`ÇÀ²
H~¡àç#iO¬ |O^Î=ò ¾°Q® Õ=ô.
¬ 6. `Í.w : *ìý#=ò# H©[Q®O|°# ª\÷è^Î°
JO`ÇHO>ÿ |qã`Ç"³°Ø#kÇòè^Î°
H~¡à³¶Q® ¬O²^Î°O_È° QêOKÇ Q®_È°
ãH=°=òQ® ^Î#O`Ç@ ^¥<³ *ìý#²k.
7. `Í.w : Uk Ç°HÆ~¡O|x Ç°Oã_È° "Í^Î"Í`Çë
èk Q®=°¼ ¬ÖO|° l`ÍOãkÇòä½
ã|¬ìàKÇ~¡¼O|°KÍ ^Íx |_ÈÇ°<³O`Ç°
~ ¬^Î"³°Ç°HÆ~¡=ò, ¬OãQ®¬ì=òQ®q#°`Ç°
¬ 8. `Í.w : ÕH=°O^Îe ¬ô~¡°+¬µÕ# Q®=ô
ï~O_È° `³ Q®°° HÆ~¡°_È HÆ~¡°O_È@OKÇ°
¬~¡Þ¶`ÇO|°O^Î°#° HÆ~¡°_È°Q®_È°
JHÆ~¡°xÀ~¡° ä@¬°Ö _ÈOã_È° |°^Î°°.
¬ 9. `Í.w : ^¥# "³ò#iO¬=ÿ#° `Ç¬ô Q®ey
^Í×Hê ã`ÇO|° ^³e² Hù#°KÇ°
"Í°° |^Î°° ÀÇ°Q®×H÷ë K#\÷
¬[û#°#H÷KÇ°ó ^¥#O|° ªuë ÞHO|°.
10. P."³ : ¦¬=ò#O^Î° QêOHÆ Ð ã¬`Ç°¼¬Hê~¡O|°
#O^Î° ^Î¬ô Q®ey Ç¶KÇiOKÇ°
H÷Á+¬^¥#=ò#° Q®$`Ç|°^Î° =°`ÇO|°
#O^Î° ~[¬O|@Oã_È°, ~¡Ö !
3
11. P."³ : ¬`Çø$uÇò#° èH Ð ¬<à#=ò#° èH
^Í×Hê=ò#° ^³e²Hù#H
ã`Ç°_È Q®°<ùHê^ù ¬iH÷Oz KÇ¶_ÈH
^¥#q°_È°@Ç°Q®°#° ^¥=°¬O|°.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
JkHê~¡=ò « ¬ìä½ø P× « HËiH
¦¬=ò#ä½ « ¦¬e`Ç=ò#ä½ Àì`Ç°=ô « Hê~¡}=ò
¬~¡=×ÃO_È° « ×s~¡ ¬æ~¡Å<Í =°KÇ°"_È°
~Q® « J#°~Q®=ò q~¡²ì`Ç°_È° « =^Îe"Í²#"_È°
²Ö`Çã¬Aý_È° « ¬~¡Þ=ò `³e²#"_È° JOã_È° « JO^Î°~¡°
ãAý° « ¬O_`Ç°° Z^Î<£ « ¬ì$^ÎÇ°=°O^Î°
ã¬[ý « `³eq ã¬u+²»`ÇO|Q®° « "³Á_Ç°Q®°#°
~¡Ö « J~¡°û< ¬à $u « =°#¬°
ã+¬µ_È° « ZO^Î°ä½ ¬xH÷~x"_È° `Ç°+² « `Ç$²ë
=iûOz# « =^Îe"Í²# =°`Ç~¡=ò « J¬¶Ç°
²^Î¼ « ª^Î¼"³°Ø#
|O^Î=ò° « P@OH=ò°
"Í^Î"Í`Çë° « "Í^Î=òO^Î° <i`Íi#"~¡°
Q®=°¼¬Ö=ò « KÍ~¡=²# KË@° `³°Q®°° « q^Î=ò°
HÆ~¡°_È° « <×ä½_È° JHÆ~¡°_È° « <×#=ò èx"_È°
¶`Ç=ò° « ã}÷ ¬=ü¬ì=ò
|°^Î°° « ¬O_`Ç°° ã`Ç=ò « J~¡Ý`Ç
¬[û#°_È° « =°Oz"_È° ªuÞHO|° « x^¥#Q®°}=ò Q®k.
PKÇiOKÇ° « J#°¬iOKÇ° `=°¬=ò « JO^ÎHê~¡ Q®°}=ò Q®k.
4
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok"xx q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò :
"³ò^Î°"³@° l`ÍOãkÇ°=ò° ã¬`Ç°¼¬Hê~¡=ò ¬<à#=ò
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok"xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò:
H~¡àÕ¬=ò ~Q®, HË¬, Ç°=ò° ï~O_È° `³Q®°° H÷Á+¬^¥#=ò°
^Í×Hê=ò
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
H~¡à=ò Ð ¬x, H$+²
#~¡°_È° Ð =¶#=ô_È°, =°#°A_È°
^Î°Y=ò Ð U_È°¬ô, ÕH=ò
P× Ð HËiH, W+¬=ò
Àß¬ì=ò Ð <³Ç°¼=ò, "³°Øãu
[Q®=ò Ð ã¬¬OKÇ=ò, q×Þ=ò
ã|¬ìà Ð qiOz, q^¥`Ç
<<~¡=Ö ò°
¦¬=ò Ð ¦¬e`Ç=ò, ¬O_È°, ã¬³¶[#=ò
~Q®=ò Ð ¬Ow`Ç=ò, J#°~Q®=ò
#~¡°_È° Ð ~A, =¶#=ô_È°, J~¡°û#°_È°
×H÷ë Ð |=ò, ^Í=`Ç
ã¬H$u Ð qH$`Ç°°
JHÆ~¡=ò Ð JHø~¡=ò
×H÷ë Ð ¬uë
~A Ð è_È°
ã|¬ìà Ð |=°à, ç=°à
5
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò°
1. H~¡àÕ¬=ò#ä½ Qêä½=°>èÁ
2. ^¥x=# =°#°AO_È° `Ç¬æH ã+¬µ_ÈQ®°#°
3. H~¡à ç#iO¬ |O^Î=ò ¾°Q® Õ=ô
4. ²Ö`Ç ã¬Aý _ÈOã_È° °qx ãìAýÿÁ
ã¬ß× °
1. H~¡à Z\÷^Îx w`ÇÕ K³¬æ|_#k?
2. Z\÷"_È° ²Ö`Çã¬Aý_È°?
3. Z\÷"x `³eq ã¬u+¬»=°Q®°#x w`ÇÕ K³¬æ|_#k?
4. =°#°A_È° ã+¬µ_ÈQ®°@ä½ Hê~¡}"Í°q°?
5. Z\÷"iH÷ |O^Î=ò° H¾=ô?
6. *ìý#²k Z@°Á H°Q®°#°?
7. JHÆ~¡=ò#° Q®¶ió w`ÇÕ U=°x =zO¬|_#k?
8. ^¥#=ò° Zxß q^Î=ò°? ^¥# q^¥#"³°\÷k?
qõO×=ò°
Ji+¬_ÈÞ~¾° : Hê=°=ò, ãHË^Î=ò, Õ=ò
"³¶¬ì=ò, =°^Î=ò, =¶`Ç~¡¼=ò
J+¬²^Î°° : J}÷=°, =°²ì=°, Q®i=°, ¦²°=°
ã²ë, ãHê=°¼=ò, D×`ÇÞ=ò, =t`ÇÞ=ò
ãuQ®°}=ò° : ¬`ÇÞ, ~¡[ ¬ë"³¶ Q®°}=ò°
^Î×^¥#=ò° : QË=ô, ¶q°, #°=ôÞ°, |OQê~¡=ò,
<³~ò¼, =G=ò, ^¥#¼=ò, ÿÁ=ò, "³O_, L¬ôæ
6
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
Q®=n¾`ÇÕx 12= J^¥¼Ç°=ò#° (H÷ë³¶Q®=ò) HO~¡¬Ö=ò QêqO¬ô=ò
L^¥¼Çòä½ ¬¶KÇ#
¬O¬ø$`Ç Q®=n¾`Ç ÕÁH=ò#° ¬iO¬*èÇò@ ÇòHë=ò.
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
1. =~¡â¬=¶=¶ßÇ°=ò :
POã^Îì+¬ä½ JHÆ~¡=ò° U|kÇ¶~¡°. JHÆ~¡=ò#° =~¡â=òx ä_¨
JO^Î°~¡°.
JKÇ°ó° 16 ¬ì°Á° 37 LÇ¶HÆ~¡=ò° 3
JKÇ°ó° - 'JÑ #°O_ 'BÑ =~¡ä½ Q® JHÆ~¡=ò°
(gx<Í ¬Þ~¡=ò°, ã}=òx ä_È JO^Î°~¡°)
¬ì°Á° - 'HÑ #°O_ '¬ìÑ =~¡ä½ Q® JHÆ~¡=ò°
(g\÷x ã}°°, =¼O[#=òx ä_È JO^Î°~¡°)
ã¬ì¬Þ=ò° Ð ä½~¡°KÇQê LKÇóiO¬|_È°#q
J, W, L, |°°, Z, X
n~¡É=ò° Ð n~¡É=òQê LKÇóiO¬|_È°#q
P, D, T, |°¶
=ãH=ò° Ð =ãH=òQê LKÇóiO¬|_È°#q
Z, U, X, F
=ãH`Ç=°=ò° Ð q°H÷øe =ãH=òQê LKÇóiO¬|_È°#q
S, B
¬~¡°+¬=ò° Ð Hi#=òQê LKÇóiO¬|_È°#q
H, KÇ, @, `Ç, ¬
7
¬~¡×=ò° Ð ¬°=òQê LKÇóiO¬|_È°#q
Q®, [, _È, ^Î, |
²Ö~¡=ò° Ð ¬~¡°+¬=ò°, ¬~¡×=ò° QêH q°ye# ¬ì°Á°
¬æ~¡Å=ò° Ð ªÖ# H~¡}=òä½ ¬æ~¡ÅQ®q
'HÑ #°O_ '=°Ñ =~¡ä½ Q® ¬ì°Á°
JO`Ç¬Ö=ò° Ð JO`Ç¬Ö ã¬Ç°`Çß=ò Q®q
Ç°, ~¡, , =
T+¬à=ò° Ð Tk ¬°ä½#q
×, +¬ , ¬, ¬ì
J#°<²H=ò° Ð <²H ¬¬ðÇ°=ò# ¬°ä½#q
V, &, }, #, =°
=~Ëâ`Çæuë ªÖ#=ò° :
1. HO~¡¼=ò° Ð HO~¡=ò#°O_ ¬ô@°#q
H, Y, Q®, ¦¬°, V, J, P, X, B, ¬ì,
2. ^ÎO`Ç¼=ò° Ð ^ÎO`Ç=ò#°O_ ¬ô@°#q
`Ç, ^Î, ^Î, ^Î, #, ~¡, , ¬, KÇ, [
3. `=¼=ò° Ð ^ñ_È#°O_ ¬ô@°#q
KÇ, KÇ, [, ~¡, &, Ç°, ×
4. =ü~¡#¼=ò° Ð =ü~¡=ò (JOye Ìá ìQ®=ò) #°O_ ¬ô@°#q
@, ~¡, _È, _È, }, +¬ , ×, |°°, |°¶
5. F+¬» ¼=ò° Ð Ì^Î=ô#°O_ ¬ô@°#q
¬, ¦¬, |, , =°, L, T
O
8
2. "³á+¬â= Ç¶Q®=ò
- Z]#
"Í^Î"¼¬ ã¬}©`Ç"³°Ø# ¬O¬ø$`Ç =°¬ðì~¡`Ç=ò#° `³°Q®°ÕxH÷ J#°=kOz#
Hqã`ÇÇ°=òÕ Zì]ãÌQ®¾_È XH~¡°. ×O°^¥¬°_È°, ã¬|O^Î ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡ a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°_È°.
ãéÇ ° "Í = ¶ï ~ _ Û PªÖ # H q . 14= × ` |í = ò#ä ½ K³ O k#"_È ° . ¬ ì i=O× = ò,
#$²O¬ì¬ô~}=ò gi ~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°. ×|íQ®uÕ ##ßÇ°#°, ì=Q®uÕ uHø##°
J#°¬iOz ï~O_È° Q®`Ç°ä½ ª=°~¡¬¼=ò Q®¶ió# Qù¬æ Hq.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò "³á+¬â= Ç¶Q®=ò =°¬ðì~¡`Ç=òÕx J~¡}¼¬~¡Þ=ò#°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°xH÷ Q® ^³á=H÷ë, ªOã¬^¥Ç°=òg°^Î #=°àH=ò
`Í@`³Á=°Q®°#@°Á Z]#Hq KÇHøQê D ~¡¼ìQ®=ò# =iâOK³#°.
^Î~¡à~A ~[¬¶Ç° Ç¶Q®=ò KÍ²# "³ò^Î° ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°#ä½ J\÷ Ç¶Q®=ò
KÍÇ°=ÿ#x JÀHÆ Hey `Ç# HËiH#° Ï~Ë²ì`Ç°ä½ "³e|°K³ó#°. "~¡° PÕzOz
× ã `Ç ° =ôÿ á # O_È = ô#° [~òOz# `Ç ~ ¡ ° "`Ç < Í ~[¬ ¶ Ç ° Ç ¶ Q® = ò
KÍÇ°=Çò<ÍQêx, "ix [~òOKÇ°@ä½ =òO^Î° KÍÇò@ ª^Î¼=òQê^Îx, "³á +¬â ==°<³_
Ç°[ý=ò ~[¬¶Ç° Ç¶Q®O|°`Ë ¬=¶#=°x, P Ç°[ý=ò#° KÍÇ°=°x, ¬î~¡Þ=ò
NH$+¬µâ_È° P Ç¶Q®=ò KÍÌ#x K³¬æQê ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°_È° D Ç°[ý=ò `Çy#^Îx `Çz
H~¡â, ×ä½# J#°=°ux ÚOk, `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°ä½, ã^Ë}ìK~¡¼, q^Î°~¡, c+¬à,
H $ K~¡ ° ¼ä ½ `Ç # Ja ã Ç ° =ò#° `³ e Ç ° |~¡ z "i J#°=°ux ÚOk
"³á+¬â =Ç¶Q®=ò KÍÇ°¬î#°Hù#°@ ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ® H^¥¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò.
²^Î¬ ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°_È° Ç°[ý=ò#ä½ ¬<ß¬ì=ò° P~¡OaOKÇ°@, Ç°[ý=ò#ä½
^ Î ~ ¡ à ~*ì^Î ° #° ~¡ = °àx P¬ ð Þ#=ò ¬ O ¬ ô @, ^ Î ~ ¡ à ~A, c = ò_È ° `Ç = °
JaãÇ°=ò#° `³e² ¬O¬ô@, ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°_È° "³á+¬â=Ç¶Q®=ò#° [i²OKÇ°@ WO^Îe
H^¥O×=ò°.
9
:Ð ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°_È° "³á+¬â=O |#° Ç°[ýO|° ÀÇò@ :Ð
1. =. "iKÍ`Ç ##°*ìý`Ç°O _È~ò #Q®~¡¬g°¬O|°# <ùHø ¬ô}¼¬ÖO|°#O
^Îd Ç°[ýQ®$¬ìO|°° #u ~¡=°}©Ç°O|°° Qê *è~òOz, Ç°*Õý
¬H~¡}O|°°#° ¬=°¬ë =¬°ëqõ+¬O|°°#° ¬=°H@ x³¶yOz,
×Ãk#O|°#O |~¡=°ãì¬ìà} ¬¬ðÇòO _³á xÇ°`Ç nHÆêÕ#O|°
=²ìOK³ #O`Ç.
2. P. Jd ^Í×"¬° ÿá# ~A#°, |
qã`ÇKÇi`Ç° ÿá # qã¬=~¡°
#iÖ a°= ^Î¶`Ç iyi HÒ~¡"Í
×Þ~¡°xÇ¶[ý *è² ¬=°à^Î=ò#.
3. =. JO ^ùHø ^Î¶`ÇOaz ^Î°§Å¬#°O_È° ''h=ô ^³áÞ`Ç=#O|°#ä½O[x
O_È=ô#° ~¡°ã^Îã×=°"¬° ~ò# ¶¬°~¡°#° QÒ~¡"Í×Þ~¡°
#^ÎÞ~¡O|°#ä½ a°=ôÑÑ =°x ¬xz# "_È°#°O [x ^Î~¡àAO Q®x
~ò @Áx³°.
¬4. L. g~¡°_È° HÒ~¡=ôO_È° x[qãH=°|í¬=ò#ß `~¡Ö¬O
ì~¡=ò<£ =°¬ð^ÎÞ~¡ =°~¡|°O _ù#iOKÇ°KÇ°O_, ÌO
~¡Q® x#°ß ^Î=òà =°¬ðkÞAO a°=OQ® |OK³ ^¥
ãf~¡=°}è×! <³q°à [#° ^³=°à `Ç^Î^ÎÞ~¡=òO Q®#°OQù#<£
5. =. Jx# ^Î~¡àAO_È° "x H÷ @Áx³°.
6. KÇ. ''J#¦¬ò_È° ^¥ ~¡ë~¢+¬µ_È° =°¬ð^ÎÞ~¡H~¡à^Î°s}° _È³°¼ <
qx ã²Ç° =°O^³ l`Çë=ò ¬qã`Ç`Ç =°³°¼ Q®°O|° qO>ÿ? ³Ø°
##° ^ÎQ® "Í°=ò =îx# ¦¬°#O |Q®°=îxH÷ n~¡æ ïHqÞ^ÎO
|°# #@ ~ <ù_ÈO|_È=ò ¶=~¡°`Ë xk Ì¬ôæ "Í°~¡æ_È<£.''
7. =. Jx³° #¬ôæ_È° c=°À#°O _¨^Î¶`ÇO Ez ''³¶i q#°=ò
¬^Î°=ü _ÈQ®° <Í\÷ H_È¬@ ìO_È"ãQ®AO_È° n¬ëO|Q®° ×¢ªë
G^Î¬ì#O|°#O^Î° ^¥ ~¡ë~R¬°`Ç×`ÇHO|° |×Ã=iOz "Íeó
~¡}¬¢`ÇëO|° ÀÇò@ä½ <³á =KÇ°óOQêx Ç°O^¥HO [#°^³OKÇ°@
10
Q®°Q® ^Îx Ç¶ ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#° <³^Î°~¡# "³¶_ÈH K³¬ôæÑÑ =°x#
"_È°#° =°y_ KÇx ^Î~¡à#O^Î#° ã²Ç°=KÇ#O|°#°, =$HË^Î~¡°
x+¬µ»~Ëä½ë#° ^¥ ~¡ë~¢+¬µ ïH÷OyOK³ ^Î^Î#O`Ç~¡O|.
8. H. KÇ#°^³Ozi HÒ~¡=ô§
¬#=ò# ^Î~¡}÷ Q® xd[#¬`Ç°°#° ¬
#°à#°°#°, ¬=° ¬ë[#°°#°
¦¬°#°A [#ß |° E_È Q®i¬ô~¡=ò#ä½<£.
9. =. "iïHÁ#° ^Îy# ¬`ø~¡O|°° ÀÇ°#°, ìã`Ç^¥#O|°° QêqO
¬#°, ^Î$`Ç~¢+¬µO_È° q^Î°~¡°O |xK³ #qÞ^ÎO|°# ã|²^Î^ÎH÷Æ}ì
xÞ`ÇO ÿá, ã¬¶`#ß #¬O`Çiæ`Ç¬H[#O ÿá, Ç°a=°Ò|
~~¡}¬i¬îl`Ç ¶¬°~¡ã¬H~¡O ÿá, Ç°^¥Hêq²ì`ÇH~¡àHì¬O
ÿá, Ç°^¥§¢ÔëÇ°O ÿá "³á+¬â=Ç¶Q®O|° xiÞ¦¬°ßO|°Q® |i
¬=¶ ¬ëO |Q®°@Çò.
10. H. J=$^ÎÕa`Ç° _³á HÒ
~¡==òY°¼_È° ¶iH#H~¡`Çß `Ç`Ç° ¶
kqA |¶lOz, #$¬ô
qq^Îq^Î° ¬`ÇøiOz g_ùøeÌ ^ÎQ®<£.
11. =. J\÷³°_È #^ÎÞ~Ë`Ç"Q®`Ç° ÿá # [#° <Íä½° ^Î$`Ç~¢+¬µ #O^Î#°
¬=òàYO |°# x@Áxi
12. H. ''[#¬`Ç° ÿ=Þ~¡° xqÞ^Î
=ò# xiÞ¦¬°ß =òQ® #d¶[#¬"³¶à
^Î#=òQ® *è² ï~ ¬ã`Çø`Ç°?
=#¦¬°! =`Ç°æ}¼=°²ì=° ì×ó~¡¼ q°<£.
¬ 13. §. ª~Ë^¥~¡q¶u"³°Ø =ò#° ¬ìi×óOã^Î°O _ù#ï~óO ãyÇ¶
s}°O _È~ò ~[¬¶Ç° =°k Ì¬æ<£ qO\÷ =°Ç°¼[ý=òO
QÒ~¡"Ë¼`Çë=ò _³á #^Î~¡à¬°`Ç°_È° QêqO¬Qê Q®O\÷ "Í°
=¶ ï~O_È°<£ ¬i Qê=ô h=°Y=ò`Ë #`Ç°¼#ßu<£ ¶=~!
11
14. H. D[#ß "³ò#ióÇ° Qê
^Í [Q®^¥ =~¡ëH© iën²`Ç° ÿá Ç°
"¼[¬°~¡ÕH¬°Y=ò
ãìleÁi ~¡¦¬ò Ç°Ç¶u ~¡`k#$¬ôÑÑ
15. `Í. Jx #°uO¬OQ® =°÷Çò#° #O^Î HùO^Î
Çò¼k+²»~¡° ~[¬¶Ç°O|°z^Î°~¡
°Õ n=°Y=ò "³á =¬=°$kÑÑ
#x `ÇOzi x[¬ì$^ÎÇ°O|°O^Î°
16. =. J#O`Ç~¡O| x~¡O`Ç~#O^Î =°O^Î =°O^¥Ç°=¶# =¶#¬°O _ÈQ®°KÇ°
=¶#"Í×Þ~¡°O_È° ^Î=òà° ^ù~¡° |O^Î°[#O|°°O |i"Í+²O¬,
º~¡[#^Î`ëj~Þ^Î [Ç°[Ç°× í× ìíÇ°=¶#kyÞìQ®°O _ÈQ®°KÇ°
|°}ì¼OQ®< H~¡He`Çe`HÆ`ÇqöHÆ¬O|°°#°, |@°=Ok=¶Q®^ÎÈ
¬OH© ~¡ë#O|°°#° ïQáHù#°KÇ° |°~¡ã¬"Í×O|° À², ~[=°Ok~¡
Q®`Ç°O _³á ^Î$`Ç~¢+¬µ#ä½, QêO^¥iH÷ Q®$¬ã^Ë}c+¬µàä½O ã|}
q°eÁ ÇòÁO|° qH²Á Q®#Hê¬<Ô#°O _È³°¼ #¬ôæ_È° H~¡°âO
_È`Çx H÷ @Áx³°.
¬ 17. L. ''ìQ®¼=ò Qê^³ HÒ~¡=#$! =#àY q°+¬¬ãuøÇ¶
³¶Q®¼`Ç xiÞHæ=òQ® <ùO^³ ¬=¶ ²ë #õ+¬ ^¥ãuÇò<£
ÕQ®¼=° hä½ xOH ~¡}¶q°, |$^¥¬°`Ç°<£ [~òOz ¬
=°¼Q®¼×§e "³á °=#=¶#¼! ³ò#~¡°æ=ò ~[¬¶Ç°=ò<£.
18. H. Jk ³°"³°à~ò #Q®°<Ë Ç°x
=°kÕ =Q®=OQ® =^Î° =°¦¬°=`Ç#¶AO
Q®^Î#O|°# [O¬H Í°
¬^Î#M^¥=# "³ò#~¡æ ìiÖ==òMì¼!ÑÑ
19. `Í. Jx# Q®~¡°â QÒy@ *èió, Ç°#ß ö~Oã^Î
#O^Î#°_È° ''h¬¬ðÇ°`Ç <ä½ Q®°Q®
ìO_È=ô <Ë~¡°ó >ÿO`Ç\÷¬x =°¬ð`Çà!ÑÑ
Ç°x ¬¬ìÙ^Î~¡¬²ì`Ç° _³á ¬ì~¡Â "³òO^³.
12
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
L¬H~¡}=ò° « =¬°ë=ô°
qã¬=~¡°° « ãì¬ìà}ãõ+¬µ»°
JiÖ « HËiH
J^ÎÞ~¡=ò « Ç°[ý=ò
¬xz# « P*ìý²Oz#
kÞA° « ãì¬ìà}°°
^¥ãu « ¶q°
¬×Ã=iOz « |e¬×Ã=ôQê <ù#ió
"Íeó « KÇO²
=$HË^Î~¡°_È° « c=ò_È°
Hi¬ô~¡=ò « ¬ì²ë<¬ô~¡=ò
kqA° « ^Í=`Ç°
#$¬ô° « ~A°
q¶u « ¬O¬^Î
=°Y=ò « Ç°[ý=ò
ãìleÁi « ã¬HêtOzi
Çòk+²»~¡°_È° « ^~Î à¡ ~A
¬$^¥¬°`Ç°° « ä½Of^Íqä½=¶~¡°° (O_È=ô°)
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok ¬^=Î ò#° q_Èn², ¬O^°Î #° À~ùøx ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
Ç°*Õý¬H~¡}O|°° HÒ~¡"Í×Þ~¡°_È° x+¬µ»~Ëä½ë° ¬=ò#ß`~¡Ö=ò°
O_È"ãQ®A_È° J`Ç°¼#ßu J#ßö~Oã^Î.
13
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok ¬^=Î òä½ qãQ®ì¬ "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡#Á ° ã"Çò=ò.
Ç ° *Õý ¬ H ~ ¡ } O|°° ¬ q ã`Ç K Ç i `Ç ° ° qã¬ = ~¡ ° ° =$HË^Î ~ ¡ ° _È °
x+¬µ»~Ëä½ë° J#¦¬ò_È° Hi¬ô~¡=ò ¶¬°~¡°_È°.
<<~¡=Ö ò°
Jx - Çò^Î=ò, À#
^¥ãu - `ÇeÁ, <Í, ^¥k, L²iH
JO|~¡=ò - PHê×=ò, =G=ò
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
L^Î~¡=ò - Ú@, ä½H÷Æ, H_È°¬ô
^¥ãu - ¶q°, =¬°^Î, ^Î~¡}÷
=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°
=$HË^Î~¡°_È° Ð `Ë_Í° Ú@ =O\÷ Ú@ Q®"_È° (c=ò_È°)
kqA° Ð ¬Þ~¡¾=ò# |°\÷#"~¡° (^Í=`Ç°)
1. ''<³q°à[#°^³=°à `Ç^Î^ÎÞ~¡=òO Q®#°OQù#<£ÑÑ
2. ''¶=~¡°`ËxkÌ¬ôæ"Í°~¡æ_È<£ÑÑ
3. ''=`Ç°æ}¼ =°²ì=° ì×ó~¡¼q°<£ÑÑ
4. ''¬iQê=ôh =°Y=ò`Ë #`Ç°¼#ßu<£ ¶=~!''
5. ''ãìleÁi ~¡¦¬ò Ç°Ç¶u ~¡`k #$¬ôÑÑ
ã¬ß× °
1. ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°_È° Ç°[ý=ò#ïHá QêqOz# U~æ@°Á Z\÷q?
2. ^Î~¡à~A, ^Î¶`Ç #_È°=° [iy# ¬Oì+¬}#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
14
3. c=°À#°_È° ^Î¶`Ç`Ë <Í=°x ¬ÿø#°?
4. ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#°_È° "³á+¬â=Ç¶Q®"³ò#ió# q^Î"³°\÷k?
5. "³á+¬â=Ç¶Q®=ò#° Q®¶ió ã¬[ÿ@°Á Úy_i?
6. H~¡â, ^Î°~Ë¼^Î#° ¬Oì+¬}#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
2. `³°Q®° ¬O^Î°°
¬î~¡Þ ¬~¡¬Þ~¡O|°ä½ ¬~¡¬Þ~¡OèHê^Í×O|Q®°@ ¬Ok Ç°#O|_È°.
ãuH¬Ok : 1. 'P, D, UÑ J#° ¬~¡Þ<=°O|°° ãuHO|°#|_È°#°.

2. ãuH O |°g°^Î J¬ O Ç ò H ë ¬ ì °Á # ä ½ kÞ`Ç Þ O|°
|¬×O|°Qê#Q®°.
3. kÞ~¡°HëO|Q®° ¬ì°Á ¬~¡O|°#Q®°#¬ô_È° PzóHO|Q®°
n~¡É=ò#ä½ ã¬ì¬ÞO|Q®°.
L^¥ :Ð P { KË@
P { KËó@
J { KËó@ « JKËó@
@°QêQ®=°¬Ok Ð H~¡à^¥~¡Ç°=ò#O^Î°`Ç°ë#HKÇ°ó¬~¡O|Q®°#¬ô_È° '@°Ñ

QêQ®=°O|Q®°.
L^¥ :Ð À~¡° { L~¡=ò « À~¡°@°~¡=ò
Hä½ { J=òà « Hä½@=òà
~¡°QêQ®=°¬Ok : 1. À^¥k ×|í=ò Hê° ×|í=ò ¬~¡O|Q®°#¬ô_È°

H~¡à^¥~¡Ç°=ò#O^Î° ~¡°QêQ®=°O|Q®°.
L^¥ :Ð À^Î { P° « À^Î~°
c^Î { P° « c^Î~°
15
2. H~¡à^¥~¡Ç°O|°#O^Î° `Ç`Ç=°O|° Hê° ×|í=ò ¬~¡O|Q®°#¬ô_È°
J`ÇÞO|°#ä½ L`ÇÞO|°#°, ~¡°QêQ®=°O|°#Q®°.
L^¥ :Ð n~¡ { P° « n~¡°~°
Q®°}=O`Ç { P° « Q®°}=O`Ç°~°
16
3. ¦¬ãìOu
- HOHO\÷ ¬~A
HOHO\÷ ¬~A 18= ×`|í=ò =°^Î¼Hê=ò#ä½ K³Ok# ã¬²^Î POã^ÎHq.
¬~¡¬=°à, J¬æÇ¶=¶`Ç°¼° gi `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°°. ¬°ã¬²^ÎHq ¬ô+¬æyi u=°à# giH÷
¬~¡=¶¬ë q°ã`Ç°°. g~¡° L`Çë~¡~=¶Ç°}=°#° ¬^Î¼Hê=¼=ò#°, q+¬µâ=üië qì¬=ò
J#° Ç°HÆQê#=ò#° ~¡zOzi.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò gi L`Çë~¡~=¶Ç°}=òÕx ¬OKÇ=¶§Þ¬=ò #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. JO[<^Íq Hi#"³°Ø# `Ç¬=ò QêqOz, "Çò^Í=ôx ã¬¬#°ßx
QêqOKÇ°Hùx Qù¬æ `Í*Õ=O`Ç°_³á# ì°x ÚOk#k. q°H÷øe PHe`Ë#°#ß P ì°xH÷
¦¬=òQùx =KÇ°ó@ïHá J_ÈqH÷ "³oÁ#k. P¬=°Ç°=ò# ì°_³á# ¬ì#°=°O`Ç°_È°
QêqOz# J^Î°Ä`Ç KÇ~¡¼° =°# ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¼O×=ò.
¬1. L. JO`Ç\÷Õ# h`Ç_È°^ÎÇ¶ãk ¬~ò<£ ç_È`³OKÇ°¬kàh
HêO`Ç° [ã¬¬¶#~¡°z HêO`Ç° ãQ®#°OQùx ¬O_È@OKÇ° q
ãìOu =²ìOz, Ç¶H\÷ `ù~¡<£ ~¡qÌá ïHyÌ<£ ¬g°~¡<
QêO`ÇHì} "ÍQ®¬i¬ð¬ ¬q°^Î =°¬ð ["Ë#ßu<£.
2. `Í.w. ZQ®² KÇ#°KÇ°#ß ~ü`Çx `³Q®°=Ez
Q®Q®# KÇ~¡°ÿá# Q®O^Î~¡Þ Q®~¡°_È Ç°HÆ
²^Î ª^Î°¼° x"³Þ *ÿOk ''~ò=°à
¬ð=°¬O _³=Þ_ËÑÑ Ç°#° #O`ÇÕ#
3. `Í.w. ì#°H_È öHQ®° #²æ#ß "x "Í°x
ïHO_È ^¥HH ÇòO_È #°^ÎíO_È =$uë
#°_y, q°<Íß\÷ `Çq°à ¬ôÚæ_ ^Î°=¶~¡
"³°#² =eQê_È°æ "³#° "³O@[#°KÇ° #°O_³
17
4. Ô. ¬^Î `_È#=òKÍ ã|^Îíÿá^Ëk
eH `Ç¶eHê Oy *ÿ^Î~¡,
#¶~¡° ¦¬°@#KÍ #¶~¡ ÞQ®O^Î~Þk
#Q®~¡=ò z#ß a#ß=ò° QêQ®,
ì¬"ÍQ®O|° KÍ|`³OKÇ° "³á=¶x
ä½ q=¶#O|°° ä|_ÈQ®,
" qöHÆ¬O|°KÍ ì[#° Õe
`Ç¶e #HÆã`Ç=ò <Í~
`Í.w. ^Í¬ìHêO`Ç°° KÇHøQê ^Í÷ KÇ¶_È
èH YKÇ~¡°° ÿQ®_k pHêä½*ÿO^Î
<ÍkÇò#° E_È H© [Q®k`Ç KÇiã`Ç°
_@KÇx ìì#°x |>ÿ#¬ô_È°.
5. Ô. X^Îí À=O ÀÇòKÇ°#ß KÇ¶^Íq
cueÁ H~¡=ò a²H÷ Hù#Q®
Ç° x"~¡} =°Oã`Ç ¬~¡`ÇOã`Ç° ÿá"
dì¼k =°¿#°° ãöH= <ù^Î°Q®,
[_È°¬ô`Ë ïQá^Î°=ô q_z =¶~¡~¡=òY¼
i iÅ Þä½ ÿÁ ì÷é=
¬ì`Ç õ+¬ =°O^Í¬ @°Á Qê=Çò Õ
~ü ì#°# H@OKÇ° xKÇó#~¡
`Í.w. #~¡° < ¬^Îà²ì`Ç°|\÷ Ç¶##=ò#
ÿ@°Hù#°, ÿ@° "Í_ Qê#>ÿ q_È°KÇ°
#_ÈKÇ°*è`Ç°° ÌQ® ³Ø°# Ç°k Ç°@OKÇ°
Q®x² Ç¶H\÷ H_q° #Ç°¼x ¬°`Ç°_È°.
¬6. KÇ. [Q®^Î°¬Hêi ~ü¬Á=Q® KÇOã^Î° _È@OKÇ°^ÎOz ì#°_È°<£
^ÎQ®^ÎQ® =°O_È° KÇ°O_È° H÷~¡}O|° "Í_q°E¬ _È³°¼ ï~O
_È°Q®_Ç° èQ® #O`Ç ^Î¬#°<£ ãQ®²ì~òO¬Q® <_È° ¬~¡Þ=°¿
@Q®kÇ° =K³ó~¬ =KÇ@<£ Q®"~¡~¡° ^ÎOk KÇ¶_ÈQ®<£
18
¬7. L. P ãQ®¬ì~A |\÷# =°¬ð =°¬ h`Çx Ez, ~¬#
`¼ãQ®¬ì=$uë`ËQ®¬ìH ¬ð~¡Ä\÷ *èÇòKÇ°_¨Ç°, #O`Ç ¬¶
~¡¼ãQ®¬ì}O|° =¶x Ç°=ô~! ~òk #Áx¬O_È° =K³ó#O
KÇ°ãQ®³¶ãQ® qãQ®¬ì`Ç <ùHø@ <`Çx ãq°OQ® Õ=Q®<£
¬8. KÇ. [_² q^Î°O`Ç°^Î°O _`Çx [HøQ®#°OQù# èH Ç°³°¼_È<£
=_|~¡° "³uë Ç°`³ë Q®° "¬=ô`Ë <³÷yO¬, <`Ç_È°<£
Q®_È° "³Q®Ok ''h ãH=°=ò ïQáHù#° #O`Ç\÷ g~¡° _³=ÞÑÑ_È°O
KÇ_È°Q®°KÇ° <°¾ Hù=òà =°¬ðHi <³H÷ø ×`~¡¬ì¬°ë_³á.
¬9. KÇ. #°Q®_È<£ qÇ°KÇó~¡ Q®}O|°° QùÞQ® <ÍQ®°^³OzÇ°
[û~¡°¬ì |O^Î° K³O`Ç ã|u KÇO_ÈH~¡°O _È# ^Î°ißsHÆHêO
`Ç° ^Î°H÷OKÇ° h¦¬°#° Q®#°OQùx, ³°=Þ_Ë g_È@OKÇ° è
~¡°H =²ìOz =°`ÇëHi #>ÿ¬~ò<£ Q®q~òOz Ç¶~¡°ó_È°<£
10. HII ''O_È° ~¡°z q°Oz#k~ü
¬O_È° ¬ìiO`Ç°ÑÑ #x fã=¬_ H_È° |²
¬O _ÈQ®°@ ^³eÇ°H÷`Ç_È°
KÇO_¨×Ãx q_z, Ç° Q®[=òÌá ä½÷ïH<£
11. =. WqÞ^ÎO|°#
12. `Í.w. öH¬i H÷Õ~¡ =ò^ÎÄ@ãH©_Èg°k
ä½÷H÷ #O`Ç Ç° ãìO`Ç° çOkKÇO_È
¬=# ¬ìu ^Î¶° §~¡^¥ãO|° b
#ã=ò q°O_È° ^³~¡ [Oìi ïQ~¡e.
¬13. L. ã^ÎQ®[O|°Ìá #°°ä½ =x <ùO_ùH@<£ [~òO¬ è
H ã^Î° ã=HøeOKÇ° ä½e§Çò^Î =ò^Îu |¶² "³á=, #
Ç°¼ãk KÇ~¡°O_È° "=° ¬ì#°=O^Î°# <ùzó# =ü~¡ó *ÿOk,
¬î\÷ ~Þãk¬~ò<£ |_³<£ Q®ì¬ H ¬ð~¡Ä\
÷ *èòÇ KÇ° ~¬=ô|ÄQ®<£
19
Jì¼¬ "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
L^ÎÇ° { Jãk « `Ç¶~¡°¬ôHùO_È°
¬g°~¡=ò « Qêe
[ã¬¬¶#=ò « =°O^¥~¡¬ô+¬æ=ò
q°#°ß { U° « PHê×Q®OQ®
Qê_È°æ « Qêe
`_È#=ò « Hù@°@ ^Ëk « "Í°¦¬¶ ¬=ü¬ì=ò°
ì[° « Àì°
`Ç¶eHêOy « ^Î¶k=ÿ
¬=#¬ìu « Qêe^³|Ä
× `~¡ « =ã*ìÇò^Î=ò
KÇO_Ö×Ã_È° « ¬¶~¡°¼_È°
[Oìi « WOã^Î°_È°
ã^ÎQ®[=ò « S~=`Ç=ò
ä½e§Çò^Î=ò « =ã*ìÇò^Î=ò.
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn², ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò° ã"Çò=ò :
L^ÎÇ¶ãk , J`³ëQ®° , ["Ë#ßu
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok ¬=¶¬=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#°
ã"Çò=ò :
Q®O^Î~¡ÞQ®~¡°_È Ç°HÆ ²^Î ª^Î°¼°, Q®Q®# KÇ~¡°° , ¬kàhHêO`Ç°_È°,
öH¬iH÷Õ~¡=ò, ã^ÎQ®[=ò
20
<<~¡=Ö ò°
öH¬i Ð ²O¬ì=ò, Q®°]=ò, ãõ+¬µ»_È°, ¬ì#°=°O`Ç°x `ÇOã_
H~¡=ò « ¬ì¬ë=ò, H¬æ=ò, `ùO_È=ò, H÷~¡}=ò
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
KÇOã^Î°_È° Ð ×t^Î~¡°_È°, x§¬u, ¬°^¥O×Ã_È°
ì#°_È° Ð ¬¶~¡°¼_È°, W#°_È°, ~¡q
=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°

YKÇ~¡°° Ð PHê×=ò# ¬OKÇiOKÇ°"~¡° (^Í=`Ç°)
q^Î°O`Ç°^Î°_È° Ð KÇOã^Î°x ì^ÎÌ@°"_È° (~¬=ô)
KÇO_¨×Ã=ô, KÇO_ÈH~¡°_È° Ð fã="³°Ø# H÷~¡}=ò° Q®"_È° (¬¶~¡°¼_È°)
=x Ð ¬=#°x ¬ôã`Ç°_È° (¬ì#°=°O`Ç°_È°)
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
KÇOã^Î°_È° Ð KÇO^Î°~¡°_È°
KÇ° Ð KÇ°
¬O^Î~¡Ä "H¼=ò°
1. 'W=°à¬ð =°¬O_³=Þ_ËÑ
2. ìì#°x |>ÿ#¬ô_È°.
3. J=ô~! ~òk #Áx ¬O_È° =K³ó<£.
4. .... ãH=°=ò ïQáHù#° #O`Ç\÷ g~¡°_³=Þ_È°!
5. O_È° ~¡°z q°Oz#k~ü Ð ¬O_È° ¬ìiO`Ç°.
21
ã¬ß× °
1. ¬ì#°=°O`Ç°_È° ¬¶~¡°¼x KÇ¶z U=°x ãìOu¬_³#°?
2. ¬ì#°=°O`Ç°_È° PHê×=ò#ä½ Zyi#¬ôæ_È° U=°~ò#k?
3. ¬ì#°=°O`Ç°_È° ¬¶~¡°¼x ¬@°Hùx#¬ôæ_È° Uq° [iy#k?
4. ¬ì#°=°O`Ç°x KÇ¶z ~¬=ô HË²Oz Uq° KÍÌ#°?
5. WOã^Î ° _È ° ¬ ì #°=°O`Ç ° xÌá `Ç Q ® = ô#ä ½ "³ o ¤# q^ Î = ò#° ^¥x
¦¬e`Ç=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
qõO×=ò°
ä½e§Çò^Î=ò : ¬î~¡Þ=ò ¬~¡Þ`Ç=òä½ ï~Hø°O_³_q. Jq `Ç=°
~ò+¬=ò =zó#@°Á ZQ®°~¡°KÇ° ¬@}=ò°, #^Î°°, ¬O@Ú=òÌá |_ q°H÷øe
#+¬=ò° He¾OKÇ°KÇ°O_È°#q. J¬ôæ_È° WOã^Î°_È° ^Í=`Ç°, =ò#° HËiHÌá `Ç#
=ã*ìÇò^Î=ò#° ã¬³¶yOz, P¬~¡Þ`Ç=ò ï~Hø° YO_Oz, "\÷ Q®~¡Þ=ò
#}K³#°. P PÇò^Î=ò#° ä½e§Çò^Î=°O^Î°~¡°.
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
3. ¬O¬ø$`Ç ¬O^Î°° :
q¬~¡¾¬Ok : q¬~¡¾¬Ok <°Q®° q^Î=ò°
1. 'JÑ Hê~¡=ò ¬î~¡Þ=ò Q® q¬~¡¾ä½ <^¥HÆ~¡=ò° ¬~¡=°Q®°#¬ô_È°
'FÑ Hê~¡=ò =KÇ°ó#°.
L^¥II =°# { ì~¡=ò « =°<Ëì~¡=ò
2. q¬~¡¾ ä½ H, Y, ¬, ¦¬ ° ¬~¡=°Q®°#¬ô_È° q¬~¡¾ Õ²OKÇ^Î°.
L^¥II JO`Ç { ¬ô~¡=ò « JO`Ç¬ô~¡=ò
3. q¬~¡¾ ä½ ×, +¬, ¬, ° ¬~¡=°Q®°#¬ô_È° ×, +¬, ¬ ° =~¡°¬Qê =KÇ°ó#°
L^¥II `Ç¬ { ×H÷ë « `Ç¬ ×ÅH÷ë
4. q¬~¡¾ ä½ HùxßKË@Á ö~¦Q®=°=ò =KÇ°ó#°
L^¥II ^Î#° { ì}=ò° « ^Î#°~Ä}=ò°
22
JO`Ç { P`Çà « JO`Ç~`Çà
×Ãó`ÇÞ¬Ok : '¬ÑHê~¡ `Ç=~¡¾=òä½ (¬, `Ç ^Î, ^Î ^Î) × Hê~¡ 'KÇÑ =~¡¾=ò`Ë
¬Ok H°Q®°#¬ô_È° ×=~¡â, KÇ=~¡¾=ò ì^Í×=°Q®°#°.
L^¥II =°#¹ { KÇ#=ò « =°#×ó#=ò
[×ë Þ¬Ok : H, KÇ, @, `Ç, ¬ ä½ =~¡¾ `Ç$fÇ°, KÇ`Ç°~HÆ~¡=ò° ¬ì, Ç°,
=, ~¡ ° JKÇ°ó° ¬~¡=°Q®°#¬ô_È° =~¡°¬Qê Q®, [, _È, ^Î, |, ° P^Í×=òQê
=KÇ°ó#°.
L^¥II kH± { Q®[=ò « kQ®¾[=ò
JK { JO`Ç=ò « J[O`Ç=ò
23
4. ÕAx [#à=$`ëO`Ç=ò
- J#O`=¶`Ç°¼_È°
Hq J#O`=¶`Ç°¼_È° 15= ×`|í=ò ¬î~Þ~¡=ò#ä½ K³Ok#"_È°. [Hø#
N<^ Î H = ôä ½ ¬ = °Hêeä ½ °. g~¡ ° Õ [~rÇ ° =°#° H ^ ¥ Hê=¼=ò#°,
KÇO^Ë^Î~¡æ}=°#° KÇO^Î§ÅG=ò#°, ~¡ª~¡}=°#° JOHê~¡§G=ò#° ~¡zOzi.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò Õ[~rÇ°=ò kÞfÇ¶§Þ¬=ò#°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
POã^Î "VàÇ°=ò# NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°ä½ ''POã^ÎÕA_È°ÑÑ Jx ã¬²kQ®^Î°.
JO^Î°ä½ Hê~¡}=ò ¬O¬ø$`Ç "VàÇ°=ò# Õ[=°¬ð~A#ä½ Q® qt+¬ ªÖ#"Í°.
Qù¬æ ¬O¬ø$`Ç q^ÎÞ`Çø=ô° Õ[~*ìªÖ#=ò# #°O_ ¬° ¬O¬ø$`Ç Hê=¼=ò°,
<@H = ò° "³ ~òOzi. J\÷ ª² ì `Ç ¼ é+¬ ä ½ x [#à=$`ë O `Ç = ò D
~¼O×ª~¡=ò.
1. `Í. Jk¬! K³Ìæ^Î q#°=ò ã¬Ç¶Q® =°~¡}
q°+¬ Hê=°¼²k ^Î=°Q®°>ÿÁ ^ùeÁ
"Í^Î "Í^¥OQ® `Ç`Çë Þ ¬O"Ík³òHø
qã¬=~¡°¼_È° Q®_È° ¬qã`ÇÇò`Ç°_È°
2. =. ¬~¡Þ ×´#¼O|Q®° ^¥iã^Î¼^³á#¼O|° ÌáiO¬ *ìH ¬Oª~¡O|°
=# q²qO¬H x~¡àQ®ßO|Q®° QË=ô#°O Õÿ #=°àÔì^Í=ôO_È°
`Ç#°ß ¬=ò^ÎiO¬ kïHø=Þ~¡° èH ^Î°YO|°# Q®$× ×s~¡°O_³á
ÇòO_ÈQùO_ùHHêO|° ¬#°@Çò <ùHø<_È° `Ç#
=°#O|°# x@ÁxzOuOK³.
¬ 3. L. Fe Q®$¬ì¬Ö ^Î~¡à=ò #°O_³_È°"x H÷ãQê¬"¬=ò
KyQ®e¾ ¬ôã`Ç°° Q®×ã`Ç=ò ªÏY¼=ò <ùO^Î|O^Î°=ô
"Í°# <~¡¼HË\÷=°k "³°KÇóQ® #°O_È°@ ÇòxøQêH Í°
K°#° èH ~ü K³#\÷ *ìe|_ÈO|xÍ°q° K³¬ôæ=¶.
24
¬ 4. L. ì=ôQ®O`ÇHê=ò ^ùOQ®H èóuÿä½ø OQ®°<£
r=# ì~¡q°¬ôæ =òkÌO^Î Ç°OKÇ°|~ËHÆ ª^Î<
ì==ò <³=°à ^¥ ^Îz =¼¬^ÎO|°# xtó``Ç°à_³á
Ç¶=¬° ^¥=°~¡°O _ÈiïQ #Ç°¼=° <tx ³Ø°#HêtH÷<£.
¬ 5. =°. Hx³°xÞã¬ô_È° ¬~¡ÞÕH ²ì`ÇqMì¼`ÇO[Q®<à`Çì
=# "¬î~¡`Ç~¡OQ® ¬O¦¬°x#^Î ^ÎÞªëd ªÞOuHê
=x [O`Ç°ã=[ ¬ ì~¡=ò ~¡l^¥æ =¶Oã¦²°[<£ ^Î$
¦¬°É# E@ ^ÎÞ[ Q®eæÒ|° xk ¬OQ®<£ Q®OQ® #°^Î¼#àu<£
6. H. Hx Ç¶#OkOKÇ°KÇ° "³¶
_ó# öH° ì@ gkèió =KËQ®°O
# "³°¬Q® ã|¬°ë uOKÇ° KÇ°
^Î#~¡ Q®$`Ç ªß#°_È³°¼ ^Î`Ç°æ}¼ #k<£
7. =°. J`Ç_ÈiÖO ^Î^Î#O`Ç~¡O| `ÇK³<£ ¬ð~ =°~ ¬ì~¡Õ
a`Ç =~¡°â<£ [Q®^ÎO`Ç ¬î~¡â=°²ì=°<£ |$O^¥~¡ Hê~^Î°¼x<£
[`Ç°~¬¼ã¬}°Òã¦²° ¬^ÎàÇòQ®×Ã<£ [Oã^¥~¡Ö =°¿o<£t"
xÞ`Ç "=¶OQ®° ##OQ® ^Î~¡æ ^Î=°#°<£ qõÞ×Þ~¡°<£ ×OH~¡°<£.
8. =. W@°Á ¬ô}¼f~¡ÖO|°# Qùxß k#O|°°O_ ³òHø<_È°
9. Ô. ã}ìOu Hê=¬Ö |_# Ç°¬ôæ_È°Qêx
H°Q®^Î°²k ~üHêt Ç°O^Î°
#O`Ç KÍÇ°Q® Q®°¾#q `Ë° p~¡°
|°#°H À~¡°#° [\ì ¶u ^¥~¡
}O|°° aHÆê@#=òQ® ¬ôQË~¡
¶`Ç ¬OQ®u ãÀ`Ç¶q° ÇòxH÷
~òq Í° <ä½ ^Î°ïHø^Î°í ^Í§O`Ç~¡
=°iy#@ÁQ®°#°. x>ÿØÁu <Íx
25
P. Ôì#^Î×ä½ <Ë_ ~ò° _Oz ¬~¡^Í×
=ò#ä½ x@°Á =zóÇò#° #~¡
q= "³ò^Î=ä½#ß =$^ÎQê^³ Ç°#°|°k
<`Ç_ÈKÇ@° "² Ç°iïQ ##¦¬°!
10. L. "ÍQ®=° Í°y HêOK³ |$k g¬°~¡=òY¼_È õ+¬³¶y¬O
³¶Q®=òÕH Hà+¬ q³¶Q®=ò *ì~¡° `Ç~¡OQ® =¶eHê
ÕQ®¬=òuÖ Ò|°H} ¬î~¡â¬g°~¡} e`+¬ k
QêÄQ®=ò ¬#°àhOã^Î ¬iHeæ`Ç Ç¶Q®=ò <ã¬Ç¶Q®=ò<£,
11. =. Hx H~¡O|°° "³òyz ~ò@Á x ¬°ë uOK³.
12. `Í. LiÞÌá #×Þ"Í°k Ç°#<£ Q®~¡Þ=ò_²
ã|¬ìà ¬ì`Ç¼¬~¡°O_È#° Ç°=ò "²
³ò¬Q®° ¬°H$uH÷ì²H÷ <ùHøQ®uÇ°
Ç°#¼f~¡Ö=òÿ#³°ã¬Ç¶Q®=ò#ä½.
13. KÇ. J"³ kq*ì¬Qê [=ò Á"³ Ç¶Ç°=ò<[O|°ì
^Î=×`ÇÇòxÞh`ÇÇò ^¥~ùøxKÇ¶_È°øH÷ "Í_ÈøKÍÌ=¶
^Î= ¬^Î<OQ®}O Q®°@ ^Î`ÇæiKiHiÖ[O^Î#
ã^Î==ò# ''Qù`ÇëH¬¶ëix ^ÎHøH ö~H° Ì\÷~ËÇ°#<£,
14. H. Q®OQêÇ°=ò# q=°`Ç
~¡OQ®O|°° ^Î=× K=°~¡O|°° #²`Ë
`Ç°ëOQ® |¬ |~¡Ý x=¬ì=ò
#OQ®[ [#ä½#ä½ "³áKÇ°#\çÁÌæQ®_È°<£.
15.=. Jx Q®OQê Ç°=ò# ªOQ®`Ç¼ qõ+¬O|°°
QùxÇ¶_È°KÇ° #O^Î° Q®$`Ç ªß#°O_³á
Ç¶kÞAO_È°ã¬Ç¶Q® =¶^Î=ô#° Qùÿó#°.
16. L. KÇ¶¬ô° q+¬µâ=ü~¡°ëä½ ªÚ=òàQ® l¬ìÞ° q+¬µâ=üiëÇ¶
ì¬ ¬°YO|°*ÿO^ÎQ®^ÎO¬ô° q+¬µâ=°¬ì`Çë~¡zO`Çä½O
ÿá¬_È°KÇ°O_È x@°Q®° ìQ®=`Ë`Çë=° HË\÷KÍ[Q®
ní²`Ç"³°Ø# Ç°qÞ=° f~¡Ö=ò#O^Î`Ç_È°O_³ "Í_È°H<£.
26
17. =. W@°ÁO_ Ç°qÞã¬ôO _ùHø <_³¬æ\÷Ç°@°Á Q®OQê ªß#O|°
ÀÇò#¬ôæ_ùHø =x` KÇ`Ç°+¬Ç°O|KÇó\÷H÷ =zó
=°~¡}Ë^Ë¼Q®O|°# ¬OHæO|° K³¬ôæHù#° KÇ°O_# #`ÇO_È^Î°Ä
`Ç°`Çë z`Ç°ëO_³á H#°OQù#° KÇ°O_³#O`Ç.
18. KÇ. H#H¬ô Q®°¬æ°<£ =°}÷ x HêÇ°=ò°<£ ^Î#^¥#¼~¬°°<£
q#°`Ç Q®*ì×Þ¬O¦¬°=ò° qã×Ã`Ç QË=°²ìk HO|°°<£
^Î# HkHO|°Qê Q®ey ^¥`ÇÇò ÕHëÇò<³á#"_È°<
H#Ç°=ò ~¡ëQê=Çò#OKùH ìq°x HËï~"Í_È°H<£
19. KÇ. `Ç# =^Î#O|° "HuH÷ ^¥=H"³°Ø K³°"ùO^Î^Î#°ß*ì
z# [#°O^Î°O Q®q`Ç K³¬æ ¬=°¬ë Hì Hì¬=ò
^Î# =×"³°Ø `Çe~¡æ #°z`ÇAý _È#OQ® çQ®_Èë ïHä½ø"
_È#Ç°=ò ~¡ë Qê=Çò#OKùH ìq°x HËï~"Í_È°H<£
20. KÇ. J#°¬=° ¬O¬^¥_È°¼ _È°#° ¬Oz`Ç x~¡à HË=°ìOQ®°_È°<£
¦¬°# Hq`~¡ªé^ÎÇ° qHê²`Çz`Ç°ë_È°<³á ¬=°¬ë ¶
[#¬i ~¡HÆ} HÆ=°`Ç *ìQ® <ù²æ ^Îiãu <Í°"
_È#Ç°=ò ~¡ë Qê=Çò #OKùH ìq°x HËï~"Í_È°H<£.
21. KÇ. H#H ×ìH"Ëx `Ç#° HêOuÇò |°#ß=° KÇOã^Î°Õ°<
##q=O|° |^Îà=ò #=ôÞ¬i¬°æ@ <Íã`Ç~ËKÇ°°<£
^Î# H=°~¡OQ® ì= = `ÇOã`ÇO|°O^Î° ã|g}°_³á#"
_È#Ç°=ò ~¡ë Qê=Çò #OKùH ìq°xHËï~"Í_È°H<£
22. =. WqÞ^ÎO|°# |°#~¡Ä"#° =O|°QËi
23. KÇ. `ÇHùx <Q® H#¼H° `Ç`Çë\÷ h`Çu öHQ®°^³Oz q
KÇó q_ öQe ¬eæ x[ ¬^Îà=ò ãQ®=°à *çKÇ°óOyè
ï~q° ^Îe~¡æ <#°=ôiO^Î° xì¬¼° <¬¼=°O_ÈO
|°° qH²O¬ #Çò¼^Îk ¬î~¡=ò#O^Î° =òxOyi=òà<£
27
24. L. JO`ÇÇò Ez qã¬ô_È° ã²Ç°O|°# <Í#° #°x@°ÁKÍ² ~ü
HêO`Ç° <H×ã`Ç=ò° QêQ® #c+¬ ¬°MÕ¬ ÕQ®=ò
HêO`Ç° ^ÎiãuÕ#x Ç°HO²`Ç z`Çë ¬~ËA_³á Ç°<
^Î¼O`Ç° ã|Ç¶Q® =¶^Î=ô Q®$a ^ÎOz #=°¬øiOKÇ°<£
25. Ô. ^¥iã^Î¼ ¶`ÇO|° `Ç#° ì²é=ôh
Çò^ÎH ¬î~¡=ò Kùzó Çò#ß =xÇò
ÿ^Îí Hê=ò "Í°# ÿiy# ¬ ¬O
H=ò eO^Î° =ò#°Q®H H~¡Q®=xÇò
xk ×Ã^Î [~t ~òO^Î°Õ "³^ÎH÷#
QËiø =ò`Ç¼=ò° KÍä~¡=xÇò
xO_È° _Oz# #°Þ iO`Ç° "³_ÈeOz
Q®°÷èx HËï~ø ïQá HùO^Î° #xÇò
x@°Á `³Q®°= KÍÌ h qã¬ô _Èx Hùx
Ç¶_È°#@°Á QêQ® #`Ç_È° =òxïQ
[@° ^Î°i`Ç uq°~¡ ¬@ ã¬KÇO_È=¶
~ëO_È =°Q®° ã¬Ç¶Q® Q®°O_È=°O^Î°
26. L. JO`Ç ã|Ç¶Q® =¶^Î=ô _È#O`Ç ^ÎÇ¶xk¬^Îà"²h
HêO`Ç°_È° "i HËiø ³ò¬Q®OQ® ^ÎnÇ° ¬~Ë¬aÇ°
`Ç¼O`Ç x~¡¶_È"³°Ø <³Q®_È° #@°ÁQ® qã¬ô_È° ¬¶~¡¼HêO`Ç ¶
HêO`Ç°x Ç°O^Î° |^Îà=u Qêke `ÇeÁQ® |°>ÿ "Í°kx<£
27. =. W@°Á ¬ô\÷ Ç¶ kÞAO_È° ÕAO_È#° À~¡ ã|²^Î° _È³°¼.
JOQ®<~¡`ÇßO|°° #°=ô~¡°#° ¬°Q®Ok, ¬^ÎàQ®Ok,
H#H=u, KÇOã^Îã¬#° ##Þ~¡Ö <=°O|°`Ë #`ÇxH÷
ì~¡¼ÿái. WqÞ^ÎO|°# #`ÇO_È° qq^Î q= q²`Ç°O_È°#°
J`Ç¼O`Ç ~¡¶¬ ¬O¬#°ßO_È°#° ¬H Hìã¬g}°O_È°#° <³á
ì@ ^Í×O|°#O^Î° ^¥~ #Q®~¡O|°# Hn×Þ~¡°O_³á Ç°<ÍH
=~¡ÂO|°° ~[¼O|°° KÍÌ.
28
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
^³á#¼=ò « n#`ÇÞ=ò
ÌáiO¬ *ìH « F~¡°óHù#èH
¬OH=ò « |°~¡^Î
x~¡àQ®ß=ò « zä½øHù#°
=°Ôì^Í=ô_È° « ãì¬ìà}°_È°
¬=ò^ÎiO¬ « é+²O¬
H$× « zH÷ø#
ãQê¬=ò « uO_, P¬ð~¡=ò
"¬=ò « W°Á
H×ã`Ç=ò « ì~¡¼
K³#\÷ « K³_ÈÛ
W_È°=ò° « H+¬=ò°
W¬ì=ò « ¶ÕH=ò
¬~¡=ò « ¬~¡ÕH=ò
ì=ô « ^³á~¡¼=ò
OQ®°° « q^Î=ò°
=¼¬^Î=ò « ^³á= =¶~¡¾=ò
=¬°^¥=°~¡°_È° « ãì¬ìà}°_È°
J¦¬°<t « ¬=ò#° éQù@°#k
[Q®<à`Ç « ~¡Þu
`Ç~¡OQ®=ò° « J°
L^Î¼` « L[$OaOKÇ°
"³¶_ó#öH° « #=°¬øiOz# KÍ~ò
ì@=ò « <ù¬°
Q®°O#=ò « ¬=ü¬ì=ò
29
^Î=×`Ç « `³xÁ
¬^Î<OQ®}=ò « WO\÷ =òO^Î° ìQ®=ò
x=¬ì=ò « ¬=ü¬ì=ò
n²`Ç=ò « HêOu
q=° « ¬ÞKÇó"³°Ø#
=°²ì+¬=ò « ^Î°#ßé`Ç°
ÕHë « Juk
"Hu « ¬~¡¬Þu
K³°=ô « JO^Î=ò
×ìH=ò « =òHø
¬^Îà=ò « Q®$¬ì=ò
P¬¼=°O_È=ò « #°^Î°~¡°
JHO²`Ç « KÇ#=ò èx
J<^Î¼O`Ç°_È° « Pk JO`Ç=ò° èx"_È°
uq°~¡=ò « JO^ÎHê~¡=ò
=¶~ëO_È°_È° « ¬¶~¡°¼_È°
"Í°kx « ¶q°
=~¡ÂO|°° « ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò°
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok "xx q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
J=°àÔì^Í=ô_È° [Q®<à`Ç =°zóHÇòÁ ²Á kQêÄQ®=ò J²`Ë`Ç°ëOQ®
HË=°ìOQ®°° ~¡ªé^ÎÇ°=ò KÇOã^Î°Õ° ¬#°àhOã^Î ÚO²i "Ë³°.
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
¬OHx~¡àQ®ßO|° Q®$¬ì¬Ö ^Î~¡à=ò° ì@ gk KÇO^Î# ã^Î==ò Q®OQê
Ç°=ò#° [Q®ní²`Ç=ò ìQ®=`Ë`Çë=ò_È° HË=°ìOQ®°_È° #°ÞiO`Ç°°.
30
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~Ä°
1. D K³#\÷ *ìe |_ÈO|x Í°q° K³¬ôæ=¶.
2. J#¼ f~¡Ö=ò ÿ#³° ã¬Ç¶Q®=ò#ä½.
3. Hù`Çë H¬¶ëix ^ÎHøH ö~H° Ì\÷~Ë Ç°#<£.
4. JÇò¼^Îk ¬î~¡=ò#O^Î° =òxOy i=òà<£.
5. ¬^Îà=u Qêke `ÇeÁQ® |°>ÿ "Í°kx<£.
ã¬H$u - qH$`Ç°°
^Î~¡à=ò Ð ^Î=°à=ò
¬ô}¼=ò Ð ¬ô<³ß=ò
Q®~¡Þ=ò Ð Q®~¡°==ò
N Ð ²i
Ç°=ò# Ð [=ò#
q+¬µâ=ô Ð "³#°ß_È°
ªß#=ò Ð `#=ò
Hq`Ç Ð ïHá`Ç
KÇOã^Î°_È° Ð KÇO^Î°~¡°_È°
ã¬ß× °
1. ^¥iã^Î¼=°#° qOKÇ° ãì¬ìà}°_È° HêtH÷ ZO^Î°ä½ "³×Á^ÎK³#°?
2. qã¬ô_È° KÇ¶²# ¬ô}¼f~¡Ö=ò qõ+¬=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
3. Hêt ã¬Ç¶Q® "³át+¬ ¼=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
4. Q®OQê#kX_È°Û# #°Q®°~¡° <Q®H#¼° U=°x ¬OHeæOKÇ°Hùxi?
5. qã¬ô_È° U=°x `ÇOz ã¬Ç¶Q® Q®°O_È=òÕ =òxïQ#°?
6. =°~¡° [#àÕ qã¬ô_È° ÕAxQê [xàOz# =$`ëO`Ç=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
31
<<~¡=Ö ò°
^Î~¡à=ò « <¼Ç°=ò, ^¥#=ò
Qêã`Ç=ò « ×s~¡=ò, HO~¡=ò, Qê#=ò
~¡ë « <^Î°_È°, ~A
Q®°O_È=ò « Q®°O@, ¬ìÙ=°Q®°O_È=ò
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
H×ã`Ç=ò « ì~¡¼, ¬u, ¬uß
¬$kq « ¬ô_Èq°, =¬°^Î
=òx « |°°+², `Ç¬²Þ, =°¿x
J×Þ=ò « Q®°]=ò, "l, "~¡°==ò
#k « "Í}÷, U~¡°
JOQ®# « ¢Ôë, =°²ì×, <i
=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡Ö=ò°
=¶^Î=ô_È° Ð ~¡=°ä½ <^Î°_È° (q+¬µâ=ô)
WO^Î° xì¬¼° Ð KÇOã^Î°x =O\÷ =òYHêO`Ç°° H ¢Ôë°
qõO×=ò°
ã¬Ç¶Q® Ð ã|¬ìà WHø_È J<ÍH Ç¶Q®=ò° KÍÌ#°.
JO^Î°=# D ¬@}=ò#ä½ D À~¡° =K³ó#°.
Hêt Ð Q®OQê#k X_È°Û# L#ß ¬ô}¼öHÆã`Ç=ò
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
ãQ®O^¥Ç°=òÕx öHÆã`Ç =¶¬ð`Çà¼ ãQ®O^Î=ò#° KÇkq ¬ô}¼f~¡Ö=ò
=°²ì=°#° `³°¬°Hù#=ÿ#°.
32
¬ô}¼ #^Î°#°, ¬ô+¬ø~¡ =°²ì=°#°, =°²ì=¶xÞ`Ç°, KÇiã`Ç#°
q¬ô=òQê `³°¬ô@ ÇòHë=ò.
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
4. ¬=¶¬=ò° :
¬=¶¬=ò : ¬=°~¡ÖO|°Q®° ¬^ÎO|°° UH¬^ÎO|Q®°@ ¬=¶¬=ò.
"Í ö ~ Þ~¡ ° J~¡ Ö = ò°Q® ¬ ^ Î = ò° H e ² Xö H
J~¡qÖ °KÇ°ó#@°Á XH ¬^=Î òQê #Q®°@ ¬=¶¬=°#|_È°#°.
qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò : ¬ = ¶¬ = ò ³ ò H ø J~¡ Ö = ò#° K³ ¬ ô æ#k è H
¬=¶¬=ò#° q_Èn² K³¬ôæ#k qãQ®¬ì"H¼=ò.
¬î~¡Þ¬^Î=ò : ¬=¶¬=òÕx "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò.
L`Çë~¡ ¬^Î=ò : ¬=¶¬=òÕx ï~O_È= ¬^Î=ò.
¬=¶¬=ò#O^Îe ~¡H=ò° :
ì+¬#° |\÷ ªO¬ø$uH=ò, PzóH=ò, q°ã×=°=òx ¬=¶¬=ò°
=ü_È° q^Î=ò°. JO^Î° ªO¬ø$uH=ò, ²^Î=ò, ª^Î¼=òx ï~O_È° ~¡H=ò°.
¬O¬ø$`Ç HÆ}=òKÍ ¬=¶¬=ò KÍÇ°|_ ÇòO_ P ¬=¶¬=ò
`³°Q®°ÕxH÷ =zó# ³°_È #k ²^Î ¬=¶¬=°#|_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ~*ì[ý, `Ç\ìHË^ÎH=ò
ï~O_È° JKÇó`³#°Q®° ¬^Î=òä½ *èÇ°|_#k PzóH ¬=¶¬=°#|_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð èxÇ¶#u, K³°=ô h~¡°
¬=¶¬=ò#O^Îe ¬^Î=òçH\÷ `Ç`Ç=°=ò, <ùH\÷ Ç°KÇó`³#°Q®°
¬^Î=ò<³á#KË q°ã×=° ¬=¶¬=°#|_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ~A<#u, èxÇ¶[ý, `Ç\ìH¬ô h~¡°, K³°=ô #°^ÎH=ò.
33
J~¡Ö=ò#° |\÷ ¬=¶¬=ò° P~¡° q^Î=ò°.
1. `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò 2. H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò 3. kÞQ®°¬=¶¬=ò
4. ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ ¬=¶¬=ò 5. |¬ãg²ì ¬=¶¬=ò 6. J=¼~üì= ¬=¶¬=ò.
1. `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò : L`Çë~¡ ¬^¥~¡Ö ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#k `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò.

Wk ï~O_È° ~¡H=ò°. 1. =¼kH~¡}=ò 2. ¬=¶<kH~¡}=ò
kÞfÇ¶k qä½ë° g°k ¬^Î=ò`Ë KÍi ¬=¶¬=°Q®°@ =¼kH~¡}=°Q®°#°.
qõ+¬}=ò#ä½ qõ+¬¼=ò`Ë_È ¬=¶¬=ò ¬=¶<kH~¡}=°#|_È°#°.
`Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=òÕx ~¡H=ò° :

kÞfÇ¶`Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò, `Ç$fÇ¶ `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò, KÇ`Ç°sÖ
`Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò, ¬OKÇg° `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò, +¬+Ô» `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò,
¬¬ëg° `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò, #& `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò.
WO^Î° qãQ®¬ì "H¼=òÕ "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡ qH÷ëã¬`Ç¼Ç°=ò
°O_È°#°. ¬=¶¬=ò [~¡°Q®°#¬ô_È° qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=ò° Õ²OKÇ°#°. Õ²Oz#
qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=ò##°¬iOz PÇ¶ qä½ë À~¡°`Ë ¬=¶¬=ò#°
À~ùøO^Î°~¡°.
kÞfÇ¶ `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð nxÕ "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡
kÞfÇ¶ qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð <³ `°æ Ð <³#° èó#"_È°.
`Ç$fÇ¶ `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡
`Ç$fÇ¶ qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð =ã*ì¬#=ò Ð =ã[=ò`Ë KÍ²# P¬#=ò.
KÇ`Ç°sÖ `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò# KÇ`Ç°sÖ
qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð x"¬ ¬Ö=ò Ð x"¬=ò Hù~¡ä½ ¬Ö=ò
34
¬OKÇg° `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° qãQ®¬ì"H¼=ò# "³ò^Î\÷
¬^Î=ò z=~¡ ¬OKÇg° qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ×ã`Ç° Ç°=ò Ð ×ã`Ç°=ô =# Ç°=ò.
+¬+Ô» `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° qãQ®¬ì"H¼=ò# "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò
z=~¡ +¬+Ô» qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ¬~¡Þ`Ç tY~¡=ò Ð ¬~¡Þ`Ç=ò ³òHø tY~¡=ò
¬¬ëg° `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° qãQ®¬ì"H¼=ò# "³ò^Î\÷
¬^Î=ò z=~¡ ¬¬ëg° qH÷ë ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ã¬¬OKÇ§Ou Ð ã¬¬OKÇ=ò#O^Îe §Ou.
#& ± `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð Wk =¼uö~Hê~¡Ö=ò#° ¬¶zOKÇ°#°.
¬=¶¬=ò "³ò^Î@ '#Ñ J#° J=¼Ç°=òO_È°#°. "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò#ä½
JKÇ°ó`Ë "³ò^Îÿá# ¬^Î=ò KÍi#¬ô_È° ¬=¶¬=ò "³ò^Î@ 'J<£Ñ
Hê~¡=ò#° ¬ì°Á ¬~¡"³°Ø#¬ô_È° JHê~¡=ò#° KÍ~¡°#°.
L^¥ :Ð J#¦¬ò_È° Ð J¦¬°=ò èx"_È°
35
5. ì¬îr
- Q®°]O *ì+¬µ"
Q®°]O *ì+¬µ" Hq Q®°O@¶~¡° lìÁ q#°HùO_ÈÕ [xàOzi. g~¡° 19=
×`|í=ò#ä½ K³Ok#"~¡°. eOQ®=°à, g~¡Ç°¼° gi `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°°. ''HqHËH÷,
Hq` q§~¡^Î, #=ÇòQ® Hq KÇãH=ië, q×ÞHq ªã=¶\, ¬^Îà¶+¬}, Hìã¬¬î~¡âÑÑ
a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°°.
ãa\©+¬µ ã¬°`ÇÞ Ç¶[=¶#¼OÕ ì~¡`Çã¬°`ÇÞO <³Hùeæ# *ìfÇ° Çò^Î
ã¬K~¡H ¬O¦°¬ OÕ ã¬K~¡ä½ °Qê#°, POã^ãÎ ¬^Í §¬#=°O_Èe ¬° ¼°Qê#° ¬xKÍi² .
''Q®aÄ=ò, =òO`* =°¬ì°, ¬ÞÇ°O=~¡=ò, ãH©°¬ ë rq`Ç=ò, <Í`r, ¦~² ^¡ ñ²ÑÑ
"³ò^ÎQ®° ~¡KÇ#° KÍ²i.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò g~¡° ~¡zOz# ''ì¬îrÑÑ J#° YO_ÈHê=¼=òÑÑ #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. ì¬îr x~_ÈO|~¡`ÇÞ=ò, L#ß`Ç =¼H÷ë`ÇÞ=ò, J²ìOª `Ç`Çæ~¡`Ç
WO^Î° =°<Ë¬ì~¡=òQê =iâO¬|_#k.
1. Ô. ~¡`Ç =~¡ÂOc#° =ã*ì^Î#~t
`Ç¶HO|°#ä½ ÌKÇ°ó ^Î¶Q®°"_È°
=ü_È° =ü~¡°ë ^ÎÇ¶¶u ã¬`Ç¼OQê#
Ò_È qOK³#° ¬qã`Ç ¬Þ~¡¶²
¬k"Í Í°O_ÈÁ Õ¬ ^Î~^Í=`Ç
Hx ³°°OQ®x [Q®#°àx =~¡°O_È°
J#°Q®° ^Î=òà° HË~¡°Hù#° ¬Þ~*ì¼~¡Ö"³°Ø
¬¬°ëO_ ×Ã+²øOKÇ° ¬O_È° =ò¬e
36
P."³. QËz`Ç Q®@°Hùx *ìu =¶#O|°#
xe²#\÷ Y^Î~¡° <Í`Ç Qê_È°
q×Þª=°~¡¬¼ q*ìý# ¬O^¥`Ç
Hêq°`Ç ã¬^¥`Ç QêOk ``Ç !
2. Ô. q=°`Ç ¶¬`Ç° ^Ë²_ Q®°O^Î° *ìuÕ
n¬O|° ÿ\÷# k#H~¡°O_È°
=¶#=`ÇÞ=ò#° ¶=°O_ÈO|°#<³Á
K\÷# Ç¶K~¡¼ KÇãH=ië
¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO|#° ×GK# q^Î¼
°qH÷ ^³zó# =°¬ð¬ô~¡°+¬ =°¿o
x=°ß*ì`Ç° HO\÷ h~¡O|° ^Î°_z Ç¶
§Þ²OKÇ° x°À^Î ìO^Î=ôO_È°
P."³. ¬O_È°Á #¶~¡°KÇ°#ß |¬=°`ÇO|°Õ#
¬¬ì# q^Î¼ <Í~¡°æ ª^Îä½O_È°
ì~¡¼a_ÈÛ °#ß ã¬`Ç¼HÆ ^³á=O|°
Hêq°`Ç ã¬^¥`Ç QêOk ``Ç !
3. =°. L¬"¬O |°¬¬O¬ìiOKÇ°Hùx ³°<Ëß<×Ã¤Qêè^Î°, `
#°¬ìeOKÇ° ã¬¬OKÇ §Ou ~¡=°HêÇò~¡¶Äu ²kO¬ è
^Î¬~¬ìâO|°# ãQ®°OïH<Í: ~¡`Ç =ò<¼k`ÇaO|O|°, `Ç¶
~¡°¬ô YO_ÈO|°# #¬ÞìqH=òQê ~Ë^Î¬° ~ËkOKÇQ®<£.
¬ 4. =°. H=ò ïHá`Ç° =üQ®"Ë~ò#q, ÕH ^¥ÞO`Ç =òÚæOy H
#°ß° "Ë³°<£ ¬Hã¬¬OKÇ=ò#ä½<£, ^Ë_Ëë Ç°ãìO`Ç "³°Ø
|Ôì#O|~ò `Ç¶ÿ ì~¡`Ç=ò, q×Þ"¼² ì¬îl, Q®°O
_³Õ #°O_ ¬qã`Ç~¡Hë=ò z`yß<£ ãQêy ¦¬°Õ+²O¬Q®<£
5. =°. JkQË! ~@ß=òKÍ`Ç x=°ßA Hê¬ð~¡O|° Q®eæOz, Ç°
°¼^ÎÇ¶^ÎH ª=°~¡¬¼=ò<£ HêÇò~íÇ°=òO Õ², P
¬^Î ÿá =°~¡}÷Oz, ¬àKÇÇ°=ò<£ ìyOz, ^Í§Ìá
"³^Î [eÁOz# QêOk``Ç |°°}=ò<£ q×ÞO ÿ@° n~¡°ó<Ë
37
6. L. PH\÷ zKÇ°ó#O Q®°q°e Ç¶ï~ó_È° ãÀ=ô° =ü@Q®\÷, ^Î
ï~áàH =°¬ð~¡}O|°# #Ôì# [Ç°O|° Q®_Oz, ^¥¬¼¬ôO
rH\÷ "², `Ç=òàä½ ÀÞKÇó ³ò¬Oy# ``Ç, *ìuH÷<£
rä½_È° ÿ\÷, ¬Þ~¡¾¬ôi *èï~<³? ì~¡`Ç ì+¬æ aO^Î°"³á
¬ 7. §. ''¬ð~=¶ÑÑ <ÍÌá Hùiy x~¡¼ã^ÎHë²HêëOQ®°_³á
g~¡¬Þ~¡¾ =°OHiOz# Ç°×²Þ<£ QêOk H~¡àOk, Q®
<ß~¡O E_ÈQ® èH _eÁ #Q®~¡O ìì QË =¶
Hê~¡O ÿuë# ÕH"³°Ø, ã¬H$u =òQ®O|³°¼, xsû="³°Ø
8. =°. Qù_À KÍu `Ç°H÷`Ë tkeÒQ®°<£ ãè=°^Ëxk<£
|°_Èq°O Q®¶ez =ü~¡ó"Ë=ô<³_È ì|¶<ùK³ó<ñ^Í¬ì=°O
KÇ_ÈïQ<£ è#Q®=ô q°O¬x Ç°OQêÕH#O|°, H\ì!
²_È°Q®° Q®¶ÿ_ #O`Ç~¡OQ®=ò# h=$`ëO`Ç =ü²ìOz#<£.
9. Ô. é~¡°|O^Î~¡° ¬ô~¡O|°# |°\÷ Q®°[~`Ç°
Ô=°ä½ QÒ~¡=N ¦¬°\÷Oz
P ì¼=òQ® ¬¶#$`ì¬=ò° <Íió
¬<à~¡¾=ò# Hê°ªz #_Èz
=ü_È° ÕHO|° <Ë_O¬ *ì° z
ã`ÇOÿá# ª^Î#=ò *è²
=°#°A_³á ¬ô\÷ ¬OkO¬Qê èx
¬¬ì#O|° ¬k¬ô@°Á ¬O`ÇiOz
`Í. w. |=ò Q®ey# Q®O¬O`Ç |Q®=òO_
"³`Çÿá# =¶`Ç$ ì~¡ux Ez
³°O`Ç zOuOK³<Ë ¬°O`Ç ²ìO¬èx
|=~¡=ò#° èÌ õÞ`Ç ¶¬`Ç°`Ë_È.
10. KÇO. ¬^Î°Q®°i <Ë×¤Õ# Q®°}=O`Ç° _`ÇO_È#° ×|í~¡`Çß=ò
çky, ¬=°¬ë q^Î¼#° ¬î~¡â=òQê ãQ®²ì~òOz, Ô=°ä½<£
Q®^Îe, qhuH÷O l°`ÇQêÇ°=ò ªéHx <¼Ç°"k ³Ø°
¬^Î#=ò *èï~, ãÇ°=ò |°¬ ¬KÇiOK³_È° Ç°¿=#O|°#<£
38
11. Ô. ¬`¼ãQ®¬ì ¬Þ~¡â ×OYO|° ¬îiOz
ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ¬=°~¡c[=ò° <\÷
Ô=° |@° ^ÎiOK³_È° ¬ô@°ÕyH÷
KÍ<Íu =°Qê¾° KÍuH÷zó
^ù~¡ KÍlH÷ø# ~¡`Ç ªã=¶[¼O|°
#°¬"¬=ò KÍ`Ç #¶z Çüz
ÔÞÇ°^ÍjÇ° ²~ò Mÿán Ç°¿@
QÒ~¡=O|#° ¬°^Î°í Q®\÷ *è²
P."³. Ú^Î° =°OKÇ°HùO_È "³ò^Î° À`Ç°=ô^¥H
ì~¡`ÇO|° "³O@ |~¡°Q®° ÿ`Çë
[_È°¬ô y_È°¬ô èx §Ou ¬\ìO|°
²^Î¬~¡K³ ^Î~¡à|^Î°_ÈQ®°KÇ°.
12. =. =ò^Îí `Ç~¡°Q®³°¼ ¬=ò Q®°O_³ ^Î^Îíiÿ ~KÇ"iH÷ Y^Îí~¡°KÍ
Ô=° <Í`ÇQêOã_Èä½, Y^Îí~¡° =òx ãq°OQ®~x H|×O|#°KÇ°<£
¬ 13.=°. J¬¬ð³¶^Î¼=° =¶OQ®Á~[¼~¡^Î ~¡^Î¼¬ëO<k³Ø°
^³¬ xßO_ x<^Î=ò ¬°¬ MìnÇüx ¦~ ª
¬ì²HOÿá# ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ÌáxH xHêÇ° ãìl³Ø°, QêOk `
¬² ªyOK³, x~ Çò^ÎO|Q®° #¬î~¡ÞOÿá# é~@=ò<£
14.HO. ìì[¬u~°, "³¶

fì <³¬~¡¶, uä½ø, ^Í§~ò, ¬>è
=¶×=¼ ã¬$u ã¬=òY°°
=°¿oO ^¥ezi QêOk =°²ì`Ë^Î¼=°=ò<£
39
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
×Ã+²øOKÇ° « h~¡²OKÇ°
k#H~¡°_È° « ¬¶~¡°¼_È°
J¬~¬ìâ=ò « =°^¥¼¬ìß¬=°Ç°=ò
Pk`Ç°¼_È° « ¬¶~¡°¼_È°
~Ë^Î¬° « PHê×=ò
KÇÇ°=ò « ¬=ü¬ì=ò
²Hë « `Ç_²#
Ç°×²Þ « H©ië
xsû==ò « r==ò èx
õÞ`Ç ¶¬`Ç°° « `³Á^ù~¡°, POöQÁÇò°
¬Þ~¡â=ò « |OQê~¡=ò
À`Ç°=ô « P#H@
¬\ì=ò « Ìá#¼=ò
ª¬ì²H=ò « ã¬Ç°`Çß=ò
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok "xx q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò° ã"Çò=ò.
1. =ã*ì° 2. [Q®#°àx 3. ¬`¼ãQ®¬ì=ò 4. =ò<¼k`Ç¼ 5. H#°ß°
"Ë³°<£ 6. `Ç~¡°Q®³°¼ 7. =°²ì`Ë^Î¼=°=ò
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì"H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
1. ¬k"Í Í°O_È°Á 2. ã¬`Ç¼HÆ^³á==ò 3. ¬àKÇÇ°=ò 4. _bÁ#Q®~¡=ò
5. ~[¼~¡^Î=ò 6. ì~¼a_ÈÛ° 7. ã¬¬OKÇ§Ou
40
<<~¡=Ö ò°
1. §Ou « <³=°àk, F~¡°æ
2. ãä½OQ®° « J¬ëq°OKÇ°, h~¡²OKÇ°
3. YO_È=ò « ìQ®=ò, ã¬^Í×=ò
4. =¶~¡¾=ò « ^¥i
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
1. ^ÎÇ° - H~¡°} *ìe
2. KÇãH=ië - ~A, HÆãuÇò_È°
3. ~¡Hë=ò - <³`Ç°ë~¡°, ~¡°k~¡=ò
4. ¬Þ~¡¾=ò - <H=ò, J=°~¡¬ôi
5. JO`Ç~¡OQ®=ò - =°#¬°, =°k
6. ãÇ°=ò - =Ç°¬°, Ç°¿=#=ò
ã¬H$u - qH$u
1. q*ìý#=ò - q<ß}=ò
2. q^Î¼ - q^³í
3. Hq`Ç - ïHá`Ç
4. ~¡Hë=ò - ~¡`Çë=ò
5. Jyß - Jy¾
6. =òQ® - =ò^Îí
7. ¬ô~¡=ò - ãé°
8. QÒ~¡==ò - Qê~¡==ò
9. =¼^Î - "³`Ç
10. Q®°}=ò - Qù#=ò
11. ~¡`Çß=ò - ~¡`Ç#=ò
41
12. <¼Ç°=ò - <Ç°=ò
13. ×OY=ò - ¬Oä½
14. ^Î~¡à=ò - ^Î=°à=ò
15. ~¡^Î=ò - J~¡^Î=ò
1. Hêq°`Ç ã¬^¥`Ç QêOk ``Ç.
2. ²_È°Q®° Q®¶ÿ_ #O`Ç ~¡OQ®=ò# h=$`ëO`Ç =ü²ìOz#<£.
3. ²^Î¬~¡K³ ^Î~¡à|^Î° _ÈQ®°KÇ°.
4. x~Çò^ÎO|Q®° #¬î~¡ÞO ÿá# é~@=ò<£.
5. |=~¡=ò#ä½ èÌ õÞ`Ç ¶¬`Ç°`Ë_È.
ã¬ß× °
1. QêOnr Q®°} Q®}=ò#° Hq Z@°Á =iâOK³#°?
2. QêOnr =°~¡}=ò#° Q®¶ió Hq Z@°Á =iâOK³#°?
3. ¬Þ~[¼ ²kïHá QêOnr KÍ²# `¼Q®"³°\÷^Îx Hq =iâOK³#°?
4. QêOnr L^Î¼=°OÕ ç¾x# =òY°¼#° À~ùø#°=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
ãQ® O ^ ¥ Ç ° =òO^Î ° ì¬ î r rq`Ç KÇ i ã`Ç ä ½ ¬ O |Ok O z#
ãQ®O^Î=ò#°O_ q+¬Ç°=ò#° ÀHiOKÇ°Hù#=ÿ#°.
ì¬îr P`ÇàH^Î zã`Ç=ò#° ãQ®O^¥Ç°=òÕx ãQ®O^Î=ò ^¥Þ~
`³e²Hù#=ÿ#°.
ì¬îr rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç#° q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ÕkOKÇ°@ ÇòHë=ò.
42
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
5. H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :
qõ+¬}=°Q®° ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î=ò#ä½ qõ+¬¼=°Q®° L`Çë~¡¬^Î=ò`Ë ¬=¶¬=ò
H°Q®°@#° H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=°O^Î°~¡°. nxöH ¬=¶<kH~¡}=°x =°i³òH
À~¡° H^Î°
L^¥ : uÇ°¼x ¬O_È°, Z]x ¬î°.
H ~ ¡ à ^ ¥ ~¡ Ç ° =ò#O^Î ° ¬ î ~¡ Þ ¬ ^ ¥~¡ Ö = òä ½ L`Ç ë ~ ¡ ¬ ^ Î = ò`Ë
¬O|O^Î"Í°Hêx, ãH÷Ç°`Ë ¬O|O^Î=òO_È^Î°. H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò#° ¬°
q^Î=ò°Qê qlO¬=KÇ°ó#°.
1. qõ+¬} ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° qõ+¬}=ò "³ò^Î\÷
¬^Î=òQê#°, qõ+¬¼=ò ï~O_È= ¬^Î=òQê#° LO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ã^ÎQ®[=ò Ð ã^Î"³°Ø# Q®[=ò
2. qõ+¬} L`Çë~¡¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° qõ+¬¼=ò "³ò^Î\÷
¬^Î=òQê#°, qõ+¬}=ò ï~O_È= ¬^Î=òQê#° LO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð Hé`Ç=$^Î=ò Ð =$^Î"³°Ø# Hé`Ç=ò.
3. qõ+¬}ËÇ°¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð LÇ°¬^Î=ò°
qõ+¬}=ò°Qê #°O_È°#k.
L^¥ :Ð =°$^Î° =°^Î°~¡=ò Ð =°$^Î°"³á#k =°^Î°~¡"³°Ø#k
4. ¬Oì=# ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò
¬O*ìý<=°"KÇH=òQê#°, ï~O_È= ¬^Î=ò *ìu<=°"KÇH=òQê#°
LO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð NHêä½×öHÆã`Ç=ò Ð NHêä½×=°#° À~¡° Q® öHÆã`Ç=ò.
5. J=^¥~¡} ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð J=^¥~¡} : XH
=¬ ° ë = ô#O^Î ° =°i³ ò H =¬ ° ë ^ Î ~ ¡ à =ò<~Ë² O KÇ ° @. nxö H
~¡¶¬H¬=¶¬=°x <=¶O`Ç~¡=ò H^Î°.
L^¥ :Ð ¬Oª~¡ ªQ®~¡=ò Ð ¬Oª~¡=°<³_ ªQ®~¡=ò.
43
6. L¬=¶# ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð L¬=¶#=ò "³ò^Î\÷
¬^Î=òQ®#°, L¬"Í°Ç°=ò ï~O_È= ¬^Î=òQ®#° LO_È°#k.
L^¥ :Ð zQ®°~¡°öH° Ð zQ®°~¡°=O\÷ öH°
7. L¬ = ¶# L`Ç ë ~ ¡ ¬ ^ Î H ~ ¡ à ^ ¥ ~¡ Ç ° ¬ = ¶¬ = ò :Ð L¬ " Í ° Ç ° =ò
"³ò^Î\÷¬^Î=òQ®#°, L¬=¶#=ò L`Çë~¡¬^Î=òQê#° LO_È°#k.
L^¥ :Ð =òY¬^Îà=ò Ð ¬^Îà=ò=O\÷ =òY=ò.
8. kÞQ®° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð ¬OMì¼¬î~¡ÞH `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ qõ+¬O|° kÞQ®°=ô.
¬OY¼#° `³eÇ°*èÇò ¬^Î=ò =òO^Î°O_# Jk kÞQ®° ¬=¶¬=°Q®°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ¬k"Í Í°O_È°Á Ð ¬k"Í ¬OY¼ Hey# Í°O_È°Á.
9. ^Î Þ O^Î Þ ¬ = ¶¬ = ò :Ð L Ç ° ¬ ^ ¥~¡ Ö ã ¬ ^ ¥ #=ò ^Î Þ O^Î Þ =ò.
¬=¶¬=òÕx ï~O_È°¬^Î=ò° ¬=°ã^¥#¼=ò#° HeyÇòO_È°@.
L^¥ :Ð Q®OQêÇ°=ò#° Ð Q®OQ®Çò Ç°=ò#Çò.
10.|¬ ãg² ì ¬ = ¶¬ = ò :Ð J#¼¬ ^ ¥~¡ Ö ã¬ ^ ¥ #=ò |¬ ãg² ì .
¬=¶¬=ò#O^Îe ï~O_È°¬^Î=ò J~¡=ò HêH "Í~ùH ¬^Î=ò ³òHø
J~¡= ò ã¬^¥ #=òQê Hk. WO^Î° qãQ®ì¬ "H¼=ò z=~¡H k Ð H"_È°
J#°#q =KÇ°ó#°.
L^¥ :Ð HË=°ìOQ®°_È° Ð HË=°"³°Ø# JOQ®=ò° H"_È°.
11. J=¼~ü ì = ¬ = ¶¬ = ò :Ð ¬ î ~¡ Þ ¬ ^ ¥~¡ Ö ã¬ ^ ¥ #=ò. WO^Î °
"³ò^Î\÷¬^Î=ò J=¼Ç°=òQê#°, ï~O_È=k <=° "KÇH=òQê#°
LO_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð Ç°^¥×H÷ë Ð ×H÷ë Z\ÕÁ J@°Á.
44
6. °=# q[Ç°¬
- =°^Î°<¬O`Ç° ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}§¢²ë
=°^Î°< ¬O`Ç° ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}Qê~¡° 1920= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# HêH÷<_ÈÕx
¬eÁOÕ [xàOzi. KÇó=°à, ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}° gi `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°°. ''POã^ÎHÝ},
Hìã¬¬î~¡âÑÑ gi a~¡°^Î=ò°. POã^Î ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç°, NYO_È=ò, K³áã`Ç~¡^Î=ò, ^Î#ÞO`Çi
KÇiã`Ç, ¬`ÇO[e KÇiã`Ç "³ò^ÎQ®° ãQ®O^Î=ò° ~¡zOzi. gi POã^Î¬ô~}=ò#ä½
POã^Îã¬^Í ª²ì`Ç¼ JHê_Èg° ¬ô~¡ªø~¡O aOz#k.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®"³°Ø# ''°=# q[Ç°¬ÑÑ g~¡° ~¡zOz# POã^Î ¬ô~}=ò
#°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. WO^Î° NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° °=# q[Ç°¬, JO^Îe H=ô
Qù¬æ`Ç#=ò ¬ì$^Î¼=òQê =iâO¬|_#k.
1 `Í. w. <_È° ~Ç° ¬i#=òà<_È°
'°=#q[Ç°Ñ =°¬ð¬ì=# =°ï~
|iH$`Ç x|O^Î ~¡¬ì= |O^Î°~Oã^Î
¬°Hq`ÍO^Î°=òv }÷=ò ä½~¡ =°#Q®
2 `Í. w. ¬~¡Þ~[¼ãH÷Ç¶ ¬i+¬ø~¡}"Í×
<#$¬u Hù°Þn~¡°ó =ã*ì¬#=ò#
¬H Hê=¼ ¬°=~¡â ã¬¬OQ®"Í×
#`Ç _Èk+²»OKÇ° xHé¬ì¬#=ò#.
3 `Í. w. Pq°x Ç°O`Ç~¡OQ®O|°#O^Î° xez
Ç°`Çx |²ì~¡OQ®=ò ¬i+¬ÞOQ® "³°#²
''ª²ìf¬=°~OQ®} ª~¡Þº=°ÑÑ
a~¡°^ÎÇò=u ¬<^Î³Ø° Àià=_ÈÌ.
45
4 H. H~¡°}ìH~¡ "ÍOH@¬u
KÇ~¡} ¬à~¡}ìã~¡Ö=°u ~¡ª`Ç¬u `
#~¡°^Í~¡ °=#q[Ç°O
|°~¡°=_ #_È°Q®°ä½ =°_È°=ô ç`Ç°ë<£ H÷ë<£
5 =°. J`Ç°ºz`Ç¼ qõ+¬ ì[#°_È° q^¥¼ ÕA _¨ H$+¬â¶
¬u qKÍó²# "³O|_<£ ¬°HqÒy ²H© Qê#=ò
ã×Ãu¬HÞO ç#iOz ¬ì$^Î¼=òQê qOKÇ°<£ ^Î`Çì~=°^Í
=`Ç Ç¶èx Ç°OQ®ö~Y lQ®°~¡æ<£ *ÿáã`ÇÇ¶ã`¬æ$¬ì.
6 KÇ. ã¬[x`Ç "³á ^Î°+Ô °=# ì~¡=ò Õ¬ ^¥°ó H$+¬â¶
°A _È~¡°^Í~¡ a@° |~¡°=ôO Qù#°KÇ°<£ [=ô[=ôÞì_È° `Ç
kÞ[Ç° ¬ì^Î~OQ®}=ò "³Hø¬=òO ^ùyO¬ n~¡ k
Q®¾[=ò° ¬~¡Þkä½ø#° QêKÇ°KÇ° EKÇ° #cu¬ì¬ë=ò.
¬ 7 =°. Hq`QË+²» *ÿy Hê=¼~¡¬ÕHO|O^Î° k"¼#°¶
u q õ+¬²Öu #°#ßÇ¶ =°¬$}=üiëO E_ÈQê, h`Ç_Í
Ç°=ô<! =°`ÇëQ®*ì×Þ¬`Ç°¼Ç° À<#æ r"¬¬ð
iq^¥KÇO_È° _È@OKÇ° ¬O×Ç°=ò ã^Î+¬ $ãõ}÷H÷O Q®ÿ¾_<£.
8 =°. JHOHËk`Ç "Í^Î§G=KÇ# "¼¬OQ®=°O ^ùHø<
_ùH< _È°[û Þ Hê=¼ìq`Ç ~¡¬ ãÏ_Ëä½ëO ^ùHø<
_È° H$`Ëhà# Qê# <@¼H<\Õ¬=òà#O ^Î@° °
`Ç°H Àìì×|ìa~=°=òQ® ^ËKÇ°<£ Q®$+¬â ¶$`Ç.
9 `Í. w. J=°~¡ "VàÇ° H=# ^ÎHÆ=ò° Hê=¼
<@Hê^Î°° ~Ç°<Ë@ q#°KÇ°
q[Ç°¬ Ç¶`Çà "³KÇ° ''xqÞ°x³°_È^Î
^Î=ô°<Í ^Í×ì+¬ =°ä½ø=ÑÑ Ç°@OKÇ°.
¬ 10 =°. ¬ô~¡°~¡ÖO|°° <°yO\÷H÷x ^Î^Î¶Ä=~¡°¼O_È° ÌO
Ú~¡Ç°O Qê=ò |OKÇ°Hù#ßÇ°@°è, ³¶ià<£ qìyOz`Ç
^Î~¡}©<^Î =°¬ð¬ìOQ®}=ò `Ç`ÇëkÞ^Î¼<£ ì+¬<£
=°÷³°<ÍßQ®×<£ ¬=¶#Q®u ¬OìqOKÇ° <eOKÇ°KÇ°<£.
46
11 Ô. "ÍOH@<^¥k q|°^Î° w~Þ}
O_f~¡=°ä½ ¬°=~¡â¶+¬
H~â} Hq ä½ãQê=°}÷ 'u=°à}âÑ
ì~¡u Hê~¡u ¬ÜÁ~¡=òà
ã^Îq_È ª~¡¬Þ`Ç H=ô° *ìý#ã¬Hê
§k HËq^Î° q¬ð~¡^Î~¡}÷
|¬^Í×ìã¬¬OKÇ ¬O_`ÇHq
ã¬H~¡=òà#ä½ ×Ãì¬ðÞ#"}÷
`Í. w <\÷ NH$+¬âq° Hù°ÞQ®¶@=ò#ä½
ì+¬O^Î° è^Îã¬u¬uë è^Î°
Hêx, H^Î° ts+¬ã¬¬¶# =°¬$}
=°=°$`Ç=°Ç° =¶Oã^Î"VàÇ°=°O^Î° H÷ë.
¬ 12 KÇ. ¬~¡=° ~¡¬[ý `=°^Î°qì²`Ç ¬^Îà=ò H$+¬â~}à#
¬iqH¬`Ç¬ìã¬^Î×¬^Îà=ò Q®kíÇ°QêQ® ^Î`ÇìO
`Ç~¡=ò# #°O_È° <Oã^ÎHq` °=<Oz`Ç tæ|O^Î =°O
^Î~¡° _Èªx Ì^Îí# ²`=°¬ _¨^Î$`Ç "Høì=°u<£.
13 Ô. qHKO|°~¡°¬ì=hgk ^¥i#Ç°@°Á
qzH÷ì"³¶^ÎO|° qi²#@°Á
ªOã^Î×~¡`Ç¶æ~¡â KOãk ªéH÷# Ç°@°Á
HÞ¬ô=ôÞQêe H^Îe#@°Á
t=t~Ë¬ìi}ìOH t×Ã=ô #qÞ#Ç°@°Á
=ò`³ë=òà º^Î Õ²#@°
=°$`Çã¬ì^Îªß# =¶KÇiOz#Ç°@°Á
¬~¡=¶~¡Ö =¶^Î°i ^ùiH÷#@°Á
`Í. w '=°#°KÇiã`ÇÑ =°¬ðH$u =°#¬°^Î#°¬
[Ç°[³¶KÇóÇ° =°OQ®×ªÞ# ¬~¡}÷
°=# q[Ç° ¬O¬#à¬ð=# gk
|ÁH©³°`³ë ~Ç°"i }÷.
47
¬ 14 KÇ. X_ÈÇ°_È° <\÷ xO_È°¬ #°`Çæ=¶eH ªÏ~¡O|° "³
|_ ^Î¬hÇ° ~¡`Çß ¬°+¬=¶=~¡}©Ç°=òQê x*ìOã¦²°H÷<£
^ù_y# Q®O_ÈÌO_³~¡=ò`Ë Q®qKÇOã^Î°_È° èxHÒyeO
|_È²# <\÷ "Í_Èø x°=O|_È° <×t`~¡HO|°Q®<£.
15 `Í. w =¼OQ®¼¬ôO^¥q K³_Èx ¬^¥~¡Ö^Î×=ò
"_Èx ~¡ªé `Çë~¡=ò Hq`ÇÞ=òà ä½^Î°~¡°
i*ì`¬¬ì~¡}Hê=¼=òà Qù#ß
~Ç° ¬^Î¬° #O^Î<~=° =°³°¼.
16 `Í. w =¼ #==KÇ ×Å`Ç^¥ x|O^Î#=òà
=°²ì=° i`Ç ¬^Ë¼*ì`Ç =°^Î°i=°=òà
=¬~Và ^Î¶~¡û\÷ ¬O_`ËH÷ë
H=°àÔì§#°Hù°=ô x`¼a=òY=ò.
17 Ô. q=°`Ç HêoOQ® ¬$nÞ lw H$`Ç
*ÿáã`Ç Ç¶ã`~¡O×ä½#"³°Ø#
NHêä½×öHÆã`Ç À" =°¬ðìQ®¼
¦¬°\÷`Ç Hì¼} ¬OHæ"³°Ø#
¬ìi "¬ ~Ë¬"ªO`Ç x~¡à KÇ~¡
ùë ÞH ì= ã¬ª^Î"³°Ø#
Ç¶Oã^Îq+¬µâ ¬^¥O|°*ì¼~¡ó<#O^Î
e`Ç ¬°¬Þ¬ß ¦¬=òà<³á#
`Í. w Hê=¼ =¶=òHë=¶¼^Î Q®#ß |°^Î°x
H$+¬â¶=°}÷x ^ÎiÅOz#¬ô_È°
¬¬ì$^ÎÇ° ¬¬ìã¬ =~¡ t~¡§ó#=ò
°=#q[Ç°¬ Ç°#O`Ç=üië Ç°Q®°#°.
¬ 18 =°. ¬°^Î$_Ë^¥`Çë qHÆ}ã¬u ¬`Ç¶ã`Ç=òàQê <Oã^Î §
~¡^Îä½<£ |°+¬æ¬~¡O|° KÍ²# =°¬ðãQ®O^ÎO|° <=ò Hë=¶
¼^Î NH$+¬â=°ÔìOã^Î° ¬~¡Þ~¡¬q^¥¼ª~¡=ò<£ ^Î`Ç^Î
¬^Î<Ë `ÇëO¬ =°OHiOKÇ°Hù<³ #°K³á óªÏ~¡"¼¬ë=ò<£.
48
19. Ô. ª`Ç"¬ì# ^Î~<Í`Ç$ ã¬=ië`Ç
¬~¡¬ ª²ì`Ç¼ ¬O¬#à¬ì¬°
~[ ~[ #ö~Oã^Î ~¡=¶¼=¬^Î q^Î¼
^Î=°$`Ç°=¶# ¬ìO`Ç~¡=òà
HêHfÇ¶=hHêO`Ç =°¬ðªÖ#
¬ì~à ¼ãQ® ~¡z`Ç q^¥¼¬^Î¬°
ï~_Û¶q°¬u ãÔ}÷`Ç ¬°Hq~\
''¢`³áÕH¼q[Ç°ÑÑ ªÏ^Î`Ç QË+²»
w. ¬Þ ¬Þ ~¡°z~O×=ò ¬=°~¡æ} "³ò#~¡æ
ªÚO¬ô Q®_~òOz KÇ`Ç°~¡ã¬Õ QêOz
ì=~¡¬¬ô+¬"³°ØH$+¬â ^Í=~Ç°
#$¬uHù°=ô =°¬ðOã^ÎKÇiã`Ç <Íÿ.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
=òä½~¡=ò « "³òQ®¾
¬i+¬ø~¡} « ¬=¶²ë
xHé¬ì¬#=ò# « "³°~¡°Q®° Ì\÷# ~¡`Çß ²O¬ð¬#=ò
Àià « ¦¬°#`Ç
L~¡°=_ « q°H÷øe "ÍQ®=òQê
²H©Qê#=ò « P_È°HË~ò @°
JOQ® ö~Y° « H_ÈH#°ß HêO`Ç°° (HO\÷Hù# HêO`Ç°°)
ã¬[x`Ç « xO_È° Q®iÄ}÷
"³á^Î°+² « O_`Ç¼=ò
¶°A_È° « ~A
KÇ=ô[=ôÞì_È° « JuQê "Q®°@ (Zä½ø=Qê =¶\ìÁ_È°@)
JOQ®}=ò « =òOye
L`Ç°H « L`¬ì=ò
49
w~Þ}=ò « ¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò
¬^Îà=ò « Q®$¬ì=ò
=°O^Î~¡°_È° « <Í~¡æi
ã¬H~¡=òà#ä½ « ¬=ü¬ì=ò#ä½
~¡[¬ `
ý Ç « ~¡ªªÞ^Î#
P^Î$`Ç « P^ÎiO¬|_#
JO|°~¡°¬ì=ò « ¬^Îà=ò
qzH÷ « =°ÿÁ
ªOã^Î « ^Î@"³°Ø#
×~¡`Ç¶æ~¡âKOãk « ×~¡`ø=°O^Îe Ï~¡âq°<\÷ KÇOã^Î°x=ÿ
ã¬ì^Î=ò « =°_È°Q®°
ªÞ#=ò « ^ÎÞx
X_ÈÇ°_È° « ~A
¬°+¬=° « =°<Ë[ý"³°Ø#
P×t`~¡HO|°Q®<£ « PKÇOã^Î`~~¡ø=òQ®
#O^Î<~=°=ò « #O^Î#=#=ò
¬^Ë¼*ì`Ç « J¬ôæ_Í¬ô\÷#
¬~V àY
Ã « ã¬uä=ò
q=°`Ç « ¬qã`Ç"³°Ø#
lw+¬ « Ju×Ç°=ò
¦¬°\÷`Ç « ä_H
¬ìi"¬~¡=ò « UHê^Ît
t~¡Kó#=ò « `Ç=Oz #=°¬øiOKÇ°@
LK³åó ªÏ~¡ "¼¬ë=ò<£ « =°Oz ¬°"¬# "¼²OK³#°
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok "xx q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
=ã*ì¬#=ò J`Ç°ºz`Ç¼ kQ®¾[=ò° "VàÇ°=ò ãÏ_ËH÷ë WqÞ°_È°
¬ô~¡°~¡Ö=ò ~}à# =¼OQ®¼¬ôO^¥q J=°àÔì×.
50
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì"H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
=ã*ì¬#=ò ~¡ª`Ç¬u k"¼#°¶u ^Í×ì+¬ Hê=¼<@Hê^Î°°
ts+¬ã¬¬¶#=ò ¬¬ìã¬^Î×¬^Îà=ò NHêä½×öHÆã`Ç=ò.
¬~¼Ç°¬^=Î ò°
#$¬u - ~A, ã¬°=ô
JO`Ç~¡OQ®=ò - =°#¬°, ¬ì$^ÎÇ°=ò
"Í^Î=ò - |°°ä½ø°, ã×Ã`Ç°°
¬ì¬ë=ò - KÍ`Ç°°, H~¡=ò°
w~Þ}=ò - J=°~¡=ò, ¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò
"}÷ - ì~¡u, ¬~¡¬Þu
KÇOã^Î°_È° - ×t, WO^Î°, <³ì°_È°
`~¡H=ò - #HÆã`Ç=ò, |°°HÆ=ò
¬ìi"¬~¡=ò - UHê^Ît, L¬"¬~¡ "¬=ò
`q - "¬#, ¬°Q®O^Î=ò
<<~¡=Ö ò°
¬ - "ÍkH, WOã^Î¬ , ¬i+¬`°Ç ,ë E^Î=ò, ¬=¶[=ò, Hù°=ô,
ä@=ò
Hq - HêH÷, Hq`ÇÞ=ò K³¬ôæ"_È°, Hê=¼H~¡ë, ×Ããä½_È°, "bàH÷,
¬O_`Ç°_È°, ¬¶~¡°¼_È°
¬°=~¡â=ò - |OQê~¡=ò, =°Oz JHÆ~¡=ò, =°Oz ~¡OQ®°,
Ç¶ã`Ç - f~¡ÖÇ¶ã`Ç, é=ô@, HêöHÆ¬=ò KÍÇò@
Q®[=ò - Hù`Ç|^Îí, U#°Q®°
H$+¬â - H$+¬µâ_È°, pH\÷, ã^ñ¬k, "¼¬°_È°
^Î×=ò - Pä½, Ìá#¼=ò
51
P"³¶^Î=ò - ¬O`Ë+¬=ò, JOwHê~¡=ò
öHÆã`Ç=ò - ¬ô}¼¬Ö=ò, Ú=ò, ã¬^Í×=ò
¬~¡=ò - =~¡°¬ Ð ¬ð~¡=ò
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
H$+¬â Ð H#ß
t×Ã=ô Ð x¬°Q®°
¬¼OH÷H Ð ¬ÁH÷
ã¬ß× °
1. °=# q[Ç° =°¬ð¬ Z@°ÁO_³#x Hq =iâOK³#°?
2. *ÿáã`Ç Ç¶ã`Ç ²^Î¬ ~Ç°° ¬ìã¬"Í×=ò KÍ²#¬ô_È° ¬ Z@°ÁO_³#x
Hq =iâOK³#°?
3. ~Ç° ¬^Î¬° #O^Î<~=° "³°@Á³°¼#°?
4. NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° ³òHø O_`Ç¼ Q®i=°#° Hq =iâOz# q^Î"³°\÷k?
5. NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° ¬#° Hq Z@°Á éÿó#°?
1. ''#`Ç_Èk+²»OKÇ° xHé¬ì¬#=òÑÑ
2. ''J_È°Q®°ä½ =°_È°=ô ç`Ç°ë<£ H÷ë<£ÑÑ
3. ''WqÞ°x ³°_È ^Î=ô°<Í ^Í×ì+¬ =°ä½ø=ÑÑ
4. ''<\÷ "Í_Èø x°=O|_È° <×t`~¡HO|°Q®<£''
5. ''#$¬u Hù°=ô =°¬ðOã^Î KÇiã`Ç<ÍÿÑÑ
q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

°=# q[Ç° ã×¬ë ¼=ò#° J+¬kQ®¾[H=ô#° Ð "~¡° ~¡zOz#
ãQ®O^Î=ò#° q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬iKÇÇ°=ò KÍÇ°=ÿ#°.
52
L^¥¼Çòä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
J+¬ k Q® ¾ [ H = ô° ~¡ z Oz# ãQ® O ^ Î = ò#° Q® ° iOz q^¥¼~¡ ° Ö ä ½
`³eÇ°KÍÇ°=ÿ#°.
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
KÇO^Î¬° :
¬^Î¼=ò° Ð qìQ®=ò°
`³°Q®° KÇO^Î¬°Õ ¬^Î¼=ò° =ü_È° ~¡H=ò°.
Jq 1. =$`Çë=ò° 2. *ì`Ç°° 3. L¬*ì`Ç°°
1. =$`Çë=ò° :Ð JHÆ~¡ Q®}ã¬^¥#=ò°
2. *ì`Ç°° :Ð =¶ã`Q®} ã¬^¥#=ò°
3. L¬*ì`Ç°° :Ð =¶ã`Q®}=ò° =°iÇò <°Q®° =¶ã`Q®}=ò°
Hey ÇòO_È°#q.
¬^Î¼=òä½ Q®}=ò ã¬^¥#=ò
=$`Çë=ò° Ð Q®}q[#
Wq JH Æ ~ ¡ Q ® } ã¬ ^ ¥ #=ò°. Wq JH Æ ~ ¡ ¬ O Y¼ xÇ ° =° q^ ¥ #=ò
HeyÇòO_È°#°. gxÇ°O^Î° JKÇ°ó ã^¥#¼`Ç Hey# 'Ç°uÑ xÇ°=°=ò#°,
¬ì°Á ã^¥#¼`Ç Hey# ã¬ xÇ°=°=ò#° HeyÇòO_È°#°. =$`Çë=ò°
<°¾ ^Î=ò° HeyÇòO_È°#°. ã¬ xÇ°=°=ò =òY¼=ò. ã¬ Ç°u
LO_È^Î°. 1. L`Çæ=¶ 2. KÇO¬H=¶ 3. §~¡¶í qãH©_`Ç=ò 4. =°`Íë
qãH©_`Ç=ò.
1. L`Çæ=¶ :- WO^Î° <°¾ ^Î=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=òÕ#° ,
~¡, #, , , ~¡, = J#° Q®}=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=ò#ä½ 20
JHÆ~¡=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬xÇ°=°=ò H^Î°. ã¬ Ç°u è^Î°. 10=
JHÆ~¡=ò Ç°u ªÖ#=ò.
L^¥ :Ð ì =ô Q® O`ÇHê=ò ^ùOQ®H èóu ÿ ä½ø OQ®°<£
53
~¡ # ~¡ #
Ìá ^Î=ò#O^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î"³°Ø# 'ìÑ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 10= JHÆ~¡"³°Ø#
'OÑ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u.
2. KÇO¬H=¶ :- WO^Î° <°¾ ^Î=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=òÕ#° #,
[, , [, [, [, ~¡ J#° Q®}=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=ò#ä½ 21
JHÆ~¡=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬xÇ°=°=ò H^Î°. ã¬Ç°u è^Î°. 11=
JHÆ~¡=ò Ç°uªÖ#=ò.
L^¥ :Ð ^Î°~¡=ò # <Ë _ ^¥#=ô `Ë_ q~Ë^Î =ò g_ H÷ë`Ë
# [ [ [ [ ~¡
Ìá ^Î=ò#O^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=òÕx '^Î°Ñ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 11= JHÆ~¡"³°Ø#
'`ËÑ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u.
3. §~¡ ¶ í qãH© _ ` Ç =ò :- WO^Î ° <°¾ ^Î = ò°O_È ° #°. ã¬ u
^Î=òÕ#° =°, ¬, [, ¬, `Ç, `Ç, Q® J#° Q®}=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u
^Î=ò#ä½ 19 JHÆ~¡=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬xÇ°=°O H^Î°. ã¬Ç°u
è^Î°. 13 JHÆ~¡=ò Ç°uªÖ#=ò.
L^¥ :Ð U"Í°g° =°k<Ë @ HO _È Ì _ ^Í "ÍOã^¥^Î° ° ^ÎÞ `Ç°ë ÿá
=° ¬ [ ¬ `Ç `Ç Q®
Ìá ^Î=ò#O^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=òÕx 'UÑ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 13=
JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# '"ÍOÑ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u.
4. =°`Íë qãH©_`
=Ç ò :- WO^Î° <°¾ ^Î=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=òÕ#°
¬, , ~¡, #, =°, Ç°, = J#° Q®}=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬xÇ°=°=ò
H^Î°. ã¬Ç°u è^Î°. 14= JHÆ~¡=ò Ç°uªÖ#=°ò.
L^¥ :Ð ãu ^ÎõO ã^¥^Î°° ã¬° ä½øHê lïH^Î° ö~`Í<³O `ÇhHË _ö~
¬ ~¡ # =° Ç° =
Ìá ^Î=ò#O^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=òÕx 'ãuÑ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 14=
JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# '`ÍÑ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u.
O
54
7. =¶`Ç$ =°Ok~¡=ò
Ð ^Î°=îÞi ~q°ï~_ÛQê~¡°
^Î°=îÞi ~q°ï~_ÛQê~¡° 1897= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# <³¶Á~¡°Õx XHê<ùH
ãQê=°=òÕ [xàOzi. ''HqHËH÷ÑÑ a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°°. ¬ÞÇ°OH$+²`Ë ¬° ì+¬°
J¼²Oz# |¬ ì HËq^Î°°. #*ì~¡=°à, Jyßã¬"Í×=ò, =#ä½=¶i,
H$+Ô=°_È°, #§ "³ò^ÎQ®°#q gi ~¡KÇ#Õ À~ùø#^Îy#q.
g~¡° ~¡zOz# ''<³á"Í^Î¼OÑÑ J#° YO_ÈHê=¼=ò#°O_ ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
(=¶`Ç$=°Ok~¡ ¬O^Î~Å¡ # `Ç`æÇ ~¡°ÿ#á HùO^Î° Ç¶ãuä½°, HùO_È<` ³ =ëÇ ò#
<ùH<\÷ ö~~ò Q®_² ãÚ^Î°íQ®_È°¬ô# "Í°çøO^Î°~¡°. H#°KÇ¶¬ô ^Î¶~¡=ò# "iH÷
=¶`Ç$=°Ok~¡=ò H#°¬@°#°.)
"³ò^Î\÷ Ç¶ãuä½_È°
J=h~¡^ÎO|°Ìá# x _ËeH
#Á#Á# #¶Q®° #O|°^¥~¡Ää½°
|OQê~¡° HÕ|_ zä½øHùxi.
=°Oz=ò`³ë¬ô ^³~¡° zOz `ùyOz
¬_ÈH÷O\÷ H÷\÷H©x ìQ®°Qê ^³~¡z
#==^Î¶ uHO|°< ^ùOy KÇ¶KÇ°
k# ~¡=¶=°}© `Ç¶~¡°æ f~¡O|°#O^Î°.
55
ï~O_È= Ç¶ãuä½_È°
qiÌ_ ãHùO|¶ qO`Ç <³`ëq,
KÇ°@°¬@°#°#ß ªÚQ®Ìá# y~¡°°
H~¡âÀÇ°Oÿá# YQ®o~¡°`Ç=ò,
P#O^Î[#H"³°Ø# Ç°~¡° xKËó@ !
=ü_È= Ç¶ãuä½_È°
=¶`Ç$=°Ok~¡=ò# =°OQ®×^ÎÞ#°°,
|OQê~¡° Q®O@ ¬eH÷OKÇ° ~¡==ò,
×OY x<^ÎO|°, ª=°Qê#O|°
<H÷O¬ô_È° ! Hê¬ì~¡}O|° `ÇQ®^Î°.
<¾= Ç¶ãuä½_È°
J=° ªÏ~¡ g°#° #Q®~¡° ^Î¶¬O|°
H~¡¶æ~¡YO_ÈO|° Q®x²OKÇ° `¼Q®
=¶`ÇàÕ "³eyOKÇ° #=°$`Ç n¬O|° !
S^Î= Ç¶ãuä½_È°
JÁ^Í ! ªé^Î~¡ Ç¶ãuä½ì~¡,
¬~¡Þ`ÇtY~¡O|°Ìá =¶`Ç$=°Ok
~¡O|° ¬¶~¼O×Ã ~¡=°}©Ç°=°Q®°KÇ°
=°}÷=°Ç°=°ä½@O|° =¶ki ^ËKÇ° :
¬î[ ¬æQ® ¦¬ ¬ô+¬æKÇÇ°O|°
^Ë²×Á Qùx`³zó ã`Ë= ¬@°^Î=ò,
=°Ok~¡ =¶~¡¾O|° =°²ì`Ç =$HÆ=ò
h_È [ÁQê x^Î°iOKÇ°KÇ°O_È°.
¬°=<³ß =°}°#° |z# éeø
~e# ¬ô=ôÞ ~l°Á <Í
¬¶~¡¼`¬O|°# ã¬°HøH=ò#ß
=¶`Ç$ªxß^Î¼O|° =°#=ò KÍ~¡°^Î=ò.
56
PHê× "}÷
x°_Ë~ò, x°_Ë~ò xtóO`Ç°ì~¡,
¬`Ç¼"³°°Q®~¡° ì¼ K¬¼=ò#ä½ :
¬~¡}÷ ³°Á#° |°+¬æ¬OH©÷~¡â =°#°KÇ°
[Áh_È Õ=ô ¬=°`ÇO|#°KÇ°
ìqOK³^Î~¡° Qêx ¬izuèq°,
xk³° Ç¶ãuä½ |sH÷ÆOKÇ° ¬^Î=ò!
"³°Ì_#k ³°Á "Í°eq°Qê^Î°,
ì¬ì¼ z¬ìßO|° ä½ë_È° Qê_È°
ZO^ÎÿO^Îù Ç¶ã`Ç öHQ®°^³OK³^Î~¡°
q[Ç° "³òO^³_"_È° "Í~òO\÷ HùH_È°
J^Î=°Õ¬ì=òÿÁ #yß¬ô\ì#
#O`ÇiOKÇ°#° <ùHø Ç°¬~¡Ol ^ÎHø.
^Î°~¡Ä z`Ç°ë° ^Î°+¬KÍ+²`Ç°°,
Hê~¡¼×´#°¼°, "³¶¬QêOã_È°#°, [_È°°
=¶~¡¾=°^Î¼=ò#°O_ =°~¡ÿ^Î~¡°Qêx,
uH÷O¬è~¡° =°Ok~¡ ¬ô}¼¶q°.
^Î~¡àr=#° ^Î ¬æ~¡ÅKÍ`Ç
##°k# =#Oÿá# n ¬^Î=ò !
P`Çà ¬=°~¡æä½º g~¡=~¡°
Ç°¬°ÖKÍ |¶`Ç"³°Ø#n ¬^Î=ò !
`¼Q®ã=`Ç° Õ}÷`Ç ã¬"¬ì=ò#
Q®_È°Q®OQ®|_#n Hi#O¬ô |^Î=ò !
nx `Ç`Çë ÞO|°#° ^³e²HËèH
Ç¶@¬@x ³°Oz Ç°~¡°^³Oz<ï~ ?
ÕQ®ì¬°ì~¡ ! ÚO_È° g° ¬ôiH÷.
(WO`ÇÕ ^¥iã¬Hø# |_Çò#ß ³òH ¬ô#°H Ç¶ãuä½#° Ez HH

#qÞ ~ò@° *ÿ¬æªïQ#°.)
57
¬ô#°H
UO_È°Á ¬îO_¨ÁÍ° "Í° q°KËó@ <ù~¡y
^Î°=òà ^Î°=¶~¡O|° `ù]xO_
¬ô@ Qù_È°Q®°° ¬KÇó ¬îiÇò "³òeK³
=¶Ç°=òà ÿKËó@ =°\÷Õ l=ôä½
#KËó@ nqÇ°eÁ ¬ô+²æOKÇ°
P ¬°=° =°H~¡O^Î =¶x# #~¡°_È°
¬~¡=° q*ìýx³Ø° ¬i_ÈqÿÁ_x.
[##"³òOk# Ç°ÌÛ K=ô xtó`Ç=ò
=¶`Ç$^Íg |e =°O@¬=°O^Î°
Ç°[ý¬×Ã=ôQ® x°ó#O`Ç\÷ ìQ®¼
"³°=xH÷ ²kOKÇ° xO^Î÷Õ#,
< =°¬ð¬ô~¡°+¬µx Ç°Hêe^Î°=òà
ã¬[ t~¡O ÿH÷ø =¼O|° ÀÇò
J`Çx H#°ßÇ°O ^Î°^ÎÄqOKÇ°
ì+¬æ aO^Î°° ^Í=ìO_¨~¡=ò#°
"³èx =ò`¼ q^Î=ò##°O_È°
P Ç°×²Þ z~¡°<=¶HÆ~¡¬OH÷ë
Ç°¬~ËöQÇ°"³°Ø Ç°~~¡°KÇ°O_È°
P n~¡° ãHù<³ß`Ç°ë ~¡xß kä½ø#°
q[Ç¶OH=ò° ã"² ã"Íì_ÈQ®@°,
Ç¶ãuä½ì~¡, g°Ç°O^Î÷Õ#
#\÷ g~¡°O_È°#ß #_È°Q®°Ì@°O_È°.
(Ç¶ãuä½çHi "³òQ® "³òH~¡° KÇ¶KÇ°Hùx kQê° ¬_È°KÇ°O^Î°~¡° HùO^Î~¡°
`ÇHùHø^¥i ¬@°^Î°~¡° =°iHùO^Î° "Í+¬^¥~¡°° <Ë@ ^Î_èH "³#°HO[
"ÍÇò^Î°~¡°. WOH QùO^Î~¡° ^Î°~¡Ä¬ì$^ÎÇò° JO^Î÷H#ß =ò#°àO^Î°Q®
"³#°Hä½ =°~¡°@ä½ Ç°ußOz yiª#°=ô#°O_ ä|_È°^Î°~¡°. Hêx ³òHø
Çò=ä½_È° =¶ã`ÇO, ¬[#Ç°#°O_È°#°, ¬ôH÷`Ç ×s~¡°O_È°#° ¬ôæO[e
|^Î°_È°<³á x°KÇ°O_ ¬ô#°H H÷@°Á q#ßqOKÇ°#°.)
58
H_È¬\÷ Ç¶ãuä½_È°
P@¬@Q®° <ä½ #d q×ÞO|°
qã§#° ¶=òÿ "³Çò ãQ®¬ìO|°,
OQ®O|° K³O_È°Qê <\ì_È°KÇ°O^Î° !
q`Ç°ë #tO¬OQ® "³°=_È° *ÿ@°
=uë HêHÇò#ß =°<Í HêOu?
Ç°°¼^ÎÇ° Àì`Ç°"³á Ç°~¡° ^¥¼Q®O|°
J\÷ `¼Q®=ò <ä½ <^Î~¡ÅHO|° !
ì^Îè < Hê¬ë |O^Î°=~¡¾O|°,
c^Î`Ç#Oÿ < ã²Ç°"³°Ø# ¬ìä½ø
ÕH ²ì`ÇO|° <ÕzOKÇ° ¬x³°
Hi#O¬ô qk ^³á=¦¬°\÷`ÇO|° #kÇò
ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ~¡^Î"³°H÷ø ¬O²^Î° _È#°Q®
=ò#°HùO\÷ Q®°ì] |¶xO`Ç° x¬ô_³.
q[Ç¶¬[Ç°=ò° qk =üH=ò°,
Ç°`ÇßOÿ =°#KÍ`Ç<³á# Hê~¡¼O|°
=¶`Ç$^ÎO|° |_È° ìQ®¼=ò#ß
y~¡°ÿá# ##ß_ÈÛyO¬ ^Î~¡Oÿ ?
=¶~¡¾=°^Î¼O|°# =°_²u<Íx
g°=ÿ <³=òà° "Í°kx"³áz
#HÆã`Ç=òÕ# #\÷~òOKÇ°KÇ°O^Î°.
¬ô#°H
F~ò ä½=¶~¡ ! h Çò`Çë=¶×Ç°=ò
"³e|°zóuq `¼Q®g~¡°O_È g=ô
=¶`Ç$=°Ok~¡ |e=°O@¬"Ík
<`Çà H~¡¶æ~¡O|° #\÷O¬"Ë~ò.
PHê×"}÷
¬î*ìi"_È_È°QË ! ¬ô=ôÞ_³`Ç°ë#°
^³zó ^¥Þ~¡=òH_È kH÷OKÇ°"_È°
59
Hê =°=ü¼O|° H^Î° ä½=¶~¡,
Hêe Q®°~¡°ë#O`Ç Hê²H`Ç=ò
¬î~¡Þg~¡° éeø =òãkOz Ú=òà !
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
J=x « ¶q°
_ËeH « TÇ°
¬¶~¼O×Ã° « ¬¶~¡°¼x H÷~¡}=ò°
~¡°`Ç=ò « ^ÎÞx
=°ä½@=ò « H÷s@=ò
`¬=ò « "Í_
~l°Á « ã¬HêtOKÇ°
¬^Î=ò « =¶~¡¾=ò
J¬~¡Ol « "Í°eq° |OQê~¡=ò
Õ}÷`Ç=ò « ~¡Hë=ò
J¬°Ö° « Z=òH°
¬ô#°H « H=ò
¬îi « Q®_Û
Ç°×²Þ « H©ië=°O`Ç°_È°
q×Þ=ò « ã¬¬OKÇ=ò
K³O_È° « |Ou
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn², ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
=ò`³ë¬ô ^³~¡°, ãHùO|¶°, WKËó@°, ¬¶~¼O×Ã°, =¼O|°ÀÇò.
60
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
J=h~¡^Î=ò, ¬~¡Þ`ÇtY~¡=ò, ^Î°~¡Ä z`Ç°ë°, q[Ç¶¬[Ç°=ò°.
<<~¡=Ö ò°
H~¡â=ò « K³q, H#ß=ò, KÇ°Hêøx
J~¡° « qH²OKÇ°, ¬O`Ë+²OKÇ°, ¬ô+¬æ=ò
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
J=x Ð ¶q°, ^Î~¡}÷, =¬°^Î
yi Ð HùO_È, ¬~¡Þ`Ç=ò, JKÇ=ò, Üá=ò
JO|°^Î=ò :Ð L^ÎH=ò (h~¡°) xKÇ°ó#k : "Í°¦¬°=ò.
ìQ®¼=ò Ð ìïQ¾=ò
PHê×=ò Ð PH¬=ò
¬ô+¬æ=ò Ð ¬î=ô
1. Hê¬ì~¡}O|° `ÇQ®^Î°.
2. P`ÇàÕ "³eyOKÇ° J=°$`Çn¬O|°.
3. "³°iÌ_#k ³°Á "Í°eq°Qê^Î°.
4. ì¬ì¼ z¬ìßO|° ä½ë_È°Qê_È°.
5. Wk Ç¶ãuä½ ¬sH÷ÆOKÇ° ¬^Î=ò.
61
ã¬ß× °
1. =¶`Ç$=°Ok~¡=ò#° KÇ¶z Ç¶ãuä½° U=°x ìqOzi?
2. PHê×"}÷ Ç¶ãuä½#° x~¡°`¬ì ¬~¡z# q^Î"³°\÷k?
3. ¬ô#°H Ç¶ãuä½`Ë U=°x K³Ìæ#°?
4. ¬ô#°H =¶@ä½ Ç¶ãuä½° Z@°Á ¬æOkOzi?
5. H_È¬\÷ Ç¶ãuä½_È° ¬ô#°Hä½ U=°x q#ßqOK³#°?
6. ¬ô#°H, PHê×"}÷ H_È¬\÷ Ç¶ãuä½xH÷ U=°x ¬O^Í×q°zói?
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
7. ¬¶~¡¼, WOã^ÎQ®}=ò°
¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò° :Ð ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò° Ð 2
¬ìQ®}=ò Ð UI (Q®=ò)
#Q®}=ò Ð III
WOã^ÎQ®}=ò° :Ð WOã^ÎQ®}=ò° Ð 6
#=ò Ð IIII
#Q®=ò Ð IIIU
¬=ò Ð IIUI
Q®}=ò Ð UII
~¡Q®}=ò Ð UIU
`ÇQ®}=ò Ð UUI
*ì`Ç°°
HO^Î¬^Î¼ HÆ}=ò :
1. *ì`Ç°Õ HO^Î=ò =òY¼=ò.
2. WO^Î° <°Q®° ^Î=ò°O_È°#°.
62
3. "³ò^Î\÷ ï~O_È° ^Î=ò#° ¬î~Þ~¡=°xÇò, `Ç~¡°"`Ç ï~O_È°
^Î=ò#° L`Çë~~¡=°xÇò JO^Î°~¡°.
4. "³ò^Î\÷ ^Î=òÕ 3 Q®}=ò°O_È°#°. ï~O_È= ^Î=òÕ 5
Q®}=ò°O_È°#°.
5. Jq ''#, Q®Q®, , [, ¬ÑÑQ®}=òÕ<Í"³á##° Hê=KÇ°ó#°.
6. "³ò^Î\÷ ^Î=ò# Ç°u è^Î°.
7. 2, 4 ^Î=ò z=i JHÆ~¡=ò Q®°~¡°"³á ÇòO_È=Çò#°.
8. 2, 4 ^Î=òÕ 3= Q®}=ò [Q®}=òQêx, #=òQêx J~ò
ÇòO_È=Çò#°.
9. 1, 3 ^Î=òÕ è²Qê#°, 2, 4 ^Î=òÕ ¬iQ®}=òQ®#° '[Ñ
Q®}=ò LO_È~^Î°.
10. <°Q®° ^Î=òÕ#° ã¬xÇ°=°=ò H^Î°.
L^¥ :Ð
I I I I I I I I U I I
|¬ =òY =°>ÿ `Ç # ~[¼=ò
# #
I I U U I I I U I U U I I I U
|¬ ^Ë _È°¼_È >ÿ `#° ì° O _È >ÿ "
¬ [ Q® Q® ¬
Ìá ¬ ^ Î ¼ ^Î = ò#O^Î e 4= Q® } =ò "³ ò ^Î \ ÷ JH Æ ~ ¡ " ³ ° Ø # '|Ñ J#°
JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 7= Q®}=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# 'ìÑ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u K³eÁ#k.
6= Q®}O '[Ñ Q®}OQê #°#ßk. è²Õ [Q®}O è^Î°.
63
L¬*ì`Ç°°
P@"³k
WO^Î° <°Q®° ^Î=ò°O_È°#°. "³ò^Î\÷ =ü_È° ^Î=òO^Î° =~¡°¬Qê
=ü_È° ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò° { ï~O_È° WOã^ÎQ®}=ò°O_È°#°. J>èÁ ï~O_È°, <°Q®°
^Î=òO^Î° S^Î° ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=°O^Î°#° "³ò^Î\÷
JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ <¾= Q®}=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u ªÖ#=ò Q®^Î°. Wk
L¬*ìuH÷ K³Ok#k. ã¬xÇ°=°=ò è^Î°. ã¬Ç°u Q®^Î°.
<°¾ ^Î=ò° :Ð <°Q®° =~¡°¬°
Ç°u : ¬^Î¼¬~¡#=ò#O^Î° KÍÇ°=²# q~=°=ò.
ã¬ : ã¬u ¬^ÎxÇ°=°=òÕx <°Q®° =~¡°¬Õ ï~O_È°=
JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ ã¬Ç°x À~¡°.
ã¬Ç°u : "³ò^Î\÷ ^Î=òÕx ï~O_È= JHÆ~¡=ò Uk LO_È°<Ë J^Í
JHÆ~¡=ò <¾= Q®}=ò ï~O_È= JHÆ~¡O`Ë ~=ÿ#°.
L^¥ :Ð Ç°u Ð [u, "# Ð *ì# "³òII
Q®}q[ #
UI U I U I I I I I UI I
H ~à¡ =°O^³ h ä½ Q® ^Î k Hê~¡ =ò
Q® Q® Q® Q®
I I I U I U I I I I I I I
¦¬ =ò #O^Î° < × |_Ç° =^Î°
#Q® }O Q® Q® # Q®}O #Q®}O
WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ^Î=°O^Îe "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# ''H©ÑÑ ä½#° Ð <¾= Q®}O

"³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# ''Q®ÑÑ ä½#° Ç°u K³eÁ#k. J>èÁ ï~O_È= ^ÎO "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡O
''¦¬ÑÑ ä½#° Ð <¾= Q®}O "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡O ''|ÑÑ ä½#° Ç°u K³eÁ#k.
64
`Í@wu
WO^Î° <°Q®° ^Î=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=ò#O^Î°#° =~¡°¬Qê XH
¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò { WOã^ÎQ} ® =ò° { 2 ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=ò#O^Îe
"³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ <¾= Q®}ì^Î¼HÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u K³°Á#°. ã¬xÇ°=°=ò
è^Î°. ã¬Ç°u Q®^Î°.
L^¥ :
Q® # Q® ~¡ Q® Q®
ãHË ^Î =ò# #°"³¶ ¬ìO |° À ä~¡° KÇ°O_È°
U I I I I U U I U U I U I
U I I I U I I I U I I I I U I
"³¶ ¬ì =ò#¬à$u ã q °~òO¬ "³ò ^Î° "³ @°
Q® ¬ ¬ # Q® }O Q®
"³ò^Î\÷ ^ÎO "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡O ''ãHËÑÑ ä½#° Ð <¾= Q®}O "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡O
''äÑÑ ä½#° Ç°u K³eÁ#k. J>èÁ ï~O_È= ^ÎO ''"³¶ÑÑ ä½#° <¾= Q®}O "³ò^Î\÷
JHÆ~¡O ''"³òÑÑ ä½ Ç°u K³eÁ#k.
Ô¬ ^¬ ¼Î H}
Æ =ò
1. Ô¬=ò L¬*ìuH÷ K³Ok#k.
2. WO^Î° <°Q®° ^Î=ò°O_È°#°.
3. ã¬u ^Î=òÕ#° 6 WOãQ®}=ò° `Ç~°¡ "`Ç 2 ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò°O_È°#°.
4. ã¬u ^Î=ò#O^Î°#° 1, 3 Q®}=òÕx "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 5,
7 Q®}=òÕx "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u K³°Á#°.
D q^Î=òQê Ô¬¬^Î¼=ò ¬îië J~ò# `Ç~¡°"`Ç XH P@"³k Qêx,
`Í@wu Qêx ÇòO_È°#°. J¬ôæ_È° Ô¬¬^Î¼=ò ¬îië HÆ}=ò`Ë #°#ß@ÁQ®°#°.
65
L^¥ :Ð
UI I I I U I UII IIUI
~¡ `Ç = ~¡Â O c#° =ã*ì ^Î# ~t
# Q® `Ç `Ç ¬
UU I I I U I U I U I
`Ç¶HO|° #ä½ÌìKÇ°ó ^Î¶Q®° "_È°
`Ç ¬ Q® Q®
Ìá ¬^Î¼^Î=°O^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# 'Ñ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 3= Q®}O
"³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# '=Ñ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ =°~¡ 5= Q®}=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø#
'`Ç¶Ñ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 7= Q®}O "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# '^Î¶Ñ J#° JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½
Ç°u K³eÁ#k.
66
8. çaÄe ~¡OQê~=ô
- N^Î H$+¬â=üië §¢²ë
N^ÎH$+¬â=üiëQê~¡° 1886= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# "ÍOH@¬°|Ä ªé=°^Í==°à, "ÍOH@
ªé=°Ç¶lQê~¡Áä½ ^Í=~¡¬eÁ Ç°O^Î° [xàOzi. Hqã|¬ìà, Hqª~¡Þº=°, Hq~A,
Hìã¬¬î~¡â a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°°. ×`kH ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë. ~=¶Ç°}, ì~¡`Ç ìQ®=`^Î°#°
J#°=kOz# q^ÎÞ`Çøq. POã^Îã¬^Í ã¬°`ÇÞ PªÖ# HqQê #°O_i. ~[=°Oã_
Ï~¡°° giH÷ Q®O_ÈÌO_Í~¡=ò `ù_y ¬`ÇøiOzi. çaÄe Çò^Î=ò, UHê=m
¬ i }Ç ° =ò, q[Ç ° H© ; qì¬ = ò, QÒ`Ç g ° =¶¬ ð `Ç à ¼=ò, H # H y i H $ u,
P#O^Ë^ÎÇ°=ò "³ò^ÎQ®°#q gi ~¡KÇ#Õ À~ùø#^Îy#q.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò gi POã^¥°¼^ÎÇ°=ò `Ç$fÇ¶§Þ¬=ò #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. WO^Î° çaÄe ~¡OQê~=ô, J`Çx ¬~ãH=°=ò Q®¶ió KÇHøQê
=iâO¬|_È°@ ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¼O×=ò.
1. H. P^Î~¡ÅãÇ°Oÿá
¶k==ò° ã"³¶²#\÷¶iÇ°×=ò<£
"³¶kÁ *èÇò çaÄe
< ^Î#i#ãé° `³°Q®°<@O ^³eÇò<£
2. L. y|Ä=r~¡°=ò "³òà# öQÿ_È°"°# ïHá# Qê#Õ
ÿ|°ÄeHËïHá # Q®#°²OK³_È° xOKÇ°H "_ g_È°@
çaÄe g\÷HË@ #_|°\÷# ^Ë=°Çò "_é_q°<£
Qù|°Ä# =° `Çë"~¡}=ò QËë ÀÌ_È° |\÷ <³@#<£.
3. §. ~¡OQê~Ç° _ÈOQ®¬OQ®~¡=°¬ð~¡OQ®ã¬^Í×O|°<£
~¡OQ®`Ç¶æ`Çx§`ÇÀìu Qùx º~¡¼ÌÖå~¡¼=°O^¥ãk³Ø°
67
yOQ®°ï~Þ@Q® "³°\÷#<£ =°#¦¬~¡Ow°<£ ¦¬~¡Ow°#°<£
OQ®O |O^Î°@ öHq° ÿHø =°÷ ¶ìQ®O|° ìÁ_ÈQ®<£.
4. H. ~¡OQê~Çò_È° ~[¼=ò
çOQê~¡Q® *èÇòKÇ°#ß¬_È° i¬ôÀ#
|OQê~¡°=O\÷HË@ä½
OQ®=ò Q®eyOK³ q#°_È° ¬eïH^Î ^¥x<£
5. kÞ. L`Çë~¡¬~ø~¡° çÌæ_È°#O^Î°
|`Çë#O|°° Qùxß ¬~¡Q®}ì °O_È°
#O ^Î~~[ g° ï~_È° "~¡
O^Îä½#° "Í°\÷ ³Ø° ÇòO_È° q[Ç°
#Q®<k<^Î° _ñ #~¡¬`Ç° ÿÁ
^ÎQ®°H¬æ=ò° `³zó `ÇkÞ[Ç¶k
¬u H©Ç° #`Ç _È¬ôÛ ã¬°=Q®°ãÌ¦Oz
¬u _È¶ÌÁä½O *ÿÁ¬yk Qêx²OKÇ°
|°² Q®=~¡ß ï~á ¬î~¡Þ ^Í×O|°
ÿ¬Qê Ìáì^Î~¡° èdx`Ë_È
ìeOKÇ°KÇ°O_³ #¬æ@°Á ãìöQí×
H©e`ÇO |Q®°¬#°ß H÷Oz`Ç°ë Qêx
~q° ^¥v^Î°° ã"² Ìá #¼O|°
`Ë =°OãuÌáì^Î~¡°`Ë [=¶|Ok
<KÇiO¬Q® #~ò Ìáì^Î~ì^Î°
~KÇ#Q®i#°O_ ~¡¬°ë`Ë Q®^Îe
~[=°ÀìOã^Î=~¡=ò#ä½ <Íy
`ÍA g°Q® #°O_³ k=¼ ^Í×=ò#
<Õ q[Ç°#Q®~n×Ã _³Á
ä½ä½ |°² ¬O²#H=°à
O² çaÄe"iÇ°O ^ÎQ®°H÷#ø
#O¬ Hê`d^Î° #k°=ôì~¡
|°² =KÇ°óKÇ°#°O_³ é²HË ªÚ=òà
68
x¬¬ðÇòx "xxO |\÷ é~¡°
¬e² ïQ°`Ç=ò g°~¡° Ìá#¼=ò`Ë_È
Q®eÇ°OQ® ~¡O_È° #<£ ãQ®#ß# ##°KÇ°
ã"² *ì|°O |OÌ "~¡° "x
"³¶¬H$`Ç¼ "³°÷Oy éä½O_ ~¡@°Á
`Ç#=¶@ q#H §ã`Ç=ô Q®°"i
#x Q®¶æQê <³Oz Ç¶~A é~ò
Ìáì^Î~¡°#ä½ OKÇ =°kHO ç¬Oy
ãék KÍ² =zOK³ çaÄe"i
"i^Î°+¬`ÇÞ=ò "i=~¡ë #=ò
"iã¬Ç°`Çß=ò =~¡°¬`Ë *ÿ²æ
"i`Ë Çò^ÎO|° =iëÁ *è²
¶iÌá#¼=ò#° ãÕQ®° QêqOK³.
¬ 6. L. çaÄeHË@ Ìá i¬ô° =üH° =üH° QêQ® =zó Ç¶
Q®°aÄuOQ® º~¡¼ =°k HËë ÀÇò_È° ~¡OQ®~Ç°_È
|Ä|Ä Ç°#OQ® Õ~¡° `Ç÷ #O^Î° ã=°O^Î°^Î°~¡#ß c`Ç°<£
Qù|°Ä# =°Á=¶^Î° Q®°ãHù`Çë_È° O^Î° ã=°Ok ~¡yßÕ<£.
7. `Í. =°¦²OQ®°°#° ^Î°ä½ ~¡Ç° Q®°Q®°

HÆHùOk i¬ôÀ# HÆÇ° =°Ç°
¬_#Ç°¬ôæ_È° çaÄe" ï~kió
éi KÇzói `Ç=° À~¡° ã"³¶Ç° ^Î~¡}÷.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
y|Ä « =$+¬=ò
é_q° « Çò^Î=ò
69
Qù|°Ä# « "³O@<Í
=°`Çë"~¡}=ò « =°kOz# U#°Q®°
JOQ® « J_È°Ûèx
¬OQ®~¡=ò « Çò^Î=ò
x§`Ç « "_³Ø°#
¦¬~¡Ow° « ¦²~¡OQ®°°
i¬ô À#° « ×ã`Ç°À#°
H¬æ=ò° « t¬°ë°
èdx « H=ò
H=°à « *ì|°
H÷#ø « HË¬=ò
ãH#ß# « "ÍQ®=òQê
ãék « ãéQ®°
ã=°O^Î°^Î°~¡° « KÇxé=ô^Î°~¡°
J~¡Ç° « PÕzOKÇQê
Àìu « Jyß tY, PÇò^Î=ò.
¬O^°Î °
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn² ¬O^Î°#° À~ùøx ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
=ò"³òà#°, HËëÀÌ_È°, =°O^¥ãk, yOQ®°ï~Þ@Q®, "~¡O^Îä½#°,
`ÇkÞ[Ç¶k¬u, x¬¬ðÇò_È°.
¬=¶¬=ò°
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
=°`Çë"~¡}=ò, º~¡¼ÌÖå~¡¼=ò°, ¶ìQ®=ò, i¬ôÀ#°, #Q®~k<^Î°_È°,
x¬¬ðÇò_È°, çaÄeHË@.
70
<<~¡=Ö ò°
H=°à « H~â~¡}=ò, èY, JO^Î"³°Ø#k
¬#°ß « ^ÎO`Ç=ò, t¬°ë
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
^Î~¡}÷ - q×ÞO~¡, ¬$kÞ, ¶q°
"~¡}=ò - Hi, Q®[=ò, ¬ì²ë, ä½O[~¡=ò
Ç°×=ò - Ja[ý, JaY¼, H©ië
¬OQ®~¡=ò - Çò^Î=ò, ~¡}=ò, `ÇQ®=ô
=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°
^Í×=ò - k×° Hk
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
¬ô~¡=ò Ð ãé°
Ìá#¼=ò Ð À#
~A Ð è_È°
HÆ Ð KÇó
1. =°`Çë"~¡}=ò QËë ÀÌ_È° |\÷ <³@#<£.
2. =°÷ ¶ìQ®O|°ìÁ_ÈQ®<£.
3. éi KÇzói `Ç=° À~¡° ã"³¶Ç° ^Î~¡}÷.
ã¬ß× °
1. çaÄe HË@ Qù¬æ`Ç#=ò#° Q®¶ió Hq Z@°Á =iâOK³#°?
2. i¬ôÀ#° ~¡OQ®<Ç°x ~[¼#ä½ Uq^=Î òQê O Q®=ò HeyOzi?
71
3. |°² ^ù~¡#° Z^Î°~ùø#°@ä½ ~¡OQ®~Ç°° Ìá#¼=ò#° ãéQ®° KÍ²#
q^Î"³°\÷k?
4. ~¡OQê~Ç°_È° ×ã`Ç°Ìá#¼=ò#° Z^Î°~ùøx# q^Î"³°\÷k?
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
ãQ®O^¥Ç°=òÕx çaÄe g~¡° KÇiã`Ç° Q® ¬ô¬ëH=ò#° KÇkq
^³á~¡¼=ò #=~¡KÇ°Hù#=ÿ#°.
çaÄe g~¡° H^Î ^¥Þ~ ^Í×H÷ëx ã¬ÕkOKÇ°@ Lz`Ç=ò.
kÞ¬^Î
kÞ¬^Îä½ ï~O_È° ^Î=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u ^Î=ò##° =~¡°¬Qê =ü_È°
WOã^ÎQ®}=ò° { XH ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò LO_È°#°. ã¬xÇ°=°=ò H^Î°. ã¬u
^Î=ò#O^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ =ü_È= Q®}ì^Î¼HÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°u H°¾#°.
ã¬xÇ°=°=ò èx kÞ¬^Îä½ ''=°O[s kÞ¬^ÎÑÑ Jx À~¡°. Wk *ìu ¬^Î¼=ò.
L^¥ :Ð
U I I U U I U I I U I
L `Çë ~¡ ¬ ~ø~¡° ç Ìæ_È° #O^Î°
`Ç Q®
| `Çë #O |°° Qùxß ¬ ~¡ Q® }ì °O _È°

U I U I I UI I I I U U I
~¡ ¬ # Q® Q®
Ìá "³ò^Î\÷ ^Î=òÕx ''LÑÑ ä½#°, 'Ñ ä½#° Ç°u K³eÁ#k. ï~O_È=
^Î=òÕx "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# '|Ñ ä½#° =ü_È= Q®}ì^Î¼HÆ~¡=ò '¬Ñ ä½#°
Ç°u K³eÁ#k.
72
JOHê~¡=ò°
Hê=¼=ò#ä½ =°iO`Ç JO^Î=ò#°, PH~¡Â}#° HeyOKÇ°@ïHá H=ô°
JOHê~¡=ò#° ä~¡°ó^Î°~¡°. H#¼Hä½ P~ }
¡ =ò =# JO^Î=ò JkH" °³ #Ø @°Á
Hê=¼ H#¼Hä½ JOHê~¡=ò =# =°<Ë¬ì~¡`ÇÞ=ò H°¾#°. D JOHê~¡=ò°
ï~O_È° q^Î=ò°.
×ìíOHê~¡=ò° : ×|í ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò#° Pã×~òOKÇ°Hùx, qx# "³O@<Í
P#O^Î=ò#° HeyOKÇ°#q ×ìíOHê~¡=ò°.
1. =$`Çë ¼#°ãªOHê~¡=ò : XöH ¬ì°Á ¬°=¶~¡°Á P=$`Çë=ò K³Ok#
(=°~¡ =°~¡ =zó#) =$`Çë¼#°ãªOHê~¡=°#|_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð =°÷] `ù]Õ *ÿ÷] a] ay² ¬~¡°O_³#°.
2. KÍHê#°ãªOHê~¡=ò : ï~O_Í² ¬ì°Á [O@ J~¡Ö è^Î=ò`Ë "³O@
"³O@<Í P =$uëÇ°Q®°@ KÍHê#°ã¬=ò.
L^¥ :Ð ¬~¡Þ^¥ qKiO¬x ¬x KÍÇ°~^Î°.
3. ì\ì#° ãªOHê~¡=ò : J~¡Ö è^Î=ò èä½#ß#° ``Çæ~¡¼ è^Î=ò`Ë
¬^Î=ò° =°~¡ =°~¡ =KÇ°ó@.
L^¥ :Ð H=°ìäÆ½ #ióOKÇ° H~¡=ò° H~¡=ò°
WO^Î° ï~O_È= ''H~¡=ò°ÑÑ J#° ¬^Î=ò#ä½ KÍ`Ç°° JxÍ° J~¡Ö"³°Ø##°
``Çæ~¡¼=ò #O^Î° q+¬µâ=üiëx ¬îlOKÇ° KÍ`Ç°è KÍ`Ç°°Qêx q°ye#q KÍ`Ç°°
Qê=x ``Çæ~¡¼è^Î=ò U~¡æ_È°KÇ°#ßk.
4. Ç°=°HêOHê~¡=ò : J~¡Ö è^Î=ò`Ë XH ¬^Î=ò J<ÍH ¬~¼Ç°=ò°
=KÇ°ó@.
L^¥ :Ð è=¶, ^Î#°A ïQ°=Q®
è=¶ h"Í H_Èy èzu q@°~
è, =¶#° =¶#"Íx<£
è=¶ qÁO^Î°Hù#°=ò bO öQ<£.
73
5. =òHë¬^ÎãQ®¬ë=ò : ¬^Î¼^Î=ò# JO`Ç=ò #O^Î°#ß ¬^Î=ò `Ç~¡°"`Ç
^Î ã~¡O=ò# =zó# =òHë¬^ÎãQ®ªëOHê~¡=ò J#|_È°#°.
L^¥ :Ð ¬°^Îf #¶`Ç# =°^Î<!
=°^Î<Q® `Ç°~¡OQ® ¬î~¡â =°}÷=°Ç° ¬^Î<!
¬ ^Î<=°Ç° Q® [~¡^Î<!
~¡ ^Î<öQOã^Î qH©ië! ~¡¬ #~¡²O¬ð!
6. JO`¼#°ãªOHê~¡=ò : ^¥O`Ç=ò#Qêx, "Hê¼O`Ç=ò#Qêx XöH
¬^Î=ò P =$uë K³Ok# JO`¼#°ãªOHê~¡=°Q®°#°.
L^¥ :Ð J#qx qãH=¶~¡ø q°_È¬ôæ_È° K~¡°_È° =ò#°ßQêQ® "Í
KÇx Hx³°<£ ¬=¶kQ®`Ç ¬OÇ°q° ~¡`Çß q#¶`Çß À@=ò<£
¦¬°#=°^Î¬ì²ë ¬ì¬ë¬iHO²`Ç ª#°Q®` Q®"@=ò<£
H#^Î°~¡° ~¡`Çß =zóY~¡ ãH=° H÷s@=ò lã`Çä@=ò<£.
74
9. ¬°=°u ~Ç°ì~¡=ò
- #<³ßKË_È°_È°
#<³ßKË_È°_È° t=H=ôÕ ã¬^Î=ò_È°. Qù¬æ t=ä½ë_È°. W`Çx `ÇOã_ KË_È|eÁ,
`Ç e Á N¬ u . 12= × ` |í = ò#ä ½ K³ O k#"_È ° . W`Ç x ã¬ ` ¬ = ò#° |\÷
''>ÿOHê}ìk`Ç°¼_ÈxÑÑÇò, Hq`×H÷ëx |\÷ ''Hq~[ tMì=°}÷'' JxÇò a~¡°^Î=ò°
Hey#q. #<³ßKË_È°x ä½=¶~¡¬O==ò#ä½ POã^Îª²ì`Ç¼ÕH=ò# Qù¬æ ã¬`Í¼H`Ç
Q®^Î°. `Ç# Q®°~¡°"³á# [OQ®=° =°eÁHê~¡°û#ä½ ä½=¶~¡¬O==ò#° JOH÷`Ç=ò QêqOK³#°.
D Hê=¼=ò# Hq "_# *ìfÇ°=ò°, ª"³°`Ç°, ¬°ä½|_È°° <\÷ ªO¦²°H
ª=¶lH ¬i²Ö`Ç°ä½ J^Îí=ò ¬\÷#@°ÁO_È°#°.
ã¬ ¬ ° ë ` Ç ~ ¡ ¼ ì Q® = ò ä ½ =¶~¡ ¬ O = =òÕx ^Î × = ¶§Þ¬ = ò #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
`~¡Hê¬°~¡ ¬O¬ð~~¡Ö=ò J=`ÇiOz# ä½=¶~¡ªÞq° =°¬ðq+¬µâ=ô ³òHø
PÕKÇ#"Í°~¡ä½ Hê~¡¼x~¡Þ¬ì} ^Î°~¡O^Î~¡°_È°#°, ¬H q^¥¼~¡OQ®`Ç°_³á# "_È°#°,
|$¬ì¬æu Ïã`Ç°_È°#° J~ò# ¬°=°ux Çò^Î^Î~¡à=ò ##°¬iOz `~¡Hê¬°~¡°x
=^Îíä½ ~Ç°ìiQê ¬OÌ#°. ¬°=°u, ^Í"ÍOã^Î "³á==ò`Ë #°#ß `~¡Hê¬°~¡°x
QêOz, `Ç#~Hä½ Hê~¡}=ò `³°æ#°. ìä½_ÈQ®° ä½=¶~¡ªÞq° `Ç#Ìá ^ÎO_³`³ë#x
qx `~¡Hê¬°~¡°_È° ^Í=`Ç#O^Îix ¬i¬ì²OK³#°. ¬°=°ux ^Î°~Ä+¬ì_ ¬O¬ìiO¬
P[ýx_È°#°.
^Í=^Î¶`Ç³Ø°# ¬°=°uH÷, `~¡Hê¬°~¡°#ä½ [iy# "^Ë¬"^Î=ò° D
~¡¼ìQ®=°O^Î° KÇHøQê =iâO¬|_#k.
1. =. Jx zOuOKÇ°KÇ°O_³ #O`Ç ¬ìiÀ<h¬²ì`Ç°ÿá ¬°~¡=~¡° °^Î=_
<³`Ç°ë ^³OKÇ°@Çò <³÷OyOKÇ°KÇ°#ß ^Í=^Î¶`ÇO Q®x `~¡ä½O_È°
HËé ní²Ò`Ç~¡OQ®°O_³á.
75
2. =°.''¬xÍ° "Í°xÇò Q®ÿ¾<Íx ¬°=°#°O_È° ^¥=zó ³ò
Ç°¼# <=òO^Î@ xeó q#ß¬=ò ÀÇ°OÕ~ò HO²OKÇ° x
#ß xeOk¬ô _O`Ç "Í×H ¬=¶#¬øO^Î°_È°OÕÿ<³á
`Ç#Hê~¡¼²Öu Ì²æ <H_Èä½ ^Î¶`ÇO|¶xó ¬ô`³ëOK³<Í?ÑÑ
3. =. Jx HË¬~¡ª¬îiÒ`Ç Àà~¡=^Î<~¡qO^Î°O_ÈQ®°KÇ°#°.
¬4.§. ''U"Í°g°? =°k <Ë@HO_È Ì_ ^Í"ÍOã^¥^Î° °^ÎÞ$`Ç°ëÿá
<g°^ÎO [#°^³Ozö~? xH"³°~ò<ß öH×|$O^¥~¡H
ªéë=°O ÿ#ß_È° ^ùeÁ=¶~¡Ä²? ï~KËó^ùeÁ é\çy¾ ¬O
ãQê"³¶^Ë¼Q®=òÀ²? i¬ôæ _³^Î°~¡OQê Qê~¡}O èq°³¶?
5. KÇ. ^Î°~¡=ò# <Ë_ ^¥#=ô`Ë_ q~Ë^Î=òg_ H÷ë`Ë
¬°~¡¬u =zó <×~¡}° ªÚzó `ÇQ®O *ÿezó Çò#ß <Í
Q®~¡°}=ò =ô\÷ `Ç=òà ç_ÈQ®\÷ ×q°Ozu #\÷<ä½ ^¥
x~¡=ôQ® |¶x =¶~ùøx³°<Íx ¬²ìO`Ç°<³ "x <³ÿÁ_È<£.ÑÑ
6. =. Jx# qx ^Í=`^Î¶`Ç `~¡Hê¬°~¡°O Q®#°OQùx
¬7. =°. ''ãu^ÎõOã^¥^Î°° ã¬°HøHêl ïH^Î° ö~ `Í <³O`Çh HË_Èö~?
Ç°kè ^ÎO\÷"³°? `ùO\÷"Í°æx h Hê^Î~¡æ=ò =ø|
@^Î° ¬° q°àOH |°~i#O^Î#°_È° +¬_ÈÞãä½ëO_È° ^Ë`³Oz |
eÁ ^Î°_³áx #ßx <Ëió ^Í=`Ç <ÍeOKÇ°O ãkÕHO|°<£.
8. `Í. H÷ë w_Èæ_ À<x¬#°=ô À²
#_È=ô"³òO_Íx Q®xH÷ #_È=ô"³òO_³
Ì~¡=ô ÀÇ°H kqA K³° "ÍQ®
q_È°=ô "³òO_Íx =°<ß¬ q_È°=ô "³òO_³.ÑÑ
9. =. Jx# qx `~¡Hê¬°~¡°O_È° HË²Oz
10. H. K³° q_È°=°x# ¬° ïH^Î
QùqO Qùx KÇ¶_#@°Á Qùx HêQ® a
76
@ QË¬=²ìß EK³O
AKÇ° =°^ÎHiH÷ ²×Ã¤ ¬¶²#Oy<£
11. L. ''##°ß öH¬ô#O *ÿ <H÷¬ HêO`Ç^Í~¡ |OK³<Í?
¬#ßQ®Ç°HÆ²^Î¬°~¡ä½ìkQ® "Í°æÿÁ <Í
##ß Ç°O|° çOk H¬ìO|°# ïHHø~¡° x#ß |°\÷ `
<³#ß_È° ãìOuÇ°³°¼? =°÷ ³°#ß_È° <Íï~ó#° "³H÷øiO¬Qê<£?
12. P. K³#² H¬ìcu KÍ`Ç°f@"Ë

ç_È°=*ì°<Íx =°$_È°_È HêH
x~¡`Ç q°Q®°~¡°Q®°\÷ <³`Ç°ë~¡° ã^¥y#
OyQêH <ä½ ì° _³^Î° ï~?
13. H. |¬=òY=°>ÿ! `Ç#~[¼=ò
|¬^Ë_È°¼_È>ÿ! `#° ì°O_È>ÿ! "
_È° ¬ì~¡°O_³á ##° huq
~¡²ì`ÇO ak ~ò\÷ ¬uH÷ ~¡}[Ç°=°Q®°<Í?
14. L. ìä½|\÷Í° ¬°~¡° |eÞ_ <¬~ò <³uë? iO`Ç Í°
<Íe^Î "³°Øu <Í? `Ç=°ä½ <³#ß_È° =°^Î°Ä[qãH=°ãH=¶
cH~×Y_È¾=~¡c+¬} "Í+¬=ò KÇ¶z <ÍÌá
Qê e_ x°ë ö~? Ç°xH÷ ãQ®=°à=`Ç°ë ï~? =$uëªÚ`Ç°ë ö~?ÑÑ
15. =. Jx# ¬°=°u ä½=°uÇ°Q®° `~¡Hê¬°~¡° ^Î°~ì¬O|°°
qxHË²Oz.
16. KÇ. ''=_ ãk^Î§e<Ë~¡°ó _ùH "qi|~¡=òQêQ® ~¡Aû ^³
¬ôæ_È° #k h=ô À²# `Çéq=O|°# #|û Q®~¡°ÄKÍ
|_È²# q^¥¼QêH x[ì¬|O|x KÇ¶`³? ¬ô\÷#
¬ôæ_È °[×H÷ë =¶Q®°¬_È°"Ëÿ ¬°~k¬ô Õ~¡ <Íió`Í?
77
17. H. W#°_È°^Î~òO¬H =òO^Î
¦¬°#=òQ® =iëOKÇ° `~¡Hã¬QêH
~ò¼#° _È°^Î~òOz#²=°à@
Q®#°Qù# ÕH=ò#^¥~¡H ã¬Q®^Í?
18. H. `~¡H q~¡z`Ç H$uÇò.
^¥~¡H q~¡z`Ç ¬°H$uÇò ^¥#_ÈQ®° ¬^¥
K~¡H q|°^¥oH÷ ¬°q
K~¡H q|°^¥k <^Î° +¬}°àY°Q®x#<£
19. =. Jx Ç°<ÍHã¬Hê~¡O|°O Q®°=¶~¡ä½ qõ+²Oz `~¡ä½ x~HiOz
¬°ä½KÇ°#ß ^Í=^Î¶`ÇOQ®x HË²Oz gx =k~òO¬ô _È#°_È° ^Î#°[
<Ç°ä½ çO_ù~¡°OQ®_È= ¬OHÆËaOz# ×Ããä½O_È° =ãHOÿáÇ°O^Î
ïH_ÈªÚzó
20. H. ''gO_Íq° ÀÇò |Oz#
"O _È°O_ÈQ®? xHø=ò#ä½ =^Î°¼_È° Qê <
YO_È°_È°QêH Í°²#
"O _È°O_ÈQ® <Íq°ÀÇò =i×~¡ =°xÕ<£?
21. H. Q®°~¡°#° =ò#°#° ¬°H=ô
#i^Î¶`Ç |¶`ÇQ®° =~OQ®# =°Ôì
¬°~¡°#° q°ã`Ç° ì°~¡
x~¡`Ç=ò ¬O¬^ÎQ® ^³O`Ç<Í~¡H Çò#ß<£.ÑÑ
22. =. Jx# ^Î#°[Q®°~¡° =KÇ#O|°^Î#°[=~¡°° =°xßOz "xO
|iqO¬H "³°=_Èã^Ë²Oz ~¡O`Ç ^¥~¡Hê¬°~¡°O_È° x*ì¬ëKÇ~¡°
#¬ànÇ°°[|ì=+¬Oì=ãH qãH=°O|°°
×ãHKÇãH^Î~¡ä½=¶~^Î¼=°~¡KÇãHO|° #ä½ qõ+²Oz =iâOz
²ì=°=O`ÇO|°#ä½ #°`Çë~¡kQêÄQ®O|°#O Q®#° Ì²æ ~¡=°àx#
"_È°#° =°¬ðã¬ª^ÎO|x g_Hùx KÇx³° #O`Ç #Hø_È.
78
23. H. ¬°~¡^Î¶`Ç =°Q®°_È [x ¬°~¡
=~¡¬i=$`Ç°_ÈQ®° =°Çü~¡"¬ì#°#ä½ ^¥
#iy# ^³¬Hê~¡¼=ò q
¬ë~¡=òQ® <³÷yOKÇ°KÇ°#ß `Ç^Î=¬~¡=ò#<£
24. =. ¬_¬ði ¬#°^³Oz ^¥#=^Î¶`Ç ²O¬ì^¥Þ~¡O|°# #°#ß"_Èx
q#ß¬O|°À² ä½=¶~#°=°`ÇO|°#O ^Ë_ùøx~ [#°^³Oz ¬ìi
¬ô~¡O^Î~¡ã¬=òMìd ¬°~¡=~¡kQ®n×Þ~¡ ¬iÕa`ÇOÿá #=~¡`ÇßxH~¡
"Í°YìHì¬O|° À²#@Á<ÍH¬ô~¡°+¬~¡`ßH©~¡âOÿá "³°OQ®°KÇ°#ß.
25. =°. ¬Õ ^¥#=^Î¶`ÇQêOK³ q¬*ìû[Þ¼=¶#O|°ÿá
Ç°a~=¶OQ®~¡°KÇ° ¬°~¡ã¬H~¡ =¢Hêëìûe ä½[û$OªÏ
~¡=ò kä½ø ãyHùø#OQ® <³q°<£ ~¡OlOKÇ° ìì~¡ø¬
xß ° QêO`H~¡K=°~xKÇhß ìä½<£ ìä½<£.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
xeOk¬ô_È° « WOã^Î°_È°
¬`ÇøO^Î°_È° « ä½=¶~¡ªÞq°
^Î°~¡=ò « Çò^Î=ò
Ì~¡=ôKÍÇ°H « P¬^Îÿ@H
+¬_ÈÞãä½ëO_È° « ä½=¶~¡ªÞq°
²×Ã¤ « JOä½×=ò
ä½=°u « ^Î°~¡°Äk
~¡Aû « =¼~¡Öì+¬}=ò
W#°_È° « ¬¶~¡°¼_È°
PYO_È°_È° « WOã^Î°_È°
`~¡H° « #HÆã`Ç=ò°
79
J|ûQ®~¡°Ä_È° « q+¬µâ=ô
¬iqO¬H « J==¶xOKÇH
^Î#°A° « ~HÆ¬°°
Q®°¬_È° « ä½=¶~¡ªÞq°
|eÞ_ « ¬~ãH=°=ò.
¬O^°Î °
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn², ¬Ok À~¡Á#°, ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
HËéní¬ôë_È°, U"Í°q°, <³"³°à~ò, `Çéq==ò, H#°Ì²æ, h=ô À²#
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
^Í=^Î¶`Ç, `~¡Hê¬°~¡°_È°, HË¬=²ìß, J|ûQ®~¡°Ä_È°, +¬}°àY°_È°.
<<~¡=Ö ò°
^Ë+¬=ò « `Ç¬ôæ, H©_È°, k+²
¬ìi « HËu, q+¬µâ=ô
K³° « H+¬=ò°, Hê~Qê~¡=ò
^Î¶`Ç « ~Ç°ìi, À=ä½_È°
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
¬u Ð ~A, ~¡ë, =°Q®_È°
^¥#=ô° Ð ~HÆ¬°°, J¬°~¡°°, ~¡Hø¬°°
¬°~¡° Ð ^Í=`Ç°, "Í°æ°, Jxq°+¬µ°, ãu^Î×Ã°
+¬_¨##°_È° Ð ä½=¶~¡ªÞq°, +¬}°àY°_È°
^Í"ÍOã^Î°_È° Ð ¬°~¡¬u, ¬¬ìãªäÆ½_È°, ×`Ç=°Y°_È°
80
W#°_È° Ð ¬¶~¡°¼_È°, ~¡q
qã¬ô° Ð kÞA°, ¶¬°~¡°°, ãì¬ìà}°°
=ô¼`Çæ`Çë¼~¡Ö=ò°
ì~¡¾=ô_È° - $Q®° =°¬ìiÂ ä½=¶~¡°_È°.... ×Ããä½_È°
Ïã`Ç°_È° - ¬ôã`Ç°x ä½=¶~¡°_È°....... =°#°=°_È°
^Ë+¬=ò Ð ^Ë¬=ò
¬ô~¡=ò Ð ãé°
P×ó~¡¼=ò Ð JK³ó~¡°=ô
×H÷ë Ð ¬uë
x[=ò Ð xHø=ò
=ãH=ò Ð =OH~¡
1. <H_Èä½ ^Î¶`ÇO|¶ió ¬ô`³ëOK³<Í.
2. x#ßx <Ëió ^Í=`Ç ÀqOKÇ°O ãkÕHO|°<£.
3. q_È°=ô"³òO_Íx =°<ß¬ q_È°=ô "³òO_³.
4. =°^ÎHiH÷ ²×Ã¤ ¬¶²# Oy<£.
5. JxH÷ ãQ®=°à =`Ç°ëï~! =$uëªÚ`Ç°ëö~!
6. H#°Qù# ÕH=ò# ^¥~¡H ã¬Q®^Í!
ã¬ß× °
1. `~¡Hê¬°~¡°x HËéní²ëx =iâO¬ô=ò.
2. ^Í=^Î¶`Ç `~¡Hê¬°~¡°x`Ë U=°<³#°?
3. `~¡Hê¬°~¡°x ^Î°~ì¬O|°ä½ ¬°=°u ã¬`Ç°¼`Çë~¡=ò° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
4. ×Ããä½_È° `~¡Hê¬°~¡°x`Ë U=°x ¬eïH#°?
81
qõO×=ò°
`~¡Hê¬°~¡°_È° :Ð =ã*ìOQ®°x ä½=¶~¡°_È°, ã|¬ìà^Í=ôx Q®°iOz `Ç¬¬°
KÍ², =~¡=ò° ÚOk, ^Í=`Ç#° ¬° q^Î=ò ²ìO²OK³#°. z=~¡ä½
ä½=¶~¡ªÞq° KÍuÕ ¬O¬ìiO¬|_³#°.
|$¬ì¬æu :Ð ^Í=`Çä½ Q®°~¡°=ô Ð JOw~¡¬°x ¬ôã`Ç°_È°
¬ O [Ç ò _È ° , q^Î ° ~¡ ° _È ° , NH $ +¬ µ â _ È ° "³ ò ^Î Q® ° "~¡ ° QêqOz#
~Ç°ì~¡=ò#° Q®¶ió q=iOKÇ°@ ÇòHë=ò.
"¼H~}
¡ =ò
J~Ö OHê~¡ = ò° : J~¡ Ö = ò=# ªÏO^Î ~ ¡ ¼ =ò H e yÇ ò #ß
J~ÖOHê~¡=ò° Jx JO^Î°~¡°. Wq =O^Îä½ ÌáQê #°#ßq. "xÕ HùxßO\÷x
`³°¬°HùO^Î=ò.
1. L¬=¶OHê~¡=ò : L¬=¶# L¬"Í°Ç°=òä½ =°<Ë¬ì~¡=òQê
ª^Î$×¼=ò#° (éeH) =iâOKÇ°@#° L¬=¶OHê~¡=°O^Î°~¡°. WO^Î°
L¬"Í°Ç°=ò, L¬=¶#=ò, L¬=¶"KÇH=ò, ¬=¶#^Î~¡à=ò J<³_
<°Q®° JO×=ò°O_È°#°.
=iâO¬|_#k (ã¬¬°ë`Ç"³°Ø#k) L¬"Í°Ç°=ò. éeHQê K³¬æ|_È°#k
L¬=¶#=ò. éeH#° `³°¬ô@ä½ L¬³¶yOKÇ° ¬^Î=ò (=ÿ, éÿ,
suQ® "³òII) ° L¬=¶"KÇH=ò, L¬=¶#, L¬"Í°Ç°=òÕQ®
ª^Î$×¼=ò ¬=¶# ^Î~¡à=ò.
L^¥:- Ô`Ç =òY=ò ¬^Îà=ò=ÿ =°<Ë¬ì~¡=òQê #°O_È°#°.
Ô`Ç=òY=ò Ð L¬"Í°Ç°=ò Ð =iâO¬|_#k
¬^Îà=ò Ð L¬=¶#=ò éeHQê K³¬æ|_#k
=ÿ Ð L¬=¶"KÇH=ò
=°<Ë¬ì~¡=òQê #°O_È°#° Ð ¬=¶# ^Î~¡à=ò.
82
2. Lã`ÍæHÆêOHê~¡=ò : ~¡¶¬ª=°¼=ò ##°¬iOz L¬"Í°Ç°=ò#°
L¬=¶#=òQê #¶²ìOKÇ°@.
(Lã`ÍæHÆ J#Qê T²ìOKÇ°@)
L^¥:- P Í°#°Q®° #_ÈQùO_ÈÇ¶! Jx²OKÇ°KÇ°#ßk.
3. ~¡¶¬HêOHê~¡=ò : L¬=¶# L¬"Í°Ç°=òä½ Jè^Î=ò =iâO¬|_È°@
èH L¬=¶# ^Î~¡à=ò#° L¬"Í°Ç°=ò#O^Î° P~Ë²Oz K³¬ôæ@.
L^¥:- J*ìý <O^ÎHê~¡=ò#° q*ìý# *Õ¼u`Ë ~¡ã^Ë°=ò.
4. õÁOHê~¡=ò : J<ÍHê~¡Ö=ò xKÇ°ó#@°ÁQ® ¬^Î=ò#° Q®¶~¡°ó@.
"Í°=ò =¶^Î=ôx (t=ôx) ÀqO`Ç° =°xÇò, "Í°=ò =¶^Î=ôx
(q+¬µâ=ôx) ÀqO`Ç°=°xÇò ï~O_È° J~¡Ö=ò° =KÇ°óKÇ°#ßq.
5. J~ÖO`Ç~¡<¼ªOHê~¡=ò : ª=¶#¼=ò#° qõ+¬=ò KÍ`ÇQêx,
qõ+¬=ò#° ª=¶#¼=ò KÍ`ÇQêx ¬=°iÖOKÇ°@.
L^¥:- ¬ì#°=°O`Ç°_È° ¬=òã^Î=ò#° ^¥>ÿ#°.
=°¬ð`Ç°àä½ ×H¼=ò Hêxk LO_È^Î° Q®^¥!
6. ^Î$OÒHê~¡=ò : L¬=¶# L¬"Í°Ç°=òä½ aO| ã¬uaO|
ì==òKÍ "Íö~Þ~¡° ^Î~¡à=ò#° =iâOKÇ°@.
L^¥:- ¬O¬^Î° Hey#¬ôæ_È° |O^Î°=ô° =`Ç°ë~¡°.
K³~¡°=ô h\÷`Ë ¬=°$kQê #°#ß¬ôæ_È° H¬æ° q°H÷øeQê KÍ~¡°#°.
7. ¬Þì"ËH÷ë JOHê~¡=ò : *ìu, Q®°}, ãH÷Ç¶^Î°Õx ¬Þì==ò#°
L#ßk Çò#ß@°Á =°<Ë¬ì~¡=òQê =iâOKÇ°@
L^¥II J_ÈqÕx è×ÃÁ K³=ô° xHøç_È°KÇ°Hùx K³OQ®° K³OQ®°#
Q®O`Ç°e_È°KÇ° a`Çë~¡KÇ¶¬ô`Ë ¬~¡°y_È°KÇ°O_³#°.
8. Ju× ³ ¶ H÷ ë JOHê~¡ = ò : =¬ ° ë ¬ Þ ì ==ò#° L#ß^¥xH # ß
Ju×Ç°=òQ® K³¬ôæ@.
L^¥II çOì~ò #Q®~¡=ò #O^Îe "Í°_È° PHê×=ò#O@°KÇ°O_È°#°.
83
9. ãH = ¶OHê~¡ = ò : XH ãH = °=ò ##°¬ i Oz K³ ² æ #"xH÷ P
ãH=°=ò##°¬iOz J#ÞÇ°=ò K³¬C@.
L^¥II HKÇó¬ =ü+²H=ò° [a=ò *çK³ó#°.
10.¬O^Í¬ðOHê~¡=ò : XH =¬°ë=ô³òHø ~¡¶¬ Q®°}ª=°¼=ò#° |\÷
JkÇ¶, ~òkÇ¶ Ç°x ¬O^Í¬ì=ò#ß@°Á K³¬ôæ@.
L^¥II ì°_È° pH\÷Õ H]#° KÇ¶z Jk `_Ë èH "³¶ Jx
¬O^Í²ìOK³#°.
84
1. ãueOQ®=ò Ð `³°Q®°
-- Hêj@Á ã|¬ìàÇ°¼
Hêj@Á ã|¬ìàÇ°¼Qê~¡° `Ç¶~¡°æQË^¥=ilìÁ =e"³ ãQê=°=òÕ 1863=
¬OII# [xàOzi. g~¡° ãQêOkH ì"k. P~¡¼ =°`Ë^¥~¡ä½°. KÇHøx L¬<¼¬ä½°.
¬iÕ^Î#ä½, ª~¡¬Þ`Ç q=°~¡Å# "¼¬ ~¡KÇ#ä½ `Ç# rq`ÇHêìxß JOH÷`ÇO QêqOz#
Qù¬æ =¼H÷ë. Ì^¥í¬ô~¡ ¬OªÖ# KÇiã`Ç, ì¬ø~Ë^ÎO`Ç=ò, q"ÍHKÇOãkH, q=°~¡Å#=ò,
##ßÇ° \ì~¡H KÇiã`Ç=ò "³ò^ÎQ®°#q gi W`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò ª~¡¬Þ`Ç "¼¬=ò° <°Q®= ¬O¬ô@=ò #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. D ~¡¼ìQ®=ò# `³°Q®° ¬ô@° ¬î~ËÞ`Çë~° q×nHiO¬|_#q.
ãueOQ®=ò #°O_ `³°Q®° ¬ô>ÿ<? `³°Q®° #°O_ ãueOQ®=ò ¬ô>ÿ<?
Wk=~¡ä½ ãQ®O^ÎHê~¡°O^Î~¡° 'ãueOQ®Ñ ×|í=ò #°O_ '`³°Q®°Ñ ×|í=ò ¬ô\÷#^Îx
ã"²Çò<ß~¡°. NÇò`Ç ïH.q.HÆà}~=ô ZO.U.Qê~¡° POã^Î ¬ãuHê ¬O=`Ç~k
¬OzHÕ 'ãueOQ®=òÑ #°O_ '`³°Q®°Ñ ¬ô@è^ÎxÇò, '`³°Q®°Ñ #°O_Í°
ãueOQ®=ò ¬ô\÷#^ÎxÇò ã"~òOzÇò<ß~¡°. ##ßÇ° uHø<^Î° Hê=òÕ
ãueOQ® ¬^Î=ò "_È°HÕ è^ÎxÇò, ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x Ç¶ªÖ# tMì=°}÷Ç°Q®°
q^¥¼<^Î°_È° nxx "³ò^Î@ xiàOK³#xÇò, J¬æ\÷#°O_Çò D ¬^Î=ò
"_È|_È°KÇ°#ß^ÎxÇò HÆà}~=ôQê~¡° ã"~òOzÇò<ß~¡°.
"³ò^Î\÷#°O_ '`³°Q®°Ñ ^Í×=°xÍ° <=°=ò H^ÎxÇò, ãueOQ®=°#°
<=°"³°#ß_È° è^ÎxÇò, ¬O¬ø$`Ç ¬O_`Ç°° `³°Q®#° ¬^Î=ò#öH `Ç=° O_`Ç¼
ã¬H~¡Â}ì~¡Ö"³°Ø 'ãueOQ®Ñ =°#° ªO¬ø$uH ~¡¶¬ "³ò¬Oy~¡xÇò, P ¬^Î=ò
NÜá, ã^¥HÆê~=°, Hêõ×Þ~¡=òÕx eOQ®=ò =# Q®eïQ#x ³òH HêæxH
=ô¼`Çæuëx "³ò^Î@ Q®eæOz#"_È° q^¥¼<^Î°_ÈxÇò, J@Á`Ç_È° HeæOKÇ°@ä½
F~¡ ° Q® O \÷ ~[¼=òÕ =ü_È ° kä ½ ø =ü_È ° eOQ® = ò°O_È ° @Í °
86
Hê~¡ } =°xÇ ò <³ ò H ø Ç ° a ã Ç ° =ò. ¬ O _ ` Ç ° ° nxx [H ø Q®
|iÕkO`Ç°~¡°QêH Jx HÆà}~=ôQê~¡° ã"²i. ãueOQ® ¬^Î=ò#° ^¥x
=ô¼`ÇæuëÇò 14= ×àí Ç°O^Î°O_³ ''##Q® ^Í@ ¬_³° "³#°H `³#°Q®° ^Í×=ò#°
#Oã_È° HùO^ÎìÄ+¬ ¬OKÇQ®`Ç° |~¡Q®°KÇ°O_È°ÑÑ Jx ¬iQ® q^¥¼<^Î°_È° K³²æ#>èÁ
D ^Í×=ò#ä½ ãueOQ® <=°=ò#ß@°Á#°, ^Î~¡N ¬~¡Þ`Ç Hêõ×Þ~¡ ã^¥HÆê~=°=ò
=ü=òQê =zó#@°Á#° ã"Çò@Í°QêH, Ç¶ ãueOQ® ¬^Î=ò#°O_Í° `³°Q®°
¬^Î=ò ¬ô\÷#@°Á#° q#ß HË@ Ì^Îí# ã"²Çò<ß_È°. W@°Á ¬eH÷# W`Ç_È°#°
¬^Î°<¾= ×àíÇ°O^Î°#ß"_È°. XHø Hê=ò#O^Î° a#ß ã¬^Í×=òO^Î°Q®
H=ôe^Î~í °¡ "ÍOy ^Í=× ò#ä½ ãueOQêY¼ H^Îx# #Ç°¼k Ç°¬æ\÷Hö ¬°ã¬^² =Î òQê
#°#ß^Îx ãQ®²ìOKÇ=² ÇòO_È°#° Q®^¥ !
¬ ^ Î ° <¾ = × ` aí Ç ° O^Î ° #ß q#ßHË@ Ì^Î í # ß `Ç # Hê"¼OHê~¡
KÇ ¶ _¨=°}÷ Ç ° O^Î ° #°, P Hê=ò#O^Í Ç ò #ß q^¥¼<^ Î ° _È ° `Ç #
ã¬`¬~¡°ãnÇ°=ò#O^Î° Q®¶_È =°# ^Í×=ò#ä½ ãueOQ® ¬O[ýH^ÎxÇò, #Ç°¼k
=ü_È° eOQ®=ò =ü=òQê Q®ey#^ÎxÇò ^³°¬ôKÇ°<ß~¡°.
q#ßHË@ Ì^Îí#ß `Ç# Hê"¼OHê~¡ KÇ¶_¨=°}÷Ç°O^Î°
''H. ^Î~¡N ¬~¡Þ`Ç Hêõ
×Þ~¡ ã^¥HÆê~=° ¬O[ý=~¡ ãueOQê
Hê~¡=°Q®°@ #Oã^Î ^Í×O
a~¡°^¥~¡ ãueOQ® ^Í× =°# [#° Q®$`Ç°<£
w. `Ç¢uëeOQ® ¬^Î=ò `Ç^ÎÄ=O|Q®°@KÍ, ^³°Q®° ^Í×=ò
Jx ã"²Çò<ß~¡°. Hêx, Ç¶ÕzOz KÇ¶_È h q+¬Ç°=ò# g~¡° ã"²#k
Ç°OwHiO¬^Îy#k Hê^Î°. U=°#, =°#=ò öH==ò |°~}=ò<Í #=òà@è^Î°.
¬ô~}=òOnÇ°O×=ò° Ì^Îí# q^¥¼<^Î°ä½ |¶~¡Þ"Í° KÍ~¡ó|_#=x
=°#=ò ãQ®²ìOKÇ°Hù#=Çò#°. ¬ô~}=òOk\©= *è~¡ó|_# ã¬H÷Æ¬ë=ò°
è=x < ``Çæ~¡¼=ò Hê^Î°. J¬ôæ_È¬ôæ_È° #¶`Ç#=òQê *è~¡ó|_È°KÇ° =zó#
ìQ®=ò<ÍH=ò° H=xÍ° < #=°àH=ò. JOuÇ° HêH ãueOQ® ^Í× ã¬×O¬
W\©= *è~¡ó|_#^ÎxÍ° < x×óÇ°=ò. J~ò##° ãueOQ® ¬O|O^Î"³°Ø# ã"`Ç
¬ô~}=òÇ°O^Î° q#ßHË@ Ì^Îí#, q^¥¼<^Î°ä½ |¶~¡Þ"Í° KÍ~¡ó|_#^Îx <
87
`ÇO¬ô. ZO^Î°KÍ`#Ç #, h ^Í=× ò#ä½ ãueOQ® ¬O[ý ¬°ã¬^² =Î °x q^¥¼<^°Î _È°#°,
ãueOQ® ^Í×=ò# [#° Q®$`Ç°<£ÑÑ Jx Ì^Îí#Çò#°, ã"²Í°Çò<ß~¡°. "iH÷
¬î~¡Þ¬ô H$`Ç°On ¬O[ý ¬°ã¬²^Î=°~ò ÇòO_È°@ xiÞ"^¥O×=ò. a#ß
ã¬ ^ Í × = òO^Î ° , a # ß ã¬ ° =ôH _ È < Í H Hê=°O^Î ° O_ a # ß ì +¬ O^Î °
ãQ® O ^ Î = ò#° ã"² # Ì^Î í # , q^¥¼<^ Î ° çH ø \÷ Í ° Ç ° a ã Ç ° =ò#°
ã"²#¬ôæ_È°, "i~¡°=ô~¡ä½#° <^¥~¡"³òHø\÷ ¬î~¡ÞãQ®O^Î=ò Ç°O^Î°O_
ÇòO_È°#x `ÇOKÇ°@ Çòz`Ç=ò. P Ç¶^¥~¡=ò ¬ô~}=òÇ°O^Î°
Qêx² O KÇ ° KÇ ° #ßk. Hê#, ¬ ô ~}=òOn q+¬ Ç ° =°~ò# ã"`Ç Ì^Î í #
q^¥¼<^Î°ä½ |¶~¡Þ"Í° KÍ~¡ó|_#^Î#°@ x×óÇ°=ò.
ãueOQ®=°O^Î°O_ '`³°Q®°Ñ ¬ô\÷# =¶@Í° "¬ë="³°Ø# ³°_È XHê<ùH
Hê=°O^Î° D ^Í×=ò#ä½ ãueOQ®=°#° "_È°H À~¡°O_ ÇòO_È=ÿ#°. ì+¬ä½
ãueOQ®°Ç #° <=°=òO_È=ÿ#° Jx HàÆ }~=ôQê~¡° ã"²òÇ <ß~¡°. "~¡° HËi#
suQê h ^Í×=ò#ä½ ãueOQ® ^Í×=°#° "_È°H À~¡°#°, ì+¬ä½ ãueOQ®Ç°#°
<=°=ò#°, l~¡Hê=ò#°O_ H=ô. JOuÍ°HêH Ç°KÇó\÷ ã¬[ä½ ¢`³áeOQ®°#°
¬O[ý ä_È H^Î°. ì+¬ä½ ãueOyÇ°#° ¬O[ý H^¥? POã^Î ì+¬ä½
ãueOyÇ°#° ¬O[ý H^Î°. Hê=ô#<Í kÞfÇ¶K~¡°¼_È#° ã¬²kx çOk#
Ç°^Î~¡Þ}°_È° `Ç# "¼H~¡}=ò (P^Î~¡ÞHêiH) Õ
ÕÁ. ''ãueOQê¼=°²ï~á<Õ ¬ =¶Àã¬`Ç¼Ç¶O`Ç`ÑÑ Jx ã"Ì#°. Hê=ô#
N H Æ à }~=ôQê~¡ ° HËi#@°Á 14= × ` |í = ò#ä ½ |¶~¡ Þ "Í ° ~ü À~¡ °
QêxæOKÇ°KÇ°#ßk. J^Î~¡Þ}°_È° ¬^Î°<ùHO_È= ×`ìíO`Ç=ò #<Ë ¬Oã_³O_È=
×`ì~¡O=ò#<Ë #°#ß"_È° Jx N HÆà}~=ôQêiKÍ ã|KÇ°iO¬|_#
ãQ®O^Î=òO^Í H^Î°.
Hê|\÷ ¬^Î°<¾= ×`|í=ò#ä½ |¶~¡Þ=ò#O^Í ~ü ^Í×=ò#ä½ ãueOQ®
¬O[ý H^Î°. D ì+¬ä½ ãueOQ®Ç°#° ¬O[ýÇò H^Î°. WKÇ\÷ ã¬[ä½
¢`³áeOQ®°#° <=°=ò#° H^Î°.
WKÇ@ ã¬[ä½ ¢`³áeOQ®°#° <=°=ò H^Îx ªøO^Î ¬ô~}=ò #O^Îe
ÕÁ. H~â\ìÜá ó= ¢`³áeOQ® Q®¶~¡û~ ~R"²#
ã^Îq_¨ ã^¥q_¨ ¬OKÇ qO^Î¼ ^ÎH÷Æ}"²#
88
J#° ÕÁH=ò ä_È *ì\÷OKÇ°KÇ°#ßk. ^Í×=ò#ä½ ãueOQ®=°#°À~¡°, ì+¬ä½
ãueOQ®Ç°#° <=°=ò, ã¬[ä½ ¢`³áeOQ®°#° <Y¼ ¬^Î°<¾= ×`|í=ò#ä½
|¶~¡Þ"Í° Q®=ô. JO`ÇÇò QêH ~òKÇó\÷ ãì¬ìà} §YÕ <ùHø §Yä½
¢`³áeOQ®°#° ¬O[ý H^Î°.
ãH©¬°ë ×H=ò 950 ãO`Ç=òO^Î°# Çò^Î=°°Áx §¬#=òÕ "Íy
^Í×=ò#ä½ ãuHoOQ®"Í° ãueOQ®"³°Ø#^Îx qAý° `ÇOK³^Î~¡° Q®^¥! Hê# ãH©¬°ë
×H=ò 10= ×`|í=ò#On ^Í×=ò#ä½ ãueOQ® ¬O[ý H^Îx `³eÇ°=K³ó_x.
ãH©¬°ë ×H=ò ï~O_È= ×`|í=ò#O^Î°O_# \ìÿg° Ç°#° YO_Ö`Ç~¡°_
^Í×=òO Q®¶ió =òKÇó\÷OKÇ°KÇ° ãueOQ®=°xÍ° "_Çò<ß_È°. Hê# h ^Í×=ò#H©
À~¡° H$`Ç°O^Î°#°, §¬<^Î°O^Î°#° ãH©°¬ ë ×H= ò ~ï O_È= ×`|í=ò#°O_òÇ #°
Q®^Î° Qêx N HÆà}~=ôQê~¡° `ÇOz#@°Á ¬^Î°<¾= ×`|í=ò "³ò^Î°Hùx
=zó#k Hê^Î°. ãH©¬°ë ×Hêkx nxH÷ ãueOQ® ¬O[ýÍ° H^Î° Hêx `³°Q®#°
¬O[ýÍ° è^Î°. Hê|\÷ ãueOQ® ¬^Î"Í° "³ò^Î\÷k Qêx N HÆà}~=ôQê~¡°
`ÇOz#@°ÁQê ^³°Q®° ¬^=Î ò "³ò^Î\k÷ Hê^Î°. ãueOQ®=ò #°O_ `³°Q®° ¬ô\÷# k.
=°iÇò#° ''ÔÁxÑÑÇ°#° YO_Ö`Ç~¡°_ ^Í×=ò#° =ü_Ë HoOQ®=°x "_³#°.
D ¬O[ý ãueOQ® (ãuHoOQ®) ¬^Î=ò#° |\÷ ~Q®^Î°. Hê|\÷ =ü_Ë
Q®oOQ®=°x ã"²# ÔÁx ~ü ^Í×=ò#ä½ =zó nxH÷ Q® ãueOQ® <=°=ò#°
Q®¶ió ~òKÇó\÷ ¬O_`Ç° #_y "~¡° K³²æ#@°ÁQê (ãu) =ü_Ë eOQ® =°x
ã"² Ç ò O_È ° ##°@ xiÞ"^¥O× = ò. ZqÞ^ Î = ò# Ez##° NÇ ò `Ç
HÆà}~=ôQêi "^Î=ò x°= <Í~¡^Î°. ãueOQ®=ò #°O_Í° `³°Q®° ¬ô\÷#k
Qêx `³°Q®° #°O_ ãueOQ®=ò ¬ô@è^Î°. ##ßÇ° \ì~¡ä½#ä½ |¶~¡Þ=ò J<ÍH
×`|í=ò ãH÷O^Î@<Í ~ü ãueOQ® <=°=ò =°# ^Í×=ò#ä½ Q®ey#k.
XHê<ùH~°¡ `³°Q®° ×|=í ò 'uQ®°Ñ ×|=í ò #°O_ ¬ô\÷# ^Îx ã"²òÇ O_i
Qêx Ç°k Ç° <^Î~¡}©Ç°=ò. uQ®° ×|í=ò #°O_ `³°Q®° ¬ô\÷# ³°_È
xO^Î° aO^Î° =ôO_È <Í~¡^Î°. q#ßHË@ Ì^Îí#ß K³²æ#@°ÁQê ãueOQ® ×|í=ò #°O_Í°
¬ô\÷#k.
89
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
ã¬H÷Æ ¬ë=ò° « KÍ~¡ó|_#q
PY¼ « À~¡°
¬O[ý « À~¡°, z¬ìß=ò
¬O^Î°°
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn² ¬O^Î°#° À~ùøx ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° q=iOKÇ°#k.
xiÞ"^¥O×=ò, "i~¡°=ô~¡°, §¬<^Î°°, ×Hêk, ZqÞ^Î=ò.
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡°Á `³°¬ô=ò.

PªÖ# tMì=°}÷, HêæxH =ô¼`Çæuë, =ü_È° kä½ø°, ãueOQ® ^Í×=ò.
<<~¡=Ö ò°
¬O[ý « À~¡°, z¬ìß=ò ã¬[° « ¬O`#=ò, [#°° Hê=ò «
¬=°Ç°=ò, Hê¬~¡æ=ò ¬î~¡Þ=ò « `Ç¶~¡°ækä½ø, =òO^Î°
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
PY¼ Ð <=°^ÍÇ°=ò, À~¡°, Ja^ÍÇ°=ò ãì¬ìà}°_È° Ð °_È°,
qã¬ô_È°, kÞA_È° #¶`Ç# Ð #g#, J~Þp#, ãHù`Çë
¬O_`Ç°_È° Ð §G=°O^Î° =°Oz |°kQ®"_È°
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
¬O[ý Ð ¬#ß
KÇiã`Ç=ò Ð KÇi`Ç
ã¬°=ô Ð ¬|°=ô
90
1. JìÄ+¬ ¬OKÇ Q®`Ç° |Q®°KÇ°O_È°.
2. ¬î~¡Þ¬ô H$`Ç°On ¬O[ý ¬°ã¬²^Î=°~ò ÇòO_È°@ xiÞ"^¥O×=ò.
3. ãueOQ® ^Í×=ò# [#° Q®$`Ç°<£.
ã¬ß× °
1. `³°Q®° ¬ô@°H Q®¶ió ïH.q.HÆà}~=ôQêi JaãÇ°"Í°q°?
2. ãueOQ® ×Õí`Çæuëx q^¥¼<^Î°_³@°Á q=iOK³#°?
3. q#ßHË@ Ì^Îí#, J^Î~¡Þ}ìK~¡°¼"~¡° `Ç=° JOHê~¡ §G=òÕ
ãueOQ®=ò#° Q®¶ió U=°x K³²æi?
4. Hêj@Á ã|¬ìàÇ°¼Qê~¡° ãueOQ®=ò #°O_ `³°Q®° ¬ô\÷#^Îx
ã¬ukOz# q^Î=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
qõO×=ò°
q^¥¼<^Î°_È°: q^¥¼<^Î°_È° ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x PªÖ#Hq. ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x
<Ç°ä½xQê KÍ² ã¬`¬~¡°ãnÇ°=°#° JOHê~¡ §G=ò ã"Ì#°.
J^Î~¡Þ}ìK~¡°¼°: J^Î~¡Þ}ìK~¡°¼° J^Î~¡Þ} HêiH°, ãueOQ® ×ìí#°
§¬#=ò ã"Ì#°.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
NÜá, ã^¥HÆê~=°, Hêõ×Þ~¡ öHÆã`Ç =¶¬ð`Çà ¼=ò#° `³°¬°Hù#=ÿ#°.
ãueOQ®=ò, `³°OQ®°, `³#°Q®° ¬^Î=ò ¬î~Þ¬~¡=ò#° q=iOKÇ°@
Lz`Ç=ò.
O
91
2. ¬Ok
-- HO^Î°äi gö~×eOQ®O ¬O`Ç°°
ª²ì`¼xß ¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡} ª^Î#=òQê ãQ®²ìOz# #=ÇòQ® "³áòä½_È°.
~=ô|¬ ì ^Î ¶ í ~ a~¡°^¥OH÷` Ç° _È ° . `³ °Q® ° ª² ì`Ç ¼ OÕ P^ Î ° xH ã¬ ãH÷ Ç ° ä ½
=ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° HO^Î°äi. g~¡° 1848= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# ~[=°ÀìOã^Î=~¡=ò#
[xàOzi. `ÇOã_ ¬°ìÄ~Çò_È°, `ÇeÁ ¬ô#ß=¶O|.
ì¼q"¬ì x~¡¶à#=ò, ¢Ôë ¬ô#iÞ"¬ì=ò, ¢Ôë q^¥¼"¼²ë, ²ì`ÇHêi}÷
¬=¶[ x~¡Þ¬ì}=ò =O\÷ ¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡}ïHá `Ç# rq`Ç ¬~¡Þ¬Þ=ò#° JiæOz
''POã^Î ~*ì~=° "³¶¬ì#~Ç°°ÑÑQê ã¬²k ÚOki.
×`kH ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë°. g~¡° KÍ¬@x ª²ìf ã¬ãH÷Ç°° è=#=KÇ°ó#°. ¬^Î¼=ò,
Q®^Î¼=ò, #=, <@H=ò, ã¬¬ì¬#=ò, q=°~¡Å#=ò, J#°"^Î=ò, ¬ãuHê ~¡KÇ#=ò,
rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç, ÔÞÇ° KÇiã`Ç =O\÷ ª²ìf ~¡KÇ< ã¬ãH÷Ç°° QêqOz# P^Î°xHêOã^Î
ª²ìf ÇòQ®H~¡ë° HO^Î°äi.
Ja*ìý# §ä½O`Ç=ò, POã^ÎH=ô KÇiã`Ç, ~[õY~¡ KÇiã`Ç, hu KÇOãkH,
ÔÞÇ° KÇiã`Ç, ~Q®=°O[i, ¬ìi×óOã^Î <@H=ò, ã¬¬ì¬#=ò° gi ~¡KÇ#Õ
À~ùø#^Îy#q.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò gö~×eOQ® ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡° POãnHiOz# ¬OkÕx XH

huH^Î. ''é~¡° #+² ÚO^Î° ì=òÑÑ J#ß ÕHËH÷ëx q¬æ+¬=ò QêqOz D H^Î
K³¬æ|_³#°. ×× H²O[=ò° z#ß q+¬Ç°=ò#ä½ `ÇQ®=ôì_È°Hùx z=~¡ä½ q<×=ò
Hùx `³KÇ°óHùxi.
qO^¥¼@qÕ <ùH=$HÆHË@~¡O|°# l~¡Hê=ò#°O_ H²O[O|#°
¬H÷Æ³òH\÷ Hê¬ô~¡O|°O_È°#°. XH<\÷ ¬¶~¼¬ë=°Ç° ¬=°Ç°O|°# "³ò~ò°
92
"³ò`Çë=òà° qÇ°`Çë "³°Á Qê°ãH=òàHùx H_È=O ãk=°àiOz# \çH
[_"# ä½iÌ#°. P =~¡ÂO|°#O ^Î_² `Ç_È² Ç¶ ¬ô°OQ®° "Í×ä½ ^ù]
*è~¡èHé³°#°. J¬ôæ_È° n~¡ÉH~¡âO |#°××OçHøO_È° $×O|°#° "##° <x
Ç ¶ × ä ½ O`Ç O |°O_È ° `Ç ~ ¡ ° HË@~¡ O |° KÍ i , <³ = °àkQê #O^Î ° ¬ ° Yxã^Î
KÍÇòKÇ°O_³#°. WO`ÇÕ Q®²O[=ò `Ç# x"¬¬Öe <³Þ^Îä½Hù#°KÇ° l=°àp
H\÷Õ =zó Õ# x^Î°iOKÇ° ä½O^Í\÷O Q®x Ç°^ÎeOz HË¬O|° Q®^Î°~¡ x@Áx³°.
Fs! ×§^Î=¶! <Í xO@èx³°_È =zó h=ô Hê=~¡O|°# < Q®$¬ìO
ìãHq°OKÇ°Hùx x×ÅOH=òQê ×Ç°xOKÇ°KÇ°<ß_È=ô. WH<³á# <¬¼O|° KÍÇ°H
<~ò°Á <ä½ q_z Ç°=eH÷ èz é. KÇ¶_È° éä½O\÷", h ã}=ò° hq
Hê=ôÑÑ Jx# Q®~¡°=O|°# ××O a@Áx³°. ''K° *ì°. h ÿkiO¬ô=¶@
eO`Ç\÷`Ë Q®\÷Ì@°=ò. n~¡ÉH~¡°âx =òO^Î< c~¡O|°° ¬°H =zóuq?
"Ôä¬O|°°#°, ^Î\ìHO|°°#°, ^Î~¡°q=~¡O|°°#° <³=Þ~¡° =òO^Î°Qê
<ãHq°OKÇ°HùO^Î°~Ë <\÷H÷ "iq Qêx ³°ÁHê=ò ã|`Í¼H=òQê <ùHiªÚ`Ç°ë °
Qê=ô. =¶\ì_ÈH é é. é <ùÁ "Í <³Ç°¼_ÈïHá#O ^ÎQ®=ô#ä½ ~ é^Î=òÑÑ Jx#
''=¼=¬ð~¡=ò#ä½ ~¡=°à#ßKË ~##=KÇ°ó<? D ~ãu =ôzó "Íy#O Õ^Î=ò.
JO^¥H QùOK³ "³¶²H Ì@°=ò.ÑÑ Jx Ç¶ Hù^Î=~ãu <³\ÕÁ "ÍyOz `Ç¶~¡°¬ô
`³Á"°_È° ××O|°#° è², ^¥x`Ë ^ÎQ®=ô#ä½ Õ^Î=ò #_È°=ô =°x
<°Q®_È°Q®°°"³\÷, Ç¶²@ =°#q"^ÎO|° n~¡æQ®" _³=Þ _Èx# n~¡ÉH~¡°âO
_@Áx³°. ''#~¡à^¥#nf~¡O|°# ^ÎkH~¡°âO _È#°=¶~û=Á°O _ùHO_È° Q®
_È°. J`Ç_È° |¬Hê=$^Î°_È° |¬=¼=¬ð~¡^ÎiÅ §O`Ç=üië ¬^Î~¡°à_È°
J`ÇO_Í =°#zä½ø =^ÎeO¬ ^Îy#"_È°.ÑÑ Jx# QêÕ° #x ³°_ÈO|_
Ç¶ H²O[=ò ä½O^Í\÷`Ë_È Q®¶_È Qêÿí~¡°=ô#O [xKÇx q°@=°^¥¼¬ìß=ò#
< r~Ëâ ` Ç ° =ôO_È ° `=ôO *è ï ~ #°. P¬ ð ! HêO|° KÍ ~ ¡ ° =~ò# ^Î
°`ÇëiOKÇ°Hùxé=ôKË\÷öH ^ÎO|° ÿO`Ç^Î¶~¡ =°~ò#, ×s~¡^¥~¡° h_È°óHùx
é=ô#° Q®^¥ J\ìÁ ××H²O[=ò° Q®=°¼ªÖ#O|° *èi ¬ô~ËìQ®=ò#
=$^Î=¶~û°xO QêOz, H¬@^¥iàä½_È°#° öQ=[~¡~¡¬î~¡ä½O_È°#°#x
³°°OQ®H ~ò@Áx³°#°. ''F =¶~û<Ç°Hê! =¶Õ =¶ä½ ¬Öq"^ÎO
çHø\÷¬ô\÷ ^¥xx ^Î~¡à¬Þ~¡¶¬ô~¡Q®°ªÞq° ¬=òàY=òà#O n~¡°óHË=ÿ#x
|¬^Î¶~¡=ò#°O_ Ç¶¬¬_ =zó#"~¡=ò =°=òà ^Î_È=ô ä~¡°óO_Èÿ@H
x+¬æHÆ`Ç=òQê "Íy~¡=ò =¶ =¼=¬ð~¡O|° fió =°=òà =¶ <³=ôä½O
93
|O²"ÍÇò=ò.ÑÑ Jx# =¶ =ò^Î°¬e²eÁ ~ò@Áx³°. 'JÇ°¼ì~! g°ö~"³¶
^Î ¶ ~¡ = ò#°O_ =KÇ ° óKÇ ° <ß~¡ ° . [~ ì ~¡ O |°#ä ½ *ìOã^¥Ç ° }ìk
ã=`ÇO|°°`Ë_È°¬_È Q®$tOz ~òOãkÇ°¬@°`ÇÞ=ò `Çy¾Çò#ß"_È Qê# <
ã×=}O|°° ^Î¶~¡=ò#°O_ h "H¼O|° k#ßQê ãQ®²ìO¬<Í~¡ä½#ßq, g°
i~¡ ° =ô~¡ ° O *ÿ ÷ ³ ò H K³ q K³ O `Ç O *è i g°g°q"^¥O× | ° ^Í @ ¬ _ È
#°K³áó¬Þ#O|°#O^³°¬ô#k. =¶ H#°»#¬=°Ç°O|° ¬g°²OKÇ°KÇ°#ßk
=¶^¥¼²ìßHO|° ç#iOz ^¥#^Î~¡à=ò° KÍ²HË=ÿ#°. J~ò##° ^ÎQ®=ô f~¡æ
Q®" ï~O^ÎÿO^ÎÕ ÇòO_È g°~¡° "i <ÍiOQê^Îx, <Í <Í"³¶ x+¬æHÆ`Ç=òQê
n~¡°ó"_È #x qx H_È°^Î=ôÞ#°O_ =zóÇò#ß"~¡°. J\÷ q°=üà~¡H ¬O¬ô@
=°=ò Õ\÷ `Ç¬¬°Þä½ ^Î~¡àO|°Qê^Î°. D ÕH=òÕ<Í ³°ÁHê=ò
#°\÷H@°Hùx ÇüQ®°ì_ÈÕ=ò. Hê^Î~¡à=ò <ùOk#¬ôæ_È° ^Î~¡à"³òHø\÷
^ÎHø h ÕH=òÕx "ÍqÇò Q®¶_È ~=ô. Hê|\÷ Ç°\÷ ^Î~¡à=ò#° =¶ã`Ç=ò
"Í~ò Ç¶¬^Î° =zó##° *ÿ_È<_È°HËH Hê_È°Hù#°KÇ° ~=ÿ#°. Wk ³°O`ÇÇò
¬`Ç¼=ò. ¬`Ç¼ "³°¬ôæ_È°#° ^Î¬æ~^Î°. ¬`Ç¼"Í° ¬~¡Þ×Ã=òä½ =ü=ò.
¬ ` Ç ¼ =ò#ä ½ ^Ë_È ° ¶ `Ç ^ Î Ç ° Ç ò #°O_È = ÿ # °. ¶ `Ç ^ Î Ç ° Í ° ¬ = °¬ ë
^Î~¡à=òä½ #OHê~¡=ò. `Ç# ^Í¬ì=ò# <ùHøHO@H=ò ªéH÷#O`Ç<³ ³°O`Ç
<ù²æ H°Q®°<Ë ³°Á ^Í¬ì^¥~¡° ×s~¡"Í^Î#Çò #\÷^Í H^¥ Ç°x ³°÷Oy
`Ç`ÇëÞAý ÿ¬ôæ_È°#° ²ìO¬ä½O Q®_È°^Î=ôÞQ® [i~òOKÇ°KÇ°O^Î°~¡°. ãä~¡H~¡°à
bÇ°~¡ÖO ÿ°OQ®H ^ÎÇ°Çò ^Î~¡àO|°#° q_z ^Í¬ìÇ¶ã`=¶ã`Ç=ò#ïHá
¬~Ë¬`¬O|° KÍÇ° ì°¬_È°^Î°~¡°. ''ªÞãt`=#¬"³¶ # ²ì ^Î~¡àÑÑ Ç°x
"Í^Î=ò° ¦¬°Õ+²OKÇ°#° Q®^¥? Hê|\÷ Ç¶ãt`Ç~¡HÆ}=ò#ä½ ¬=¶#=°~ò#
^ Î ~ ¡ à =ò =°÷ ³ ò H \ ÷ è ^ Î ° . q^ Î O |Q® ° Õ O |°#° "³ ò @ " ³ ò ^Î @
#°#¶àeO¬=Çò#°. ZO`Ç#° ¬OkOz##° ãì}ì=ª#¬=°Ç°O|°#
ÕH=òÕx ^Í^³á# ^Î Q®@°Hùx é^Î°"Í°? F ^Î°~§! ¬¶~ò+¬O|~ò#
~ü HeHêO|°# h "³O^Î =×=~¡°ëO QêqOKÇ°Hùx ³°O^ÎKÍ <³xß
^Î°ø~¡¼=ò *è~òOKÇ°KÇ°<ß=ô? F¬ìÙ! h À~¡° `ÇO¬ô# ì÷#O`Ç<³ <
Q® ° O_³ ° ¬ Q ® ° °KÇ ° #ßq.! Jx Ç ° =ÞQ® ° ¾ aeÁ KÇ Á x =¶@`Ë #Á #
^Î~Ëà¬<¼¬O|°° ÀÇòKÇ°O_È < ××H²O[=ò° q§Þ¬=ò`Ë a_¨=ò#°
_¨Ç ° O Õ~ò ï ~ O_È ° #° ï ~ O_È ° K³ = ôÕ#° ^Î # `Ç # =¼=¬ ð ~¡ = òà#°
*ÿ¬ôæHù#°KÇ°O_È, a@`ÇQ®=ô ²eÁ fï~ó##ß\ìÁ=¶~ûO|° Hê×¤`Ë < ï~O\÷x
94
lHøO|\÷ ³òHø@ "³°_È° Hù÷H÷ zã`Ç=^ÎO ç#iOK³#°. ã}ã¬Ç¶}"Í×
#Å×H²O[=ò° : ''J³¶¼! XHø~ãu ïH=Þ~¡° ¬~¡°#ß <Íq°Ç°x Çü~¡ä½O_ÈH
èxéx q"^ÎO|° Ì@°Hùx `ÇQ®=ô#ä½O Õ=ô^Î =°#°^Î°~¡°Äk ³òH\÷ ¬ô@
¬°Y=òQê ã|^Î°HèH "Íä½=*ì=ò# |_é~ò#@° èz ~òO`Ç^Î¶~¡=ò
¬~¡°ïQ`Ç°ëHùx=zó, ~ü Y°x <ã×~òOz gx q°^¥¼"^Î=ò° qx =$^¥
ã=°¬_^Î°~¡à~¡}O|° ^³KÇ°óHùO\÷q°. é~¡° #+² ÚO^Î° ì=ò ##ß ÕHËH÷ë
³°#ß_³á# =¼~¡Ö=°Q®°<? q<×Hê=ò ¬g°²Oz#¬ôæ_³=ÞiÇ¶ÕKÇ#° <Í
¬xH÷=KÇ°ó#°? `<ùH\÷ `Çz# ^³á="³òH\÷ `ÇKÇ°#°. 'ì@èMì # ¬ô#
ã¬Ç¶uÑ Ç°# q#"Í°?ÑÑ Jx zOuOKÇ°KÇ° ãì}=ò° q_K³#°. =¶~û=ò#°
Ç°^Í+¬O|°Q® ï~O_È°=ü_È°k#=ò ì¬ð~¡O|° "³^Î°ä½HË#HøèH "xx
H÷ÆOKÇ°KÇ°O_³#°.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
HË@~¡O|° « `ù]
××O|° « ä½O^Í°
$×=ò « q°H÷øe
"² « kQ®°_È° ìq
ä¬=ò « #¶~ò
`Ç\ìH=ò « K³°=ô
"ÍQ®° « `³Á"°
r~Ëâ`Ç°=ô « =ò¬e²eÁ
ì@èMì Ð # Ð ¬ô# Ð ã¬Ç¶u « #°^Î°\÷ ã"`Ç K³iyé^Î°
q+¬ { P=ò « q+¬=ò`Ë ¬=¶#=ò
=Q®°¾aeÁ « =ò¬e²eÁ
"³ò~ò° « "Í°¦¬°=ò.
95
¬O^°Î °
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn² ¬O^Î°#° À~ùøx ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
¬~Ë¬Hê~¡O|°, ^Î~Ëà¬<¼¬O|°°, J=ÞQ®°¾aeÁ, ^Î°ø~¡¼=ò°
¬=¶¬=ò°
ãH÷Ok ¬^=Î òä½ qãQ®ì¬ "H¼=ò#° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡#Á ° ã"Çò=ò.
¬°Yxã^Î,. "Ô ä¬O|°°, ××H²O[=ò°, #~¡à^¥#k, ZÁHê=ò,
q<×Hê=ò, XHø~ãu
<<~¡=Ö ò°
HO@H=ò « ~Ë=¶OKÇ=ò, =ò°Á, HêH÷ "ÍQ®° « "Íä½=*ì=ò, Q®¶_ÈKi
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
J@q Ð q²#=ò, Q®¬ìÞ~¡=ò, Hê##=ò, =#=ò qÇ°`Çë=ò Ð PHê×=ò,
q#°gk, JO|~¡=ò Q®$¬ì=ò Ð ¬^Î#=ò, xöH`Ç#=ò, W~¡=ô
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
^Î~¡à=ò Ð ^Î=°à=ò
¬Ö=ò Ð `=ô
^Î¶~¡=ò Ð ^Î=ôÞ
=$^Î°_È° Ð Ì^Îí
1. ''ZÁHê=ò ã|`Í¼H=òQê <ùHi ªÚ`Ç°ë° Qê=ôÑÑ
2. ''=¼=¬ð~¡=ò#ä½ ~¡=°à#ßKË ~##=KÇ°ó<?ÑÑ
3. ''×s~¡^¥~¡° h_È°óHùx é=ô#° Q®^¥!ÑÑ
96
4. ''`<ùH\÷ `Çz# ^³á="³òH\÷ `ÇKÇ°#°ÑÑ
5. ''ì@ èMì #¬ô# ã¬Ç¶uÑÑ Ç°#q#"Í°?ÑÑ
ã¬ß× °
1. ××H²O[=òöH q"^Î=ò HeïQ#°.
2. =¶~û=ò ××H²O[=ò`Ë<Í=°x ¬eïH#°.
3. ××H²O[=ò `ÇQ®=ô#° ²eÁ Z@°Á ¬i+¬øiOK³#°?
qõO×=ò°
KOã^¥Ç°}ã=`Ç=ò « KÇOã^Î°x =$kHÆÇ°=ò#° J#°¬iOz KÍÇò
ã=`Ç=ò.
×ÃHÁ¬HÆ=ò# XHùøHø H|×=òQê Õ[#=ò ÌOKÇ°KÇ°, H$+¬â¬HÆ=ò#
XHùøHø H|×=ò `Çy¾OKÇ°Hù#°KÇ° J=¶"¬¼ ~ËA# ¬îië L¬"¬ã=`Ç=òO_È°@
KOã^¥Ç°}ã=`Ç=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

¬OKÇ `ÇOã`Ç H^Î° KÇkq hux ãQ®²ìOKÇ°=ò
~¼O×=ò#O^Îe q+¬Ç°=ò#° <@H=òQê ²ÁKÍ ã¬^ÎiÅO¬*èÇò@
Lz`Ç=ò.
97
3. Hß Hêe<£ "³°HOr
-- *ì#=°kí ¬ì#°=°Kó¢²ë
N *ì#=°kí ¬ì#°=°Kó¢²ëQê~¡° J#O`Ç¬ô~¡O lìÁ, ~Ç°^Î°~¡¾OÕ 1926=
¬OII# [xàOzi. g~¡° `³°Q®°, POQ®ÁO "³ò^ÎQ®° ì+¬Õ Qù¬æ ¬O_`Ç°°. §¢²ëQê~¡°
J<ÍH q^¥¼§YO^Î° JkHêiQê ¬xKÍ²i. =¶ Ô=° H^Î°, H_È¬ ¬O¬ø$u, ^Î~¡ÅhÇ°
¬Öì°, ².² ãº#° KÇiã`Ç "³ò^ÎQ®°#q gi ~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò ''¬°ã¬²^Î° rq`Ç qõ°ÑÑ J#° ãQ®O^ÎO #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. WO^Î° ¬iÕ^Î< ^Î$Hæ^Î=ò KÇHøQê =¼Hë=°Q®°KÇ°#ßk. q+¬Ç°=ò#°
¬¶\÷Qê, ¬~¡×OQê K³¬æQ® <Í~¡°æ giH÷ H^Î°.
'¬ô~¡°+¬µO^Î° ¬ô}¼¬ô~¡°+¬µ° "Í~¡Ç¶ÑJ<ß_È° =°# "Í=°#.
POöQÁÇò° =°# ^Í§xß =ü_È° =O^Î U×Ã¤ eOK~¡°. WOQ®ÁO_È°
#°O_ =zó# JkHê~¡°Õ ^¥^¥¬ô 90 §`ÇO =°# ^Í§xß ^ËKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
`ÇH÷ø# 10 §`ÇO HùO^Î~¡° =¶ã`ÇO =°# ^Í§xß, =°# ì+¬#° ¬O¬ø$ux
QÒ~¡qOK~¡°. =°# ã¬[#° ãÀq°OK~¡°. P HùO^Îö~ "Í=°# J#ß@°Á ¬ô}¼
¬ô~¡°+¬µx K³æ¬ =KÇ°ó. P HùO^Î~°¡ =°#O =°~¡=~x, =°~¡=ä_Èx "~¡°, "ï~=~¡°?
"iÕ =òY¼"³°Ø# "ï~=~¡°? `³°Q®° ã¬[° =°~¡=~x "iÕ "³ò^Î\÷
POöQÁÇò_È° ¬~ ^¥=°¹ =°ã<Ë. J`Ç_È° §Ouã^Î`Ç#° ¬°²Ö~¡"³ò#ió, ï~á`Ç°ä½
ZO`ÇQê<Ë ¬¬ðÇ°¬_<_È°.
Jy¾¬ô~¡°Q®°ä½ P¬ð~¡O J=ô`Ç°#ß `³°Q®° Hê"¼#° "ÍìkQê ÀHiOz
×Ã^Î ã¬`Ç°° ã"~òOz, x¦¬°O@°=ô#° ¬=°äió `³°Q®° ª²ì`¼xH÷
=°¬ìÙ¬Hê~¡O KÍ²# ^ù~¡ ².².ãº<£. QË^¥=iÌá P#H@ H\÷Oz, =°ï~<Ëß
[ì×Ç¶° xiàO¬*è² HÆìk ZH~#° ¬¬¼§¼=°O HêqOz# J#ß^¥`Ç¬~
P~¡Ö~ Hê@<£.
98
=°# KÇiã`Çä½ Hê=²# =ò_ ¬~¡°ä½#° ¬=°äió, "³°HOr ïHá¦²Ç°`°Qê
À~¡°QêOz# J=ü¼"³°Ø# KÇiã`Ç#° =°#ä½ JOkOz# =°¬ìhÇò_È° Hß
Hêe<£ "³°HOr.
"³°HOr ªø@ÁO_È°ä½ ¬_È=°~¡Qê =ô#ß ¶~ü J<Í nÞ¬OÕx ª~ùß"Í
J#ß ãQê=°OÕ ãH©.×. 1754Õ [xàOK_È°. `ÇOã_ =°~ùíH± "³°HOl. `ÇeÁ ì~¡Ä~
"³°HOl. `ÇOã_ z#ß "¼~° KÍ¬¶ë `Ç# ãQê=°OÕ é¬° =¶¬~¡°Qê =ôO_Í"_È°.
ª~ùß"ÍÕx |_Õ KÇ^Î°=ô ªyOK_È° Hêe<£ "³°HOr. Q®}÷`ÇO¬@Á P¬H÷ë
Zä½ø=Qê =ôO_Ík. HùO`ÇHêO ª~ùß"ÍÕ<Í ¬#°ß° =¬¶° KÍÇò P¦Ô¬°Õ
Q®°=¶ªëQê ¬xKÍ§_È° "³°HOr. *ì<£ <Í²Ç°~ J#° ¬O¬#°ß_È° "³°HOrx `Ç#ä½
¬¬ðÇ°ä½_È°Qê "Í¬°Hù<ß_È°. <Í²Ç°~ ¬îsÞä½Õ *ì<£ <Í²Ç°~ KÇiã`Ç
ã"Çò@ä½ Hê=²# P^¥~hß ÀHiOK_È°. *ì<£ <Í²Ç°~ Q®}÷`Ç §G=ò#ä½
Kì J=¬~¡"³°Ø# '¬O=~¡¾=¶#=ò°Õ Q®i^Î"£° HxÌ\ì_È°. q+¬Ç° ÀH~¡}Õ
"³°HOr J`ÇxH÷ ìQê `Ë_Èæ_<_È°. J¬ôæ_Í ì~¡fÇ° Q®}÷`Ç§G q+¬Ç°O
`³°¬°Hù<ß_È°.
<Í²Ç°~ KÇxé~ò# `Ç~Þ`Ç "³°HOr 1782 Õ =°^Î~¬°ä½ =Kó_È°.
D²O_Ç¶ HOÌh "~¡° W`ÇxH÷ WO[hiOQ· §YÕ L^Ë¼Q®q°Kó~¡°. <Í²Ç°~
J°Á_È° §=ü¼Ç° *ì<£ ¬<£ J¬ô_È° =°^Î°~¡Õ HOÌh L^Ë¼yQê =ôO_Í"_È°.
*ì<£¬<£ HËiH"Í°~¡ä½ =°^Î°~¡Õ HùO`ÇHêO =ô<ß_È°. JKÇ\÷ ¬O_`Ç°`Ë Àß¬ìO
KÍ² ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Çä½ Hê=²# HùO`Ç ª=°ãyx ¬OkOK_È°.
WO[hiOQ· §MÕ L^Ë¼y Hê=ô# HOÌh "i Ìá#¼O`Ë@° kO_Q®°Á,
HËÇ°O|`Ç¶ë~¡° =ò#ßQ®° KË@Á ¬xKÍ§_È°. 1784Ð90 ¬OII =°^Î¼ ¬~ø~¡°Ð
~Ç°Ô=° ãO`Õ ¬x KÍ§_È°. <³¶Á~¡° #°O_ `Ç¶~¡°æ H#°=° ^¥Þ~
~Ç ° Ô = ° ãO`xH÷ ~¡ ¬ ì ^¥i =¶~¾ #=ü<`Ë ^Í × ¬ \ ì°
`ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ§_È°. HùO`ÇHêO Q®°O@¶~¡° ãO`ÇOÕ ¬x KÍ§_È°. `Ç# ¬xx ZO`Ë
ã×^Î`Ë, `³eq`Í@`Ë KÍ²#O^Î°ä½ "³°KÇ°óHù#ß HOÌh"~¡° "³°HOrx Q®°O@¶~¡°
Ô=° ¬ö~Þ KÍÇò@ä½ 1790Õ JkHêiQ® xÇ°q°OK~¡°. 1792 Õ \÷¬ôæ¬°ìë<£
³òHøN~¡OQ®¬@ßOÌá Hê~¡<£ "e¹ ^¥_ KÍ§_È°. J¬ôæ_È° "³°HOr HOÌh
Ìá#¼¬ô WO[h~Qê ¬x KÍ§_È°. Hê~¡<£ "e¹, "³°HOrx ^Î`Çë =°O_Èì (<Í\÷
99
~Ç°Ô=°)`Ë @° <³¶Á~¡° Ô=° ¬ö~Þ KÍÇò@ä½ xÇ°q°OK_È°. ~Ç°Ô=°
<³¶Á~¡° ãO`ä½ ¬O|OkOz# ^Í×¬\ìxß, <³á¬i¾H ¬\ìxß "³ò@ "³ò^Î@
`ÇÇ¶~¡° KÍ²# "_È° "³°HOr.
D ¬ö~Þ ¬#°Õ ìQ®OQê ^Í×=°O` ¬OK~¡O KÍ§_È°. ¬°O^Î~¡"³°Ø#
^Í"Ç¶#° KÇ¶K_È°. §¬<¬@Á P¬H÷ëx =°iO`Ç ÌOKÇ°Hù<ß_È°. P
HêOÕ<Í U¶~¡°Õ =ôO_# Hê=e "³OH@ ¬°|ÄÇ°¼Qêi ä½=¶~¡°`Ë "³°HOrH÷
¬iKÇÇ°O HeyOk. "~¡° "³OH@ <~Ç°}, "³OH@ çã~¡Ç°¼, "³OH@
~=°ªÞq°, Ô`ÇÇ°¼Qê~¡°Á. giÕ çã~¡Ç°¼ Qù¬æ `³eq`Í@° Q®"_È°. "³°HOr
Çò=ä½_³á# çã~¡Ç°¼ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë `³°Q®°, H#ß_È §¬<Õx q+¬Ç¶#°
`³°¬°Hù<ß_È°. ãQê=° KÇiã`Ç° ã"Çò@ä½, `×¬ã`Ç ãQ®O^¥#° ÀHiOKÇ°@ä½
KÇiã`Çä½¬³¶yOKÇ° <}ÿ=ò#° ÀHiOKÇ°@ä½ çã~¡Ç°¼ä½ "Í`Ç# q°zó
qx³¶yOKÇ°Hù<ß_È°. çã~¡Ç°¼ 27 U×¤ ãÇ°OÕ<Í KÇxéÇ¶_È°. P
=Ç°¬°Õ<Í çã~¡Ç°¼ Kì q+¬Ç¶° ÀHiOK_È°. çã~¡Ç°¼ `Ç=òà_È°
HÆàÇ°¼ "³°HOrH÷ ¬¬ðÇ°ä½_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.
1810 Õ "³°HOr =°^Î~¬° ãO`Ç~ö¬ ÞÇ°~ [#~¡Q ê xÇ°q°O¬|_<_È°.
1811Ð15 Õ *ì" nÞ¬ PãH=°}ä½ "³o¤# Ìá#¼OÕx WO[h~¡Áä½ JkHêiQ®
"³ì¤_È°.
1816Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×¬ô "³ò^Î\÷ ¬ö~ÞÇ°~ [#~¡Qê xÇ°q°O¬|_<_È°.
1793 #°O_ 1816 =~¡ä½ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç ^Í×OÕ L^Ë¼Q®O KÍ²#¬ô_È°
"³°HOr `×¬ã`Ç ãQ®O^¥°, ã"`Çã¬`Ç°° 1560 =~¡ä½ ÀHiOK_È°. WqHêH
J`Çx ÀH~¡}Õ ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#q.
1. ªÖxH KÇiã`Ç°
2. §¬# ~°
3. ^Í× ¬\ì°
4. ç=°à°
(ã_¨~òOQ·)
5. <}ÿ=ò°
100
6. tæ zã`°
7. ¬ô~`Ç# =¬°ë=ô°
"³°HOrx Q®°iOz K³Àæ@¬ôæ_È° çã~¡Ç°¼#° =°~¡=è=ò. HOÌh Hù°=ô
HË¬O çã~¡Ç°¼ =°zb¬@ßOÕ ²ìO^Î¶ªëx, ¬iÂÇ°<£, POQ®Áì+¬#° ìQê
<Í~¡°óä½<ß_È°. *ÿá#° =$`ëO`ÇO, "³òQ®° `Ç~Þ`Ç H~â@H =°O^Îe ¬O¦¬°@#°
J#° ~¡KÇ##° POQ®ÁOÕ KÍ§_È°. "³°HOr çã~¡Ç°¼ <³O`ÇQê<Ë P^ÎiOK_È°.
`Ç# P²ëÕ HùO`Ç ìQ®O çã~¡Ç°¼ä½ K³O^Î°#@°Á g°<=¶ ã"§_È°. çã~¡Ç°¼
`Ç=òà_È° Hê=e "³OH@ ~=°ªÞq° "³ò@"³ò^Î\÷ªi ^ÎHø<£ H=ô rq`Ç
KÇiã`Ç° ã"§_È°. `³°Q®° H=ô rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç#° ãQ®O^Î¬ÖO KÍ²# "iÕ
"³ò^Î\÷"_¨Ç°#.
"³°HOr ªÚO`Ç ÌáHO 15 "Í ~¡¶Ç°° Y~¡°óKÍ² `×¬ã`°, §¬<°
<}ÿ = ò° =ò#ßQ® ° "\÷ x ÀH i OK_È ° . "³ ° H O r ÀH ~ ¡ } #° J`Ç x
=°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O HOÌh ¬~¡OQê "~¡<£ Àì²OQ· 10 "Í _¨~¡Áä½ Hù<ß_È°.
"³°HOr H$+² =Á<Í J=°~=uÕ º^Î ¬¶Ö¬=ò#ß q+¬Ç°O "³Á_³áOk.
1792Õ J=°~=ux ^ÎiÅOz# "³°HOr "³OH\ìãk <Çò_È° Qêix H°¬°Hùx,
J=°~=u ¬¶Ö¬=ò³òHø =~¡â##° U+²Ç¶\÷H± ªÚÌá\© "i ¬O¬ô\ìÕ
ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°. ÌáìO^Î= q*ìý# =°Ok~xH÷ Hê=e çã~¡Ç°¼ J#° =°¬ð^¥Þ~¡=ò
<ä½ aOK³#x "³°HOr ã"§_È°.
"~¡<£ Àì²OQ· ¬O¬ø$`ÇO, J~¡aÄ, ~¡Ô, *ì¬h¹, |sà¹ ì+¬Õx
`×¬ã`Ç ãQ®O^¥#°, tìæ°, <}ÿ=ò° =ò#ßQ®° "\÷x WOQêÁO_È°ä½ ¬O_È°.
^ÎH}Æ÷ ì~¡`Ç ^Í× ì+¬Õx ªÖxH KÇiã`Ç°, `× ¬ã`° =ò#ßQ®°#q 5,31,255.
W=hß =°ã^¥¬° ãKÇ¼ ed`Ç ìO_¨Qê~¡OÕ ã^Î ¬~¡KÇ|_<~ò. ^¥^¥¬ô 40
U×Ã¤ =°# KÇiã`Çä½ Hê=²# =¬°ë ª=°ãyx ÀHiOK_È°. ã¬¬OKÇ KÇiã`ÇÕ
Jxß Kiã`ÇH ¬iH~° ÀHiOz#"~¡° =°~ùH~°¡ è~°¡ . "³°HOr 1821Õ HH`ëÕ
KÇxéÇ¶_È°. #ÿá U×¤ `Ç~Þ`Ç "³°HOr ÀHiOz# ïHá¦ÔÇ°`Ç°ëÕ K"\÷H÷
×Ã^Î ã¬`Ç°° ã"~òOz P ãQ®O^¥#° =°# H÷zó# =°~Ë =°¬ìhÇò_È° ².².ãº<£.
101
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
<³á¬i¾H « ªÞìqH
¬O¬ô@=ò « ä~¡ó|_#k
¬O^°Î °
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn² ¬Ok Hê~¡¼=ò° ã"Çò=ò.
[ì×Ç°=ò, "Íìk, "³ò@"³ò^Î@
¬=¶¬=ò°
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡°Á `³°¬ô=ò.
rq`ÇKÇiã`Ç, q*ìý#=°Ok~¡O, ×Ã^Îã¬`Ç°°, =°¬ð^¥Þ~¡=ò, §Ouã^Î`Ç°
<<~¡=Ö ò°
¬x « "¼~¡=ò, tæ=ò, P[ý, <³=ô, =uë ã×^Î « JHø, #=°àH=ò,
=°~¼^Î, =°Oz HËiH
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
LÇ°=ò Ð JOQ®=ò, J#°=ô, L¬¬uë, Z`Ç°ë, ãH÷Ç°, Q®u
Àß¬ì=ò Ð ªOQ®`Ç¼=ò, <³Ç°¼q°, ÚO^Î°
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
QÒ~¡==ò Ð Qê~¡==ò
xÇ°=°=ò Ð <Í=°=ò
^¥Þ~¡=ò Ð ^Î°"~¡=ò
ìO_¨Qê~¡=ò Ð |O_¨~¡=ò
§G=ò Ð KÇ@=ò
102
¬O^Î~¡Ä "H¼=ò°
1. ¬ô~¡°+¬µO^Î° ¬ô}¼¬ô~¡°+¬µ° "Í~¡Ç¶ J<ß_È° =°# "Í=°#.
2. "³°HOrx Q®°iOz K³Àæ@¬ôæ_È° çã~¡Ç°¼#° =°~¡°=è=ò.
3. "³°HOr H$+²=Á<Í J=°~=uÕ º^Î ¬¶Ö¬=ò#ß q+¬Ç°O "³Á_³áOk.
4. `³°Q®° H=ô rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç#° ãQ®O^Î OÖ¬ KÍ#² "iÕ "³ò^Î\"÷ _¨Ç°#.
ã¬ß× °
1. "³°HOr `Çe^Á OÎ ã_È°ÿ=~¡°? <Í
² °Ç ~ä½ PÇ°# ¬ì¬ HiOz# q^"Î °³ \÷k ?
2. L^Ë¼Q®s`¼ "³°HOr uiy# ã¬^Í×=òèq? PÇ°# `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²#
^Í×¬\ì qõ+¬=ò° `³°¬ô=ò.
3. "³OH@ çã~¡Ç°¼ "³°HOrH÷ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_# q^Î"³°\÷k?
4. "³°HOr ÀHiOz# Kiã`ÇH q+¬Ç°=ò#° "³Á_OKÇ°=ò?
5. ïHá¦ÔÇ°`Ç°#Qê<Íq°? "\÷x `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²# "³°HOr H$+²x q=iO¬ô_È°.
q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#°

ãKÇ¼ed`Ç ìO_¨Qê~¡=ò#ä½ "³o¤, "³°HOr ÀHiOz# ªÖxH KÇiã`Ç°,
^Í×¬\ì°, <}ÿ=ò° ¬ô~`Ç# =¬°ë=ô° ¬ijeO¬ô=ò.
L^¥¼Çòä½ ¬¶KÇ#°
"³°HOr zã`Ç=ò#° KÇ¶²Oz PÇ°# KÍ²# ìÀ=#°, ¬O¦¬°À=#°
q¬ô=òQê q=iOKÇ=ÿ#°.
103
4. ³¶Qê¬#=ò° Ð P=×¼H`Ç
-- N `Ç°=°à¬eÁ ~=°eOöQ×Þ~¡~=ô ×~¡à
N `Ç°=°à¬eÁ ~=°eOöQ×Þ~¡~=ô ×~¡àQê~¡° |¬ãQ®O^Î H~¡ë°. ªÏO^Î~¡¼
¬ìi, N KÇãH¬î*ìq^¥#=ò, ^Î~¡àx~¡âÇ°O =ò#ßQ®°#q gi ~¡KÇ#°. P~¡Â
q^¥¼"KÇ¬æu, N q^¥¼~¡`ßH~¡, ¬~¡Þ`ÇOã`Ç ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç J#°#q giH÷ Q® a~¡°^Î=ò°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò ³¶Qê¬#=ò° J#° gi ãQ®O^Î=ò #°O_ ãQ®²ìOKÇ|_#k.
''×s~¡ =¶^Î¼OY° ^Î~¡à ª^Î#"£°ÑÑ Jx =°# Ì^Îí JaÇòHËëH÷ë. J#Qê
^Î~¡à=ò#° ªkOKÇ°@ä½ ×s~¡=ò =ü"³°Ø#^Îx, ^¥xx *ìãQ®`ÇëQê Hê_È°
Hù#ß¬ôæ_Í ^Î~¡à=ò#° ªkOKÇQ®=°x ``Çæ~¡¼=ò. ^Î~¡à=ò Ð ^Î~à~¡Ö Hê=°
"³¶HÆ=ò#ß <°Q®° q^Î=òÿá# ¬ô~¡°~¡Ö=òä½ ã¬^Î=°"³°Ø#k. ×s~¡ ²Öu
^Î~¡à=ò#öH Hê^Î° q°ye# =ü_È° ¬ô~¡°~¡Ö=òä½ ä_È =òY¼"Í°. JaÇòHËë H÷ë
Ç°O^Î° ^Î~¡à=ò#° K³¬ôæ@KÍ`Ç L¬HÆ}=ò =# <°Q®° ¬ô~¡°~¡Ö=ò#°
K³²æ#>èÁ. ×s~¡=ò è#¬ôæ_È° J~¡Ö=ò, Hê=°=ò ^ÍxH÷? "³¶HÆª^Î#Õ ×s~¡^¥~¡Û¼=ò,
L#ß¬ ô æ_Í ª^ Î H ì^ Î H = ò#° ¬ ² ì O¬ Q ® °¾ @ [~¡ ° Q® ° #°. §s~¡ H
P~ËQ®¼=ò`Ë@° =¶#²H P~ËQ®¼=ò ä_È L#ß¬ôæ_Í ¬O¬î~¡â P~ËQ®¼=°x
K³¬æ=ÿ#°.
"¼Ç¶=¶^Î°°, B+¬^ÎÀ= §s~¡H P~ËQ®¼=ò#° KÍä~¡óQ®"Í Qêx
=¶#²H P~ËQ®¼=ò#° KÍä~¡ó*ì=ô. J>èÁ WOãkÇ° xãQ®¬ð^Î°°, ×=°^Î=¶^Î°°
=¶#²H P~ËQ®¼=ò#° =¶ã`Ç"Í° HeyOKÇ°#q. §s~¡H P~ËQ®¼=ò#°, =¶#²H
P~ËQ®¼=ò#° ï~O_\÷x ³¶Qê¬#=ò#° J¼²OKÇ°@=# ªkO¬=KÇ°ó#°.
³¶Q®°° "³¶HÆ ª^Î#=°Q®°ßÿá ÇòO_ `Ç=° P~ËQ®¼=ò#° Hê_È°Hù#°@ïHá
³¶Qê¬#=ò#° J=OaOKÇ°KÇ°O_i. `Ç¬×ó~¡¼Õ "³¶HÆ ª^Î# KÍ²# ì~¡fÇ°
104
=°¬ð³¶Q®°°, `Ç=° ª^Î# Hê=ò# §s~¡H J<~ËQ®¼=ò ìkO¬ä½O_È°#@°Á,
×s~¡=ò =¶e#¼~¡²ì`Ç=òQ® #°O_È°@ä½, =¶#²H ªÞ¬Ö¼=ò K³_éä½O_È
#°O_È°@ä½ "Íìk ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò°Qê ³¶Qê¬#=ò#° J=OaOz ³òH
¬^Îux, ãH=°=ò#° ¬°²Ö~¡=ò KÍ²i. "iH÷ Hê=²# JO`Ç~¡ |²ìiOãkÇ°
xãQ®ì¬ =ò, ×s~¡=°O^Î°#ß =¶e#¼ |²ì+¬ø~¡}=ò (¬~Þ¡ ~ËQ®=òä½ ×s~¡=°O^Î°#ß
=¶e#¼"Í° Hê~¡}=ò) ³¶Qê¬#=ò=# ïHá=¬=ò KÍ²Hùxi.
³¶Qê¬#=ò#° JO^Î~¡°#° "ÍÇ°=KÇ°ó#x, P¬#=ò° "ÍÇò"~¡°
ã¬`Í¼H=òQê JkH P¬ð~¡ ¬^¥~¡Ö=ò#° f²Hù#=²# J=¬~¡=ò è^Îx ³¶Q®
q^¥¼ã¬g}°° K³¬ôæKÇ°<ß~¡°. ³¶Q® §G ãQ®O^Î=ò° K³¬CKÇ°#ßq. ¢Ôë
q+¬Ç°=ò# '³¶Q® KÇ¶_¨=°}÷Ñ J#ß ³¶Q® §G ãQ®O^Î=ò ¢Ôë° ä_È
³¶Qê¬#=ò#° J¼²O¬=KÇ°ó#x K³¬CKÇ°#ßk.
P¬#=ò° "ÍÇò@ä½ HùO`Ç HêxÇ°=°=ò#ß^Îx K³¬æ=ÿ#°. ãÚ^Î°í
Ú_z KÀ¬~ò, ZO_È ZH÷ø#"Í× P¬#=ò° "ÍÇò@ =°Ozk Hê^Î°. ZO_ÈÕ
P~¡°|Ç°@ P¬#=ò° "ÍÇ°~^Î°. ×s~¡=ò ~¡°Q®à`Ç =# ì^Î¬_È°KÇ°#ß¬C_È°
ä_È P¬#=ò° "ÍÇò@ =°Ozk Hê^Î°. P¬#=ò° "ÍÇò#¬ô_È° ã×=°
Jx²Oz#¬ô_È° =¶x"ÍÇ°=ÿ#°.
"¼Ç¶=°=ò KÍÇò"~¡° (^ÎO_³=ò°, |Ôø°, ì~ "³ò^Îÿá#q) JkH
P¬ð~¡=ò f²Hù#°@ä½ J"@° ¬_È°^Î°~¡°. =Ç°¬° =zó# `Ç~¡°"`Ç
"¼Ç¶=°=ò KÍÇò@ä½ g° èH =¶x"Í², JkH P¬ð~¡=ò#° =¶ã`Ç=ò
=^ÎèH ¦¬e`Ç=òQê Ìä½ø ~ËQ®=òä½ Q®°iÇ°Q®°KÇ°<ß~¡°. W\÷ "iH÷ ì#
Ú@ `Ç¬æ^Î°. ¬ì$ã^ËQ®=ò° =KÇ°ó@ä½ J=Hê×"³°ä½ø=. H©×¤ "`Ç=ò, ¬Ok
"`Ç=ò "³ò^ÎQ®°#q =KÇ°ó@ä½ ä_¨ J=Hê×"³°ä½ø"Í. J~ò`Í ³¶Qê
¬#=ò#° =Ç°¬° =°o¤#"~¡° ä_È "ÍÇ°=KÇ°ó#°. =^ÎeÌ@#Hø~¡è^Î°.
Z¬ôæ_È°Qêx ³¶Qê¬#=ò° "ÍÇò"iH÷ JkH P¬ð~¡=ò JHø~¡è^Î°.
~ËQ®=ò#° ~ä½O_È KÍÇò@ä½ ³¶Qê¬#=ò° `Ë_Èæ_È°#°. U =Ç°¬°Õ<³á#
³¶Qê¬#=ò° "ÍÇò@ä½ J¼O`Ç~¡=ò ÿqÞÇò è=ô. XH"Í× =Ç°¬° =zó#
`Ç~¡°"`Ç ³¶Qê¬#=ò° =¶x"Í²##° ã¬=¶^Î"Í°q°Çò è^Î°.
Q®$¬ìªÖã×=°=°O^Î°#ß"~¡° ³¶Qê¬#=ò#° J¼²O¬^Îz#KË `Ç¬æH
Hùxß xÇ°=°=ò#° \÷OKÇ=ÿ#°. Q®$¬ì¬°Ö° ã}ìÇ¶=¶k ã¬ãH÷Ç° *ÕeH÷
105
é=ô@ =°Ozk Hê^Î°. ã}ìÇ¶=¶^Î°O^Î° z#ß Ú~¡@° [iy#¬æ\÷H÷
ã¬=¶^Î=ò [~¡°Q®°#°. ãu²æHù#~x H+¬=ò° ¬OqOKÇ°#°.
³¶Qê¬#=ò° J¼²O¬^Îz#"~¡° J#°==ò#ß =¼H÷ë³òHø
¬¬ìHê~¡=ò`Ë J¼²OKÇ°@ =°Ozk. ãQ®O^Î¬~¡#=ò, zã`Ç¬@=ò#°
¬ijeOKÇ°@ HùO`Ç `³°¬ô#° Qêx J#°==ò#ß =¼H÷ë ¬¬ìHê~¡=ò#ß ³°_È
Ú~¡@°Á [~¡°Q®=ô. J\÷ ª^Î# ãõÇ°¬ø~¡=ò.
³¶Qê¬#=ò° J¼²OKÇ°"iH÷ P¬ð~¡ xÇ°=°=ò° Ju =òY¼=ò.
rq`Ç H ê=°O`Ç Ç ò ¬ ° Y=òQê #°O_È = ÿ # #ß P¬ ð ~¡ q¬ ð ~¡
xÇ°=°=òì=×¼H=°x Ì^Îí =KÇ#=ò.
³¶Qê¬#=ò =# ×s~¡=ò# Jxß WOãkÇ°=òä½, Õ¬, |Ç°@
Jxß ìQ®=òä½ ~¡Hëã¬¬~¡} ¬ãH=°=òQê, =²#O`ÇQê [~¡°Q®°#°. Jxß
ìQ®=ò° P~ËQ®¼=O`Ç=òQê #°O_È°#°. ¬~¡Þ ~ËQ®=òä½ =ü"³°Ø# =¶e#¼=ò
(¬ö~Þ ~ËQê =°=§) #° ×s~¡=ò PÇ¶ JOQ®=ò ^¥Þ~ |²ì+¬øiOz,
^Í¬ì=ò#° =¶e#¼ ~¡²ì`Ç=òQê KÍÇò#°. P¬ð~¡ q¬ð~¡ xÇ°=°=ò#°
\÷OKÇä½O_¨ ³¶Qê¬#=ò° J¼²OKÇ°@ |°~¡^ÎÕ ¬hß~¡° éÇò@ =O\÷k.
^Î°~¡"@°Á H"~¡° ³¶Qê¬#=ò Jì¼¬=ò ã~¡OaOKÇ°@ä½ =òO^Í
P ^Î°~¡"@Á#° =¶x"ÍÇ°=ÿ#°. fã="³°Ø# =°<Ë xãQ®¬ì=ò =#, ¬[û#°
ªOQ®`Ç¼=ò =#, ¬ô}¼¬Ö x"¬=ò =# ^Î°~¡"@Á#° éQù@°Hù#°@ä½
ã¬Ç°ußOz ¬¦¬`Ç ÚO^Î=KÇ°ó#°.
¬ì~¡³¶Q®=ò#ä½ ³¶Qê¬#=ò° "³ò^Î\÷ "³°@°. P¬#=ò Jì¼¬
@==ò =# =°#¬°#ä½ Ìá Ö~¡¼=ò, ×s~¡=ò#ä½ P~ËQ®¼=ò, ×s~OQ®=òä½
<³á¬ô}¼=ò, ì¦¬°==ò aOKÇ°#x §G=ò° K³¬ôæKÇ°#ßq.
×s~¡=ò#O^Î° Q®°}ã`Ç°Ç =°O^ùHø>ÿ#Ø ~¡*ÕQ®°}=ò ³òHø q[$O} =ò
=# KOKÇì¼k ²Öu Q®`Ç°° H°Q®°#°. ³¶Qê¬#=ò° ~¡*ÕQ®°} q[$O}=ò
#iH\÷ (P¬<Í# ~¡*Õ¬ìxë) ²Ö~¡`ÇÞã²ë HeyOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq. z`Çë qöHÆ¬ Hê~¡H=òÿá#
~ËQê^Î°#° x~¡¶àeOz z`Çë §Oux HeyOz ³¶Q® q¦¬°ß Hê~¡}"³°Ø# z`Çë
qöHÆ¬=ò ~ä½O_È KÍ² P¬#=ò° ª^Îä½xH÷ =°¬ìÙ¬Hê~¡=ò KÍÇòKÇ°#ßq.
106
³¶Qê¬#=ò° "ÍÇò@ä½ =òO^Î° =òY¼"³°Ø#q :
1. ãìÔìà =ò¬ú~¡ë=ò# xã^Î "Í°çøx, HêH$`Ç¼=ò#° f~¡°óHùx
W+¬ ^Í = ` ã~¡ Ö < ^Î ° ° (¬ O ^ ¥ ¼=O^Î < °) ¬ î ië KÍ ² H ùx,
¬ ¶ ~Ë¼^Î Ç ° =ò#ä ½ =òO^Î ° Q® < Í P¬ # =ò° "Í Ç ò @
ã~¡OaOKÇ=ÿ#°.
2. P¬#=ò° "ÍÇò#¬ô_È° =G^¥~¡}=ò Ju ¬Þæ=òQê #°O_È=ÿ#°.
3. P¬#=ò° "ÍÇò@ä½ x~¡â~òOKÇ°ä½#ß ¬Ö=ò ¬i×Ãã=òQê
#°O_È=ÿ#°. Qêe KÇHøQê ã¬¬iOKÇ° ¬Ö"³°Ø Ð "³°`Ç°~¡° ìQ®°Qê
#°#ß^³á ÇòO_È=ÿ#°. q[# ã¬^Í×"³°Ø ÇòO_È=ÿ#°. J#Qê [#°°
=zó é=ô ¬Ö=ò Hê~^Î°. UHêO`Ç =°Ok~¡"³°Ø# =°Ozk.
³ ¶ Qê¬ # =ò° "Í Ç ° ^Î z#"~¡ ° `Ç ¬ æ H \÷ O KÇ = ² # H h ¬
xÇ°=°=ò° :
1. P¬ð~¡=ò q°`Ç=òQê f²Hù#=ÿ#°. P¬ð~¡=ò#° k#=ò#ä½ ï~O_È°
¬~¼Ç°=ò° =¶ã`Ç"Í° f²Hù#°@ =°Ozk.
2. ªuÞHê¬ð~¡=ò<Í f²Hù#=ÿ#°. L¬ôæ, Hê~¡=ò K `Çä½ø=Qê
f²Hù#=ÿ#°. q¬iûO¬Q®ey# q°H÷øe "Í°°. =°ªì ã^Î=¼=ò°
f²Hù#~^Î°.
3. ÚQ® ã`Q®°@, Hê¦Ô, \© "³ò^ÎQ®° hÇ°=ò° f²Hù#°@, =°`Ç°ë
¬^¥~¡Ö=ò° f²Hù#°@ ¬xH÷~^Î°.
4. ãu ¬O^Î¼Ç°O^Î° W+¬ ^Í=` ã~¡Ö# KÍÇ°=ÿ#°.
5. ã|¬ìàKÇ~¡¼=ò#° \÷OKÇ°@ L`Çë=°=ò.
6. k#=ò#ä½ Hh¬=ò ï~O_È° ¬~¼Ç°=ò° Ð ã`ÇªÇ°O "Í× Ð
t~¡ª ß#=ò#° KÇhß\÷`Ë KÍÇ°=ÿ#°.
7. ~ãu"Í× xã^Î KÇHøQê é=ÿ#°. J~¡~ãuH÷ =ü_È°Q®O@ä½ =òO^Í
xã^Î ã~¡OaOz, ãìÔìà =ò¬ú~¡ë=ò# xã^Î è==ÿ#°.
8. ¬¢^Î¾O^Î ¬~¡#=ò KÍÇ°=ÿ#°. P"Í×=ò, Lã^ÍH=ò HeyOKÇ°
¬ô¬ëH=ò#° KÇ^Î°=~^Î°. J\÷ ^Î$×¼=ò#° (<@H, ²x=¶ \÷.q)
KÇ¶_È~^Î°. J\÷ =KÇ#=ò#° (ö~_³¶) q#~^Î°.
107
9. ¬ÒQ®`Ç¼=ò KÍÇòKÇ°O_È=ÿ#°.
10. "^Î=òÕxH÷ Ð U q+¬Ç°=ò Q®°iOz Qêx Z=Þi`Ë_È#° kQ®~^Î°.
=¼~¡Ö ã¬¬OQ®=ò° KÍÇ°~^Î°. ¬`Ç¼"V÷ß+¬» Hey ÇòO_È=ÿ#°.
11. Z=i q^Î°¼Hë ^Î~¡à=ò#° "~¡° x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ=ÿ#°.
12.B^¥~¡¼, J~¡ ¶`Ç^ÎÇ° "³ò^Îÿá# ¬^Î°¾}=ò#° J=~¡KÇ°
Hù#=ÿ#°.
³¶Qê¬#=ò =# Hùxß ã¬³¶[#=ò° :
1. L¬H~¡}=òHø~¡èä½O_¨ |=O`Ç°°Qêx, |Ôì#°° Qêx ×s~¡
ì¬ì¼ JO`Ç~¡ JOQ®=òä½ `Çy# ¬iã×=°#° HeyOz ×s~¡=ò#O^Îxß
ìQ®=òä½ ~¡Hëã¬ª~¡=ò ¬iQê [~¡°Q®°#@°Á KÍ²Hù#=KÇ°ó#°.
2. <_=°O_È=ò#ä½ Lrû=#=ò, Lní¬#=ò HeyOz, <_=°O_È=ò
KÍÇò ¬#°° <³á¬ô}¼=òQê, [~¡°Q®°#@°Á KÇ¶_È=KÇ°ó#°.
3. ×s~¡=ò#O^Î°#ß ãQ®O^Î°ä½ Lní¬#=ò H°Q®°@, ×s~¡=ò#ä½
=°$^Î°`ÇÞ=ò, *ìýH¬ H× ë÷ Ì~¡°Q®°@, ²uÖ ªÖ#¬ ×Hë÷ q[$OaOKÇ°@, J~ËQ®`Ç
Ja=$k Ç°Q®°@ KÍ²Hù#=KÇ°ó#°.
4. z`Çë=ò#ä½ Ìá Ö~¡¼=ò Ð KOKÇ¼ ~²ì`Ç¼=ò ÌOKÇ°Hù#=KÇ°ó#°.
5. PHe `Çä½ø=Qê #°O_È°@, r~¡â×H÷ë `Çy¾é=ô@, =°|^ÎH=ò "³ò^ÎQ®°
~ËQ®=ò#° jã¦¬°=òQê x"~¡} KÍ¬°Hù#=KÇ°ó#°. ~ËQ®=ò° ~ä½O_È
KÍ¬°Hù#==KÇ°ó#°. =°iHùxß ~ËQ®=ò#° ä_È x"iOKÇ=KÇ°ó#°.
6. [#à#° ª¦¬¼`Ç ÚOkOKÇ°@ä½ J=¬~¡"³°Ø# ×s~¡ ²Öu Ð x`Ç¼
*ìQ®~¡¶H`Ç Ð ã×^Î q§Þ¬=ò#° ÌOKÇ°Hù#=KÇ°ó#°.
7. P`Ç à *ìý # ì = ò#ä ½ (JkÍ ° "³ ¶ H Æ = ò Ð ï H á = ¼=ò) `ùe
ªé#=ò#° ^Î$_È=òQê Jk~Ë²ìO¬=KÇ°ó#°.
108
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
JaÇòHËëH÷ë « ¬æ+¬"³°Ø# =¶@
×=°^Î=¶^Î°° « WOãkÇ° xãQ®¬ì=ò
q[# ã¬^Í×=ò « =°#°+¬µ° èxKË@°
Lní¬#=ò « "³eyOKÇ°@, ãÀö~²OKÇ°@
@==ò « <Í~¡°æ
¬O^°Î °
JaÇòHËëH÷ë, ¬ô~¡°~¡Ö=ò°, "¼Ç¶=¶^Î°°, `Ç¬×ó~¡¼, ¬ì$ã^ËQ®=ò,
¬[û#°°, ×s~OQ®=ò°
¬=¶¬=ò°
ãH÷Ok ¬^=Î òä½ qãQ®ì¬ "H¼=ò#° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡#Á ° ã"Çò=ò.
³¶Qê¬#=ò°, "³¶HÆª^Î#, ×s~¡ ^¥~¡Û ¼=ò, ^Î~à~¡Ö Hê=° "³¶HÆ=ò°,
^Î°~¡"@°Á, Q®$¬ìªÖã×=°=ò, P¬ð~¡ xÇ°=°=ò°, ¬ô}¼¬Ö=ò, q[# ã¬^Í×=ò
<<~¡=Ö ò°
^Î~¡à=ò « ¬ô}¼=ò, ¬Þì==ò, hu, Ç°[ý=ò ³¶Q®=ò « ^¥¼#=ò,
LÇ°=ò, ä_H, H=KÇ=ò
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
×s~¡=ò « Qêã`Ç=ò, Hõ|~¡=ò, HêÇ°=ò, ^Í¬ì=ò P¬ð~¡=ò « ãQê¬=ò,
J×#=ò, Fy~¡=ò "³¶HÆ=ò « =òH÷ë, ïHá=¼=ò, x~Þ}=ò <Í « ¶q°,
^Îiãu, H÷Æu
109
=ô¼`Çæ`Ç¼~¡Ö=ò°
×s~¡=ò « #tOKÇ°#k ãQ®O^Î=ò « äió#\÷k
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
Q®$¬ì¬°Ö Ð öQ¬°ë
xÇ°=°=ò Ð <Í=°=ò
ªß#=ò Ð `#=ò
¬Ö=ò Ð `Ç=ò
1. ×s~¡ =¶^Î¼OY° ^Î~¡à ª^Î#"£° Jx Ì^Îí JaÇòHËëH÷ë.
2. Z=i q^Î°¼Hë ^Î~¡à=ò#° "~¡° x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ=ÿ#°.
3. B^¥~¡¼O, J~¡ ¶`Ç^ÎÇ° "³ò^Îÿá# ¬^Î°¾}=ò#° J=~¡KÇ°
Hù#=ÿ#°.
4. z`Çë=ò#ä½ Ìá Ö~¡¼=ò Ð KOKÇ¼ ~²ì`Ç¼=ò ÌOKÇ°Hù#=KÇ°ó#°.
ã¬ß× °
1. '× s ~¡ =¶^Î ¼ OY° ^ Î ~ ¡ à ª^ Î # "£ ° Ñ J#°#k ³ ¶ Qê¬ # =ò
~¡¼ìQ®=ò ^¥Þ~ Z@°Á x~¡¶²O`Ç°=ô?
2. ³¶Qê¬#=ò =# ì=òèq?
3. ³¶Qê¬#=òä½ =òO^Î° f¬°Hù#=²# *ìãQ®`Çëèq?
4. ³¶Qê¬#=ò° "ÍÇ°^Îz#"~¡° \÷OKÇ=²# xÇ°=°=òèq?
qõO×=ò°
³ ¶ Qê¬ # =ò° ãp#Hê=ò#°O_ <Í \ ÷ = ~¡ ä ½ ã¬ [ °
J¼²OKÇ°KÇ°<ß~¡°. XHùøHø P¬#=ò#ä½ XHùøHø ã¬`Í¼H`Ç Q®^Î°.
110
=òY¼"³ ° Ø # P¬ # =ò° : 1. `ì¬ # =ò 2. ãuHË} P¬ # =ò
3. ¬tó"³¶`ë¬#=ò 4. ¬î~¡Þ`<¬#=ò 5. KÇãHê¬#=ò 6. ¬~ÞOQê¬#=ò 7.
¬ìì¬#=ò 8. ¬^¥à¬#=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
³¶Qê¬#=ò° "ÍÇò ¬^Îux <Í~¡°óHù#=ÿ#°
^³á#Ok# rq`Ç=òÕ ³¶Qê¬#=ò P=×¼H`Ç#° ÕkOz, q^¥¼~¡°ÖÕ
"\÷Ìá P¬H÷ë HeyOKÇ=ÿ#°.
111
5. =°#¬° Hq Pã`ÍÇ°
-- N pHË° ¬°O^Î~¡Ç°¼Qê~¡°
N pHË° ¬°O^Î~¡Ç°¼Qê~¡° 1955= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# z`Ç¶ë~¡° lìÁÕ
[xàOzi. u~¡°¬u, <³¶Á~¡°Õ _ãw, <¼Ç°§G=ò#° J¼²Ozi. ã¬¬°ë`Ç=ò
Ìáì^Î~ì^£Õ 'AGS' P¦Ô¬°Õ ¬xKÍÇòKÇ°<ß~¡°. `#° ¬xKÍÇòKÇ°#ß P¦Ô¬°Õ<Í
`³°Q®° ªO¬ø$uH ¬O¦¬°=ò '~¡O[xÑ Õ ¬°=¶~¡° 15 ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò°Qê J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê
¬xKÍ²i.
g~¡° 'J=°àÑ , '=¶=î~¡°Ñ "³ò^ÎQ®° 20 ãQ®O^Î=òä½ ÌáQê ¬ijeOz
¬i+¬øiOzi. ã¬¬°ë`Ç=ò ''D<_È°ÑÑ k#¬ãuHÕ g~¡° ~¡zOz# ''=°¬ð=°¬°ÑÑ
J#° jiÂH ãH÷O^Î J<ÍH=°Ok H=ô#° Q®¶ió ã"²# "¼¬=ò° ã¬KÇ°i`Ç=°Q®°KÇ°O_È°@
=°#O^ÎiH© `³e²# q+¬Ç°"Í°. ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò #°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
'`Í@ `Í@ `³°Q®°ì `³Á"i "³°Q®°ì, `Í~¡°ì, ÌÍ°~¡°ìÑ `³°Q®°
²h ª²ìf öHÆã`xß ªÏO^Î~¡¼i`ÇO, ¬O¬^ÎÞO`ÇO KÍ²# HO À~¡° Pã`ÍÇ°.
PÇ°# =°# ¬°Hq... =°#¬° Hq. PÇ°# @ ~² ãÀHÆä½#°, ~Ç°H
x~à`Ç#° U_²OK~¡<Í =¶@ ã¬`Ç¼HÆ~¡ ¬`Ç¼O XH =¼H÷ë rq`ÇOÕ Zxß
^Î×°O\ì³¶, Zxß ¬O^Î~Ä°O\ì³¶, Zxß =°^Î°i=°° KË@°KÍ¬°
ä½O\ì³¶, Zxß q^¥°O\ì³¶, Zxß =_ÈQ®×ÃÁ, Zxß ^Î°Mì°, Zxß ì^Î°,
Zxß H°, Zxß ¬°Mì°, Zxß ¬O`Ë°, Zxß HêOHÆ°, Zxß ¬Þß°, Zxß
PÕKÇ#°, Zxß qõ°, Zxß L^ÍÞQê°... LO\ì³¶... J@°=O\÷ "@xß\÷
g°^Î PÇ°# =O^Î @° ~§~¡°. HÆ°... HË\ìÁk Q®°O_³ÕÁ Hù°=ôf~~¡°.
PÇ°# QùO`³uë _È^è °Î . Q®°O_³`Ë _¨~¡°. PÇ°# JH~Æ #° =ò`¼°,
~¡`ß° J#_¨xH÷ gèÁ^Î°. ZO^Î°HO>è "\÷H÷ ZO`Ç q°= L<ß PH~¡Â} L<ß
112
r=HÆ}O è^Î°. PÇ°# JHÆ~° c*ìHÆ~°. ¬Þ~~¡â=O #°Oz "³eH÷f²#
J=°$`HÆ~°., §×Þ`Ç"Í° "\÷ q°=.
Pã`ÍÇ° J¬° À~¡° H÷ìOa #~¡²O¬ðK~¡°¼°. <³¶Á~¡°, z`Ç¶ë~¡° lìÁ
¬i¬ì^Î°íÕ |°zó<Çò_È°HOã_Q®ä½ J~ò^Î° H÷Õg°@~¡Á ^Î¶~¡OÕ L#ß
'LKÇ¶ó~¡°ÑÕ PÇ°# [xàOK~¡°. Jk <³¶Á~¡° lìÁ ¬ikÕ LOk. P T~¡°
z#ß^Í Hêh P Ti KÇiã`Ç Ì^Îí^Í. ¬qã`Ç`Ç <³Hù#ß PÇ°OÕ ¬î*ìk
Hê~¡¼ãH=¶° x~¡Þ²ì¬¶ë "³á+¬â= H÷ëx ã¬K~¡O KÍ²# ä½@°O|OÕ Pã`ÍÇ°
[xàOK~¡°. W¬æ\÷H© Pã`ÍÇ° ä½@°Ocä½° 'LKÇ¶ó~¡°ÑÕ LO_È_ÈO qõ+¬O.
Pã`ÍÇ°x ²x=¶ ~¡KÇ~ò`ÇQê =¶ã`Ç"Í° `³e²#"~¡° HË\ÁÕ L<ß~¡°.
Hêh <@H ~¡KÇ~ò`ÇQê PÇ°# KÇiã`Ç ¬$+²OK~¡<Í q+¬Ç°O Hùkí=°OköH
`³°¬°O_È_ÈO ^Î°~¡^Î$+¬O.
'Pã`ÍÇ° <@Hê° =°^Î¼`Ç~¡Q®u Ô_`Ç ã¬[ PãHO^Î#`Ë äió#
JHÆ~¡ `Ç¶}©~°. uO_èx ª=¶#°¼_È° P_ÈO|~ä½ éÍ° Qù¬æ"ix KÇ¶²
KÍÀ J=Àì×#, Qù¬æ"_È° ªÞ~¡ÖO HË¬O ª=¶#°¼_x ^ËKÇ°HË=_ÈO, ~[H©Ç¶
ä ½ × Ã ¤, ª=¶#°¼#° =ô°Qê "_È ° HË=_È O ª=¶lH J<¼Ç ¶ #°
ã¬tßOKÇ_ÈO, Hê~¡}"³°Ø# "ix xn² J_ÈQ®_ÈO Pã`ÍÇ° KÇ¶²#O`ÇQê, JO`Çä½
=òO^Î° Qêh, P `Ç~Þ`Ç Qêh U <@H ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç KÇ¶¬è^Î°Ñ D =¶@ J#ßk
ã¬²^Î q=°~¡Åä½° PK~¡¼ "³ò^Îe <Q®¶+¬}×~¡à.
Pã`ÍÇ° <@H ~¡KÇ< "¼¬OQ®O "³ò`ëxß ¬ijeÀë PÇ°# Àì`Ç°"kQê,
HêæxH"kQê, ²O|e¬°Qê... g@xß\÷H© q°Oz =¶#=`"kQê ^Î~¡Å#q°ªë~¡°.
PÇ°# rq`ÇO, PÇ°# ìQËQ®°° , PÇ°# B#ß`Ç¼O, PÇ°# J#°"°
PÇ°# =°#¬°#° PãHq°OKÇ°Hùx PÇ°# ~¡KÇ< "¼¬OQêxH÷ ¬¶æiëxKó~ò.
Pã`Í°Ç "³ò`ÇOë ¬k <@Hê°, ¬kÀì#° <\÷H ° ~¡zOK~¡°. QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î,
JÕH ¬ã=¶\, ¬i=~¡ë#O, "¬ë=O, D<_È° Z<£.l.X., q×Þ§Ou H¬æ°, Ç°O,
u~¡°¬u "³ò^Îÿá# <@Hê° ~§~¡°. u~¡°¬u <@Hêxß =°#¬¶Ð=Ç°¬¶ Jx
ä_¨ JO\ì~¡°. J~ò`Í g\÷ÕÁ Hùxß <@Hê° ¼OHê=_ÈOè^Î°. JìöQ
<\÷H° ä_¨ ¼OHê=_ÈOè^Î°.
113
1943 ãO`ÕÁ `³°Q®° <@H ~¡OQ®O ¬OkQê=¬Ö Õ LOk. ¬^¼Î <@Hêä½
J¬æ\÷öH P^Î~¡} `ÇQ®°¾=òYO ¬\÷Ok. ¬^Î¼ ¬=°ª¼ <@Hêä½ =¶ã`ÇO HùOK³O
P^Î~¡} LOk. =KÇ# ¬=°ª¼ <@Hê° ã¬³¶Q® ªÖ~òÕ L<ß~ò. J@°=O\÷
^Î×Õ =KÇ# ¬=°ª¼ <@Hêä½ ã}O é², `Ç# ~¡KÇ# ^¥Þ~ L^Î¼=¶ä½
¬¶æiëxzó# ¦¬°#`Ç Pã`ÍÇ°k. PÇ°# `Ç# 'D<_È°Ñ, 'Z<£.l.XÑ <@Hê#°
POã^Î<@H Hì¬i+¬`Ç°ë ^¥Þ~, `Ç# '¬i=~¡ë#Ñ <@Hêxß ã¬*ì<@¼=°O_Èe
^¥Þ~ ã¬^ÎiÅOK~¡°. g\÷ ^¥Þ~ ªO¦²°H ¬=°¬¼ zã`Ç} ZO`Ç ã¬uì=O`ÇOQê
K\÷ K³¬æ=KËó x~¡¶²OK~¡°. JìöQ J@° =°ã^¥¬°Õ Hêèr <@H é\©Õ,
W@° POã^Î q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O é\©Õ Pã`ÍÇ° <\÷Hê <@Hê° q[Ç°
¬~¡O¬~¡° ªkOK~ò. 1944Õ<Í Pã`ÍÇ° 'Z^Î°s`ÇÑ <@Hêxß ¬=iOz POã^Î
<@H Hì¬i+¬`Ç°ëÕ ã¬^ÎiÅOz L`Çë=° ã¬³¶Hë, L`Çë=° #@°_È°, L`Çë=° ã¬^Î~¡Å#
J"~¡°Û° JO^Î°ä½<ß~¡°.
'P^Î°xH POã^Î <@H ÇòQêxH÷ <Ok ¬eH÷# ²`=°¬_È° Pã`ÍÇ°Ñ
Jx K@Á N~=ò° `Ç# ãQ®O^ÎOÕ x~¡¶²OKÇ_ÈO D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê Q®=°<~¡ÝO.
Pã`ÍÇ°ä½ ãQ®¬ì}×H÷ë Zä½ø=. J~ò`Í PÇ°# J<ÍH Hê~¡}ì =Á L#ß`Ç
KÇ^Î°=ôä½ "³×ÁèHéÇ¶~¡°. #@°_Qê, ^Î~¡Åä½_Qê, ~¡KÇ~ò`ÇQê Ç°=Þ<~¡O
^Î×Õ<Í =°Oz À~¡° `³KÇ°óä½<ß~¡°. 'X^³ÕÁÑ <@HOÕ PÇ°# KÇ¶²# '#@#Ñ
uH÷Oz# |ìÁi ~¦¬°= ZO`Ë P×ó~¡¼éÇ¶~¡°. 'PHe, iHÆê"ì, ¦²~¡^ñ²Ñ
=O\÷ UHãà#Ç¶ÕÁ PÇ°# k@. x~à`Ç, ^Î~¡Åä½_È° ïH.Z¹.ã¬Hê×~=ô
PÇ°##° "³O_`³~¡ä½ ¬iKÇÇ°O KÍ§~¡°. 'é~ì|° éÑ J#ßk PÇ°#
`ùew`ÇOQê ã¬²k ÚOkOk. ¬^¥ß°Q®° =O^Î Ìáz°ä½ zã`ä½ PÇ°#
@° ~§~¡°. Z<Ëß zã`ä½ =¶@° ~§~¡°. ã¬u =¶@, ã¬u @ PÇ°#
¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕOz `Ç#°ßHùzóOkQê<Í J^Î°Ä`ÇOQê ~¡H÷ë H\÷Ok. Ìáì^Î~ì^Î°Õx
JOè^Îø~ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O PÇ°xß _¨Hö~\`Ë QÒ~¡qOzOk. 1989 ÌÌO|~¡°
13# =°ã^¥¬°Õ PÇ°# `Ç°k§Þ¬ =kì~¡°.
'é~ò<Ë×ÁO^Î~¡¶ =°OKË×ÃÁ... L<Ëß×ÃÁ é~ò<Ë×Á f² Q®°~¡°`Ç°°Ñ J#ß
Pã`ÍÇ° rq`ÇOÕ Z=iH© g¬"³°`Ç°ë J¬Hê~¡O KÍÇ°è^Î°. `Ç# ¬O^Î# ¬=°¬ëO
Y~¡°ó KÍ§~¡°. Z=~¡° JiÖOz< Hê^Î<Í ã¬¬öHë è^Î°. 'Pã`ÍÇ°Ñx U ª²ìf,
114
ªO¬ø$uH ¬O¬Ö P¬ðÞxOz< `Ç# Y~¡°ó`Ë<Í ¬ð[~¡Í°¼"~¡°. PÇ°# rqOz
L#ßO`ÇHêO @ ~AQ®<Í rqOK~¡°. J¬ëq°OKH Ìá`ÇO '@ö~_È°ÑQê<Í
rq¬°ë<ß~¡°. Ú\÷ N~=ò° `³°Q®° q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶K~¡°¼° QÒs×OH~,
~¡KÇ~ò`Ç Ìá_ `Çk`Ç~¡°° PÇ°# w` g°^Î ¬iÕ^Î#° KÍ§~¡°. PÇ°#
@°, <@Hê° ¬=°¬Oë 'Pã`Í°Ç ª²ìuÑQê JO^Î°ì@°Õ LOk. =°ÿÁ ô¬ =ÞO\÷
`³Áx ^Î°¬°ëÕÁ #=ôÞ`Ç¶, #qÞ¬¶ë rqOz# Pã`ÍÇ° Hqä½ìxH÷ ^Î×¬uQê, Hq
^ÎìxH÷ ä½¬uQê Z¬ôæ_È¶ =°#=òO^Í LO\ì~¡°.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
HêOHÆ « HËiH
L^ÍÞQ®O « P"Í×O
`Ç¶}©~O¡ « JO|°Úk
¦¬°#`Ç « Qù¬æ`Ç#O
JiÖOKÇ°@ « "Í_È°Hù#°@
`Ç°k§Þ¬ « PYi z=i
ã¬³¶Hë « ã¬³¶yOKÇ°"_È°.
¬O^°Î °
1. ã¬`Ç¼HÆ~¡O 2. J=°$`HÆ~° 3. ¬Þ~~¡â=O
¬=¶¬=ò°
1. ¬Þ~~¡â=O 2. J=°$`HÆ~° 3. z`Ç¶ë~¡° lìÁ
115
<<~¡=Ö ò°
J=°$`Ç=ò « ¬°^Î, h×ÃÁ, =°^Î°~¡=ò, <×#=ò Hêxk
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
`Ç¶}©~¡=ò « J=òàÚk, `Ç¶}=ò, `Ç¶}÷
=ô¼`Çæ`Ç¼~¡=Ö ò°
JHÆ~¡=ò « <×#=ò Hêxk
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
JHÆ~¡=ò Ð JHø~¡=ò
P×ó~¡¼=ò Ð JK³ó~¡°=ô
¬^Î¼=ò Ð ¬^³í=ò
1. PÇ°# =°#¬° Hq...... =°#¬°Hq.
2. PÇ ° # JH Æ ~ ° c*ìH Æ ~ ° ¬ Þ ~~¡ â = O #°Oz "³ e H÷ f² #
J=°$`HÆ~°.
3. Pã`ÍÇ° KÇ¶²#O`ÇQê, JO`Çä½ =òO^Î°Qêh, P `Ç~Þ`ÇQêh U <@H
~¡KÇ~ò`Ç KÇ¶¬è^Î°.
4. PÇ°# rqOz L#ßO`ÇHêO @ ~AQê<Í rqOK~¡°.
ã¬ß× °
1. Pã`ÍÇ° '@#°Ñ Q®°iOz q=iOKÇ°=ò?
2. Pã`ÍÇ° ¬ô@°H#° Q®¶ió q=iOKÇ°#k?
3. Pã`Í Ç ° Qêi <@H = ò#° Q® ¶ ió ã¬ ² ^ Î q=°~¡ Å ä ½ °
<Q®¶+¬}×~¡àQê~¡° Z@°Á ã¬×O²Ozi?
116
4. Pã`ÍÇ° <@Hêxß ¬ijeÀë Uq° ¬æ+¬=°¿`Ç°Ok?
5. Pã`ÍÇ° ~¡KÇ##° À~ùø#°=ò?
6. Pã`ÍÇ° =KÇ# ¬=°ª¼ <@Hêä½ ã}O é², Ja=$k KÍ²#
q^¥#=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò?
7. Pã`ÍÇ° 'Hqä½ìxH÷Ñ ^Î×¬u, 'Hq^ÎìxH÷ Ñ ä½¬u J#ß q+¬Ç°=ò#°
q=iOKÇ°#k?
117
6. HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°à°
-- ÌìK.q.~=°QËQê~¡°
ÌìK.q~=°QËQê~¡° K³<³á ß ZQ®¶à~¡°Õ Q® ''Q®=~¡ß"³°O@° Hêèr P¦¹
P~ JO_£ ãHê¹ ÑÑ Hì§Õ P~¡° =¶¬~¡°Qê ¬xKÍ²i. g~¡° 20= ×`|í=ò#ä½
K³Ok#"~¡°. ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò ''q*ìý# ¬~¡Þ¬Þ=òÑÑ <¾= ¬O¬ô\÷ #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
HùO_È¬eÁ KÇiã`Ç ã¬²^Î"³°Ø# ãQê=°=ò. Wk q[Ç°"_Èä½ `ùq°àk"³°Ø×¤
^Î¶~¡=ò# #°#ßk. Wk HùO_È =°^Î¼#°O_ ~¡=°}©Ç°"³°Ø# ã¬H$u ^Î$×¼=ò`Ë
J~~¡°KÇ°#ßk. HùO_È¬eÁ ~¡OQ®° ~¡OQ®° HùÇ°¼ç=°àä½ À~¡° ÚOk#k.
D ãQê=°=ò#ä ½ ¬ î ~¡ Þ =ò ~[¬ ô ã`Ç ªÖ # =ò#°O_ ~¡ = ¶~¡ q °
ï~O_È°=O^Î HÆãuÇ° ä½@°O|=ò° =¬ =zó#=x K³¬ôæ^Î°~¡°. "i ¬O`Çu"ö~
WKÇ@ ~¡OQ®° ~¡OQ®° HùÇ°¼ç=°à#° `ÇÇ¶~¡° KÍÇò@Ç°O^Î°#° x¬ô}°ÿá
`Ç~¡`Ç~¡=ò#°O_ D ¬iã×=°#° ä½@°O| =$uëQ® #=OaOKÇ°KÇ° ^¥xx
Ja=$k¬~¡KÇ°KÇ° =zói. Hêx D ç=°àÌá P^Î~a=¶#=ò° Q®ey g\÷x
L`¬ì=ò`Ë Hùx `Ç=° WO_ÈÁÕ #°OKÇ°Hùx P^ÎiOKÇ° Hìa=¶#°°
ãH=°ãH=°=òQê `Çy¾é=ô@=# D ¬iã×=°Ç°O^Î° ¬xKÍÇò =¼ä½ëä½ `Çy#
é+¬}èH ¬°=¶~¡° ¬kÀì#° ä½@°O|=ò "~¡° =¶ã`Ç"Í° D =$uë x¬æ\÷H÷
J=OaOz Çò<ß~¡°. PÇ¶ ä½@°O|=òÕx ¢Ôë°, ¬ô~¡°+¬µ°, ²Á°ä_È
D ¬xÕ Pi`Íi#"~¡° "~¡O^Î~¡° D ¬iã×=°Õ ç¾O^Î°~¡°.
ç=°à#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇò ¬^Îu : D ç=°à#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇò
q^¥#=ò#° uH÷OKÇ°@ä½ K =òKÇó@Q® #°O_È°#°. z#ß"iH÷ tHÆ} xKÇ°ó@ä½
D ¬#°Õ x¬ô}°ÿá#"~¡° D ãQê=°=òÕ #°<ß~¡°. z#ß<\÷ #°O_ D
¬#°° KÍÇòKÇ°#ß 60, 70 UO_ÈÁ =$^Î° ¬=°HÆ=ò#, "i ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ}ãH÷O^Î D
118
ç=°à° `ÇÇ¶~¡Q®°KÇ°#ßq. "~¡° `ÇÇ¶~¡° KÍÇ°^ÎKÇ°Hù#ß qãQ®¬ì=ò
#=ü<° ¬î~¡Þ¬ô `Ç¬ô¬ëH=òÕ ã"² ÇòO_È°#°. D zã`Ç=òÕx
~¡¶¬ìQ®=ò°, "\÷ JOH~¡}=ò° Q®°~¡°ëOKÇ°Hùx Hê×ÃÁ, "³òO_³=ò, KÍ`Ç°°,
`Ç q_Qê g\÷`Ë KÍ~¡ó=²# W`Ç~¡ =¬°ë=ô ìQ®=ò° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇò@ä½
"~¡° `Ç=°=^Îí ¬xKÍÇò ¬x"Oã_Èä½ Hêy`Ç=òg°^Î "\÷ ç=°à° ã"² W`Ç°ë~¡°.
HùO_È¬eÁ ÕÇ°Õ XH q^Î=°Q®° `ÍeïHá# Ð `³°¬ô, ¬¬°¬ô He²# Ð
QË²=~¡â¬ô Hã~¡qªë~¡=òQê ^ù~¡ä½#°. P Hã~¡À~¡° `³ÁÚ}÷H÷. P Hã~¡#° `³zó
Hê=²# ã¬=¶}=ò#ä½ #iH÷ ''ì=ô^¥~¡°ÑÑ J<Í ¬x=ò@°`Ë K³H÷ø ^¥xx U
qãQ®¬ì=ò#° ~¡¶ÚOkO¬ ^ÎKÇ°HùO^Î°~Ë P qãQ®¬ì=ò ìQ®=òä½ J#°=ôQ®
`ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ² "\÷x x¬ôæÌQ® =¶ã`Ç=ò `ÇQ®°°#@°Á ä½O¬@ÁÌá J=°~¡°ë~¡°.
WO^Î°=# Hã~¡Õ#°O_È° `Í=°é~ò J@° Ìáx Jk =OQ®ä½O_È ^¥xH÷ XH
xsâ`Ç~¡¶¬=ò, a~¡°¬°^Î#=ò U~¡æ_È°#°. XHùøHø ç=°àÕx q_ìQ®=ò°
`ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇò ¬xÕ Pi`Íi# "ï~=Þ~¡°O^Î°~ù J\÷ x¬ô}°#° P ¬xÇ°O^Î°
¬ ~ ¡ ¼ "Í H Æ ä ½ _È ° xÇ ° q°OKÇ ° KÇ ° O_È ° #°. D q^ Î = òQ® XH ç=°àÕx
q_ìQ®=òxßÇò `ÇÇ¶ï~á# ²=°à@ ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆä½_È° "\÷x HeÇ°Q®¶~¡°ó#°.
W@°Á ä~¡°ó@Õ ìQ®°Qê L_H÷Oz# zO`ÇyO[ Q®°Aû#°, ^¥xÕ HùO`Ç
HùÇ°¼Q®°Aû, lQ®°~¡° He² L¬³¶yO`Ç°~¡°. ^¥x`Ë P q_ìQ®=ò° XH
^¥x`Ë<ùH\÷ Q®\÷Qê ay²Hùx é=ô#°. `Ç~¡°"`Ç `³Á~¡OQ®° XH ¬î`Ç ¬î² Jk
Pi# `Ç^Î°¬i PÇ¶ ìQ®=òä½ J=¬~¡"³°Ø# ~¡OQ®°° "Í² JOH~¡}=ò°
KÍòÇ ^Î°~¡°. ~¡OQ®°° "ÍòÇ @Õ >ÿOÌ~ ~¡OQ®° #°¬¶³ yO`Ç°~¡°. ¬°^Î~í O¡ Q®°°,
²O^Î¶~¡=ò, "³°Ø°`Ç°`Çë=ò "³ò^Îÿá# ~¡OQ®°#° ä_È "_È°^Î°~¡°. Hùxß >ÿOÌ~
~¡OQ®°Ìá "sß¬° ¬îÇò^Î°~¡°. J@°Á ¬î²#KË =~¡â¬ô Ìá ìQ®=ò xQ®xQ®
ì_È°KÇ°O_È°#° J\÷ ç=°àÌá h×Ã¤ ¬_##° ~¡OQ®° Hiyé^Î°. `ÇÇ¶~¡~ò#
ç=°àO^Î° ~ö Y ªÚO¬ô° k^Î°@ í P ¬xÇ°O^Î° Pi`Íi# =°~ùH =¼H÷ë KÍòÇ #°.
HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°à ã¬²k : D ç=°à° ì~¡`Ç^Í×=°O^ÎO`Ç@ ã¬²k
ïHH÷ø#q. POã^Îã¬^ÍÕ qiqQê Hù#Q®ey L`Ç¬ì=O`Ç°ÿá# ^Îxä½ WO_ÈÁÕ
Wq Hê#=KÇ°ó#°. HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°àxß\÷Õ ''^Î§=`~¡=ò°ÑÑ ã¬×²ë QêOz#q
g\÷Õ Zä½ø= ¬x`Ç#=ò H#æ@°#°. ^Î§=`~¡ =~¡â#ä½ `Çy#@°Á XHùøHø
J=`~¡ ~¡¶¬=ò#° ì=}¼=ò`Ë ~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ°@ Q®=°xOKÇ^Îy#k. WqQêH
119
=¶=\©x`Ë #°#ß U#°Q®° J<ÍH ¬i=¶}=òÕ ìQ®°Q® JOH$`Ç"³°Ø#k. J^¥í
c~¡°"Qêx, ~¡KÇóª=_ÕQêx, Juk Jì¼Q®`Ç°° ¬=¶"Í×=°Q®° Q®kÕx HùO`Ç
Z`Çë~ò# |Ág°^Î Hùxß LOz#KË KÇ¶KÇ°@ä½ =òKÇó@Q®#°O_È°#°. XO>ÿ°,
ï~O_³_ÈÁ |O_È°Á, KHe, =°OQ®e "³ò^Îÿá# ¬x"Oã_È =¼H÷ë zã`Ç ¬OKÇÇ°=ò,
qq^Î *ì`Ç°"i ä½@°O|¬ô ç=°à° QÒO_ÈÁ"Oã_È° `\÷K³>ÿH÷ø H°Á wÇò@,
ãH÷O^Î éb¬° =°^Î¼xÀ+^Î¬ô KÇ~¡¼°, Q®°ã~¡=ò, èQ®^Î¶_È`Ë#°#ß P=ô, QùÁ"_È°
° ²`Ç°ä½@ Ð W@°=O\÷ =°~¡¬ô~x ¬°O^Î~¡=òÿá# ç=°àÿ<Ëß Ð z#ßq
Ì^Îíq "Í~¡° "Í~¡° ¬i=¶}=òÕ D ^¥~¡°zã`Ç ¬OKÇÇ°=ò#O^Î°#ßq.
J~¡OQ®°×=ò ã¬=¶}=ò Q®q, JO`ÇHO>ÿ#° z#ßq =°#°+¬µ¼ ç=°à°
HùÇ°¼`Ë<Í `Ç¶Ç ~¡°KÍ² =~¡=â ò° ¬î² ç=°à Hù°=ôÕ q<Ë^¥xH÷, "Í_°È Hä½,
WO\÷Õ ã¬^Î~¡Å# ³¶Q®¼¬Ö=òÕ #°OKÇ°@ä½, q^Í× "¬°ä½ Àß²ì`Ç°ä½Hùx
|¬=¶#=òQ® ¬O¬ô@ä½ ~¡¶ÚOkOz ã¬*ìì¬ì¼xH÷ J=òàKÇ°<ß~¡°.
ãé`¬ì=ò : <=°=¶ã`=t+¬"³°Ø# Hù# Çü²i`Ë #°#ß D ç=°à
¬iã×=°ä½ ì~¡`Ç^Í× ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ¬O^Î<#O`Ç~¡=ò HùO`Ç ãé`¬ì=ò aOz
¬ô#~¡°rû==ò H°Q®°KÇ°#ßk. KÍu¬#°#°, ¦¬ò¬iã×=°#°, ä½=$`Ç°ë#°
¬ô#~¡°^ÎiOKÇ°@ä½#°, PiÖH=òQ® ¬¬ðÇ°¬_È°@ä½#° *ìfÇ° ã¬}ìoH^¥Þ~
W¬ôæ_¬ôæ_È° öHOã^Î~R ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò° ¬¬ìHiOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq. D ¬iã×=¶a=$kH÷
W¬ôæ_È° öHOã^Îã¬°`ÇÞ=ò HùO`Ç^Î#=ò ãQêO@°#°, POã^Îã¬^Í ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò
HùO`Ç ^Î# ¬¬ðÇ°=ò#° Wzó#q.
¬iã×=° q+¬¼`Ç°ë : ã¬¬°ë`Ç=ò D ç=°à qãHÇ°=òä½ Zä½ø=
J=Hê×=ò °#ßq. D ç=°à#° KÇ¶z P#OkOz Hù#°QË°KÍ² g\÷x
YO_Ö`Ç~¡=òä½ Qùxé=ô q^ÍjÇò°<ß~¡°. HùO_È¬eÁÕ XH Hù#°QË°
¬¬ìHê~¡¬O¦¬°=ò#°, D ¬iã×=°Õ `Çsæ^Î°xKÇ°ó@ä½ XH tHÆ} ta~¡=ò#°
U~¡æ_#q. ¬~ø~¡°"~¡° WKÇ°ó "Í`Ç#=òÌá W`Ç~¡ lìÁ#°O_ q^¥¼~¡°Ö° =zó
D q^Î¼#° ¬ô~¡°+¬µ° ¢Ôë° <Í~¡°óHù#°KÇ°<ß~¡°. D ¬iã×=°ä½ Hì~¡¶¬"³°Ø#
qt+¬`Ç KÍä~¡°#\÷ q+¬¼`Ç°ë H^Î°. YO_Ö`Ç~¡=òÕ Q®¶_È D q^Î¼
POã^Îã¬^Í öHHêH ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ä_È =òO^Î° =òO^Î° H©ië Q®_OKÇ°##°@Õ
Ju×³¶H÷ë è^Î°.
120
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
J~~¡° « ã¬HêtOKÇ°
=$uë « ã|`Ç°ä½`³~¡°=ô (¬x)
x¬ô}°° « <Í~¡æ~¡°°
uH÷OKÇ°@ « KÇ¶KÇ°@
J#°=ô « J#°ä=ò
¬O^°Î °
D ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn², ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò
P^Î~a=¶#=ò, a~¡°¬°^Î#=ò, ^Î§=`~¡=ò°, Hù#Çü²i
¬=¶¬=ò°
D ãH÷Ok ¬^=Î òä½ qãQ®ì¬ "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡#Á ° ã"Çò=ò.
¬iã×=¶a=$k, ¦¬ò¬iã×=°°, HùÇ°¼ç=°à°, HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°à°,
^Î§=`~¡=ò°. Juk Jì¼Q®`Ç°°.
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
ã|¬ìà Ð ç=°à
¬O`#=ò Ð ¬O`Ç°
=~¡â=ò Ð =<³ß
1. D =$uëx ~ò¬æ\÷H÷x J=OaOKÇ°KÇ°<ß~¡°.
2. =~¡â=ò Ìá ìQ®=ò xQ®xQ®ì_È°KÇ°O_È°#°.
121
3. D ç=°à° ì~¡`Ç^Í×=°O^ÎO`Ç@ ã¬²kïHH÷ø#q.
4. Hì~¡¶¬"³°Ø# qt+¬`Ç KÍä~¡°#\÷ q+¬¼`Ç°ë Q®^Î°.
ã¬ß× °
1. HùO_È¬eÁ ãQê=° ã=òY¼`Ç Z\÷k?
2. HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°à#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇò q^Î=ò#°, ^¥x ã¬²kx
q=iO¬ô=ò.
3. HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°à ¬iã×=°ä½ ã¬°`ÇÞ ãé`¬ì=ò#°, ^¥x
q+¬¼`Ç°ë#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

HùO_È¬eÁ ç=°à° =O\÷ ç=°à° "ÍÇò@ä½ Jì¼¬=ò QêqO¬ô=ò.
122
7. =¬°KÇiã`Ç
- q#ßHË@ =¶^=Î ~=ô
N q#ßHË@ =¶^Î=~=ôQê~¡° H$â lìÁ Q®°_"_ÈÕ 1899 ¬OII# [xàOzi.
giH÷ 'q=°~¡ÅHê=`ÇO¬Ñ J<³_ a~¡°^Î=ò H^Î°. Qù¬æ ª²ì`Ç¼ q=°~¡Åä½°.
Hê"¼ÕH#O q=°~¡Å"¼ª ¬O¬ô\÷, ¬fªÏQ®OkHO "¼ª¬O¬ô\÷ =ò#ßQ®°#q
gi ~¡KÇ#Õ À~ùø#^Îy#q. ¬O^Î~Ä#°Q®°}=òQê, ¬~¡×=òQê ~¡KÇ# ªyOKÇ°@Õ
²^Î¬ì¬°ë°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼=ò 'Hê=¼s`Ç°°Ñ J<³_ Hê=¼=ò#°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. WO^Î°
~=°~[¶+¬}°x =¬°KÇiã`Ç Ç°O^Îe Üáe, KÇHøQê q=iO¬|_#k.
NH$+¬â ^Í=~Ç° °=#q[Ç° =°¬ð¬Ç°O ^Î+¬ kQ®¾[=òÕ <ùH_È°Qê
<Ô#°_³á ÇòO_È°@ä½ q^ÎÞã`Çæ°=ô ¬=¶à# =°O^Î°@ä½ <ËKÇ°Hù# ä½O_##°
q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~*ìªÖ#=ò<Í Ç¶ã×~òOz ã¬°=ô =°#ß#Ok# =°¬ðHq
~=°~[ ¶ +¬} a~¡°^¥Oä½_ÈQ°® @
°=üië. D`Ç_°È ã¬^=Î ° ãõ}÷ ã¬|O^HÎ = ôÕ
*è~¡^Îy#"_È°. POã^Î ¬OKÇ=°¬ð Hê=¼=òÕ h =¬°KÇiã`Ç ª²ì`Ç¼ x^¥#=°x
K³¬æ^ÎQ®°#°.
NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° `Ç# Ç¶ªÖ# =°O^Îe Ì^Îí<k H=ô#° ¬=¶àx`Ç°
*èÇò@Í°HêH, QÒ~¡=H÷ë ã¬=$`Ç°ë`Ë |¶lOK³#°. nxH÷ `~ø}=ò Ì^Îí#
''³°^Î°ï~á#KË `Ç# =°^ÎHsOã^Î=ò _y¾ÑÑ J#° Ô¬ ¬^Î¼=ò. @°=üië,
~Ç°Hê=ò#, ¬¶~¡# ~=°H$+¬µâ=ÿ ì¼^Î×Ç°O^Î°O_ Ç¶ Hq ¬î*ìk
¬=¶à#=ò EzÇòO_È°#°. `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~Ç° J°Á_³á# ~=°~A #=ò#
P ã¬°<ªÖ#=ò #OHiOz ¬=¶à#ã`Ç°_È³°¼ ##°#k ~=°~[¶+¬}
a~¡°^Î=ò =#<Í ^Ë¼H`Ç=°Q®°KÇ°#ßk. ~=°~[¶+¬}°_È° @°ä½A_È°. Ì^Îí#
t+¬µ¼_Èx Hêä½=¶#° ãQê=°=ò#° JãQ®¬ð~¡=òQ® çOk Hêä½=¶#°~Çò
_È~ò#@° K³¬ôæ^Î°~¡°.
123
''POã^Î q^ÎÞ`Çø$=ôÕ #ãQ®ãõ}÷H÷ *ÿOk# D Hq ãQ®O^Î=ò <³ÿÁ_È
h`ÇÑÑx O_`Ç¼ ã¬H~¡Â Q®#æ_È°#°. ¬O¬ø$`Ç ¬=¶ªéÀ`Ç=°Çò¼, õÁ+¬ä½
x^¥#=°Çò¼ =¬°KÇiã`Ç Hê=¼=ò Q®OQê ã¬"¬ì=ò=ÿ, `×Ç¶#° Q®°}=òQê
#_ÈKÇ°@ Ç°|°Ä~¡=ò Q®¶~¡°ó#°. D`Ç_È° ¬ì#°=°ã`Çæª^Î|í Hq`Çò`Ç°_È°,
¦¬°\÷Hê×`Ç ãQ®O^Î Hæ< ^Î°~¡O^Î~¡°_È°, ¬Ow`Ç Hìxk, zã`ÇHq`ÇÞ |O^ÎHq`ÇÞ
F+¬»¼x~Ë+¬»¼ Hq`Ç° K³¬æQ® "Í°\÷.
D HqH$`Ç°° ã¬Mì¼`Ç=ò~ò#q =ü_È° Q®=ô. 1. Hê"¼OHê~¡
¬OãQ®¬ì=ò nx<Í #~¡¬¶bÇ° =°O^Î°~¡°. 2. =¬°KÇiã`Ç=ò 3. ¬ìi×óOã^Î#
ÕMì¼#=°#° ^ÎÞ¼iÖ Hê=¼=ò. D =ü_È° H$`Ç°#° `Ç`Ç¶æ~¡Þ H=ô ³°_È
¬æ~¡KÍ "i H#ß q°#ßQê ~¡zO¬ Ç°ußOK³#°. =¬°KÇiã`Çä½ =ü=ò ì~¡`Ç=ò
#O^Îe L¬iKÇ~¡=¬°=ô KÇiã`Ç=ò. Wu=$`Çë=ò Kì z#ß^³á##° 'J"i`Ç ¬`Çøq
Hæ< qõ=¬ì ¬î~¡Þ=$`Çë=ò° ª#° ni# *ìu ~¡`Çß=òÑ Jx Hq KÍ²#
ã¬u[ý "³O|_ h H^Î #u =¶ã`Ç=òQ®° =~¡â#KÍ ÌOz ~¡zOK³#°. =ü=°O^Îe
HùxßÇ°<ñz`Ç¼=ò#° q_È<_È°@@°°O_È, x[ã¬uì ã¬H~¡ÂKÍ Hæ<
ª=°~¡Ö¼=òKÍ h`Ç_ H^Î#° =°¬ðHê=¼=òQ® x|OkOz# Kù¬ôæ J^Î°Ä`Ç=ò
Q®¶~¡°ó#°. =üië Hq `Ç# Ç°¬=¶# q^¥¼ q§~¡^Î`ÇÞ=ò#°, Jã¬u=¶# ã¬u#°
"Í°×qOz ×ìí~¡Ö õÁ+¬"³ázã`Ç ¬î~¡Þ=òQ® Hq`tæ~¡=°¼=ò KÍ<<OHê~¡
¶+²`Ç=òQê h Hê=¼=ò#° x~¡Þ²ìOK³#°.
JOHêiä½_³á# =üië Hq #~¡¬ ¶bÇ°=ò# ^¥#° *ÿ²æ# Hê=¼
HÆ}=ò#ä½ HÆ¼¶`Ç=òQ®° J^Î ×=~¡â#KÍ #OHê~¡=òKÍ h Hê=¼=ò#°
¶+²OKÇ°<Í"³¶ Ç°x²OKÇ°#°. D`Ç_È° =~¡â# E²# <Í~¡°æ H^¥ H^Î#=ò#
Qê#~^Î°. KÇHøx ¬^Î=ò ä~¡°æ#ä½, §Gã¬¬OKÇ=ò# xâ`Ç"³°Ø# |°kH÷
L¬ðã¬¬OKÇ=ò# <Ëì_È° `ÇO¬ôä½, Jã¬Ç°`Çß ¬O= õÁ+¬ =¼OQê¼^Î°°
Õ#Q®° Hê=¼Q®°}=ò H© Hê=¼=ò <³=ô. JOHê~¡¼=°Q®° =¬°ë=ô JOHê~¡
ì ~¡ = òKÍ xO^Î ° =°~¡ ° Q® ° ¬ _ # k. K³ @ ° è Hêx Ç ° _È q Hê#~^Î # ß@°
X_ÈeH÷q°Oz# `ù_È=ô`Ë xu =$`Çë=ò H¬ôæ=_#k. ¬^Î¼~¡KÇ#Ç°O^Î°
ì==òO^Î° ¬î~¡ÞH=ô ##°HiOKÇ° ¬Þì==ò H"_È°. J#°HiOz# KË@°
Qùxß ³°_È =ü=ò#ä½ =<³ß "³\÷<_È°. J#°H~¡} ^Ë+¬=°# [#^Î°.
=°Oz<³=ï~á# ##°HiOKÇ°@ ¬¬ì[=ò, <¼Ç°=ò. ×$OQê~¡ <³á+¬^Î=ò#°, ×$OQê~¡
§ä½O`Ç=ò#° =°#°KÇiã`Ç#° J#°HiOz# ¬@°° Q®=ô.
124
HOII `Ç#°=Q®° ×ìí~¡ÖO|°°
^ÎÞx r==°O ãH÷Ç¶ q`#=ò ªÚ=òà
^Î#~¡° Q®°}O|°° Q®°}=ò°
¦¬°#=$`Ç°ë° =$`Ç°ëº~¡ Hê"Í¼Ok~¡ä½<£.
Ìá H Æ } =ò <³ Á =¬ ° KÇ i ã`Ç Ç ° O ^Î # Þ~òO¬ Ç ° ußOK³ # °.
×ìíOHê~¡=ò`Ë ì@° J~ÖOHê~¡=ò "Í°×qO¬ô <Í~¡°æQ® ~ü Hq
¬O¬ø$`Ç¬^Î ¦¬°\÷`Ç n~¡É¬=¶¬Çò`Ç"³°Ø ×ìíOHê~¡=ò =# =¶#²HËìÁ¬=ò
Q®eyOKÇ°@Í° HêH, J~¡Ö QêOc~¡¼"³°Ø `Ç#~~¡° ãÏ_ÈHê=¼~¡KÇ#=# `Ç# ì=ô
Hq`ÇÞ=ò#° "³eÁ qi~òOK³#°. ×|í õÁ+¬#° J~¡Ö õ+¬#° KÇHøQ® x~¡Þ²ìOz
`Ç~¡°"u H=ôä½ =~¡=_ ÿ>ÿ#°. ×ÃH÷ë=°f#kx HËì¬ì ¬~¡Þ`Ç=ò#° <~òHê
<Ç°ä½ QêqOz ~ü =°¬ðHq #_²# ×$OQê~¡=ò#° KÍ²# Hæ#°#°
J^Î°Ä`=¬ì=ò°. =°# ª²ì`Ç¼=ò#<ÍHê^Î°. q×Þª²ì`Ç¼=ò# Q®¶_È x\÷ ¦¬°\÷
=°¬ô~¡¶¬=ò. =üië Hq õÁ+¬°#° JOHê~¡=ò°#° D ¦¬°@=ò# ª~¡ÖH=òÿá
q°Q®° ~}÷Oz#q. D ¦¬°@=ò#° ã¬`Í¼H ~¡¬=°Ç° ã¬|O^Î=òQê QùxÇ¶_È
=KÇ°ó#°.
=¬°KÇiã`Ç "³òH Ç°ª=¶#¼ ãQ®O^Î=ò. ¬O_`Ç°ä½Qêx Hù~¡°ä½_È° ¬_Èx
¬ ^ Î ¼ ~¡ K Ç # Ç ° O^Î O ^Î ªy##° =~¡ â # ° Hùxß ³ ° _È #un~¡ É =òÿ á
H^¥H^Î#=ò#ä½ J_È°Û `Çye##°, JuªÞìqH=òQ®° ã¬H$u =~¡â#KÍ
Ç°=°Hê#° ã¬ªk ×ìíOHê~¡=ò`Ë ãÕ`ÇãÀÇ°"³°Ø# Hq`Þu ×Ç°=ò#
q~l°ÁKÇ°#ßk. POã^Îì+¬ Õ`Ç°`Ç° ãQ®²ìOz ¬O_`Ç°° Hê^Îz#"~¡°
¬iO¬^Îy# POã^Î ¬OKÇ=°¬ð Hê=¼=òÕ xk "Í°\÷. nxÇ°O^ÎKÍ`Ç#
¬^¥~¡Ö=òä½ KÍ`Ç#=ò Q®eæOz xsû= =¬°ë=ôä½ r==ò Õ² =°# ³°^Î°@
xe²<_È°. zã`Ç zã`Ç ~¡KÇ< HÒ×=ò KÇ¶²<_È°.
~=°~[ ¶+¬}°_È° ¬Ow`Ç Hì~¡¬ì¬¼"ÍkÇ°Q®°@ =¬°KÇiã`Ç=ò #O^Îe
¬^Î¼=ò° ã§=¼=òÿá Ç° `×=ò _È^Îy#qQê, <ùæi#q. `³#°Q®°
ª~¡¬Þ`Ç=ò# ¬Ow`Ç ª²ì`Ç¼=òä½ ¬xß²ì`Ç`ÇÞ=ò "³°O_È°. qq^Î=òQ®°
=$`Çë è^Î=ò° =°^Î°~¡=°Q®° ìã§=¼`Ç x#°=°_O¬ *è²#q. =°# =$`Çë=ò°
¬¬ì[=òQ® Ç°`×=ò Hù^Î°Q®°#°. ¬î~¡Þ H=ôO^Î° ¬Ow`Çã²Çòè. ^¥x
Õ`Ç° `Ç°° `³e²#"ö~. "~¡O^Î~¡° |¬§G=ò xâ`Ç°°. "i "i
125
~¡KÇ#Ç°O^Î° ¬Ow`Ç ª²ì`Ç¼=ò "Í°×qO¬ô Q®#æ_È°#°. Hêx gï~=~¡° `=ò
¬Ow`Ç §G=ò# xâ`Ç°=°x K³¬ôæHËè^Î°. ~=°~[ ¶+¬}°_È@°
*ÿ¬ôæHù<³#°. J`Ç_È° ¬Ow`Ç Hì~¡¬ì¬¼xk Ç°#°@Õ #¬`Ç¼ "Í°q°Çò è^Î°.
J`Çx Hq`ÇÕ Q®#æ_È° #Ç°Qê~¡¬ô tæ=ò#ä½ #`Çx ¬Ow`Ç Hì#°="Í°
=ü=ò.
D Hê=¼=ò H^Î <@Hsux #_È¬|_#k. ã¬|O^Î=òO ^³O^Î°#°
Q®#|_Èx #~¡à¬z=ôx ã`#° ¬O^¥#=ò <@H ¬H©øH÷ ^Ë¼`ÇH=°Q®°KÇ°#ßk.
W@°<Í yiHê q~¡¬ì ¦¬°@=ò ä_È <@H©Ç°`Ç#° *ì@°KÇ°#ßk. D`Ç_È°
<@H=òä½ r==°#^Îy# ¬O"^Î=ò#° #_È°¬ô@Ç°O^Î° H_È° <Íiæi.
ã¬|O^Î ÇòQ®=òÕ "³°=_# x`Ç~¡ ã¬|O^Î=ò=ÿ Uk Í°x
^Î~¡à=ò#° ã¬ukOKÇ° Ç°`Çß"Í°q°Çò èH ¬O_`Ç À=¼"³°Ø O_`Ç¼
ã¬H~Âã¬^¥#"³°Ø ~ü Hê=¼"³ò¬ôæKÇ°#ßk. ã¬|O^Î HÆ}=òx x~¡ÞzO¬|_#
=ÌáÞH¼`Ç, UH <Ç°Hêã×Ç¶^Î°° ²kOz#q. =~¡â<`ÇàH"³°Ø JOH$`Ç"³°Ø ~ü
ãÏ_ÈHê=¼=ò ¬O¬ø$`Ç=òÕxH÷ ##°=kO¬|_# ^Î# ¬O_`Ç° H© Hê=¼"³°O`Ç
Ç¶^Î~} ¡
© °Ç =°³°¼<Ë "Í°Q® *ÿæ¬ #Hø~¡^è °Î . JO^Î°=#<Í ~=°~[ ¶ +¬}°_È°
ã¬^² ãÎ ¬|O^HÎ = ô ¬~¡ #¬ ° ¬°MìÔ#°_È~ò ª~¡Þ¬ fÇòä½ QÒ~¡"~¡°Ý_È~ò<_È°.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
¬=¶àx`Ç°° « QÒ~¡=hÇò°
`~ø}=ò « L^¥¬ì~¡}=ò
^Ë¼`ÇH=ò « `³eÇò
ã¬H~¡Â « <Í~¡°æ
x^¥#=ò « <³=ô
ã¬u « O_`Ç¼=ò
"Í°×qOz « HQ®²
=¼OQ®¼=ò « =ãH=ò
126
<³=ô « ªÖ#=ò
`ù_È=ô° « P~¡}=ò°
`Ç#~¡° « ã¬HêtOKÇ°
¦¬°\÷`Ç « ¦¬°#"³°Ø#
X~¡=_ « "Í°°|Ou
P=¬ì=ò° « ¬=ü¬ì=ò°
HÒ×=ò « <Í~¡°æ
ã§=¼`Ç « K³=ôH÷O¬ô
W#°=°_OKÇ° « =$kKÍÇò
xâ`Ç°° « ãg}¼=ò.
¬O^°Î °
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn², ¬Ok À~¡°Á ã"², ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
~*ìªÖ#=ò ¬=¶ªéÀ`Ç=ò =ÌëÞå H¼`Ç
¬=¶¬=ò°
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
~Ç°Hê=ò J+¬kQ®¾[=ò° ì¼^Î× J<ñz`Ç¼=ò õÁ+¬ =¼OQ®¼=ò°
×ìí~¡Ö=ò°.
<<~¡=Ö ò°
~¡`Çß=ò° « HêO`Ç°°, q°"³á# ~×Ã¤ =~¡â# « ~¡OQ®°, =iâOKÇ°@
~¡¬ì¬¼=ò « Q®°¬ë=ò, =°~¡°Q®°
¬~¼Ç°¬^=Î ò°
¬<à#=ò Ð QÒ~¡==ò, ¬ô~¡ªø~¡=ò Q®OQ® Ð *ì¬ìßq, =°O^¥H÷x, ìw~¡k
ªÚ=òà° Ð P~¡}=ò°, #Q®°, `ù_È=ô° "Í°\÷ Ð q°#ß, Qù¬æ ã¬H~¡Â Ð
O_`Ç¼=ò, ã¬u
127
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u :
H$+¬â Ð H#ß
H÷ë Ð |uë
¬^Î¼=ò Ð ¬^³í=ò
t+¬µ¼_È° Ð KÇ@°
Hê=¼=ò Ð H|Ä=ò
KÇiã`Ç Ð KÇi`Ç
ã¬u[ý Ð ã¬u#
§G=ò Ð KÇ@=ò
Hê~¡¼=ò Ð H~¡û=ò
×$OQê~¡=ò Ð ²OQê~¡=ò
Q®°}=ò Ð Qù#=ò
¢Ôë Ð WOu
1. ¦¬°#=$`Ç°ë° =$`Ç°ëº~¡ Hê"Í¼Ok~¡ä½<£
2. W¬æ\÷Hh÷ HùO^Î~°¡ P *ì_È<Í Q®=°xO¬ Ç°ußOKÇ°"~¡°#° H~¡°.
ã¬ß× °
1. POã^Î ¬OKÇ=°¬ðHê=¼=òÕ =¬°KÇiã`Ç ª²ì`Ç¼ x^¥#=°x Z@°Á
K³¬æ^ÎQ®°#°?
2. =¬°KÇiã`Ç Ç°O^Îe Hq`tæ=ò#° Hq Z@°Á =iâOK³#°?
q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#
ãQ®O^¥Ç°=ò#ä½ "³o¤ ã¬|O^Î ¬ij# KÍÇ°=ÿ#°.
¬OKÇ=°¬ðHê=¼=ò#° `³e² x^Î~¡Å# ¬î~¡ÞH=òQ® KÇ¶²OKÇ=ÿ#°.
128
8. `Ç ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°=ò° Ð
(<³ã¬ú èY)
- N. zO` nH÷`
Æ °Ç °
zO` nH÷ Æ ` Ç ° °Qê~¡ ° `Ç ¶ ~¡ ° æQË^¥=i lìÁ , Õ Qê¬ ô ~¡ O Õ 1891=
¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# [xàOzi. ''H^ÎH KÇãH=iëÑÑ a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°_È°. L^ÎÇ°H÷Æà, QË^¥=i=¶`Ç,
zã`Çö~Y, ~[yi~A, UHê^Ît, POã^Îteæ, §¼=° gi ~¡KÇ#Õ À~ùø# ^Îy#q.
W`Çx ~¡KÇ#³Ø°# ''ã¬¬OKÇ KÇiã`ÇÑÑ <³ã¬úQê~¡° ã"²# ''yÁOÌ¹ P¦¹ =~¡°Û
²ì¬sÑÑ H÷ J#°"^Î=ò. <³ã¬ú `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë³Ø°# WOk~¡ä½ ã"²# èY #°O_
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¼O×=ò ''`Ç ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°=ò° Ð ì~¡=òÑÑ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
`Ç ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°=ò° =°# rq`Ç=ò# Qù°¬° =ÿ =ò_=_ Çò#ß=x,
JO^Î° Ja=$kH÷ P@OH¬_È° "xx =^Îe"ÍÇò@ L`Çë=°=°x D èY ª~O×=ò.
<Í#° K³~ª¡ Õ ãHù`Çë J"@Á#° KÍH² ù<ß#°. JO^ùHø\÷ J~¡°}Ë^Î°Ç =ò
HêH=òO^Í èKÇ°@. Q®_Èz# "Í¬y#°O_Çò D J"@° KÍ²Hù<ß#°. L+¬
Hê=ò =zó ãH=°ãH=°=òQê #HÆã`Ç=ò <iæ"ÍÇò@ KÇ¶_È <ä½ ¬~¡^¥Qê
#°O_È°#°. L+¬Hê=ò#ä½ =òO^Î°O_È° "³<³ß <³¬ôæ_³á# KÇ¶zu"? ~ãu "³°ÁQê
=¶i ¬Q®Q®°@ KÇ¶zu"? "³<³ßä½#°, L+¬Hê=ò#ä½#° [~¡°Q®° é~@=ò
<³xß, ¬~¼Ç°=òÕ KÇ¶zux. z=~¡ä½ q[Ç° "³°¬ôæ_È°#° L+¬Hê=ò^Í. qO`ÇQê
#°O_È° P ¬Q®=ò "³°Q®°Õ Jk "³<³ß³¶, èH ~#°#ß ¬Q®\÷"³°QË K³¬ôæ@
HùO`ÇÀ¬\÷=~¡ä½ H+¬=ò. ²=°à@, ¬ì~`Ç°ëQê ¬O^Í¬ì=ò `ùQ®°#°. Jk ¬Q®è.
"³"³ì~¡° KÇOã^Î°_È° é~@=ò# F_é~ò "³_Èeé=ô#°.
< J"@°Kù¬ôæ# <Í_È° #HÆã`Ç=ò °O_ÈQ®<Í <Í#° èzux. `³Á"~¡°@ä½
=òO^Î ° QêeÕ U^Ë LO_È ° #°. ^¥xx|\÷ `³ Á " ~¡ ° KÇ ° #ß^Î x =°#=ò
129
ãQ®²ìOKÇ=KÇ°ó#°. <Í#° ä~¡°óO_ KÇ^Î°=ôHù#°KÇ°O_ÈQê, ^Î¶~¡=ò#O^Î°O_
HO~¡^ÎÞ#°°, HËì¬ì=ò JO`ÇHO`Ç Hu×~òOKÇ°KÇ° qx²Oz L^ÎÇ°Hê
ã¬ §Oux K³ _ È Q ù\÷ # q. Jk ¬ O ãHêOuk# =°x *ìý ¬ H = òKÍ ² H ùO\÷ x .
=¶¦¬°"Í°Õ`Ç==ò# "³ò^Î\÷k#=°k. Qù¬æk#=ò. ãu"Í}©¬OQ®=°¬Ö=ò# ã`Ç
ªß#=òKÍ Ç ò @ä ½ Ç ¶ ãuä ½ ° "Í ä ½ "Í ° #_ z "³ × Ã Á K Ç ° <ß~¡ ° .
Q®OQêÇ°=ò#°#°, (JO`Ç~Þ²ìxQê#) JQËKÇ~=¡ °Q®° ¬~¡ Þ¬ uÇò#° He² ãu"Í}©
¬OQ®=° "Í°~¡æ_È°KÇ°#ßk. #_È°KÇ°KÇ° " ~ùH¬ôæ_È° @° _È°KÇ°O_i XH¬ôæ_È°
'Q®OQê=¶~òH÷ *ÿáÑ Jx [Ç°^ÎÞ#°° KÍÇòKÇ°O_i. <~òx K³~¡ªQË_È°
^¥\÷ "i HO~¡^ÎÞ#°° < K³=ô|_³#°. |¬× ¬OMì¼ä½ h #k=^Îíä½ ìQ®°ä½
=zó#\÷ Ç ò , ``øeH = òQê "~¡ ° `Ç = ° ^Î i ã^Î = ò#°, ^Î ° Y=ò#°
q¬àiOKÇ°#@°Á KÍ²#\÷Çò H÷ëã¬ì= "³°\÷^ËQ®^¥ Ç°#°HùO\÷x. ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò
¬O=`Ç~¡=ò ãu"Í}÷Õ ªß#=ò KÍÇò@ïHá Zxß=O^Î, è^¥ Zxß "Í
¬O=`Ç~¡=ò#°O_ Ç¶ãuä½° "³×ÃÁKÇ°<ß~ËQ®^¥ Ç°#°HùO\÷x. =°#°+¬µ¼°
~=KÇ°ó#°, =°#°+¬µ¼° é=KÇ°ó#° ~[¼=ò°, ªã=¶[¼=ò° HùO`ÇHê
=°kHê~¡=ò KÇì~òOKÇ=KÇ°ó#° `Ç~¡°"`Ç ¶`ÇHê=òÕ JO`ÇiOzé=KÇ°ó#°.
Hêx ãp# ¬¬Oã¬^¥Ç°=ò XöH q^Î=òQê ªyé=ôKÇ°O_È°#°. `Ç~¡`Ç~¡=ò"~¡°
^¥xx t~¡ª=²ìOKÇ°KÇ°O^Î°~¡°. ¬Oã¬^¥Ç° ²^Î=°Q®° PK~¡=òÕ =°Oz Kì
L#ßk. XHùøHø¬ôæ_Èk ^Î°~¡Ä~¡ì~¡ =°Q®°#°. =òO^Î°ä½ ªyé=ô@ä½ =°#
Hk Ç¶@OH=ò° HeæOKÇ°#°.
J¬ æ +¬ = ò, ^Î ¶ ~¡ = ò JQ® ° ¶ `Ç H ê=ò`Ë ¬ O |O^ Î = ò H °¬ ô
Jqzó#ß=°Q®° D Qù°¬°#° `Ç°KÇ°Hù<ß#°. 1300 ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò ãH÷`Ç=ò
ã"²# "Í°×=ò =$`ëO`Ç=ò° KÇ^°Î =ôHù<ß#°ÐJ¬ôæ_È° ä_È "Í°×=ò° ãp#
¬Oã¬^¥Ç°"Í° ¬°=¶Ð~¡=°}©Ç°=òQê#°O_È°#°. Hêx =°#=ò =òO^Î°ä½
é^Îz#¬ôæ_ Qù°¬° =°##O@°HùxÇòO_È°#°. ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°|^Î°"³°Ø
=°#=ò KÍ~ò Hê° H^°Î ¬=è ò. ¶ `ÇHê=ò`Ë ¬O|O^=Î ò =°#=ò x°¬ôHù#
=²#^Í. Hêx =°# ¬ô~Ëa=$kH÷ P@OH=òQê #°O_È° ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°=ò#°
=¶ã`Ç=ò qzó#ß=ò KÍÇ°H`Ç¬æ^Î°.
2500, 3000 ¬ O =`Ç ~¡ = òä ½ ¬ î ~¡ Þ =ò ã¬ ¬ O KÇ "³ ° @°Á O _³ < Ë
`³e²Hù#°@ä½ "³#°H\÷ =ü_È°`Çë~¡=òÕ#° ã¬Ç°ußOzuq°. <Í#° `Ín#°,
130
¬O=`Ç~¡=ò#° L^Î¬ìiOKÇè^Î°. `Ín°, ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò° J#ß < H÷+¬=òè^Î°.
h=ôä_È P Qù_È= Ì@°HËä½. ãp# Hê=ò#<Í ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# <Íq°
¬OqOK³<Ë ¬iQê `³e²Hù#°@ H+¬=ò. é#°é#° Hùxß `Ín° *ìý¬H=òOKÇ°
Hù#°@ J=¬~¡=°Q®°#°. =°# =°#¬°Õ ¬i³Ø°# ãH=°=ò# [iy# ¬OQ®`Ç°
#°OKÇ°Hù#°@ Hê`Ín ¬xH÷=KÇ°ó#°. ã¬¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò ãp# ã¬¬OKÇ
¬Þ~¡¶¬=ò#° `³e²Hù# ã¬Ç°ußOKÇ°KÇ°<ß=ò.
ãw¬°, =°^Î¼^Î~ãO`Ç=ò, Dl¬ô, P²Ç¶"³°Ø#~¡°, ¬iÂÇ¶#°Q®°iOz
HùO`Ç `³ e ² H ùO\÷ q °. W¬ ô æ_È ° =°#=ò =°# ^Í × = ò#ä ½ uiy=`Ç ë = ò.
²ìO^Î¶^Í=× ò³òHø `ù°`Ç\÷ KÇiã`Ç#°Q®°iOz `³e²Hù#°@ HùH Ì^Îí ~ò|ÄOk
L#ßk. `ù°`Ç\÷ P~¡°¼°Ð gi<Í WO_Ë Ð P~¡°¼° JO^Î°~¡°ÐKÇiã`Ç èq°Çò
ã"Ç°è^Î°. "~¡° Zxßq^Î=ò°Qê<Ë ZO`Ë Qù¬æ"~¡x "³#°H\÷ L`Çë~¡=òÕ
=°#=ò KÇ ¶ zÇ ò O\÷ q °. "~¡ ° ã¬ K Ç ° iOz# ãQ® O ^ Î = ò°, "Í ^ Î = ò°,
L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°, ~=¶Ç°}=ò, =°¬ðì~¡`Ç=ò. WOH#° W`Ç~¡ ãQ®O^Î=ò°
=°¬ ð =°¬ ° ~¡ z Oz#"³ á Ç ò O_È = ÿ # °. ãp#KÇ i ã`Ç # ° `³ e ² H ù#°@
H©ãQ®O^Î=ò°#°, W`Ç~¡ ª=°ãyÇò ¬¬ðÇ°Hê~¡° Q®° KÇ°#ßq. =°# ¬î~¡°Þ
PK~¡ =¼=¬ð~¡=ò°. "i T¬ðé¬ì°, "i r=#¬^Îu Ìá ãQ®O^¥^Î°#°O_
=°#=ò ãQ®²ìOKÇ=KÇ°ó#°. Hêx Jq x~¡°í+¬KÇiã`Ç Hê^Î°. `Ç~¡°"u Hê=ò<\÷H÷
¬O|OkOz# Ç°^¥~¡ÖKÇiã`Ç XH\÷ ¬O¬ø$`Ç=òÕ #°#ßk. Jk Hêjà~¡^Í×=ò#°
Q®°iOz. D ãQ®O^Î=òÀ~¡° ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷. ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë HÝ}°_È°. Hêjà~¡ ~A
KÇiã`Ç WO^Î° =iâ`Ç=ò. q<ß"Ë è^Ë. ~¡Ol` =¶=° D Qù¬æ Hêjà~¡ KÇiã`Ç#°
¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò#°O_ W¬ôæ_Í `Ç~°¡ =û ¶ KÍòÇ KÇ°<ß_È°. ¬°=¶~¡° ¬Q=® òãQ®O^Î =°¬ôæ_Í
¬îiëJ~ò#k. Jk K Ì^Îí¬ô¬ëH=ò. `Ç~¡°û=¶ ¬îiëJ~ò#²=°à@ =°#
=°O^Î~¡=ò `Ç¬æH ^¥x #°`¬ì=ò`Ë KÇ^Î°=ô^Î=ò. ^Î°~¡^Î$+¬ =§`Ç°ë =°#ä½
Ke#O`Ç ¬O¬ø$`Ç*ìý#=ò èHé=ô@=Á ¬O¬ø$`ÇãQ®O^Î=ò KÇ^Î°=è=ò. Jk
KÇHøx ãQ®O^Î=°x =¶ã`Ç"Í° Hê^Î° ^¥xx =°#=ò KÇ^Î°=ô@, Jk Q®`ÇHê=ò#°
Q®¶ió J<ÍHq+¬Ç°=ò° K³¬ôæ#°. =òY¼=òQê Hêjà~¡=ò#°Q®°iOz. h
"³~¡°Q®°^Î°", Hêjà~¡=ò =°# ¬î~¡°Þ [#à¶q°¬°=¶!
P~¡°¼° WO_Ç¶Õ Hê°Ì@°¬iH÷ WO_Ç¶ <Q®iH`ÇQ® ^Í×=òQê<Í
ÇòO_³#°. "Ç°=¼k× #°#ß "³ò¬ìO*ç^¥~ù=^Îí ^ùiH÷# tk=ò#°|\÷
KÇ¶z#, P~¡°¼° ~H=òO^Í WHø_È <Q®iH`Ç Qù¬æQê #°O_³#x ã^°Î =¬_°È KÇ°#ßk.
131
Hêx nxx Q®°iOz =°# H÷OH#° Zä½ø=Qê `³eÇ°^Î°. ¬ô~`Ç# =¬°ë§ã¬ëAý°Ð
J#Qê ã`Çtk=ò#° ¬sHÆKÍÇò"~¡°Ð JHø_È ^ù~¡°ä½ ¬^¥~¡Ö=ò #xßO\÷x
ã`ÇqÞ |Ç°@ä½ f²#²=°à@, Hùkí ¬O=`Ç~¡=òÕ =°# H÷OH#° Zä½ø=
q+¬Ç°=ò° `³eÇ°=KÇ°ó#°.
D q+¬Ç°q°@°ÁO_Èxzó##°, P Hê=ò# ^ÎH÷Æ} ²ìO^Î¶^Í×=ò# Ð
|¬§ L`Çë~¡ ²ìO^Î¶ªÖ#=ò#ä_ÈÐ ã^¥q_È°° Qù¬æ <Q®iH`Ç HeyÇòO_i.
"i ì+¬° P~¡°¼ ¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò#°O_ ¬ô\÷#q Hê=ô. Jq ¬ô~`Ç#ì+¬°.
"xH÷ KÇHøx ª~¡¬Þ`Ç=ò° H=ô. `Çq°×=ò, `³°Q®°, =°×Ç¶×=ò,
H#ß_È=òÐWqÇ¶ì+¬°. D ì+¬xßÇò ^ÎH÷Æ}WO_Ç¶Õ <Í_È°ä_È
=~¡=¶#=°Q®°KÇ°#ßq. hä½ `³eÇò##°HùO^Î°#°Ð*ìfÇ° =°¬ð¬ (HêOãïQ¬°).
ãa\÷+¬µ ^ù~¡`Ç#=ò=ÿQêH, WO_Ç¶#° ì+¬#°|\÷ ~R=ò°Qê qlOz#k.
Wk <Í_È°#ß ¬^ÎuH#ß L`Çë=°¬^Îu. ZO^Î°H#Qê ª^¥~¡}=òQê ¬=¶# PK~¡
=¼=¬ð~¡=ò° Q®ey, XöH ì+¬ =¶\ì_È° XöH=¶ki ã¬[° XH ~R=òÕ
#°O^Î°~¡°. ^ÎH÷Æ}=ò##°#ß HêOãïQ¬° ~R=ò è=#QêÐ POã^Î^Í×=ò. è^¥
POã^Î=ò Wk K³#ß¬@}=ò# ä½`Çë~¡=ò# #°#ßk. WKÇó@ =¶\ì_È° ì+¬
`³°Q®°ì+¬ `Çq°×<_È° è^¥ `Çq°× ~R=ò WKÇó@ J~¡==ò =°\ì_È°^Î°~¡°
H~â@H=ò Wk çOì~òH÷ ^ÎH÷Æ}=òQê #°#ßk. WKÇó@ =¶\ì_È° ì+¬ H#ß_È=ò,
è^¥ H~â@H=ò öH~¡×=ò Wk HùOK³ "³°KÇ°ó`Çä½ø=Qê =°ì~¡°^Í×=ò. WKÇó\÷
ì+¬ =°×Ç¶×=ò. =òO^Î°=òO^Î° ìã¬ÇòHë~R=ò° ~Rì+¬
Ç°a=$kHù~¡ïHä½ø=Qê @°¬_ÈQ® =#°@ä½ ¬O^Í¬ì=ò è^Î°.
WO_Ç¶Õx ì+¬#° Q®°iOz =°iHùO`Ç K³Ìæ^Î#°, Çü~Ë¬ôÕ#°,
WOH#° W`Ç~¡^Í×=òÕ#° HùO^Î~¡° WO_Ç¶Õ =O^Î Hùk ì+¬°#ß=x
ã=°¬_È°^Î°~¡°. Wk J¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò. W@°Á K³Ìæ_È°"_È° `Ç# Ç°*ìý#=ò#°
ã¬ H \ ÷ O KÇ ° Hù#°KÇ ° <ß_È ° . WO_ Ç ¶ =O\÷ Ì^Î í ^ Í × = òÕ J<Í H
ãOfÇ ° ì +¬ °#ßqÐXö H ì +¬ "Í ö ~ Þ~¡ ° ãO`Ç = òO^Î ° a # ß~¡ ¶ ¬ = ò
^ÎiOKÇ°KÇ°O_È°#°. HùO_È*ì`Ç°"ï~O^Î~Ë Çò<ß~¡°. ã¬`Í¼Hì+¬° Q®
¬O¦¬°=ò° HùxßÇò#ßq. "³ò`Çë=ò WO_Ç¶#°Q®°iOz =¶\ì_È°KÇ°#ß¬ôæ_q
Ç°xßÇò Jã¬^¥ #q+¬°Ç =ò°. [<ìHù~¡Hö "x ã^¥#¼=ò. WO_¶Ç Õ#°#ß
J¬° ì+¬°ÐD q+¬Ç° q°k=~¡Õ hä½ ã"²u<Í"³¶Ðï~O_È° ä½@°O|=òä½
K³OkÇò#ßq. XH\÷ ã^¥q_È ä½@°O|=ò. nxxQ®°iOz Ìáx K³²æÇò<ß#°.
132
ï~O_È=k WO_Ë P~¡¼#° ä½@°O|=ò. ã¬^¥#=°Q®° WO_Ë P~¡¼#°ì+¬¬ WO_Ç¶Õ
¬O¬ø$`Ç"Í°. WO_Ç¶Õx WO_Ë P~¡¼#°ì+¬xß\÷H÷x ¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò =¶`Ç$H.
Jq ² ì On, ÿ O Qêb, Q® ° [~f, =°~\© ì +¬ °, WqQêH JªOÕ
Jªg°¬°ì+¬Çò, XiªÕ (L`Çø×=ò) Fã_Èì+¬Çò "_È°HÕ#°#ßq.
²ìOnì+¬ a#ß¬Þ~¡¶¬"Í° L~¡°í. ²ìO^Î¶ªëh J#° =¶@ ²ìOnH÷x, L~¡°íä½#°
K³°Á#°. Hê# WO_Ç¶ ã¬^¥#ì+¬° ¬iQê ¬k. ²ìO^Î¶ªëh, ÿOQêb, Q®°[~f,
=°~\©, `Çq°×=ò, `³°Q®°, H#ß_È=ò, =°×Ç¶×=ò, Fã_È=ò, Jªg°¬°. D
ì+¬Õ =°# =¶`Ç$ì+¬³Ø°# ²ìO^Î¶ªëh L`Çë~¡ ²ìO^Î¶ªÖ#=°O^ÎO`Ç@#°
"_È ° H Õ #°#ßk.Ð¬ O *ì|°Õ, ¬ O Ç ò H ë ~ R=òÕ, c¬ ð ~¡ ° Õ,
=°^¼Î ~R=òÕ, ~[¬ô\ì<Õ, _b Á Õ, =°^¼Î WO_¶Ç Õ, Wk Ì^Îí ¶ ìQ®=ò.
WO^Î° 15 HË@Á=°Ok x=²OKÇ°KÇ°<ß~¡°. Hùkí `Í_¨`Ë 15 HË@Á=°Ok J¬ôæ_Í
²ìO^Î°ªëh =¶\ì_È°KÇ°<ß~¡°Q®^¥. WO`ÍHê^Î°, ²ìO^Î¶ªëh ì+¬ WO_Ç¶ Jxß
ãO`Ç=òO^Î°#° J~¡Ö=°Q®° ##ß=¶@ hä½ ìQ®°Qê `³eÇò#°. Jk WO_Ç¶
HO`Ç@ä½#° ª=¶#¼ì+¬ HêQ®^Î°. WO^Î°=Á, Ìá# K³²æ# ã¬^¥#ì+¬°
JO`ÇiOzé=ÿ #x J~¡Ö=òHê^Î°. Jq ~Rì+¬°Qê LO_È=²#^Í. ZO^Î°=Á
##Qê, "x ª~¡¬Þ`Ç=ò° KÇHøxq. ¬~¡Þ`Ë=òY=òQê Ja=$kQêOz# ì+¬#°,
P ì +¬ =¶\ì_È ° ã¬ [ ä ½ Hê^Î x f² " Í Ç ò @ ï H =Þ~¡ ° #° Z¬ ô æ_È ° #°
ã¬Ç°ußOKÇ~^Î°. ¬Þì+¬^¥Þ~<Í ã¬[° =$kQêO`Ç°~¡°. "i ²Á° q^Î¼
#¼²O`Ç°~¡°. <Í_È° WO_Ç¶Õ ¬~¡Þ=ò#° `ÇãH÷O^Î°°Qê #°#ßk. =°#Õ =°#
"³ ° ä ½ ø=Qê WOwÁ + ¬ µ ì +¬ # ° "_È ° Hù#°KÇ ° <ß=ò. <Í # ° hä ½ WOwÁ + ¬ µ Õ
*ì|°°ã"Çò@ ¬ðª¼¬æ^Î=ò : Hêx <Í#° ã"ÇòKÇ°<ÍÇò<ß#°. D
J"@° `ÇÞ~¡Õ =°#=ò `Ç²æOKÇ°HùO^Î° =°x P²OKÇ°KÇ°<ß#°.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
ã`Ç ªß#=ò « `³Á"~¡° ~¡ì=ò# ªß#=ò
JQËKÇ~¡=°Q®° « H#|_È#\÷
q¬àiOKÇ°@ « =°~¡KÇ°@
Jqzó#ß=ò « `³yéxk
x~¡°í+¬KÇiã`Ç « ¬æ+¬"³°Ø# KÇiã`Ç
133
¬O^°Î °
J~¡°}Ë^ÎÇ°=ò, ¬ô~Ëa=$k, ãQ®O^¥^Î°°, ¬ðª¼¬æ^Î=ò,
P~¼ aãÇ°=ò°.
¬=¶¬=ò°
JQËKÇ~¡=ò, PK~¡=¼=¬ð~¡=ò°, Q®OQêÇ°=ò#°, H÷ëã¬ì==ò,
Ç°^¥~¡Ö KÇiã`Ç, ã¬^¥# ì+¬°, J¬æ+¬=ò, T¬ðé¬ì°, ï~O_È° ä½@°O|=ò°.
<<~¡=Ö ò°
Hê=ò « ¬=°Ç°=ò, #°¬ô Hê<Q®° ~A « ã¬°=ô, WOã^Î°_È°,
KÇOã^Î°_È°.
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
ã`Ç Hê=ò Ð ã¬`Ç¶¼+¬=ò, L+¬¬°, ã¬ì`Ç=ò ã`Çk Ð ¬ô~}=ò,
¬ô~`Ç#=ò ~ãu Ð x×, ~¡[x, Ç¶q°x ¬Q®° Ð k=¬=ò, k#=ò, ¦¬°ã¬=ò
#k Ð `Ç~¡Oy}÷, ã¬ðkx #HÆã`Ç=ò Ð |°°HÆ=ò, `~¡, KÇ°Hø,
=ô¼`Çæ`Ç¼~¡=Ö ò°
J~¡°}°_È° « Z]x"_È° (¬¶~¡°¼_È°)
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
ì+¬ Ð ì¬
ªß#=ò Ð `#=ò
¬O^Í¬ì=ò Ð ¬OkÇ°=ò
~ãu Ð ~ui
134
1. L+¬ Hê=ò#ä½ =òO^Î°O_È° "³<³ß <³¬ôæ_³á# KÇ¶zu"!
2. Hêjà~¡=ò =°# ¬î~¡°Þ [#à¶q° ¬°=¶!
3. ¬Oã¬^¥Ç° |^Î°"³°Ø =°#=ò KÍ~ò Hê° H^Î¬è=ò.
4. =°#=ò =òO^Î ° ä ½ é^Î z#¬ ô æ_ Qù°¬ ° =°# #O@°Hùx
ÇòO_È°#°.
ã¬×ß°
1. ãp# ¬Oã¬^¥Ç° ¬Þ~¡¶¬=ò#° Q®¶ió <³ã¬úQêi JaãÇ°=ò
q=iO¬ô=ò.
2. ²ìO^Î¶ ^Í× KÇiã`Ç `³e²Hù#°@Õ Q® H+¬=òèq?
3. ã^¥q_È ì+¬ Q®¶ió <³ã¬úQêi JaãÇ°=ò q=iO¬ô=ò.
4. WO_Ç¶Õx ì+¬ Q®¶ió g° ~¡¼ìQ®=ò ##°¬iOz
q=iO¬ô=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
<³ã¬ú èY#° KÇkq ì~¡`Ç^Í×¬ô Qù¬æ`Ç#=ò#° ãQ®²ìO¬=ÿ#°.
èMì ª²ì`Ç¼=ò#ä½#ß ã=òY¼=ò#° q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ `³e², KÇHø\÷
q+¬Ç°=ò° q=iOKÇ°#@°Á èY° ã"Çò@#° <ÍiæOKÇ°@ Lz`Ç=ò.
O
135
9. ×OH~K~¡°¼_È°
=ü=ò : \÷.Z"£°.².=°¬ð^Í=<£
J#°"^Îä½° : ¬¶~|`Ç°ë ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼O

Dr. \÷.Z"£°.².=°¬ð^Í=<£ `Çq°× ^Í×¬°Ö_È°. =¶`Ç$ì+¬ `Çq°×=ò. g~¡°
24Ð8Ð1911= `Ín# [xàOK~¡°. gi q^¥¼ì¼¬=°O`ÇÇò K³#ß¬@}=ò#O^Í
[iy#k. =°ã^¥¬°Õx ¬KÇóÇ°¬æ =°iÇò ãÌ²_³h Hì§Õ g~¡° L#ß`Çq^Î¼#°
J¼²OK~¡°. =°ã^¥¬° q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O #°O_ ².ÌìK._. ¬\ì#° ÚO^¥~¡°. =òÌá æ
¬O`Ç~¡=òä½ ÌáQê =°ã^¥¬° q×Þq^¥¼Ç°OÕ "Í^¥O`Ç §YÕ ZO`Ë H$+² KÍ²,
Z<Ëß ãQ®O^¥° ã"§~¡°. gi ~¡KÇ#hß POQ®Áì+¬Õ ã"Ç°|_#q. "Í^¥O`Ç¬~¡OQê
g~¡° KÍ²# H$+² §Á¦¬°hÇ°O. ¬^Î°¾~¡° ×OH~K~¡°¼Ìá giH÷ Z#èx H÷ë ã¬¬`Ç°ë°.
"Lives of saints" J#° POQ®Á ãQ®O^Î=ò#° q^¥Þ<£ q§~¡^Î ¬¶~|`Ç°ë
¬°ã|¬ìà}¼O Z"£°.Z Z.\÷.Qê~¡° POã^¥#°"^ÎO KÍ§~¡°. ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®"³°Ø#
''×OH~K~¡°¼°ÑÑ ''²^Î ¬ô~¡°+¬µ°ÑÑ J#° À~¡°`Ë J#°=kO¬|_# gi ãQ®O^Î=ò
#°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
=¶#= rq`Ç=ò#ä½ §Ou xKÇ°ó@ä½ =°¬ìhÇòÿá# ²^Î¬ô~¡°+¬µ
°^ÎÄqO`Ç°~¡°. J\÷ "iÕ ×OH~K~¡°¼ "~¡° ã¬^Î=ò°.
¬`ÇO[eq[Ç°=ò, t= ~¡¬ì¬¼=ò, ã|¬ðàO_È ¬ô~}=ò, ¬øO^Î¬ô
~}=òÕ ×OH~¡°x rq`Ç qõ+¬=ò° Hùxß À~ùø#|_#q. öH~¡×Õ ¬î~â#k
X_È°Û# Hêì_ J#° XH z#ß ¬ÿÁ H^Î°. JO^Î° t= Q®°~¡°_È°,P~¼O| J#°
#O|¶ãk ^ÎO¬`Ç°° ¬O`#=ò èH u~¡°KÇ¶~¡°Õx =$KÇè×Þ~¡°x ãiÖO¬Qê
#O^Î # ¬ O =`Ç ~¡ "³ á §Y × Ã H Á ¬ O KÇ g ° ¬ ô #~¡ Þ ¬ ° #H Æ ã `Ç = ò# "iH÷
136
×OH~¡°_È°^Î~òOK³#°. Jk ãH©.×. 788 Jx ¬O_`Ç°° x~~¡} KÍ²i. S^Î=
Í°@ #`Çx ä½¬#Ç°# =°³°¼#°. ì°_È° =°¬ðã¬*ìý=O`Ç°_È°. Zxq°^Î=
Í°@<Í ¬H ºH÷H ~¡=¶iÖH q^Î¼¼²OK³#°. `ÇOã_ J`Çx Zxq°^Î= Í°@<Í
=°~¡}÷OK³#°. `ÇeÁ ×OH~¡°x ¬<¼¬ HêOHÆ HxÌ\÷ ÌO_Á KÍÇ°^ÎK³#°. Hêx
J`ÇxH÷ ã¬¬OKÇ=°O^Îa=¶#=ò è^Î°. `Ç# rq`Ç=ò#° ¬~¡=¶~¡Ö=ò#öH JOH÷`Ç=ò
KÍ², `Ç# J#°¶`Ç°#°, `Ë_ =¶#=ôä½ ÕkOKÇ°@öHQêx x~¡~¡ÖH rq`Ç=ò
Q®_È°¬ô@ H`Ç_È° [xàO¬è^Î°. P@ =¬°ë=ô`Ë ²Á° ¬O|~¡¬_È° =Ç°¬°Õ
J`Ç_È° ¬#¼²O¬QËï~#°. Hêx `ÇeÁ J#°=°u ~òKÇ°ó<? U `ÇeÁ KÍ`Ç°ì~¡ a_ÈÛ#°
q_z ¬ôKÇ°ó#°? XH<\÷ L^ÎÇ°=ò `ÇeÁÇò, ä½=¶~¡°_È°#° #kH÷ ªß#=ò#ä½
"³×¤Qê Hù_È°ä½#° "³ò¬e ¬@°Hù<³#°. P`Ç°~¡ ¬<ß¼¬=ò f¬°Hù#°@ H#°[ý
W=°àx `ÇeÁx ×OH~¡°_È° "Í_È°Hù<³#°. "Í~¡° Q®u èH `ÇeÁ X¬ôæHù<³#°. Hêx "³O@<Í
"³ò¬e zã`Ç=òQê J`Çxx q_z "³o¤é³°#°. U JÇ°=ò ÚO^ÎH ×OH~¡°_È°
¬<ß¼¬=ò ãQ®²ìOKÇ° nHÆ`Ë [=ò #°O_ ~ü=ä½ =K³ó#°. `ÇeÁx
q_zé=ô#¬ôæ_È° ×OH~¡°_È° `ÇeÁH÷ JO`ÇHê=ò# =zó P"³° J¬~¡ H~¡à=ò°
`<Í À`Ç°#xÇò =¶@ Wzó "³Ü¤#°.
Zxq°^ÍO_È°Á xO_Èx ×OH~¡°_°Á q_z Q®°~¡°=ô Hù~¡ä½`Ç°ë~¡ ^Í×=ò#ä½
¬Ç°xOK³#°. J`Çx PÇò ¬i=¶}"³°x^ÍO_ÍÁ³Ø°##°, XH<_È° JQ®¬°ë¼_È°,
<~¡^Î°_È° "³ò^ÎQ®° |°°+¬µ° "iO\÷H÷ =zó "i Pu^Î¼=ò#° "³°zó, =°~ùH
Zxq°^ÍO_ÈÁ PÇò=ô#`ÇxH÷ ã¬ªkOz~¡x XH Qê^Î H^Î°. #~¡à^¥#n f~¡=ò#
QÒ_È^Î t+¬µ¼_ÈQ°® QËqO^Î Q =® `æ^Î°_È° t+¬¼Q®}=ò`Ë XH Q®°¬ìÕ #°O_È°>ÿiy
×OH~¡°_È° "i H_ÈöHy ¬<ß¼¬q°=°àx HËï~#°. J\÷ t+¬µ¼_È° ^ùiH÷ #O^Îä½
P#O^Î=ò`Ë Q®°~¡°=ô ¬=°àuOz ×OH~°¡ #ä½ ¬<ß¼ªã×=°q°zó "Í^¥O`Ë¬^Í =× ò
KÍÌ#°.
Q®°~¡°=ôQêi Pã×=°=òÕ ×OH~¡°_È°O_ÈQê XH =¶¬ð`Çà¼=ò [iïQ#°.
#~¡à^¥#k =~¡^Î° Q®@°Á ã`³OKÇ°Hùx ÚOy Ú~¡° KÇ°O_³#°. f~¡ ãQê=°=ò"~¡°
Ç°HO²`Ç°ÿái. ×OH~¡°_È° [ìH~¡Â} =°Oã`Ç=ò ¬iOz, `Ç# H=°O_È=ò
<Íg°^Î #°Oz =~¡^Î° `ÇQ®°¾ #\çÁ#iOz P¬^Î x"iOK³#°. #~¡à^Î =~¡^Î
<³=Þ_¨² Hê_È°<Ë "_Í ã|¬ìà ¬¶ã`Ç ì+¬¼=ò ã"Ç°#~¡°Ý_Èx Jãu =°¬ìiÂ
=ò#°ß K³²æ# =¶@ QËqO^Î ^Î°_³~¡°Q®°#°. ×OH~¡°x ×H÷ëÇò ãQ®²ìOz#
137
"_ÈQ®°@KÍ Q®°~¡°=ô ×OH~¡°x Hêj "³o¤ ã¬ªÖ#ã`ÇÇ°=ò#ä½ ã|¬ìà ¬¶ã`Ç=ò°,
L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°, Q®=n¾`Ç ì+¬¼=òÌá ã"Çò=°x P^ÍtOK³#°.
O_`Ç¼=ò#ä½, ~¡=¶iÖH=ò#ä½ À~¡°Q®#ß "~¡}ì²x ×OH~¡°_È°
KÍ~¡°Hù<³#°. KË×^Í×=ò #°O_ =zó# q+¬µâ×~¡à ×OH~¡°x ã¬^Î=° t+¬µ¼_È³°¼#°.
J`ÇxH÷ ×OH~¡°_È° ¬#O^Î°_È#° ¬<ß¼¬<=°"³ò¬ïQ#°. =°iHùO^Î~¡° t+¬µ¼°#°
KÍii. "iÕ "i H¬¶Ç°° ¬ô>ÿ#°. ¬#O^Î°<³_È Q®°~¡°=ô#ä½ ¬HÆ`Ç=°x
HùO^Î~¡° t+¬µ¼¬¶Ç° ¬_i. ¬#O^Î°x ¦¬°#`Ç ×OH~¡°_È° "iH÷ KÇ¶¬^ÎK³#°.
t+¬µ¼`Ë ä_ ×OH~¡° _ùH<_È° #nªß#=ò KÍÇòKÇ° `#° H@°Hù#°@ä½
|@° `³KÇ°óKÇ°#ß ¬#O^Î°x KÇ¶z ~¡=°àx öHH"ÍÌ#°. `ÇHÆ}=°`Ç_È° #n[=ò
g°^Î #_È°KÇ°KÇ° =zó"ÍÌ#°. J`Ç_È° h\÷g°^Î Ì\÷# XHùøHø J_È°Q®° ãH÷O^Î
T`ÇQê XHùøHø ¬^Îà=ò èKÇ°KÇ°O_³#°. JO^Î°KÍ J`ÇxH÷ ¬^Îà^Î°_È#° À~¡°
HeïQ#°.
×OH~¡°x =°i W^Îí~¡° t+¬µ¼#° Q®¶ió ä_È W\÷ Qê^Î° H=ô. ×OH~¡°x
H$¬KÍ =¶@° =KÇ°ó<Í"³¶ Jx `Ç# =üQ® ä½=¶~¡°x k"H~¡°_È° ×OH~¡°x
=^Îíä½ f¬°ä½=K³ó#°. h"³=~¡=x ×OH~¡°_¨ =üQ® ä½ã~¡"x #_È°Q®Qê #`Ç_È°
`ÇHÆ}=ò `#° P`Çà#xÇò, =°#¬°#ä½, ^Í¬ì=ò#ä½ Jf`Ç°_È#xÇò, Hùxß
ÕÁH=ò° K³Ìæ#°. ''ªx`Ë¼¬a ¬Þ~¡¶é¬ì=¶`àÑÑ Jx ã¬u ÕÁH=ò z=~¡#°
=KÇ°ó#°. K ¬O`Ë+²Oz ×OH~¡°_¨ ä½ã~¡"xH÷ ¬<ß¼¬q°zó `Ç# t+¬µ¼xQê
KÍ¬°Hù<³#°. J`ÇxH÷ ¬ìªë=°ä½_Èx À~¡° Ì>ÿ#°. J#Qê J~¡KÍuÕ L²iHêÇ°
=ÿ q¬æ+¬"³°Ø# *ìý#=ò H"_Èx J~¡Ö=ò. Hì<^Î°_È#° =°~ùH t+¬µ¼_È° H_È°.
×OH~¡°x =^Îíä½ =zó `Ç#°ß t+¬µ¼xQê ÔÞHiO¬ô=°x HË~¡°KÇ° J`Ç#° ×OH~¡°x
`Ë`ÇH =$`Çë=òÕ H©iëOK³#°. J`Çxx ä_È ¬<ß¼¬ t+¬µ¼xQê ãQ®²ìOz
×OH~¡°_È`ÇxH÷ `Ë`ÇHêK~¡°¼_Èx À~¡° Ì>ÿ#°.
HêjÕx ï~O_È° ¬O¦¬°@#° À~ùø#=² L#ßk. XH<_È° ¬qã`Ç
Q®OQêªß#=ò KÍ² ×OH~¡°_È° q×Þ<^¥Ç°=ò#ä½ t+¬µ¼`Ë é=ôKÇ°O_ÈQê
XH KÇO_¨°_È° H°Á ä½O_È`Ë#°, ä½Hø`Ë#° ¬g°¬=ò#ä½ =KÇ°óKÇ°O_³#°.
^Î¶~¡=òQê `ùQ®°=°x ×OH~¡°_È`Çxx ÌìKÇóiOK³#°. ''^Í¬ì=¶? P`à! Uk
^Î¶~¡=òQê `ùQ®=ÿ#°. JO^Îi ^Í¬ì=ò° OKÇ ºuH=òè H^¥! P`Çà
¬ ~ ¡ Þ "¼² Ç ° Ç ò ¼, JO^Î i Ç ° O^Î ° #° XH ø >è H ^ ¥!ÑÑ Jx KÇ O _¨°_È °
138
["aK³ó#°.J`Ç_È° ª^¥~¡} KÇO_¨°_È° Hê_Èx ×OH~¡°_È° ãQ®²ìOK³#°. x[=ò#
H`Ç_È° KÇO_¨ "Í+¬=ò##°#ß q×Þ<^Î°_È°. J^³áÞ`#°¶u H"_È° ãì¬ìà
}°_³á##°, KÇO_¨°_³á##° `Ç#ä½ Q®°~¡°"Í#x ªOQ®¬_ ×OH~¡°_È° t= ªéëã`Ç=ò
KÍÌ#°.
XH<_È° ×OH~¡°_È° HêjÕ u~¡°Q®°KÇ° <ùHKË@ "¼H~¡} ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#°
=ÿÁ "ÍÇòKÇ°#ß XH ¬O_`Ç°x KÇ¶z ''U Hê=ò =$^¥ ¬ôK³ó^Î=ô, [QËqO^ÎO
[QËqO^ÎO, QËqO^ÎO [ =ü_È=°`Í. ¬OãÀë ¬xß²ì`Í HêèÑÑ J#° KÇHøx
w`Ç=ò#° _³#°.
KÇO_¨ "Í+¬=ò# =zó# t=ô<[ý ã¬Hê~¡=ò ×OH~¡°_È° ²ì=¶Ç°=ò#
|^ÎiHêã×=°=ò#ä½ Õ~ò "¼¬°x ¬O^ÎiÅOz, J`Çx n=# ÚO^³#°. JKÇ@
¬~¡=°Q®°~¡° QÒ_È^Î°x ä_È ^ÎiÅOz n"³# ÚO^³#°. uiy Hêj =zó ì+¬¼=ò°,
W`Ç~¡ ãQ®O^Î=ò° ~¡zOK³#°. ×OH~¡°_È° =°}÷ HiâHê ¦¬°@=ò# =òH÷ë =°O@¬=ò#
ä~¡°óO_ ãQ®O^Î ~¡KÇ# KÍÇòKÇ°, t+¬µ¼ä½ ÕkOKÇ°KÇ° #°O_È°"_È°. "³ò^Î@
×OH~¡°_È° q+¬µâ ¬¬ìã¬ <=° "¼Y¼ ã"Ì#°. ²^Î¬ ã¬ªÖ#ã`ÇÇ°=òÌá ì+¬¼=ò°
ã"Ì#°. `Ç# ã|¬ìà ¬¶ã`Ç ì+¬¼=ò#° ×OH~¡°_È° t+¬µ¼ä½ ÕkOKÇ°KÇ°O_ÈQê
"¼¬°_ùH =$^Î°x "Í+=¬ ò# =zó ì+¬¼=òÌá ×OH~°¡ x`Ë n~¡É=òQê "kO¬ªïQ#°.
t"O×=ò# ¬ô\÷# ×OH~¡°#ä½, q+¬â ÞO×=ò# ¬ô\÷# "¼¬°#ä½#° "^Î=ò
He¾# §Ou ³°Hø_k, q~¡q°O¬ô_Èx ¬^Îà^Î°_È° "ix ãiÖOK³#°. `Ç#°ß
"¼¬°xQê "~¡° Q®°iëOz# g°^Î@ "¼¬°_È° ×OH~¡°x ì+¬¼ =¶"³¶kOz ×OH~¡°_È°
=ò¬æk ï~O_È° ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò =~¡ä½ rqOKÇ°#@°Á nqOK³#°. ^Í×=°O`Ç@
¬OK~¡=ò KÍ² "Í^¥O`Ç=ò#° ÕkO¬ô=°x "¼¬°_È° ×OH~¡°x HËï~#°.
×OH~¡°_È° Hêj q_z ãu"Í}© ¬OQ®=° ã¬^Í×=°Q®° ã¬Ç¶Q®#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK³#°.
JKÇ@ ¬î~¡Þ g° =¶Oª "kÇ°Q®° ä½=¶i @ °`Ë "kOz ^¥xÕx Õ¬=ò°
×OH~¡°_È° KÇ¶¬^ÎK³#°. Hêx ä½=¶i @° ×OH~¡°x =°O_È# q°ã×Ãx`Ë
"kOKÇ=°x ¬OÌ#°. =°O_È# q°ã×Ã_È° Q®\÷ g°=¶Oª"k. "QêÞ^Î x¬ô}°_È°.
"Í^Î ¬O_`Ç°_È°. ×OH~¡°_È° =°O_È#° xO\÷H÷ "³o¤#¬ô_È° `Ç°¬ô° ayOz
ÇòO_³#°. Õ# =°O_È#°_È° ã§^Î H~¡à <KÇiOKÇ°KÇ°O_³#°. ³¶Q®×H÷ëKÍ ×OH~¡°_È°
ÕxH÷ é~ò =°O_È#°x "^Î=ò#ä½ ²eK³#°. ×OH~¡ =°O_È# ¬O"^Î=ò ×OH~°¡ x
rq`Ç=òÕ <ùH =°<Ë¬ì~¡ LMì¼#=ò =O\÷k. H~¡àHêO_ÈÍ° "Í^Î=òÕ
139
=òY¼ìQ®=°x =°O_È#°x "^Î=ò. ã|¬ìà=ò#° Q®¶ió P`Çà#° Q®¶ió `³°¬ô
L¬x+¬^¥ÄQ®"Í° =òY¼=°x ªÖ²O¬^Îz ×OH~¡°_È° "^Î=ò#ä½ Q®_ÈOïQ#°.
=°O_È#°x ì~¡¼ ì~¡u ¬O_`Ç°~°. P"³°Í° gi "^Î=ò#ä½
=°^Î¼¬°Ö~°. P"³° "i^Îíi "³°_ÈÕ#° ¬î =¶° "Í² ³°=i =¶ =òO^Î°
"_é=ô<Ë "~Ë_#@Áx K³Ìæ#°. "^Î=ò Hùxß <×Ã¤ Q®_ÈK³#°. =°O_È#°x
=¶ "_È^ù_ÈïQ#°. `<Ë_#\çÁ¬ôæHùx =°O_È#°_È° ×OH~¡°x ¬<ß¼¬ t+¬µ¼_ÈQ®°@
HOwHiOK³#°. ×OH~¡°_È° ì~¡ux ä_È F_OK³#°. P"³° ä_È ×OH~¡°x
¬i"~¡"=òÕ KÍï~#°.
`ÇeÁH÷ J=ª# Hê=ò ¬g°²Oz#^Îx `³°¬°Hùx, `Ç# "Qêí#=ò
ã¬Hê~¡=ò ×OH~¡°_È° Hêì_H÷ "³Ü¤#°. Hù_È°ä½#° KÇ¶z `ÇeÁ =°¬ð#O^Î=ò
ÚO^³#°. ×OH~¡°_È° `x¬ôæ_È° Q®°~¡°"³á `ÇeÁH÷ *ìý<Ë¬^Í×=ò KÍ² x×óO`Ç`Ë <"³°
=°~¡}÷OKÇ° #\çÁ#ï~ó#°. Hù<ß×Ã¤ Q®$¬ì¬Ö=ò #_È¬H ¬<¼²³Ø°#O^Î°öH
|O^Î°=ôä½ ×OH~¡°xÌá HË¬=ò#ßk. W¬ôæ_È° ¬<ß¼²³Ø° `ÇeÁH÷ ã§^Î H~¡à°
KÍÇò@ ïH\çÁ¬ôæ HùO^Î°~¡°? "~¡`Çxx |²ì+¬øiOzi. ×OH~¡°_È° `ÇeÁ ^Í¬ì=ò
<ùHø_È° "³¶Ç°èH YO_Oz, ^ù_ÛÕ <ùH =üä½ *èió, J~¡\÷ Õ^³`Ë `Ç#
³¶Qêyß ^¥Þ~ ^Î¬ì#=ò KÍÌ#°.
×OH~¡°_È° kyÞ[Ç° Ç¶ã`Çä½ |Ç°°^Íï~#°. =ü_È°ª~¡°Á ²ìO^Î¶^Í×=ò
#O`Ç#° KÇ°\÷ =K³ó#°. ¬<`Ç# =°`Ç=òÕ ¬î*ì ¬ô#ªø~¡=ò° `Ç¬æ "Íö~ ¬¬
èx Hê=ò# ×OH~¡°_È° L¬x+¬KÇó$OQ®=ò #°O_ "Í^¥O`=°$`Ç "²ìxx
=¶#= ÕH=ò#ä½ `³zó ~òK³ó#°. qq^Î =°`Ç=ò° Q®=O`Ç°x *è~¡°ó ¬i×Ã^Î
=¶~¡¾=ò°Qê #°O_È=ÿ#x Ç°`Çx L^Íí×=ò.
×OH~¡°_È° ²ìO^Î¶ =°`Ç=ò#ä½, "Í^¥O`Ç=ò#ä½ KÍ²# À=#° öH^¥~¡=ò
#°O_ H < ¼ä ½ =¶i =~¡ ä ½ Q® ^Í " Ç ° =ò°, =°`Ç ¬ O ¬ Ö ° "Í < Ë× ¤
HùxÇ¶_È°KÇ°#ßq. ïHáì¬=ò #°O_ ×OH~¡°_È° S^Î° eOQ®=ò° `³K³ó#xÇò,
"xÕ =òH÷ë eOQ®=ò#° öH^¥~¡=òÕ#°, =~¡ eOQ®=ò#° <Í× =°O^Îe
hHO~¡öHÆã`Ç=òÕ#°, "³¶HÆeOQ®=ò#° z^ÎO|~¡=òÕ#°, ÕQ®eOQ®=ò#°
×$OöQsÕ#°, ³¶Q®eOQ®=ò#° HêOp¬ô~¡=ò##° ªÖ²OK³#x XH Qê^Î H^Î°.
×OH~¡°_È° Hùxß =°~¡=òè~¡æ~¡z `Ç# t+¬µ¼ H¬æyOK³#°. gxÕ |^ÎiHêã×=°=ò
140
#O^Îe *Õ¼u~¡à~=¡ ò, ^¥Þ~¡H Õx HêoHê Ô~=¡ ò, [Q®<ß^Î î¬ iÕx QË=~¡# Ô~=¡ ò,
×$OöQiÕx §~¡^¥ Ô~¡=ò, HOzÕx Hê=°HË\÷ Ô~¡=ò Qù¬æq. ×OH~¡°_È° =ò¬æk
ï~O_È= Í°@ ^Í¬ì=ò KeOK³#°. öH^¥~¡=òÕ XH Q®°¬ìÕ #`Ç_È^Î$×Ã¼_È³°¼#x
HùO^Î~¡°#°, HOzÕx ¬~¡Þ[ýÔ~¡=°k+²»Oz z=i k#=ò° Q®_Ì#x HùO^Î~¡°#°
K³¬ôæ^Î°~¡°.
x¬O^Í¬ì=òQê ×OH~¡°_È° ã"²#"Í Ç°#Q® ãQ®O^Î=òè J¬OMì¼
H=ò°Qê #°#ßq. J`Çx ì+¬¼=ò°, L¬^Í× ª¬ì², q"ÍH KÇ¶_¨=°}÷,
t"#O^Î¬ìi, ªÏO^Î~¡¼¬ìi "VàÇ°=ò#ä½ §×Þ`Ç ¶+¬}=ò°. J`Çx
Üáe ã¬¬#ß Q®Oc~¡=ò. J`Çx ä½§ãQ® |°kÇò, "^Î<³á¬ô}¼=ò° J^Î°Ä`Ç=ò°.
P`Çà J#°#k ¬^¥~¡Ö=ò Hê^Î°. ^¥xH÷ =¶~¡°æHêx |¬`ÇÞ=ò Hêx è=ô. ^¥x
#kQêx =°ï~=Þ~¡°Qêx ¬iãQ®²ìO¬#°è^Î° `Ç¼lOKÇ#°è^Î°. [## =°~¡}=ò°
èH ì¬ð¼¼O`Ç~¡=ò "¼²Oz Çò#ß P`Çà`<Í Ç°x ãQ®²ìOz# "xH÷OH
Ç°"³°Hø_k? |¬`ÇÞ=ò#ß¬ôæ_Í Ç°=ò#ä½ `=ô#ßk. J^³áÞ`Ç=ò,
JÇ°=ò J#°#k XHø J#°¶uöH ï~O_È° À~¡°Á. D ¬`Ç¼=ò#° ãQ®²ìO¬ô_Èx
ÌìKÇóiOz, ^¥xH÷ =¶~¡¾=ò ä_È KÇ¶² ÕH Hì¼}"³ò#iOK³#°. ¬=°¬ë
*ìý<H~¡°_È°#°, H$=`~¡°_È°#° [Q®`Çøì¼}ì#O^Î ¬O^¥~ò Ç°Q®° ×OH~¡
Q®=`æ^Î°ä½ #=°ªø~¡=ò#ß ÕÁH =°`Çx =°²ì=°=ò K@°KÇ°#ßk.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò°
L^ÎÄqOKÇ°@ « ¬ô@°@ J=°H=ò « L²iHêÇ° ªx`Ë¼¬a«
^ÎQ®¾~¡Qê aOz# ¬Þ~¡¶é¬ì=¶`à « ¬Þ~¡¶¬"³°Ø# <Í<Í P`Çà#°.
¬O^°Î °
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=ò#° q_Èn² ¬O^Î°#° À~ùøx ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò :
P~¼O|, Zxq°^ÍO_È°Á, [ìH~¡Â}, t"O×=ò, J^³áÞ`#°¶u,
*ìý<Ë¬^Í×=ò.
141
¬=¶¬=ò°
ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò :
z#ß¬ÿÁ, ã¬ªÖ#ã`ÇÇ°=ò, q×Þ<^¥Ç°=ò, S^Î° eOQ®=ò°, "^Î#
<³á¬ô}¼=ò.
<<~¡=Ö ò°
ä½=¶~¡°_È° « ä½=¶~¡ªÞq°, Hù_È°ä½, Çò=~A
Hì¼}=ò « =°OQ®×=ò, |OQê~¡°, ¬i}Ç°=ò
¬^Îà=ò « H=°=ò, XHxk, XH =î¼¬ì=ò
¬¬ « "³°`Ç°~¡°, ¬°æ~¡}=ò, ª~O×=ò.
¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò°
¬<¼² Ð aäÆ½=ô, [_È^¥i, H~¡àxí "³°_È Ð J°], Qêã`Ç=ò Qêã`Ç=ò,
HO~¡=ò =ü_È°_È° Ð =ü~¡°_È°, ìe×Ã_È°, =°O^Î°_È°
=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°

ã§^Î=ò « ã×^Î`Ë KÍÇ°|_È°#k (PaíH=ò) ×OH~¡°_È° « ¬°Y=ò#°
H°Q®*èÇò"_È° (t=ô_È°)
ã¬H$u Ð qH$u
ãì¬ìà}°_È° Ð ì¬_È°
J^Î°Ä`Ç=ò Ð J|°Ä~¡=ò
1. ^Í¬ì=¶! P`à! Uk ^Î¶~¡=òQ® `ùQ®=Çò#°?
2. U Hê=ò =$^¥ ¬ôK³ó^Î=ô?
3. |¬`ÇÞ=ò#ß¬ôæ_Í Ç°=ò#ä½ `=ô#ßk.
142
ã¬ß× °
1. ×OH~¡°x [#à =$`ëO`Ç=ò#° `³°¬ô=ò.
2. ×OH~¡°_È° ¬<ß¼¬ nHÆ#° ÚOk# ã¬Hê~¡=ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
3. ×OH~¡°x t+¬µ¼ Q®¶ió `³°¬ô=ò.
4. ×OH~¡ =°O_È# q°ã×Ã "^Î=ò, ×OH~¡ "¼¬° "^Î=ò#°
qõÁ+²OKÇ°=ò.
5. ä½=¶~¡°xQê ×OH~¡°_³@°Á `Ç# q^Î°¼Hë^Î~¡à=ò#° <³~¡"Íï~ó#°?
6. ×OH~¡°x J^³áÞ`Ç ²^¥O`Ç ª~O×"Í°q°?
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ#
×OH~¡°x rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç#° KÇkq J^³áÞ`Ç ²^¥O`Ç=ò#° J~¡Ö=ò KÍ¬°Hùx
=°`Ç"³á+¬=°¼=ò#° =°~¡z =¶#=`ÇÞ=ò`Ë =°#°Q®_È ªyOKÇ=ÿ#°.
×OH~¡°x rq`Ç=ò#ä½ ¬O|OkOz# zã`Ç=ò°, PÇ°# =°²ì=°#°
`³°¬ô ¬O¦¬°@#ä½ ¬O|OkOz# zã`Ç=ò° q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ KÇ¶²OKÇ°@
Lz`Ç=ò.
143
L¬"KÇH= ò
1. J[O` Ð ZÕÁ~ÑÑ
- HùO_È¶~¡° g~¡~¦¬°"K~¡°¼°
HùO_È¶~¡° g~¡~¦¬°"K~¡°¼° 1912= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# Q®°O@¶~¡° lìÁ HË¬eÁÕ
[xàOzi. ''Hìã¬¬î~¡âÑÑ, ''^Î~¡à<K~¡¼ÑÑ J#°#q gi a~¡°^Î=ò°. ³¶Q®, "Í^¥O`Ç,
tæ, "¬°ë, *Õ¼u+¬¼=òO^Î° xâ`Ç°°. ãp# ì~¡fÇ° tæHì "³á==ò#°
POã^ Î ° ä ½ ~¡ ¶ ¬ ô Q® \ ÷ O z# ¬ O _ ` Ç ° _È ° . 1945= ¬ O =`Ç ~¡ = ò# POã^ Î
tæHì¬i+¬`Ç°ë#° ªÖ²Oz, J<ÍH tæHì ã¬^Î~¡Å#° U~æ@° QêqOzi.
~[QË ×`ÇH=ò, Nx~¡O[# q[Ç°=ò, P`Çà^Î~¡Å#=ò, ²^Î¬æ KÇiã`Ç Ð
J#°#q gi =òY¼ ~¡KÇ#°. ã¬¬°ë`Ç =°# ~¡¼ìQ®=ò ''tæHìöHÆã`°ÑÑ #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. J[O` zã`Ç=ò°, ZÕÁ~ tæ=ò#° Q®°iOz ~¡ä½ =°#¬°ä½
¬ì`Ç°ëHù#° suÕ ¬~¡×=òQê q=iOzi.
[Q®ã`Çæ²^Î=òÿá# J[O` Ð ZÕÁ~ Q®°¬ì° =°¬ð~R ^Í×=òÕ #°#ßq.
Ìáì^Î~ì^Î° #°O_ =°<ß_È° éÍ° ï~á°Õ ZH÷ø B~¡OQêì^Î° À+¬#°Õ J[O`
Ð ZÕÁ~ Ç¶ãuä½° kQ®=ÿ#°. B~¡OQêì^Î°#°O_ ¬^Î°<³xq°k "³°Ø×¤^Î¶~¡OÕ
ZÕÁ~ HùO_ÈQ®°¬ì° L#ßq.
J[O` Ð ZÕÁ~ Q®°¬ì zã`Ç tæ=ò° ì~¡fÇ° Hì"Í`Çë ^Î$+²<ÍQêH,
ã¬¬OKÇ Hìq^Î° ^Î$+²x ä_È PHiÂOz ã¬×O¬#O^Î°Hù#ßq. J[O`Õx
"³ ò ^Î \÷ Q® ° ¬ ì Õ [Q® <Ëà¬ ì# ªÏO^Î~¡¼ q²` Ç"³°Ø# XH ¢Ôë zã`Ç=ò#°
KÇ¶_ÈQ®°Q®°`=ò. ¬iq°`Ç"³°Ø# ¶+¬}`Ë#° ä_ KÍ`Ç^¥eó# ¬^Îà=ò`Ë#°
X¬ôæ`Ç°#ß P=üië zã`Ç ¬¶ã`Ç JHÆ~ä ã|¬ìà^Í=ôx P^Î¼ ¬$+²H© HÆ¼¶`Ç
=°O>è ¬ié`Ç°Ok. D zã`Ç=ò#° ''#Á~}÷ÑÑ zã`ÇO JO\ì~¡°.
ï~O_Ë Q®°¬ì WOKÇ°q°OKÇ° "³ò^Î\÷ Q®°¬ììQ®°<Í LO@°Ok. WO^Î°Õ
²^¥~¡°Öx [<Ëà^ÎO`Ç=ü Ð =¶Ç¶^Íq ¬Þ¬ß=òÕ P~¡° ^ÎO`Ç=ò° Q®
145
"³Á>è#°Q®° P"³° Q®~¡Ä=òÕ ã¬"ÍtOKÇ°#°. P ¬Þ¬ß¦¬e`Ç=ò#° Q®¶ió ×Ã^Ë^Î#°_È°
¬O_`Ç° #_È°Q®°@ Q®~¡Ä=u³Ø°# =¶Ç¶^Íq ¬ô\÷O\÷H÷ é`Ç¶ °Oah =#OÕ<Í
ã¬¬qOKÇ°@, ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° ¬ô@Qê<Í U_È_È°Q®°° #_ÈKÇ°@ "³ò^Îÿá# |°^ÎQê^Î°
WHø_È Ju¬°O^Î~¡=òQê ã¬KÇ°iOKÇ|_#q.
<°Q®= Q®°¬ì XH Ì^Îí q¬ð~¡=°Ok~¡=ò. nx ã¬"Í×O^¥Þ~ tæ
¬=°OH$`ÇO. ã¬^¥# §Õ 28 ¬ëOì°#ßq. nx "H÷eH÷ ä_ ã¬Hø#
Õk¬`ÇÞ=üië t+¬¼ãiÖ`Ç"³°Ø JQ®¬_È°`Ç°Ok. P= Q®°¬ì ï~O_ÈO`Ç¬°ë q¬ð~¡O.
WO^Î°Õ a#ß a#ß "³áY~¡°Õ L#ß Ìä½ø |°^Î=ü~¡°ë°#ßq.
9= Q®°¬ì K³á`Ç¼§. Wk ãH©.¬î "³ò^Î\÷ ×`|í x~à}=ò. 9, 10 ¬OY¼
Q®°¬ì° ¬~¡¬æ~¡ ª^Î$×¼O HqQê L#ßq. WHø_È L#ß ç=°à#° |\÷ P<\÷
t~Ë, ¬ì¬ë, HO~¡, H\÷ ^¥^Î° ¶+¬}ì°, öH×× q^¥<°, H@°ì@°Á Zì
LO_Í"Ë KÇHøQê `³°¬°HË=KÇ°ó. 11= Q®°¬ì =°¬ðÇ¶#§Yä½ K³Ok# q¬ð~¡§.
Wk ãH©.×. 4= ×àí x~à}=ò. D Q®°¬ì=°Ok~¡O =°^Î¼ìQê# <°Q®°
¬ëOì°#ßq. 12, 13 ¬OY¼ Q®°¬ì° ä_È Juãp#"³°Ø# q¬ð~¡=°Ok~è.
13= Q®°¬ìÕ ¬ëOtæ=ü U_È° J~¡¶ =°#ä½ Ú_ÈH@°KÇ°#ßq.
16= Q®°¬ì Kì =òY¼"³°Ø#k. nx ã¬"Í×^¥Þ~xH÷ ï~O_È°"³á¬ôì ï~O_È°
U#°Q®°° K³Hø|_ Çò#ßq. nxÕ 65 J_È°Q®° KÇ`Ç°~¡ã¬=òQ® §, JO^Î°Õ
20 [O@¬ëOì° L#ßq. Wk º^ÎQ®°¬ðÇ°=òä½ KÇHøx ã¬H$uQê LO@°Ok.
D Q®°¬ì tæ, zã`ÇH×° ï~O\÷H© Hê}ìzÍ°. 16= Q®°¬ì=ÿ<Í 17= Q®°¬ìä_È
¬=°ãQ®"³°Ø# tæ zã`ÇHì ã^¥#¼=ò Hey#\÷^Í. nxx ¬ìiÀ#°x ª=°O`Ç~A
J×àä½_È<Í"_È° ^¥#=ò KÍ²<_È@. D Q®°¬ðÇ°=òÕx zã`ÇH× K=~¡ä½
¬°²ÖuÕ<Í L#ßk. nx =òY¼ =°O_È¬¬ô QË_Èg°^Î ÌáH¬ôæg°^Î J`Ç¼^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø#
zã`ÇH×#° KÇ¶_ÈQ®=ò. nxÕ |°^Î°x ¬î~¡Þ[#à=$`ëO`Ç zã`Ç=ò° Hùxß
L#ßq. D *ì`ÇH H^¥ zã`Ç=ò° JãQ®ãõ}÷H÷ K³Ok#\÷=x xiÞ"^Î=òQê
K³¬æ=KÇ°ó#°.
19= Q®°¬ì =°¬ðÇ¶# §Yä½ K³Ok# XH K³á`Ç¼§. Wk º^ÎQ®°¬ðÇ°
x~à}¬^ÎuH÷ ¬=°ãQË^¥¬ì~¡}=°x K³¬æ=KÇ°ó. Õ¬e =°O_È¬=òg°^Î L#ß
tæ ¬O¬^Î WOuO`Çx K³¬æg°Qê^Î°.
146
20= Q®°¬ì "¬°ë tæ^Î$+²Õ Kì =òY¼"³°Ø#k. WO^Î°Õx ¬ëO=ò¶,
"\÷g°k ¢Ôë=ü~¡°ë¶ Z#ß^Îy#q. 24= Q®°¬ì J¬O¬î~¡â=òQê #°#ßk. nxÕ
20 ¬ëOì°#ßq. 26= Q®°¬ìä_È J`Ç¼^Î°Ä`Ç tæ zã``Ë xO_#\÷^Í. WO^Î°
KÇ¶_È^Îy# k=¼^Î$×¼¬i x~¡Þ¬ì}O K³Ok ×Ç¶#°_³áÇò#ß |°^Î°x tæO. Wk
xHø=òQê XH H~¡°}ì`ÇàH"³°Ø# J^Î°Ä`Ç ^Î$×¼O. J¬~¡ q×ÞH~¡àÿá# P t°æ°
J[O` Q®°¬ìÕ ^Í=, =¶#= u~¡¼Qêk <<~¡¶#¶, =$HÆ` ¬ã`Ç ¬ôæk
ªÖ=~¡ ~¡¶#¶ J`Ç¼`Ç°Ä`Ç=òQê zãuOzÌ\÷<~¡°. ¢Ôë ªÏO^Î~¡¼ zã`Ç}ä½
J[O` J`Ç¼^Î°Ä`Ë^¥¬ì~¡}O.
ZÕÁ~ HùO_ÈÕ =ò¬æk <°Q®° Q®°¬ì° K³Hø|_ L#ßq. g\÷Õ
"³ò^Î\÷ ¬k ï~O_È° Q®°¬ì¶ º^Î=°`xH÷ ¬O|OkOz#\÷q. ¬^Î=ü_Ë
Q®°¬ì#°O_ W~¡°=k `ùq°à^Ë Q®°¬ì=~¡ä½ Q®q Ï~}÷H =°`xH÷ K³Ok#q.
=ò¬æk#°O_ =ò¬æk<°Q®° =~¡ä L#ß J~ò^Î° Q®°¬ì¶ *ÿá# =°`Ç
¬O|O^Î°°.
WHø_ "³ò^Î\÷ º^ÎQ®°¬ì Zxq°k Q®^Î°`Ë Q®¶_# XH ª=¶#¼ q¬ð~¡O.
Wk ZÕÁ ~ Q® ° ¬ ì xß\÷ Õ#° q°H÷ ø e ãp#"³ ° Ø # k. nx "³ á §¼O 52
KÇ`Ç°~¡¬ô@_È°Q®°°. Wk x~_ÈO|~¡ tæ q<¼¬¬=ò`Ë X¬ôæ`Ç°#ßk. ï~O_È=
Q®°¬ì K³á`Ç¼§ =¶kiQê LO@°Ok. nxÕ <<q^¥ÿá# |°^Î°, Õk¬`Ç°Þ,
`~¡ k=¼=ü~¡°ë°#ßq. 3,4 ¬OY¼ Q®°¬ì° ª=¶#¼"³°Ø# q¬ð~¡ =°Ok~°.
=ü_È= Q®°¬ìÕ |°^Î°_È° ä~¡°ó#ß ¬^Îà=ò#° <Q®=ü~¡°ë° "³¶¬°ë#ß@°Á
teæOKÇ |_ Ç ò #ßk. <°Q®= Q®°¬ìÕ |°^Î^Í=ô_È° Õk=$HÆ=ò ãH÷O^Î
ä~¡°ó#ß@°Á z#ß Q®°_ L#ßk.
5= Q®°¬ì Kì Ì^Îík. Wk 17 J_È°Q®° Ú_È=î, 58 J_È°Q®° "³_È¶æ
Q® º^Î q ¬ ð ~¡ §. WO^Î ° Õ 24 ¬ ë O ì °#ßq. Wk P<_È ° XH
Juk=#=òQê#¶, L¬<¼¬ =°Ok~¡=òQê#¶, Õ^Î#§Qê#¶ L¬³¶Q®
¬_#@°Á#ßk. nxÕ#°O_Í "³°@Ág°^Î°Qê P~¡=Q®°¬ìÕxH÷ =¶~¡¾=ò#ßk. D
Q®°¬ìÕ ã¬HøQË_Èg°^Î ä½ë ¬î[° JO^Î°HùO@°#ß |°^Î=ü~¡°ë° ì~¡°°
fiÇò#ßq. D Q®°¬ìÕ<Í q^¥¼iÖ^Í=`Ç³Ø°# ¬~¡¬Þf=üiëQ®¶_È LO_È_ÈO =°#ä½
P×ó~¡¼O Qù°¬ô`Ç°Ok. D P~ËQ®°¬ì#°O_Í 7= Q®°¬ìä½ "³×¤=KÇ°ó. Wk
KÇ`Ç°~¡ãªHê~¡=òQ® x~_ÈO|~¡"³°Ø# Q®°¬ì. 8= Q®°¬ìÕ K³á<"i H`Ç¼O`Ç W+¬"³°Ø#
147
ÑÑ=°¬ ð =°Ç ü i'' =üië x KÇ ¶ _È Q ® °Q® ° `=ò. 9= Q® ° ¬ ð Ç ° O KÇ H ø x
=òY=°O_È¬=ò`Ë q~l°Á`Ç¶ LO@°Ok. nx `Ç~¡°"`Ç =°#ä½ Ú_ÈH>è^Í
[Q®ã`Çæ²^Î tæ q~¡z`Ç"³°Ø# ¬^Î=Q®°¬ì. nxx q×ÞH~¡à K³á`Ç¼=°x JO\ì~¡°.
ZÕÁ~Õ ¬~¡ÞHÆ}ìä½ ¬ô\÷xÿáÁ# K³á`Ç¼§ W^ùHø>è. nx =òMìH$uÍ°
[Q®<Ëà¬ì# tæq<¼¬=ò`Ë X¬ôæ`Ç°#ßk. Wk º^ÎQ®°¬ðÇ°=ò HxßO\÷H÷
=°ä½\ìÇ°=¶#"³°Ø#^Îx K³¬æ=KÇ°ó. D Q®°¬ðÇ°O ^Í=teæèH °=#teæ
J~ò# q×ÞHö~à×Þ~¡°xH÷ ¬=°iæ`Ç =°~ò#O^Î°# nxH÷ q×ÞH~¡àQ®°¬ì Jx À~¡°
=zó#^Îx HùO^Î~¡° K³¬ôæ`Ç°<ß~¡°.
¬^ÎHùO_Ë Q®°¬ìHO>è ¬<³ßO_Ë Q®°¬ì =°s Ì^Îín, Hùx Ç¶_È ^Îy#n
J~ò L#ßk. P KÇ`°Ç ~¡ã¬ô¬ ¬Oë ì =~¡°¬¶, P ä½_È¼tìæ¶, P ^¥Þ~¡tìæ¶
Jhß KÇ¶_È=òKÇó>ÿØ#"Í D Ï~}÷H Q®°¬ðÇ°=òÕ 14, 15, 16, 21, 29
¬OY¼ Q®°¬ì° ã¬=òY=òÿá#\÷q.13= Q®°¬ì K³¬æ^ÎQ®¾ qõ° èxk. 14=
Q®°¬ì ~¡=°}©Ç° tæ=ü~¡°ëä½ P@¬@°. Q®~ÄÇ°^¥Þ~¡ä½°, =°²ì
¬°~¡=°iíx, t=~¡Þ`Ç° KÇ^Î~¡OQ®¬ô ^Î$×¼O, $Oy, ~¡Þu, ã|¬ìà, q+¬µâ=ô°,
kHêæä½¶ He² t=Ò_È==ò#°, uH÷¬°ë#ß tæO, H÷Æà Ð q+¬µâ=ü~¡°ë°,
"i ¬i"~¡O, Q®}¬u Ð g~¡ã^Î=ü~¡°ë°, ¬¬ë=¶`Ç$H° "³ò^Îÿá#=hß
¬~¡=°¬°O^Î~¡=ò°. ~=}°_È° ïHáìªxß H^Îe"Í¬°ë#ß tæO J`Ç¼^Î°Ä`ÇOQê
LO@°Ok.
^Î§=`~° teæOKÇ|_# 15= Q®°¬ðÇ°O K Ì^Îík. nx ã¬"Í×^¥Þ~¡O
tæÕì¬=°O H$`ÇO. Z`Çë~ò# "³°@°Á ä_È nxH÷ L#ßq. ZÕÁ~ Q®°¬ì
tæ=òÕ ¬^Î°<~¡=^³á# ïHáì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°¬ô tæO t~Ë¶+¬}O =O\÷k.
Hï á ì¬Qê^Î hß WOKÇ°q°OKÇ°Qê WO^Î°Õ zãu`ÿ#á =x K³æ¬ =KÇ°ó#° D PÇ°O
U#°Q® ° g°^Î , × ~ ¡ = òg°^Î xezÇ ò #ß@°Á xiàO¬ | _È Û k . ~=}°_È °
ïHáì¬¬~¡Þ`Ç HO^Î~¡OÕ ^Î¶i P HùO_È#° H^Îó_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOKÇ_ÈO, t=ô_
¬OQ®u HxÌ\÷ Hêe ç@#ã"Íe`Ë HùO_È#° ãH÷OkH÷ J^Î=ò@, Xuë_H÷ ~=}°_È°
`Ç@°HËèH ¬O_ÁyeOKÇ_ÈO, ~¡Þu Ç°ãìO`Ç°~ÿá ªÞq°x HÒyeOKÇ°HË=_ÈO,
`ÇH÷ø# t=~¡Þ`Ç° ¬i"~¡¬ô LxH©, Jhß ¬~¡=° ~¡=°}©Ç°OQê zãu`ÿá#q.
21 =^³á# ~"Í°×Þ~¡ Q®°¬ðÇ°O q°H÷øe JO^Î"³°Ø#k. 22= Q®°¬ì#° hHO~¡
Q®°¬ì JO\ì~¡°. 24= Q®°¬ì ã¬×¬ë"³°Ø#k Hê^Î°. 25= Q®°¬ìÕ ¬¶~¡°¼_È° U_È°
148
Q®°ì]#° H\÷# ~¡^Î"³°H÷ø LO\ì_È°. 26= Q®°¬ì ä_È K³¬æ^Îy#k Hê^Î°. 27=
Q®°¬ìÕ "³á+¬â= ¬Oã¬^¥Ç¶xH÷ K³Ok# õ+¬ ª~ò "³ò^ÎQ®° =ü~¡°ë° H=ô.
ZÕÁ~Õx Ï~}÷H Q®°¬ðÇ°=òÕ z=ik 29 =k.
nxx ÑÑÔ`H÷ H¬ðhÑÑ èH ''^Î°=¶~è<ÑÑ Jx ²°¬°ë<ß~¡°. Wk
J##¼ª=¶#¼ x~à} "³á=O Hey#\÷k. D Q®°¬ìä½ L`Çë~¡OQê ^¥^¥¬ô
"³°Ø° ^Î¶~¡OÕ *ÿá# Q®°¬ðÇ¶°#ßq. Wk ãH©.×. `ùq°àk#°O_ ¬^ÎHùO_Ë
×àí=~¡ä½ Q® HêOÕ K³Hø|_#\÷q. 30 #°O_ 34 =~¡ä½ Q®°¬ìÕ 32, 33,
34 ¬OY¼ Q®°¬ìè Ç¶ãuä½ ^Î$+²x ìQê PHiÂ¬ëq. 31= Q®°¬ì#° z#ß
ïHáì¬=°x, 3= Q®°¬ì#° [Q®<ß^Î¬ Jx JO@°<ß~¡°. WOã^Î¬ Jx
²°=|_È°`Ç°#ß 32= Q®°¬ì ï~O_ÈO`Ç¬°ë ^Í"Ç°O.
D *ÿá# Q®°¬ìÕ zã`ÇèY#O ä_È HùO`Ç =°#O KÇ¶_ÈQ®°Q®°`=ò.
WOã^Î¬, [Q®<ß^Î¬Õx J¬~OQ®# zã`° J[O` zã`ä½
ã¬uaOì° J#=KÇ°ó. ¬î~¡ÞHê¬ô J`Ç¼^Î°Ä`Ç tæ"¬°ë HìãQ®Ä¼=ò#°
uH÷OKÇQËö~ ¬¬ì$^ÎÇò¶, Hì²¬°=ô¶ ZÕÁ~ Q®°¬ðÇ¶#° `Ç¬æH
¬O^ÎiÅOKÇ=² LO@°Ok.
=¶#= [#à"³°uë Hì²ª¬ L#ß ã¬u"~¡¶ J[O` Ð ZÕÁ~ zã`Ç Ð
tæHìöHÆã`Ç=ò#° ^ÎiÅOz [#àª¦¬¼O KÍ¬°HË"e. JO^Î°öH <Í\÷H© ¬Þ^Í×
¬~¡^Í×=ò#°O_ HìÇ¶ãuä½° x~¡O`Ç~¡O D Hìf~ÖxH÷ ~HéH° KÍ¬¶ë<Í
L<ß~¡°.
ã¬ß× °
1. J[O` Ð ZÕÁ~ Q®°¬ì° ZHø_È L#ßq? JKÇ\÷ïH@°Á KÍ~¡=ÿ#°?
2. J[O` Q®°¬ìÕx zã`ÇHì ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò#° =iâO¬ô=ò.
3. ZÕÁ~Õx Q®°¬ìÿxß? Jq Zxß ~¡H=ò°Qê qlO¬|_³#°?
4. q×ÞH~¡à Q®°¬ðÇ°O Q®¶ió =iâO¬ô=ò.
5. ZÕÁ~Õx =òY¼"³°Ø# tæ qõ#° À~ùø#°=ò.
O
149
2. KÇã`Ç}÷
- ²Hê Q®}¬u§¢²ë
²Hê Q®}¬u§¢²ëQê~¡° `Ç¶~¡°æQË^¥=i lìÁÕx H@°OQ® ãQê=°=òÕ 1911=
¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# [xàOzi. ''ª²ì`Ç¼ q^¥¼ã¬g}ÑÑ a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°°. POã^Îteæ J#°
¬ãuHä½ ¬O^Îä½°. ~[=°Oã_Õx POã^ÎÇò=f ¬O¬ø$`Ç ~¡§Õ#°,
HO^Î°äi gö~×eOQ®O ¬O`Ç°° ~¡§Õ#° ¬O_`Ç°°Qê ¬xKÍ²i. ''q§<Íã`°ÑÑ
J#° #=ä½ POã^Îã¬^Í ª²ì`Ç¼ JHê_Èg° |¬=°u aOzOk. g°<OaH,
=°}÷n²H, Hêjà~¡ ¬@=°²ì+² J#°#q ~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°. `³°Q®° H^Îä½ ãHù`Çë
JOH~¡}° ¬=°äió#"iÕ g~ùH~¡°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò Hêjà~ ¬@=°²ì+²#°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. KÇã`Ç}÷
H^ÎÕ XH ª=¶#°¼_È°,............. J¬ìOHê~¡O ¬xH÷~^Îx, HÆ}OQ®H~¡"³°Ø# ÕQ®
ìQê¼H<ß Q®=O`Ç°x KÇÁx KÇ¶¬ô° "Í°x XH =°¬ð~Aä½ `³eÇ°¬~¡KÇ@"Í°
ã¬^¥<O×=ò.
''x°KÇ°#ß @°Qê h=ô ã¬À¬l#à¬ð~A ¬xßkH÷ ~"e. Wk ã¬°=ô
"i P[ý!ÑÑ
Jx ¬OHiOK_È° ~[HOKÇ°H÷. QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î^Í=ôx N^Î¬^¥àä½
¬H÷ëHOQê ã¬}q°eÁ, ^Î=°à¬^ÎQê^¥~Ç°}O KÍ¬°ä½O@¶, <³=°àk<³=°àkQê
`Ç# Q®$¬ðxH÷ ªyéÍ° KÇã`Ç}÷ ~ü P[ý qx x°=ô<x~ÉO`ÇéÇ¶_È°.
~[H O KÇ ° H÷ Pq^ Î O Qê `Ç # Ìá ¬ OH i OKÇ _ ¨xH÷ Q ® Hê~¡ } "Í ° "³ ¶ J`Ç x H÷
Õ^Î¬_Èè^Î°. =°¬ð~[À=ä½°, ZO`Ç\÷ Jìæ°æÿá<, ã¬°=ô° z`Çë=$uëx|\÷
XHùøHø¬ôæ_È° `"Í° =°¬ð~A#ß@°ÁQê q°_² ¬_é=_ÈO H^Î°í! HOKÇ°H÷ P
qÔÎ Qê q°_² ¬_ é=_¨xH÷ ã¬À#l#à¬ð~A z`Ç=ë $`Íë Àì`Ç°"³á LO_È=KÇ°ó<Í"¶³ !
=°¬ð~AHê q^ÎOQê `Ç#Ìá PãQ®²ìOKÇ_¨xH÷ Hê~¡}"Í°q°\÷ K³à! KÇã`Ç}÷
J<ÍH q^¥°Qê =°^Î#¬_¨Û_È°. Hêx "³O@<Í ~[HOKÇ°H÷`Ë He² =°¬ð~A
Hù°=ôä\ìxH÷ |Ç°°^Í~_È°.
150
KÇã`Ç}÷ ã§=Ôë #Q®~¡OÕ Kì ª=¶#¼ Q®$¬ì¬°Ö. `Ç# ¬Oª~¡
[O*ì@"Í°"³¶, `<Í"³¶ `Ç¬æ W~¡°Q®°Ú~¡°Q®° Qù_È=èg° ¬\÷OKÇ°HË_È°. WH
~*ìkHê~¡°° ã§=Ôë#Q®~¡ ãõ+¬µ»° "³ò^Îÿá#"i ^Îi=¶<xïHá< "³×¤_È°. U^Ë
`Ç#ä½ Hey# ^¥x`Ë<Í ¬O`Ç$²ë¬_ ¬°YOQê ¬Oª~¡Ç¶ã`Ç ªyOKÇ°ä½O@°<ß_È°.
P x~¡O`Ç~¡ ¬Oª~¡¶Ç ã`ÇÕ ãH=°OQê J`ÇxH÷ J~¡"á³ ³¶¬_ ^¥\÷é~òOk.
Hey# ¬O`#OÕ HùO`Ç=°Ok ã¬³¶[ä½ÿá KÍuH÷ JOk=Kó~¡° Hêx WOHê
z#ß"×ÃÁ W^Îí~¡° =òQ®°¾~¡°^¥Hê q°yì~¡°. P "~¡H¼ì~¡O`Ë ãä½Oy H$tOzé`Ç¶
J`Ç_ùH=¶~¡° QÒ`Ç=°^Í=ôx ¬O^ÎiÅOz º^Î^Î~¡à ãé`¬#°ß_³á<_È°. ã¬§O`ÇOQê
¬Oª~¡Ç¶ã`Ç ªy¬¶ë XHi *Õb ªO\© èä½O_¨ HêöHÆ¬OKÍÀ KÇã`Ç}÷x
KÇ¶z W~¡°Q®°Ú~¡°Q®° Q®$¬ì¬°Ö° HùO^Î~¡° ''DÇ°# ZO`Ç aQ®°=ô°é`_ÈÇ¶¼!ÑÑ
Jx J#°HË=_ÈO ä_¨ ¬i>è! =°iHùO^ÎiHê HùO`Ç ^Î¶~¡O^¥Hê "³o¤ J`ÇxH÷
'KÇã`Ç}÷Ñ Jx XH #¶`Ç# <=°^ÍÇ°Oä_¨ ã¬ªkOK~¡°. x[<=°^ÍÇ°
"Í°"³°Ø< Hù<ß×Á H^Í J`Çx Àï~á ä~¡°óOk.
^¥xHùH z#ß Hê~¡}O ä_¨ LOk. gkÕ Z¬ôæ _È_È°Q®° Ì\÷< J`ÇxH÷
KÍuÕ Qù_È°Q®°, Hê×¤ä½ ^Î~¡HÆ° LO_f~¡=²O^Í! tt~¡~¡°ë=ô`Ëä_¨ J`Ç
_¨ Qù_È°Q®° èx^Í gkÕ J_È°Q®°Ì>è"_È° Hê^Î°. ¬ìÙ~¡x "#¬_È°`Ç°<ß ^¥ä½
^Î ~¡ H Æ °O_ f ~¡ = ² O ^Í ! J`Ç _ È q ï ~ O_È ¶ ã¬ ` Í ¼ H O Qê `Ç Ç ¶ ~¡ °
KÍ~òOKÇ°Hù<ß_È°. è`Çè`Ç `\÷=ò=Þ`Ë Hù`ÇëQê Qù_È°Q®° `ÇÇ¶ï~á =KÍó¬iH÷
J`Çx ¬ì$^ÎÇ°O XHø=¶~¡°Qê "Í~òö~ä½ `=°~¡¬ô=ôÞì qH²OzOk!
#Á=°kí=¶#° KÍ=`Ë `ÇÇ¶~¡~ò# ^Î~¡HÆ° `ù_È°HËøQê<Í J`ÇxÕ XH
#¶`Ç#K³á`Ç#¼O ã¬=²ìOz#@Á~òOk! JO`ÇHO>ÿ J`ÇxH÷ ã¬`Í¼HOQê K³¬ôæHË^Îy#
ÕQ®ìQê¼èg è=ô. ¬k=°Ok ²Á°#ß ¬Oª~¡ Ç¶ã`ÇÕ J`Çx Hêq^Î"³°Ø#
ÕQ®`Ç$+¬â Z#ß_È¶ HQ®è^Î° ä_¨#°.
J~ò`Í , P Qù_È ° Q® ° , ^Î ~ ¡ H Æ ° =¶ã`Ç O ZO`ù ã}ã¬ ^ Î O Qê
KÇ¶KÇ°HùO@¶O_Í"_È°. W~¡°Q®° Ú~¡°Q®° HùO>ÿ²Á° HùO^Îik Q®=°xOz J`ÇxH÷
KÇã`Ç}÷ Jx À~¡° Ì\ì~¡°. ãH=°OQê Jk W~¡°Q®°Ú~¡°Q®° Ì^Îíä½ ä_¨
J"@~òOk. ¬ _ È Û " Ü ¤ #ß_È ¶ K³ _ È Û " ~¡ ° Hê~¡ ° Q® ^ ¥! Jx J`Ç _¨=¶@
qx²OKÇ°HË#@°ÁQê `Ç=OKÇ°ä½x "³o¤éÍ°"_È°. JìQ® Z=i =°#¬¶
<ù² æ OKÇ ä ½ O_¨ `Ç ² æ OKÇ ° ä ½ uiö Q `Ç # h q^ Î O Qê ã¬ À #l#à¬ ð ~
151
*ì¬ðÞxOKÇ=²#O`Ç J=¬~¡O Uq° HeyOk? JO`Ç\÷ ã¬°=ôä½ `Ç# =O\÷
J°æ`Ë ã¬¬OyOKÇ=²# J=¬#O Uq° LO@°Ok H#H! Jx J<ÍH q^¥°Qê
=°^Î#¬_¨Û_È° KÇã`Ç}÷.
HùO`Ç À ¬ \ ÷ H ÷ H O KÇ ° H÷ ` Ë H e ² ã¬ < Í ¬ l #à¬ ð ~A Hù°=ôä @O
KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°. rq`ÇOÕ Z#ß_È¶ J`Ç _¨ Hù°=ôä@O ¬O^ÎiÅOz LO_Èè^Î°.
¬ ° =~¡ â ² O ¬ ð ¬ # O`Ë `Ç × ` Ç × ì_Í Hù°=ôä @O KÇ ¶ KÍ ¬ i H ` Ç x H × Ã Á
löQ°=°<ß~ò. JO`ÇÕ<Í HOKÇ°H÷ JHø_xOz "³o¤éÇ¶_È°. `Ç# ã¬°=ôä½
`³°¬ô_È° K³Ç°¼_¨xöH HOKÇ°H÷ Õ¬eH÷ "³o¤ LO\ì_Èx KÇã`Ç}÷ T²ìOKÇ°
Hù<ß_È°. J~ò`Í J`ÇxH÷ Uq° K³Ç°¼_¨xH÷ °éè^Î°. ZHø_³á< ä~¡°óO>è
Uq° `Çéæ! TiöH Jì x|_ =ôO>è Uq° `Çéæ! Jx J<ÍH q^¥°Qê
`Ç@¬\ì~òOK_È°. z=iHHø_È Z=~¡¶ èHé~ò< ï~O_È° KÍ`Ç°`Ë#¶ #°k\÷Ìá
^Ë²eH\÷ J`Ç¼O`Ç Ç°ä½ë`Ë =°¬ð~A ~H Z^Î°~¡°KÇ¶¬¶ë x°KÇ°<ß_È°.
HùO`ÇÀ¬\÷H÷ =°¬ð~A Hù°=ôä@OÕ ã¬"ÍtOK_È°. sqQê ²O¬ð¬#O
g°^Î ä~¡°ó<ß_È°.
=°¬ð~A Hù°=ôä@OÕ J_È°Q®°Ì@Qê<Í KÇã`Ç}÷ PÇ°#HùH=¶~¡°
#=°¬øiOz uiy JìöQ #°k\÷Ìá ^ù²eXy¾ x°KÇ°<ß_È°. Jì HùO`ÇÀ¬ô
Q®_zé~òOk. ãH=°OQê HùO`ÇÀ¬\÷H÷ KÇã`Ç}÷H÷ =°¬ð~A `Ç#"³á¬ô uH÷OK~
è^¥ Jx J#°=¶#O |Ç°°^ÍiOk. ã¬À#l`Ç°ë Õ¬eH÷ =¬¶ë<Í ²O¬ð¬#Og°^Î
ä~¡°óx x~¡O`Ç~¡ ~[¼Hê~¡¼ `Ç`Çæ~¡`ÇÕ x=°Q®°ß_³á<_È°. ~Å ÞÕ x°KÇ°#ß
K=°~¡ãQê²ì}° e^Îí~¡° J"ËHQê PÇ°#ä½ qO*ì=°~¡° g¬°ë<ß~¡°. JìQ®ìQ®
XH J~¡ Q®_Ç° Q®_Èz é~òOk. J~ò< ã¬À#l`Ç°ë KÇã`Ç}÷"³á ÚH=¶~¡~ò<
H<³ßuë KÇ¶_Èè^Î°. XH"Í× KÇ¶z< KÇ¶_È#@°ÁQê<Í #\÷¬°ë<ßö~"³¶!ÑJ#°Hù<ß_È°
KÇã`Ç}÷! JnQêH =°¬ð~A =òYOÕ ãHË^Î~¡H÷ë=° ä_¨ Ú_ÈH\÷Ok. KÇã`Ç}÷
=°m¤ =°^Î# ¬_¨Û_È°. JO`ÇÕ ¬ì~`Ç°ëQê J`ÇxH÷ Q®`Ç k#ªÇ°OHêO"Í×Õ
`Ç^¥Q®`Ç°x KÇ~¡}¬xßkx [iy# =$`ëO`ÇO JO` *ìý¬HO =zóOk. "³O@<Í
=°¬ð~AãHË^¥x HùH"Í× J^Í Hê~¡}"Í°"³¶ Jx Jx²OzOk. Hêx ^¥xÕ J`ÇxH÷
`Ç# `Ç²æ^Î"Í°g° Hx²OKÇè^Î°. J~ò< J`Çx Hê q+¬Ç°O JO` ¬°æ~¡}ä½
~=_¨xHùH Hê~¡}Oä_¨ èHéè^Î°.
152
§H¼²O¬_È° ã§=²ë#Q®~xH÷ =KÍó²#¬¬æ\÷xOz KÇã`Ç}÷ ã¬uk#=ò
ªÇ°OHêO"Í× PÇ°# ^Î~¡Å#O KÍ²Hù#x^Í xã^ÎéÍ°"_È°Hê^Î°. UH°HëOKÍ²
^Î~¡à~Ç°}O`Ë<Í `Ç# HêO JO` "³Á|°KÇ°óHù<Í"_Í.
KÇã`Ç}÷ Q®`Ç k=¬O ªÇ°OHêO"Í× QÒ`Ç=°^Í=ôx ^Î~¡Å#O KÍ²#¬ôæ_È°
`Ç=x `ÇO¬ôQê XH z#ß qõ+¬O [iyOk.
KÇã`Ç}÷ J`Ç¼O`Ç H÷ë ã×^Î`Ë `Ç^¥Q®`Ç°x L¬^Í§ ìH÷¬°ë<ß_È°. ¬sQê
J^Í ¬=°Ç°OÕ ã¬À#l#à¬ð~[Hø_H÷ qKÍóÇ°#°<ß~¡<Í "~¡ë K³q#¬_Ok.
J~ò< J`Ç_¨q+¬Ç°O PÕzOKÇä½O_¨ JìöQ ä~¡°óx |°^Î^Í=ôx L¬^Í§
=°$`ÇO PªÞk¬°ë<ß_È°.
JO`ÇÕ<Í =°¬ð~A Õ¬eH÷ qKÍó§~¡°. ¬q#Ç°OQê |°^Î^Í=ôxH÷
#=°¬øiOz XH xq°+¬O À¬ìöQ x°KÇ°<ß~¡°.
PÇ°# `Ç^¥Q®`Ç°x ¬xßkH÷ ~Qê<Í KÇã`Ç}÷ èz x|_, ¬q#Ç°OQê
ã¬`Ç¼a"^ÎO K³Ç¶¼x J#°ä½<ß_È°. Hêx L`Çë~¡HÆ}OÕ<Í P ¬OHæO
q~¡q°OKÇ°ä½x JìöQ ä~¡°ó<ß_È°.
=°¬ð~[k Q®=°xOK~¡°. "³O@<Í J`Çx H#°ß ÿã~¡|_¨Û~ò. J~ò< P
HË¬O JO` ÕÕ¬è ¬OìoOKÇ°ä½x KãÇ `Ç}÷H÷ HùOK³O ^Î¶~¡OQê ä~¡°ó<ß~¡°.
§H¼²O¬ _Èk Q®=°xOKÇHéè^Î°. J~ò< Jk Q®=°xOKÇ#@°ÁQê<Í
z~¡°#=ôÞ° zHi¬¶ë ã¬§O`Ç ¬Þ~¡O`Ë ã¬À#l#à¬ð~A`Ë J<ß_È° :
''=°¬ð~*ì! DÇ°# ã§=Ôë #Q®~¡OÕ ã§=Hê~¡}°°! JOQ®=¶~¡¾
ãªé`¬#°ß°! ãu²@H q^¥ÞO¬°°! ^Î~¡à x~¡Þ¬ì}O`Ë |¬ã×^¥×Ã=ô°.ÑÑ
Jx ¬=°¼HO|°^Î° _ùH=¶~¡° ã¬À#l`Ç°ë"³á¬ô uH÷OK_È°. ã¬À#l`Ç°ë
H÷ë ¬î~¡ÞOQê JO[e ¦¬°\÷Oz PÇ°# K³²æ#=hß Juã×^ÎQê PH÷OK_È°.
XH=¶~¡° KÇ¶p KÇ¶_È#@°ÁQê KÇã`Ç}÷"³á¬ô KÇ¶K_È°. JO`ÍQêx ''F¬ìÙ! JìQê.ÑÑ
Jx ä_¨ J#è^Î°.
`Ç^¥Q®`Ç° _ÈO`Ç\÷ =°¬ð=°¬_È° `Ç#=O\÷ "xx Q®¶ió Pq^ÎOQê
ã¬¬OyOKÍ¬iH÷ KÇã`Ç}÷ ×s~¡O ¬ôHiOzOk. HO~¡OÕ Q®^Î¾kH Ú_ÈKÇ¶²Ok.
U^Ë K³¬æÕÇ¶_È° Qêx z=iöHg° J#èH uiy |°^Î^Í=ôx HùH=¶~¡°
153
#=°¬øiOz `Ç =OKÇ°Hù<ß_È°. J`Çx H#°Qù°ä½Õ ì+¬æ aO^Î°=ô°
ã¬=²ìOK~ò.
HË¬^Í§k¬u ã¬À#l#à¬ð~A Q®°}Q®}ì a=iâOKÇä½O_¨ `Ç#=O\÷
ª=¶#¼ Q®$¬ì¬°Ö#°Q®¶ió JO`Ç P¼Ç°OQê ã¬¬OyOKÍ¬iH÷ KÇã`Ç}÷ x°=ô<
HiyéÇ¶_È°. J~ò`Í J^ÎO` QÒ`Ç=°^Í=ôx J~¡ Hê~¡°}ì¼xöH x^Î~¡Å#=°h,
x[OQê `Ç#Õ JO`Ç\÷ =°¬ì`Çë Þ"Í°g° è^Îh J#°Hù<ß_È°. `Ç# =O\÷ =°¬ð~
[_ÈHø_H÷ qKÍóÇ°Qê<Í KÇã`Ç}÷ "³O@<Í èz ã¬`Ç¼a"^ÎO K³Ç°¼è^Îx =°¬ð~A
ÕÕ¬ J@°_H÷#@°_H÷ é`Ç°<ß~¡°. Hêx Ìá H^Íg° H#|_ÈhÇ°ä½O_¨
Q®°O#Qê XH z~¡°#=ôÞ #qÞ QÒ`Ç=°^Í=ôxH÷ ^¥a=O^Î#O KÍ² PÇ°#
H#u^Î¶~¡OÕ ä~¡°óx ^Î~¡àÕ^Î ìH÷¬°ë<ß~¡°. P Ìá# QÒ`Ç=°^Í=ô_È°
=°¬ð~A#° Q®¶ió ¬ÿÁ`Ç°ë =¶@~ò< =¶\ì_Èä½O_¨ KÇã`Ç}÷ ã×^¥ä½ë#°
Q®¶ió ã¬¬OyOKÇ_ÈO [iyOk. ^¥x`Ë ã¬À#l`Ç°ë ¬ì$^ÎÇ¶x HùH P¦¬¶`ÇO
`Çye#@~òOk. J~ò< =°¬ ð ~[`Ç¼O`Ç HÒ×O`Ë J^ÎO` ÕÕ¬è
xãQ®²ìOKÇ°Hù<ß~¡°. q°H÷øe H÷ë ã×^Î`Ë |°^Î^Í=ôx ^Î~¡àÕ^Î ìH÷¬°ë#ß@°Á
#\÷OK~¡°. Hêx J`Çx ¬ì$^Î°Ç O JHø_È^è °Î . "³O@<Í |Ç°°^Íi ÔÞÇ°= <xH÷
"³o¤é"x LqÞ×´Á~~¡°.
JO`ÇÕ |°^Î^Í=ôx ^Î~Ëà¬^Í×OÕ XH ¦¬°@O =òy²Ok. ã¬À#l`Ç°ë
Jk ãQ®²ìOz "³O@<Í PÇ°# ^ÎQ®¾~¡ Ì=ô f¬°ä½x ~[=<xH÷ "³o¤éÇ¶~¡°.
¬=°¼HO|°^Î°_È° `Ç# ^Î~¡àã¬¬OQ®O =òyOz èz "³õ¤=~¡ä Z=~¡¶ JHø_ÈxOz
H^Î~¡°. Hêx ã¬À#l`Ç°ë P<_Í^Ë J`¼=×¼H ~[¼Hê~¡¼O x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ=²
L#ß^Îx K³²æ <³=°àkQê JHø_xOz |Ç°@¬_¨Û~¡°.
PÇ°# P q^ÎOQê Hke "³oæé=_ÈO KÇã`Ç}÷ ïHO`Ë qzã`ÇOQê
Hx²OzOk. J~ò< QÒ`Ç=°^Í=ôx <Ë@ "³°=_Í ã¬`Ç¼HÆ~¡=ò Juã×^ÎQê
PH÷¬°ë#ß J`Çx ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ P ì=O "³O@<Í `ùyé~òOk.
=°iHùO`ÇÀ¬ô ^Î~¡àã¬¬OQ®O [iyOk. ã¬¬OQ®O =òyÇ°Qê<Í `Ç^¥Q®`Ç°
_ÈHø_xOz "³o¤éÇ¶_È°. KÇã`Ç}÷ uiy WOHùH=¶~Ç°#ä½ ^¥a=O^Î#O
KÍ², =°m¤ `Ç# ^Î~¡HÆ°, KÇã`Ç=ò ^ÎiOz <³=°àkQê ^Î~¡àQê^¥~Ç°}O
KÍ¬°ä½O@¶ `Ç# WO\÷H÷ "³o¤éÇ¶_È°.
154
D <_È ° =°¬ ð~[¬xßkx J~¡Q®_Ç°À¬ô x|_Í^¥Hê J`ÇxH÷
q+¬Ç¶hß ¬°æ~¡}ä½ ~è^Î°! Hêx W¬ôæ _¨ q+¬Ç°OÕ J`Çx J#°=¶#O
JO` fié~òOk.
KÇã`Ç}÷ HË¬ ^Í§k¬u ã¬À#l#à¬ð~A ¬xßkx x|_# ²=°à@
WOHùH J~¡Q®_Ç°ä_¨ Q®_zé~òOk. KÇã`Ç}÷ H© x°=ô r`ÇO=Á ÕÕ¬,
Ìá# =òK³ó=°@° é§~ò. P `Ç~¡°"`Ç JìöQ WOHùH J~¡Q®_Ç° ä_¨
Q®_zé~òOk.
KÇã`Ç}÷ Kì ¬~¡×=~¡ë#°_È°. Hêx =°\ì =°Of èä½O_¨ =°¬ð~A
ïH^Î°~¡°Qê Q®_Ç°#ß~¡À¬ô x|_Í¬iH÷ J`Çx Fiq° Hêªë JO`ÇiOzé~òOk.
''ZO`Ç\÷ =°¬ð~ [~ò`Í =¶ã`ÇO! `Ç=°ä½ Hey# Heq° JO` ï~O_È° KÍ`Ç°ì
Aã~¡°ä½O\ì~¡° Qêx =¶=O\÷ J°æ öH=°~ò< q^Î°¬ô`~ U=°<ß<? ZO^Î°
H÷O`Ç\÷ q°_²@°!ÑÑ J#°ä½<ß_È° KÇã`Ç}÷.
JO`ÇÕ<Í =°¬ð~["ËHQê. JuÀìQê H#°ÿuë J`Çx"³á¬ô KÇ¶K_È°.
''F¬ìÙ! KÇã`Ç}÷ ã§=Hê~¡}°ì?''
''õÞ`ÇKÇóã`Ç=ò, ^Î°H° ^ÎiOKÇä½O_¨ q[Ç°O KÍ§ö~!ÑÑ
D =¶@ KÇã`Ç}÷ Q®°O_³ÕÁ ¬¶\÷Qê Q®°KÇ°óä½Ok. ''=°¬ð~[ ¬xßkx
ä_¨ Qù_È°Q®° ^Î°H° "Í¬°ä½<Í@O`Ç\÷ =°~¡°}÷â Hê#° =°¬ð~*ì!ÑÑ J<ß_È°
KÇã`Ç}÷. J`Çx #°k\÷Ìá xez# JO[e|O^ÎO =°iO`Ç ^Î$_ÈOQê ay²Ok.
J~ò`Í ã¬À#l#à¬ð~A =òYOy=°Õ aQ®°=ô HùOK³O ¬_ÈeOk :
''J~ò`Í g°ä½ `³°¬°##ß =¶>è!ÑÑ J<ß_È°.
''Uq°@k =°¬ð~*ì!''
''J^Í! g°~¡O@°#ß =¶>è! Ð <Í<Í =°¬ð~A ##ß q+¬Ç°O!ÑÑ
KÇã`Ç}÷ H^Íg° Õ^Î¬_Èè^Î°. HùOK³O HOQê~¡°¬_ =°m¤ Ju q#Ç°OQê
J<ß_È° :
''`Ç=°~¡° HË¬ =°¬ð~A° Hê~¡x <Í<³#ß_È¶ HÕ#~ò< ìqOz
LO_Èè^Í!ÑÑ
155
''ìqOKö~"³¶#x J#°HË=² =zóOk!ÑÑ
''Z¬ôæ_È°?ÑÑ
''x#ß ªÇ°OHêO "Í×! `Ç^¥Q®`Ç° ¬xßkÕ!ÑÑ
D =¶@`Ë KÇã`Ç}÷ HO` Õ^Î¬_é~òOk. J~ò< `Ç# J=¶~òH`Ç
`³°¬ô_È° KÍ¬¶ë ¬q#Ç°OQê J_Qê_È° :
''< =Á U"³°Ø< J¬K~¡OQêx [iyO^¥?ÑÑ
''JO`Ç\÷ J¬K~¡ "Í°g° [~¡Q® ^è °Î Qêx <Í#° HË¬ ^Í§nÞ× ~¡°}â<Í q+¬°Ç "Í°
g°ä½ `³eÇ° ^Í"³¶#x J#°ä½<ß#°. JO`Í!ÑÑ
D ã¬`Ç°¼`Çë~¡O`Ë ã¬À#l`Ç°ë KÍ²# JköHÆ¬O JO` KÇã`Ç}÷H÷
`³e²é~òOk. J`Ç _ÈìöQ ¦OÌá JO[e|O^ÎO ¦¬°\÷Oz HùOK³O =¼OQ®¼
^Ë~¡}÷Õ J<ß_È° :
''=°¬ð~*ì! `=ò öH=O HË¬ ^Í§n×Þ~¡°° =¶ã`Ç"Í°! J~ò`Í
=°¬ð~*ìk~A ÿO^Îï~O^Î~Ë `Ç^¥Q®`Ç° ^Î¬^Îà ö~}°=ô° `Ç=° t~¡¬°Ìá
JOHiOKÇ° HùO@°<ß~¡°! ¬=°¼HO|°^Î°° `Ç=° KÇÁx KÇ¶¬ô`Ë KÇ`Ç°~¡í×
°=<° ¬ieOKÍ ~[~*è×Þ~¡°°! J~ò< "~¡° J~¡ H~¡°}ìªQ®~¡°°!
J@°=O\÷ "i ¬xßkÕ Ja"^ÎO K³°Ç ¼_ÈO `Ç=°öH ã¬`¼Ç "Ç° Àì`Ç°=ô HêQ®^Î<Í
Ç°O`Ë<Í <Í#° `Ç=° Ha"^ÎO KÍ² LO_Èè^Î°. JnQêH HÆ}OQ®°~¡=òÿá#
ìQ®¼ÕQê° KÇ¶KÇ°Hùx JO`ÇQê J¬ìOHiOKÇ =²Ok =¶ã`ÇO Uq° L#ßk
=°¬ð~*ì! JO^Î°Õ#¶ §H¼²O¬=O\÷ "i ¬xßkH÷ "³o¤<, WOHê D
äÆ½ã^¥¬ìOHê~ P~Ä@"Í°<? WO`ÇH© <=O\÷ Jìæ°æ_È° `Ç=°ä½ ã¬`Í¼HOQê
q#ßqOKÇ=²#k =¶ã`ÇO Uq° L#ßk =°¬ð~*ì!ÑÑ Jx KÇã`Ç}÷ XH z#ß
z~¡°#=ôÞ q²~_È°.
P ã¬`Ç°¼`Çë~¡O`Ë ã¬À#l`Ç°ë ¬îiëQê z`³ëåéÇ¶_È°. J`Çx H÷H <Ë@=¶@
~è^Î°. J~ò< HùOK³O ¬OìoOKÇ°ä½x JuH+¬Og°^Î XH z~¡°#=ôÞ #qÞ,
''J=ô#=ô#°! <Hk `³eÇ°Héè^Î°! WO`ÇH© q°=°à eßHø_H÷ ²e²Oz# Hê~¡}O
"Í~¡°!ÑÑ J<ß_È°.
156
x*ìxH÷ ã¬À#l`Ç°ë KÇã`Ç}÷ #Hø_H÷ ²e²Oz# ^ÎO^Î°HË¬"Í°. J`Ç_È°
ÕxH÷ ~Qê<Í `Ç# JHø¬O` XHøªiQê "³×¤Q®Hêøx J#°ä½<ß_È°. J~ò`Í
J=¶~òH, ¬~¡×=ò, ¬°ã¬¬#ß=ò J~ò# KÇã`Ç}÷ =òYO KÇ¶_ÈQê<Í =°¬ð~A
ãHË^ÎO Kì=~¡ä½ KÇìÁié~òOk. P Ìá# KÇã`Ç}÷ ªaãÇ°OQê q²i#
q¬°×Ã¤ q#Qê<Í J`Çx ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ HùOK³O ¬§ó`ë¬O ä_¨ |Ç°°^ÍiOk.
J~ò`Í J^Í ¬=°Ç°OÕ =°¬ð~A =°#¬°Õ XH z#ß PÕKÇ#
¬°æiOzOk. KÇã`Ç}÷Ìá J#°ãQ®¬ì^Î$+² ã¬¬iO¬ *ÿÇ¶¼h, P q^ÎOQê uiy
J`Çxx HùOK³O H÷OKÇ¬~¡Kh J#°ä½<ß_È°. J°æÌá J¬ìOHê~kHê~°
KÇì~òOKÇèx "~¡° `Ç=° J#°ãQ®¬ìO^¥Þ~ "ix H÷OKÇ¬~¡Kx J#°ä½O\ì~¡°.
Wk =¶#= ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ L^Î~òOKÍ Ju ¬¶HÆà"³°Ø# ãä~¡ ã¬fHê~¡ ^Î$+²!
HË¬ìk¬uH÷ ¬sQê JìO\÷ ¬OHæ"Í° HeyOk. P q^ÎOQê KÇã`Ç}÷Ìá
uiy `Ç# =°¬ì`Çë ÞO ã¬u+²»O¬*ÿÇ°¼=KÇ°ó#h, `Ç^¥Þ~ J`Çx Jæ`ÇÞO
xö~ítOKÇ=KÇ°ó#h J#°ä½<ß~¡°. WO^Î` ã¬À#l`Ç°ë ¬ì$^ÎÇ¶O`Ç~×OÕ
¬æ¬æ+¬OQê, `Ç=x `ÇO¬ôQê |Ç°°^Íi# PÕKÇ#! "³O@<Í ÕÕ¬ èx
P^Î~a=¶<° =¼H©ëHi¬¶ë <³=°àkQê J<ß~¡°:
''q°=°àeß <Í<ùH z#ß ª¬ðÇ°¼O PiÖ¬°ë<ß#°!ÑÑ
ÑÑ<Í<? `Ç=°Hê? ª¬ðÇ°¼O K³Ç°¼_È=¶? ZO`Ç =¶@ ÌqKó~¡°!ÑÑ
ÑÑ`Ç^¥Q®`Ç°° q°=°àeß ªHÆê`Ç°ë ã§=Hê~¡}°x ã¬×O²Oz L<ß~¡°.ÑÑ
''Jk öH=O "i J~¡ H~¡°}ä½ =¶ã`Ç"Í° `~ø}O! JO`Í! WO`ÇH©
`Ç=° P[ý?ÑÑ
''=°¬ð~}°° g° ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ãu²@H ^Î~¡à ã¬=KÇ#O q#=ÿ#x ä½`Ç¶¬ì
¬_È°`Ç°<ß~¡°!ÑÑ
^¥xH÷ KÇã`Ç}÷ uiy Ju q#Ç°OQê ã¬`Ç°¼`Çë~¡O WKó_È°:
''=°¬ð~*ì! J=hß §s¬ôã`Ç =¶^Î¾ì¼Ç°#° =O\÷"~Ë, èH ªHÆê`Ç°ë
`Ç^¥Q®`Ç°Õ "¼Mì¼xOKÇ=²# q+¬Ç¶°! <Í h q+¬Ç¶Õ öH=O JAý}÷â!
##°ß =°xßOKÇO_!ÑÑ
157
Jk qx =°¬ð~A ''g°~¡° uiy ##°ß H÷OKÇ¬~¡°¬°ë<ß~¡°!ÑÑ J<ß_È°.
''ZO`Ç =¶@! q°=°àeß H÷OKÇ¬~¡KÇ_¨xH÷ "Í° "³°O`Ç\÷ "×¤O! JnQêH
<Í#° çuëQê ~[=°~¼^Î `³eÇ°x =°~¡°}÷â! P Ìá# JO`Ç¬ô~¡ =°~¼^Îä½,
<ä½ ¬Q®"³°~¡°H! ^ÎÇ° LOz < H÷H Ìq²æOKÇO_! Wk <=Á [iöQ¬x Qê^Î°.
QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î°ä½ `Ç=° Jaì+¬ `³eÇ°*èÀë "³O@<Í "~¡~¡Ý`Ç° <³=i<³á< `Ç=°
JO`Ç¬ô~xH÷ ¬O²OKÇQ®~¡°! <g°^Î J#°ãQ®¬ìO Hùní `Ç=°iìQ® ÌqKó~¡°
Qêx <Í#O^Î°ä½ `Çy#"}÷â Qê#°. WH <ä½ Ì" =°i!ÑÑ J<ß_È° KÇã`Ç}÷.
`Ç# ã~¡Ö# qx KÇã`Ç}÷ LaÄ `ÇaÄÿá Ä éQ®_Èh, P q^ÎOQê `Ç#
=°¬ì`Çë ÞO J`ÇxH÷ KÇq KÇ¶²OKÇ=KÇ°ó#h ã¬À#l`³ëO`Ë L|ì@¬_¨Û_È°. Hêx
Jk <³~¡"Í~¡è^Î°. J`ÇxH÷ [iyé~ò# ^¥xHO>ÿ W^Í XH Qù¬æ J==¶#OQê
Hx²OzOk! J~ò< WH U=°#_¨xH÷ °éH XHø z~¡°#=ôÞ #"Þ_È°:
''¬ö~ =°i! g°=O\÷" iìQ®O>è WH <Í <Í=°#Q®#°!ÑÑ
KÇã`Ç}÷ P =¶@ qO@¶<Í =°¬ð~AÌá XHø #=°ªø~¡ì}O q²i
"³O@<Í XHø JOQ®Õ ~[=#O ^¥\÷ W=`Ç¬_¨Û_È°!
"³#H÷ø u~¡Q®Qê<Í J`Çx HùH "Í_ x@¶~¡°æ qx²OzOk.
ã¬ß× °
1. KÇã`Ç}÷ Z=~¡°? J`Çx HêÀ~¡°O^Î°ä½ HeïQ#°?
2. =°¬ð~A KÇã`Ç}÷ <³O^Î°ä½ ²e²OK³#°? ~A ã¬×ßä½ KÇã`Ç}÷
Wzó# ¬=¶^¥#"Í°q°?
3. ã¬À#l#à¬ð~A KÇã`Ç}÷ <Í=°x HËï~#°? P HËiH#° KÇã`Ç}÷
ZO^Î°ä½ x~HiOK³#°?
4. KÇã`Ç}÷ x~_ÈO|~¡ ¬Þì==ò#°, J`Ç_È° ~Aä½ `³eÇ°*è²#
¬`Ç¼=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
O
158
3. Hq`=`Ç~¡}O
- ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç : ²Hê Q®}¬u§¢²ë
`Ç=°ª#n `Ç~¡OQêÌá ã`ÇHê¬¶~¡¼ H÷~¡}ì° ¬~¡=×Ã¤ ^ùä½ø`Ç¶
ã¬¬iOK~ò. f~¡ÌáH`ÇO =~¡ä ã¬=¬ìOz =°~¡eéÍ° z~¡° `Ç~¡OQê°
=°¬ô`Ë ¬#ßx W¬°H ö~}°=ô° ~¡`ÇßKÇ¶~¡âOì `Ç×`Çì "³°i§~ò.
=°¬ìiÂ "bàH÷ `Ç=°ª#kÕ ªß#OKÍ², ¬i×Ãã=øì° ^ÎiOz,
[¬`Ç° =òyOKÇ°Hùx, `Ç# Pã×=¶xH÷ |Ç°°^Í~_È°. t+¬µ¼_È° ì~¡^¥ÞA
_¨Ç°# =°_È°Q®° ^Ë=`Ç°° °[Og°^Î "Í¬°ä½x P =°¬ìiÂ J_È°Q®°*ì_ÈÕÁ
J_È°Q®°° "Í¬°ä½O@¶ "³O@"³O@<Í ¬q#Ç°OQê #_z "³o¤éÇ¶_È°.
=°¬ ì iÂ JìQ® #_ z é`Ç ° <ß_È # ß=¶>è Hêx PÇ ° # =°#¬ O`
<~¡^Î=°¬ìiÂ K³²æ# ¬¶ä½ë g°^Î<Í Q®ß"³°Øé~òOk.
''ã¬¬°ë`ÇO D ÕHOÕ =°¬ìhÇò_³á# ¬ô~¡°é`Çë=ò _³=_È°?ÑÑ Jx "bàH÷
<~¡^Î=°¬ìiÂ <ùH=¶~¡° ã¬tßOK_È°. <~¡^Î°_È° N~=° H^Î ¬OãQ®¬ìOQê PÇ°#
ïHiyOz, J`Ç_Í ÕHË`Çë~¡ ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_Èx Ja=iâOz K³æ_È°. J¬æ\÷xOp "bàH÷
¬ì$^ÎÇ°O N~=° KÇiã`Ç g°^Î<Í Q®ß"³°Øé~òOk.
WO`Í H êH , P =°<Ë¬ ì ~¡ ¬ ¶ ~Ë¼^Î Ç ° "Í × Õ P#O^Î _ËeH Õ
Fì_È°`Ç°#ß ¬i¬~~¡}¼ ¬äÆ½ HH~¡"ìÇ°# ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ ¬²¬
leae ¬°ä½ìÁ qx²OK~ò. è×Ã¤, lOH°, <³=°×ÃÁ "³ò^Î~ò# Pã×=°r"
ì=°¬ìiÂ `Ç=° ¬Hø<Í #_zé`Ç°<ß, Jk Q®=°xOKÇ#>èÁ K³OQ®° K³OQ®°# Q®O`Ç°°
"Í¬°ä½O@¶ J~¡}¼OÕ x~¡ÄÇ°OQê, Ç°^ÍKÇóQê q¬ìi¬°ë<ß~ò. =°iHùxß z#ß
è_²Á° =°¬ìiÂKÍ`Ç ^ÎiOz# H=°O_È°°=ô `Ç=° Ú^Î° Q®#°Hùx ìQê ^ÎQ®¾iH÷
KÍ~¡°Hù<ß~ò.
159
~=°H^¥ ¬à~¡}OÕ b#"³°Ø# "bàH÷ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°O HùO`ÇÀ¬\÷Hê J~¡}¼
ã`ÇHê ªÏO^Î~¡¼OÕ `Ç#àÇ°"³°Ø é~òOk.
è`Ç è`Ç ¬¶~¡¼H÷~}
¡ ì ¬ôæ_Èô¬ æ_Í "Í°°Hù#ß zã`Çqzã`Ç =~â q¬ìOQê`Ë
He² kyíQ®O`=~¡ä½ ¬~¡°Q®°° Ì_È°`Ç°<ß~ò. ¬¬iH ¬zóH Ìáqã×q°Oz#
=°OKÇ° aO^Î°=ôä½ yeyO`Ç° Ì\÷#qÞ¬°ë<ß~ò.
PHê×OÕ ZQ®°~¡°`Ç¶ ~¡OQ®°~¡OQ®° `Ë~¡}ììQ® "Íì_Í ¬äÆ½ ì~¡°
ªÚQ®¬°° ¬ijeOKÇQê<Í =°¬ìiÂH÷ ã¬¬OKÇ=°O` XH =°¬ð#Okbì _ËeHQê
ìqOzOk.
JO^Î°Õ#° XH ãHÒOKÇ¬H÷Æ q°^Î°#O P#O^ËìÁª=ÕH÷¬¶ëO>è P
=°¬ðHq ¬ì$^ÎÇ°O ï~Hø° H@°Hùx PHê§xöH Zyié~òOk.
ãHÒOKÇ¬äÆ½° ï~O_È° KÇãHêHê~¡OQê y~¡y~ uiQê~ò. =°m¤ Jq ï~O_È¶
XH z#ß ï~=°àg°^Î"e Jã¬Ç°`ÇßOQê `Ç¶Q®°@°Ç¶¼ ¶Qê~ò. JO`ÇÕ =°Q®
²@ XH ¬O_Í^Ë =òä½ø`Ë HizÌ@°Hùx =zó ZO`Ë P¼Ç°OQê P_È²@
HOkOzOk. P_È²@ Jk HùOK³O P~¡yOz uiy =°Q®²@ HOkOzOk.
JO`ÇÕ Jq ï~O_È¶ [O@Qê PHê×OÕ ZQ®°~¡°`Ç¶ J`Ç¼O`Ç =°<Ë¬ì~¡OQê
^ÎÞxOK~ò.
P J=¶Ç°H r=ô J<Ë¼#¼`Ç, P¼Ç°`Ç KÇ¶_ÈQê<Í ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ
P#O^Î^Î°Q®O *ìÿá ã¬=²ìOzOk. P ã^Î+¬ ^Î$+² ²@[O@ Z@°é`Í J@°"³áÀ
uiy P#O^ÎO`Ë L~¡H° "Í²Ok. J`Çx <Íã`° ï~O_È°²@ÿá ãHÒOKÇq°^Î°#O
"³#°"³O@ uiQê~ò. P P#O^ÎOÕ =°¬ìiÂ `Ç# Q®=°¼ªÖ#"Í° q¬àiOz Ç°^KÍ óÇ Q ê
=òO^Î°ä½ ªyéÇ¶_È°.
JO`ÇÕ P ï~O_È° ²@¶ XH QùO`Ç°`Ë ZO`Ë =°<Ë¬ì~¡OQê Qê#O
KÍ§~ò. P ^ÎÞx =¶^Î°~¡¼O P ¬i¬~~¡}¼OÕ JO`Ç\ì =°Oã^Î =°Oã^ÎOQê
=¶~¡°"³¶yOk. =°¬ìiÂ JìöQ Jã¬Ç°`ÇßOQê J_È°Q®°° "Í¬°ä½O@¶ Pã×=°O"³á¬ô
#_zéÇ¶_È°.
160
ã¬¬OKÇO JO` #¶`Ç<Ë^ÎÇ°HêO`Ç°ÕÁ J¬ôæ_È¬ôæ_Í "Í°°Hùx P
ãHÒOKÇä¬ ½Æ P#O^Îb"³Àá KÇ¶¬°#ë ß@°Á H#|_Ok. ^Î°~¡=¾ ¶~¡}¼ =¶~¡O¾ Õä_¨
"bàH÷ q§ <Íã`° "`Ç¼O`Ë `ù}÷H÷¬ì_È°`Ç¶ P ¬äÆ½`Ëì>è
P#O^¥Hê×OÕ q¬ìiOK~ò. KÇ¶¬°ëO_ÈQê<Í ãHÒOKÇ¬äÆ½° ï~O_È° PHê×OÕ
Kì ^Î¶~¡O=~¡ä ZyiéÇ¶~ò. =°m¤ ï~O_È¶ i=ôÞ=°x [O@Qê H÷OkH÷
ky=Kó~ò. Hêx P HÆ}OÕ P [O@ L`¬ìO q°#°ß=ò\÷Ok.
JO`ÇÕ<Í PHê×OÕ H©K°Ç =°x XH =°¬ð^¥~¡°} H~°¡ }ìãHO^Î#O q#|_Ok.
=°¬ìiÂ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°O P PãHO^Î# ^ÎÞx qh q#_ÈO`Ë x°=ô< peé~òOk.
L`Çë~¡HÆ}OÕ =°Q®²@ ~¡Hë²Hë"³°Ø "bàH÷ H#u^Î¶~¡OÕ<Í <ÍÌáäe yyì
Hù@°ä½x ã}O q_zOk. P_È²@ PHê×OÕ KÇãHêHê~¡OQê u~¡°Q®°`Ç¶ Ju
n#OQê, *ìeQê P =°Q®²@HË¬O PãHËtOzOk.
JÁO`Ç^Î¶~¡OÕ<Í ÕÇ°"_ùH_È° qÿÁä½ø Ì\÷ =°Q®²@g°^Î ì}O
"Í§_È°. P ì}O H#°ï~¬æ@°Õ<Í =°Q®²@ ã}ì° ¬ìiOz"Í²Ok.
P_È²@ ^¥~¡°} H~¡°}ìãHO^Î#O q#Qê<Í "bàH÷ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°O ÕHê"Í×O`Ë
ã^ÎqOz *ìÿáé~òOk. =°¬ìiÂ H÷H XHø J_È°Q®° =òO^Î°ä½ ¬_Èè^Î°. HO~¡O
Q® ^ Î ¾ ^ Î O `Ë =}÷ H ÷ é~òOk. PÇ ° # =òY`Ç Jã¬ Ç ° `Ç ß OQê XH
k=¼KÇóO^Ë=°Ç°w`ÇO "³°=_Ok.
'=¶ x^Î! ã¬u»O`ÇÞ =°Q®=° §×Þf ¬=¶,
Ç°` ãHÒOKÇq°^Î°< ^ÍH =°=n Hê=°"³¶²ì`Ç"£°Ñ
''x^¥! Hê=°"³¶²ì`Ç"³°Ø# ãHÒOKÇ¬H÷Æx ¬O¬ìiOz"Í§"Í! hqH z~¡HêO
rqO¬=ô!ÑÑ Jx P w`ÇO ``Çæ~¡¼O. "bàH÷ `##ß =¶@ `Ç°KÇ°Hùx `<Í
P×ó~¡¼éÇ¶_È°! `Ç# =òY`Ç "³°=_#k ª=¶#¼ w~Þ}"H¼OHê^Î°!
Jk KÇO^Ë|^Î"³°Ø <°Q®°^¥ Ç°`Ë#°, KÇ~¡KÇ~ ªyé~ò#
H~¡°}ìãHË× "VàÇ¶=`~¡O! P KÇO^Î ¬Þ~¡¶¬O ~òO`Çä½ ¬î~¡ÞO "bàH÷
HùHø "Í^¥Õ<Í qx²OzOk. Jk J¬î~¡Þ H~¡°}ìªÏO^Î~¡¼ ¬"Í°à×#O ÚOk
P HÆ}OÕ J`Çx =òY`Ç Pq~¡ÄqOzOk! =°¬ìiÂ Hê q+¬Ç°OÕ ã¬`Í¼HOQê
161
¬OHæ "Í°g° HQ®è^Î°, Hêx Jk JO`Ç~O`Ç~Õ ã¬u^ÎÞx¬¶ë Jã¬Ç°`ÇßOQê
P Hqã|¬ìà =òYOÕ #$`Ç¼O KÍ²Ok.
=°¬ìiÂ P wuH <°ïQá^Î°=¶~¡°Á JìöQ =°m¤ =°m¤ LKÇói¬¶ë P
ãHÒOKÇq°^Î°#OÌá q~¡°KÇ°ä½¬_# ^¥~¡°}ì¦¬¶`x ïHO`³á< `ÇÁ _eÁéÇ¶_È°.
P wuHê=`Ç~¡}O`Ë ~¡^¥ÞAxH÷ Hey# P×ó~¼xH÷ JO`Íè^Î°! P
=òxä½=¶~¡°_È° ä_¨ P H~¡°}ìãHË×w`ÇO ¬^Í¬^Í ¬k=¶~¡° °KÇóiOK_È°.
P q^"Î °³ #Ø KOÇ ^Ë=`~¡O ªHÆê`Ç°Që ê "Í^"Î [àÇ°OÕxOKÍ ºH÷H "VàÇ°OÕxH÷
J=`ÇiOz#^Îx J`Ç _È#°Hù<ß_È°.
'=¶x^ÎÑ wu =°m¤ ¬ H÷ëHOQê ¬iOz =°¬ìiÂ Hêq+¬Ç°O x"ÍkOK_È°.
"bàH÷ J`Çx JaãÇ°O qx HùO`ÇÀ¬O`Ç~¡°àY°_³á U^Ë ^¥¼xOK_È°.
''<Ç°<! D wu ãHÒOKÇ¬H÷Æq°^Î°#OÌá < ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ |Ç°°^Íi#
ÕHO=Á <Í Pq^ÎOQê Pq~¡ÄqOzOk. WO^Î°KÍ`Ç Wk <Í\÷xOp ÕÁH=°<Í À~¡°`Ë
ã¬²kïHHøQ®^Î°.Ñ
Jx JO`ÇÕ<Í U^Ë PÕz¬¶ë JO`Ç~¡°àY°_³á<_È°.
PkHq¬ì$^ÎÇ°ÕHO JO`Ç=¶ã`ÇO`Ë<Í L¬×q°OKÇè^Î°. ~¡^¥ÞA _ÈìöQ
=°¬ìiÂ "³O@ #_ÈHªyOK_È°.
"bàH÷ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ ãHÒOKÇ¬H÷Æ q°^Î°<xß Q®°iOz# ^Î°~¡O`ÇzO`Ç ã¬=Ou
JìöQ ZQ®`³Q®ä½O_¨ ã¬=²ìOzOk. Hêx P q^ÎOQê P ÕÁHO Jã¬Ç°`ÇßOQê
Pq~¡ Ä q OKÇ _ È O J`Ç x H÷ =°iO`Ç P× ó ~¡ ¼ OQê H x ² O zOk. Pã× = °OÕ
J_È°Q®°Ì>è=~¡öH =°¬ìiÂ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕ PÕKÇ# JìöQ ªyéÇ¶~ò. P<\÷
ªÇ ° OHêO"Í × = ~¡ ä "bàH÷ P q+¬ Ç ¶ xß Q® ° iOz J<Í H q^ ¥ °Qê
=°^Î#¬_¨Û_È°.
`Ç=°ª#n `Ç~¡OQê° ^Î¶~¡^Î¶~¡OQê, =°Oã^Î=°Oã^ÎOQê qx²OK~ò.
"bàH÷ "¼ã¦¬¶l#Og°^Î ä~ùóx P ÕÁHêxß Q®°iOz x×óOQê ^¥¼xOK_È°.
J`Çx ~¡Å ÞOÕ ªÇ°OHê ¬ìÙ=¶yß *ìÞ° =°Oã^ÎOQê "Í^¥°KÇói¬°ë#ß@°ÁQê
^ Î Þ x¬ ¶ ë ìQê ã¬ [ ÞeOK~ò. P *ìÞ HêO`Ç ° ° "bàH÷ =°¬ ì iÂ
"¼ã¦¬¶l#Og°^Î qO`Ç "³°Q®°° q~¡l=¶à~ò.
162
"bàH÷ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°O ãH=°OQê ^¥¼#`Ç#àÇ°`Ç`Ë qb#"³°Øé~òOk. P
`Ç#àÇ°`ÇÕ =°¬ìiÂH÷ ãH=°OQê ì¬ì¼[Q®`Íë J^Î$×¼=°~òé~òOk.
HùO`Ç À ¬ \ ÷ H ÷ "bàH÷ Õ¬ e KÇ ¶ ¬ ô ï H ^Î ° ~¡ ° Qê KÇ ` Ç ° ~¡ ° àY°_È °
ã¬`Ç¼HÆ"³°Ø<_È°. Hqã|¬ìà ã|¬ìà^Í=ôxH÷ ªy¬_ ¬H÷ëHOQê KÍ`Ç°° *Õ_Oz
x°KÇ°<ß_È°. "Í°¦¬°Q®Oc~¡¬Þ~¡O`Ë H=°ì¬#°_¨=°¬ìiÂ ¬O^Í¬ð çHø\çHø\÷Qê
`ùyOz "Í§_È° :
'=°¬ìsÂ! P ÕÁHO h =òY`Ç P q^ÎOQê Pq~¡ÄqOKÇ_¨xH÷ Hê~¡}"Í°=°x
P×ó~¡¼é`Ç°<ß=ô HêÕ°#°!ÑÑ
''"Í^Î"VàÇ°O J#O`Ç~¡O ã¬ã¬^Î=°OQê ºH÷H "}÷`Ë h "ä½ø`Ë<Í
Hq`=`Ç~¡}O [iyOk. h H©<\÷`Ë ×|í ã|¬ìà ªHÆê`ø~¡O [iyOk. h "k
=°¬ðHq"³á<=ô.
''ÕHO ÕÁH"³°Ø J=`ÇiOz# P ÕÁHKÇóO^Î¬°Õ<Í N~=°Qê^Î ~¡zOKÇ
=²Ok.ÑÑ
Jx =°¬ìÙìÁ¬O`Ë KÇ`Ç°~¡°àY°_È`Çx "³á¬ô KÇ¶z, JO`Ç\÷`Ë `Ç# ã¬¬OQ®O
=òyOz"Í§_È°.
"bàH÷ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°OÕx ¬O×Ç°ãQ®O^Î°hß Kì=~¡ä½ ¬\ì¬OKÇÿá
éÇ¶~ò. J~ò< U^Ë XH ¬O^Í¬ìO Jx~ÞKÇ¼"³°Ø J`Çx ¬ì$^ÎÇ¶O`Ç~×OÕ
¬°×ÃÁ uiyOk.
Jk ãQ®²ìOz ã|¬ìà Hqã|¬ìà ¬O^Í¬ìKóÇ° `ùyOz"Í§_È°:
ÑÑPkHg! h ¬O^Íì¬ O < H=Q®`"Ç °³ #Ø k. Z¬ôæ_Ë [iyé~ò# N~=°KÇi`ÇO
uiw <Íh<_³ì ~¡zO¬Q®#x h=ô ¬OHËz¬°ë<ß"Í"³¶! h=ô ¬OHËzOKÇ
=²#O`Ç JO`Ç~Ç°"Í°g°è^Î°.
''h PkHê=¼ ~¡KÇ< ¬=°Ç°OÕ ¶`Ç q+¬¼^ÎÞ~¡ë=¶# =¼=¬ð~hß h
Z^Î°@ =~¡ë=¶# ~¡¶¬OÕ<Í QËKÇiOKÇQ®=ô! WO`ÍHêH PÇ¶ ^Í==¶#= ~HÆ¬°
=°<Ë=$`Ç°ë è HêH, ¬Ã× ¬HêÆ ¼k ã}° =°<Ë=$`Ç°ë °ä_¨ hä½ H~`
¡ Ç ì=°Hê°Qê
163
QËKÇiOKÇQ®=ô. WO^Î°=Á h "}÷Õ J¬`Ç¼è×"³°Ø< ã¬"ÍtOKÇ<Í~¡^Î°. ~=¶Ç°}
~¡K#Ç =Á h"}÷ =¶#=ÕHOÕ #n#^¥ °#ßO`Ç=~¡ä §×Þ`Ç"°³ Ø ã¬HêtOKÇQ® ^Î°!
''JO`ÍHêH hg=¶#= ×s~¡O q_z# ²=°à@ h Hê=¼O =¶#=ÕHOÕ
x=²Oz#O`Ç=~¡ä½ ã|¬ìàÕHOÕ < ªÇò[¼O`Ë x=²OKÇQ®=ô! "³#°"³O@<Í
N=°ã^¥=¶Ç°} ~¡KÇ# ä½¬ãHq°Oz [#à KÇi`~¡ÖO KÍ¬°HË! P~¡Â Hg! h
¬`ÇOHæO xiÞ¦¬°ßOQê <³~¡"Í~¡°`Ç°Ok!''
P "Í°¦¬°Q®Oc~¡¬Þ~¡O qx "bàH÷ =°¬ðHq H#°ß° `³iz KÇ¶K_È°.
=°~¡°<_È° ã`ÇHê [¬`Çhß =òyOKÇ°Hùx N=°ã^¥=¶Ç°} ~¡KÇ#
ä½¬ãHq°OK_È°. J`Çx ~¡KÇ< ¬=°Ç°OÕ JO`Ç\ì '=¶ x^Î wuÑ XH
=°¬ðã×ÃuQê =¶~¡°"³¶yOk.
ã¬ß× °
1. `Ç=°ª#nf~¡ ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò, ãHÒOKÇq°^Î°#¬ô J<Ë¼#¼`Ç "bàH÷
=°¬ìiÂx JiOz# q^¥#=ò#° =iâO¬ô=ò.
2. =°¬ìiÂ ÕH=ò ÕÁH=òQê ¬i}q°Oz# ã¬Hê~¡=ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
3. ã|¬ìà^Í=ô_È° Hqã|¬ìàä½ ã¬`Ç¼HÆ"³°Ø U=°x ¬eïH#°?
164
4. |°°+²`Ç°°¼_È° Ð ¬^ÎH~¡ë Ð öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼
- ÿ["_È QËï~_Û
N ÿ["_È QËï~_ÛQê~¡° Ô`Ç=°à, ¬\ìa~q°ï~_ÛQê~¡Áä½ 1907 = ¬O=`Ç
~¡=ò# <³¶Á~¡° lìÁ |°zóï~_ÛÜ=ò#O^Î° [xàOzi. `³°Q®°, POQ®Á=ò, ÿOQêb,
=°~i, L~¡¶í "³ò^ÎQ®° ì+¬O^Î° xâ`Ç°°.
q^¥¼"Í`ÇëÍ°QêH ~[H©Ç°"Í`ÇëQ®¶_¨. ªÞ`ÇOã`Ë^Î¼=°=òÕ ç¾x J<ÍH ¬~¼
Ç°=ò° Hê~Qê~¡ tHÆ##°qOzi. POã^Î ~R =òY¼=°OãuQê, öHOã^Î=°OãuQê,
Q®=~¡ß~¡°Qê ¬° H©H"³°Ø# ¬^Î=ô° x~¡Þ²ìOzi. Hq ¬O_`Ç é+¬ä½_È°. J<ÍH
Hê=¼=ò#° JOH÷`ÇO ÚO^¥~¡°. ~¡gOã^Î°_ ~¡KÇ#° ÌH÷øO\÷x `³°Q®° ì+¬ä½
J#°=kOzi. zãÒQ®^Î, h~[#=ò, Hê"²ìx, ª²ì`Ç¼¬°O^Îi "³ò^ÎQ®°#q
gi ~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°. rq`xß Ju q¬ë$`Ç ¬ikÕ ¬ijeOz# Qù¬æ"Í°^¥q.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò ª~¡¬Þ`Ç "¼¬=ò°. =ü_È= ¬O¬ô@=ò#°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
ì~¡fÇ° ¬Ow`ÇO J~¡"³°Ø# XH xk =O\÷k. J<ÍH ×`ìí #°Oz
=°¬ìÙ[ûÞ°ï~á# "öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°° `Ç=° J=ü¼ ~¡KÇ#`Ë ì~¡fÇ° ¬Ow`xß
¬°¬O¬#ßO KÍ²<~¡°. J\÷ =°¬ìhÇòÕ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ã¬^Î=° HHÆ¼Õx `~¡H
=O\÷"_È°. ¬^=Î ò°Qê ²°=|_È°`Ç°#ß Qö Ç¶ ~¡K#Ç Õ Hö ãÆ `Ç°Ç ¼ JkÞfÇ°"³°#Ø
ªÖ#=ò PãHq°ªë_È°.
H~â@H ¬Ow`ÇOÕ ¬^ÎO XH =°<Ë¬ì~¡"³°Ø#, ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# ¬Ow`Ç ã¬ãH÷Ç°.
Wk ã¬³¶Qê`ÇàH ¬Ow`Ç ¬ikH÷ K³Ok#\÷k. D '¬^ÎOÑ J<Í ã¬ãH÷Ç° ã¬^¥#OQê
<\ì¼xH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k. ~¡`Ç<@¼OÕ ¬^ÎO x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ ã`Ç J`Ç¼O`Ç
ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#k. ~¡`Ç<@¼O "³ò^Î\÷ ìQ®OÕ JiO¬ô, [u¬Þ~¡O, ×|íO, =~¡âO
165
LO\ì~ò. ï~O_È= ìQ®O JO` =òY¼OQê ¬^¥öH qx³¶yO¬|_È°`Ç°Ok.
~¡`Ç<@¼O ³òHø ã¬^¥<O×O ì"xß èH qa#ß =°<Ëì"#° Ja#Ç°O
^¥Þ~ Ja=¼H©ëHiOKÇ_È=ò '¬^¥Ñ ^¥Þ~<Í W\÷ ì==¼H©ëH~¡}ä½ ¬Ow`Ç
"`=~¡}O He¾OKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok. ¬^¥ä½#ß ¬Ow`Ç HÆ}OKÍ`Ç ¬Ow`Ç ¬Õ
ä_È "\÷HË =òY¼ ªÖ#O a¬°ë#ßk.
^ÎH÷Æ}^Í×¬ô "öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°_È° :
Hö ãÆ `Ç°Ç ¼ H$`Ç°hß `³°Q®°Õ<Í ~¡zO¬|_ #¬æ\÷Hh÷ , Jq ^ÎH}
Æ÷ ^Í=× °O`Ç\ì
ã¬²kx ÚOk#q. §¢ÔëÇ° ¬Ow`Ç=ò ³òHø ãH=¶a=$k g°^Î PÇ°#
ã¬ì==ò Kì ×H÷ë=°O`Ç"³°Ø#k. D<\÷H÷ ä_È PÇ°# ã¬ì=O ã¬|OQê
Hù#ªQ®°`Ç°#ßk. ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°H"³°Ø# O_`¼xH©, ¬O¬ø$uH÷ xÇ°"³°Ø#
H$â#nf~¡ ãO`Ç=ò#Q® =ò=Þ ãQê=°OÕ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ [xàOz<_È°. POã^Î
q+¬µâ=ôä½ JOH÷`Ç"³°Ø# ^Í"Ç°O J=°iÇò#ß NHêä½×O, KÇiã`Ç ã¬²k ïHH÷ø#
¦¬°O@ª, ~¡`Ç<\ì¼xH÷ ìQ®=`Ç "Í°ìxH÷ ã¬²k =²ìOz# äz¬î_ =ò#ßQ®°
ã¬^Í§hß =ò=Þä½ Hùkí"³°Ø×¤ ^Î¶~¡OÕ<Í L#ßq. äz¬î_ HìHê~¡°°
¬^ÎÀì#= ×`|í¬ô ã~¡O HêOÕ<Í q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~A é+¬} ÚOk<~¡°.
`Ç~¡°"`Ç ï~O_È°=O^Î Í°O_ÈÁÕ Ç°HÆQê< ^¥Þ~ "i ã¬u, ã==ò
=°¬ìÙ#ß`Ç tY~#° JO^Î°Hù#ßq. W@°=O\÷ ¬i¬~Õ LO_È@O=Á
¬O¬ø$`ÇO, `³°Q®°, ª²ì`Ç¼O, <@HO, JOHê~¡§¢¬ëO, ¬Ow`ÇO, <@¼O
J¼²OKÇ_¨xH÷ öHÆ ã`ÇÇ°¼ä½ J¬iq°`Ç"³°Ø# J=Hê§° ¼"³°Ø#q. ¬Oã¬
^¥Ç°H"³°Ø# qq^Î q+¬Ç° ¬i*ìý<xß e`ÇH×Ç°O^Î°Q® Jax"Í§xß `Ç#
¬^¥Ç°O^Î° öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ Q®}hÇ°OQê ã¬^ÎiÅªë_È°. `Ç# J~¡"³°Ø# q^ÎÞ`ë
³¶Q®¼`Ç`Ë Z@°=O\÷ Wu=$`Çë=ò#~ò< öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ~¡=°}©Ç°OQê ~}÷O¬
*èÇ°Q®ey<_È°. PÇ°#ä½ Q® Hq`^Î$+², J`Ç¼^Î°Ä`Ç ¬ij<¬\÷=° PÇ°#
H$`Ç°ä½ XH J¬ô~¡¶¬î"³°#Ø ªÚQ®°¬ #°, ªÏä½=¶~¼xß KÍä ió#q. ¬kÀì_Ë×àí
"³ò^Î\÷^ÎO #°O_ z=i^ÎO =~¡ä½ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ rqOz LO_#¬æ\÷H÷x PÇ°#
rq`Ç qõ#° Q®°iOz =°#ä½ ^ùiH÷# q=~° Kì `Çä½ø=. =ò=Þ
ãQê=°OÕx öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ =OjÇò H^Î#O ã¬Hê~¡O öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ J¬° À~¡° =ò=Þ
=~¡^ÎÇ°¼. =~¡^ÎÇ°¼ä½ QËªÞq° ^Í"Ç°OÕ XH ³¶y =°Oã`Ë¬^Í×O
KÍ²#@°Á J#¶K#OQê `³eÇòKÇ°#ßk. J#=~¡`Ç"³°Ø# P^¥¼uàH zO`Ç#`Ë
166
=~¡^ÎÇ°¼ N =ò=Þ QË°x ^Î~¡Å#ìQê¼xß ÚOk<_È°. ^³á= H$¬ =#
PÇ°#Õ U^Ë *ìQ®$u HeyOk. `Ç`Çæe`ÇOQê =~¡^ÎÇ°¼ QË^Í=ôx b#°
~¡=×¼O`Ë Qê#O KÍÇ°ªy<_È°. JO^Î°Õx ×|í=ò°, ¬Ow`ÇO He² XH
JO^Î"³°Ø# ¬^ÎO J=`ÇiOz#k.
N¬u ¬°`Ç°ìiH÷ <Í <Ë¬èH x#° "Í_`³
HË¬"Í°? =ò=Þ QË!
"öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°_È°Qê öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ "³á"ËÀ`Ç"³°Ø# rq`xH÷ 'NÑ J#ß =¶@
×Ãã¬^Î"³°Ø# <Ok J~ò#k. ¬^ÎO P#O^Îÿá~¡q ~Q®OÕ Jk`ìxH÷ J=°i
öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬^¥ä½ ¬=òz`Ç ã~¡O"³°Ø#k. =ò=Þ QË =òã^Î`Ë ¬^¥#°
~¡zOz, "\÷x `Ç# W+¬^³á="³°Ø# =ò=Þ QË°xöH öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ JOH÷`Ç=ò KÍ²<_È°.
HùO`ÇHêO öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ =ò=ÞÕ<Í x=²Oz HùO`Ç =¼H÷ë`ÇÞ=ò ÚOk# `Ç~¡°"`Ç
`Ç# ¬Ow`xß ^Î¶~¡^Î¶~ä½ ã¬K~¡=ò KÍÇ°_¨xH÷, ^ÍjÇò ¬ì$^ÎÇ¶#°
`Ç# =×=ò KÍ¬°Hù#_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç¶}ì° KÍ²<_È°.
J<^Î~¡} :
q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~A ã"xß "~¡¬`ÇÞ=òQê =ô}÷H÷¬ôKÇ°óHùx, ^ÎH÷Æ}^Í§#
¬kÀì_È= ×àí ã~¡OOÕ ¬ieOz# <Ç°H~A° Qù¬æ Hìa=¶#°°,
q^¥¼é+¬ä½°. ZO`Ë ^Î¶~#=ô#ß =ò=Þ #°O_ `ÇO*ì=î~¡° =°¬ð~A
~¡¦¬ò<^Î<Ç°ä½x Pªë<xH÷ =~¡^ÎÇ°¼ ¬ÞÇ°OQê qKÍó²<_È°. D ¬=¶"Í§xß
Q®°iOz XH ~¡=°¼"³°Ø# H^Î Q®^Î°. ²°=x À~¡O@=ò=ÿ P¬ðÞ#=ò èä½O_¨<Í
ZO^Î°ä½ =zó<=x ~A ~¡¦¬ò<^Î~Ç°° Àì×# KÍ¬°ë#ß@°Á "öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°_ÈQ®°
=~¡^ÎÇ°¼#° J_y<_È°. `#° ¬ÞÇ°=òQê Hq J~ò# P QêÇ°ä½_È° "³O@<Í
¬¶æië`Ë D q^ÎOQê ã¬`Ç°¼`Çë~¡q°zó<_È°Ð
`Ç=ò ^¥=° =`Ç°ë ~¡~¡°Ö°
ãH=° "³°iy# ^¥`ÇH_Èä½ ~¡=°à<ß~,
H=°O|°°#ß KË\÷H÷
ã=°~¡O|°? #KÇ°¼`ÍOã^Î ~¡¦¬ò<^Î #$!
167
WO^Î°ä½ ~¡¦¬ò<^Î~Ç°° ZO`Ë ¬O`Ç²Oz<_È#°@Õ P=O`ÇÇò
¬O^Í¬ì=ò è^Î°. J`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_³á# q[Ç°~¦¬°=<Ç°ä½x =^Îí öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼
=°¬ìÙ#ß`Ç"³°Ø# QÒ~¡"° ÚOk, J¬^Î$×"³°Ø# ªÖ<#° JO^Î°Hù<ß_È°. ''"Í_È°H`Ë
#_È°KÇ°Hù#ß q@~Ç°_ÍÑÑ J#° =¶@`Ë "³ò^ÎÍ°¼ "Í°~¡°¬^Î=°<Í H$uÕ
öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ `Ç# ~[é+¬ä½#° Q®¶ió Hùxß =°<Ë[ý"³°Ø# q=~eªë_È°. PÇ°#
=¶@ÕÁ<Í qO^¥O =°#OÐ
"Í_È°H`Ë #_È°KÇ°Hù#ß Ð q@~Ç°_Í
U_È°=ü_È° `Ç~ #°O_ Ð ³°O^Î°<Qêx ³°=`³
ä_È°Hùx =ò=Þ QË°_È° Ð H$¬Q®e¾< q°_È° II"Í_È°II
=°^Î°~¡ u~¡°=°èOã^Î°_È°Ð=°Oz |¬=¶#"³ò¬y
³°^Î°@ Q®¶~¡°óO_È°=°x Ð ³°xßH ~ò=°à#<Í
~òkQù ï~O_È°"Í ¬^Î=ò Ð e¬ô_³OKÇ° Hù=°àx#
KÇ^Î°~¡°g°^Î #°#ß ªq°H÷ Ð ¬O`Ë¬ q°OuO`ÇQê^³ II<Í_È°II
Jog°~¡ `ÇO*ì¬ôi <³Hù#ß q[Ç°~¦¬°=ôx
"³Ç° =°#°A "³O|_ Ð "ÍQ®"³° Ú_ÈQêOz
KÇ°= KÇ¬æ~¡=ò# #°O_ÈQ®Ð KÇHøQ® "Í~ò ¬^Î=ò
¬°HiOKÇ°HËQê<Í |¬=¶# q°K³ó < "Í× II<Í_È°II
|=O`Ç°_³á QËHùO_È Ð ^Î° |¬=¶# q°zó
`Ç°² =üië`Ë "^Î° ^ÎK³ < "Í×
"³Ç° =ò=Þ QË°_È° Ð "³~ò¼<Íß#¶ß~¡° ¬^Î=ò°
#°=k k#=òÕ# Ð ##°ß Q®² q#°²OK³<Í! II<Í_È°II
u~¡°=°<Ç°ä½x (1623Ð1659) J¼~¡Ö##° JOwHiOz öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼
ï~O_È°"Í ¬^Î=ò#° ~¡zOz#@°Á, QËHùO_È ^Î° ä½`Ç°ìÂ ^Î~Ä~¡°Õ
`Ç°²=üië`Ë q"^Î¬_# ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò# ¬kÀì#°=O^Î ¬^¥#° Qê#=ò
KÍ²#@°Á ~ü ¬^ÎO=# ¬$+¬=°Q®°KÇ°#ßk. `ÇO*ì=î~¡° PªÖ#OÕ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼
"Í~ò ¬^¥#° qx²Oz<_È°. "³ò`Çë=ò g°^Î PÇ°# <°Q®°"Í J~ò^Î°
=O^ÎHO>ÿ ³°ä½ø= ¬^Î=ò#° ~¡zOz#@°Á `³eÇòKÇ°#ßk.
168
Pã¬u=¶# ã¬uì§e :
q[Ç°~¦¬°=<Çò_È° öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ g°^Î KÇ¶²Oz# QÒ~¡"^Î~¡}° XHªi
~*ìªÖ#=òÕx H=ôÕ, QêÇ°ä½Õ J¬¶Ç°#° ö~ïHuëOz#q. "~¡° öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼
¬^¥ÕÁx "_È°Hì+¬#°, ¬~¡×"³°Ø# ì==¼H©ëH~¡}#° x~¡²Oz<~¡°. ã¬°=ô#°O_
~ü x~¡¬# q#ß öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ '=^Î~¡H éé"ÍÑ J#° ¬^¥xß J¬O¬î~¡âOQê ~¡zOz
q°ye# KÇ~¡}ì#° PªÖ#H=ôä½ =^Îe"Í² À`Ç°Ç¶ã`Çä½ |Ç°°^Íï~#°.
PªÖ#H=ô° ³°O`Ë ã¬Ç°ußOzi. Hêx '¬^¥xßÑ ¬îië KÍÇ°èH é~ò<~¡°.
öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ uiy =zó# `Ç~¡°"`Ç PªÖ#H=ô° q°ye# ìQêxß ¬îiOKÇ°=°x
J¼iÖOz<~¡°. J#°H~¡}ä½ J×H¼"³°Ø# `Ç# ã¬`Í¼H ¦¬}÷uÕ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ P ¬^¥xß
Qê#O KÍÇ°Qê ~*ìªÖ#=ò PÇ°#ä½ J=#`Ç"³°Ø JO[e ¦¬°\÷Oz#k. ã¬°=ô
~¡=×¼=ò #Ok<_È°.
XH öHÆã`Ç=ò #°O_ =°~ùH öHÆã`Ç=ò#ä½ u~¡°Q®°KÇ°, PÇ¶ äöHÆã`Õ
"³²òÇ #ß ^Í=`Ç#° ¬°uë OKÇ°KÇ° Qê#=ò KÍ°Ç _È=ò =# =~¡^ Î °Ç ¼ Ð Hö ãÆ `Ç°Ç ¼
J#° À~¡° ÚOk#@°Á `³eÇòKÇ°#ßk. WO`Ç=~¡ä½ ¼=°~ò# ¬^¥ =#
öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ HOz, u~¡°"³×´¤~¡°, u~¡°¬u, NÜáO, N~¡OQ®O, =°^Î°~¡, z^ÎO|~¡O
"³ò^Îÿá# ¬~¡°<³xq°k ¬Öì#° ^ÎiÅOz#@° J=Q®`Ç =°Q®°KÇ°#ßk. D ¬qã`Ç
¬ÖìÕ PÇ°# ~¡zOz# ¬^Î=ò° PÇ¶ ^Í=`Ç#° ¬OÕk¬°ë#ß¬æ\÷H÷h,
Jxß\÷Õ#° =ò=Þ QË=òã^Î Hx²¬°ë#ßk. HêOp¬ô~¡=ò #O^Îe N
=~¡^Î~[ªÞq°x Q®¶ió J`Ç¼kH"³°Ø# ¬^Î=ò° ~¡zOKÇ|_È@=ò Q®=°xO¬^Îy#
q+¬Ç°=ò.
J`Ç¼^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø# ã¬u`Ë, qq^Î =°<Ëì" J=Qê¬ì#`Ë JOHê~¡
§¢¬=ë òÕ Ja=iâOz# ¬°~¡Hê <~òHê<Ç°ä½ä½, ¬v ^Î¶uH#° Hö ãÆ `Ç°Ç ¼
`Ç # ¬ ^ ¥Õ zãuOz<_È ° . ì #°^Î ` Ç ° ë x ~¡ ¬ = °O[iÕ L^¥¬ ì iOz#
x~¡ÞKÇ#=ò<Í öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ J#°¬iOz#@°Á qk`Ç=°Q®°KÇ°#ßk., J~ò#¬æ\÷H÷x
PÇ°# ¬$+²Oz# ã`Ç° J##¼"³°Ø# ªÚQ®¬°`Ë, J¬ô~¡¶¬"³°Ø# ×H÷ë`Ë, r==ò`Ë
¬ì$^ÎÇ¶#°¶ux HeyOKÇ°#°. `³°Q®°Õx ×$OQê~¡ ¬^Î"VàÇ°=ò#ä½
¬kÀì#= ×àíH÷ K³Ok# `×¤H J#ß=¶K~¡°¼"i H©~¡ë#° "³ò@"³ò^Î\÷
L^¥¬ì~¡}°. D H©~¡ë#ä½#° ¬ô~¡O^Î~¡^¥¬° ×$OQê~¡ ¬^¥ä½#°, öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼
H$`Ç°ä½#° Jq<ì= ¬O|O^Î=ò =ô#ßk.
169
¬ÔÎ Ð#¶`Ç# Õ :
Hêx öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ KÍ`Ç°Õ ¬^Î=ò° Hù`Çë¬ôO`Ç#° `ùH÷ø#q. PÇ°#
¬^¥Õ ¬i¬î~¡â`Ç #Ok# Hq`tæ=ò ×H÷ë=°O`Ç"³°Ø, ¬¬ì["³°Ø# ¬Ow`Ç
¬O¬^Î`Ë `Ç°^Î¶Q®°KÇ°#ßk. D ¬^¥Ç°O^Î° ×ìíxH÷, ì"xH÷ JkÞfÇ°=òQ®
¬=°#ÞÇ°=ò ªkOKÇ|_#k. '=°^Î°~¡Ñ ¬^ÎuÕ H÷ëì==ò Ð ¬~¡=¶`ÇàÕ
b#=°Q®°@ä½ r=ô_È° ¬_Í `Ç¬ì`Ç¬ì Ð ~ü ¬^¥Ç°O^Î° JO`Ç~Þ²ìxQê
*ì°"~¡°`Ç°#ßk. öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬^¥° ×$OQê~¡~¡¬=ò#° qa#ß"³°Ø# ~¡¶`Ë
"³áq^Î¼=ò`Ë zãuOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq. L`Çë~¡^Í×=°O^Î° q^¥¼¬u, [Ç°^Í=ô_È° ªkOz#
=¶~¾<Í PÇ°# ¬^Î=ò° J#°¬iOz#=x K³¬æ=KÇ°ó#°. =°²ì=¶xÞ`Ç"³°Ø#
=°¿oH`ÇÞ=ò`Ë, Hì^Î$+²`Ë öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ `Ç# ¬^¥Ç°O^Î° ª²ì`Ç¼=ò#ä½,
ì==ò#ä½ =°^Î¼ ã×=}ì#O^ÎH~¡"³°Ø# "Í°eH~òH#° ¬=°äió<_È°. *ì#°
`³°Q®°Õx *ìfÇ¶#° #°_Hê~#° öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ JHÆ¼=ò KÍÇ°è^Î°.
g°^Î°q°H÷øe qx PÇ°# KÍuÕ #=¼"³°Ø# ªÚQ®¬°#°, ¬`ÇÞ=ò#° `ÇO`ÇiOKÇ°
Hù#ßq. ª²ì`Ç¼OÕ ~ò¬ôæ_È° ¬=òz`Ç"³°Ø# ªÖ<xß ¬OkOKÇ°Hù#ß öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼
¬^¥Õ ¬i¬HÞ"³°Ø# PÇ°# O_f¬\÷=° L[ûÞOQê ã¬Hêt¬°ë#ßk.
~¡`Ç<@¼OÕx Ja#Ç¶xH÷ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬^¥° KÇHøQê ¬ié`~ò
x*ìxH÷ '¬^ÎÑ ª²ì`Ç¼OÕ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼¬^¥° ª\÷è#\÷q. PÇ°# ¬^¥° JkH
ìQ®O qOa`ÇÇ°Õ, ãu¬ô@ `×=òä½ Xky ÇòO_È°@=# #$`¼xH÷
ZO`Ë L¬ÇòHë=òQê #°#ßq. =°#ä½ ¼"³°Ø# ¬^¥#°|\÷ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ 39
~Qê#° L¬³¶yOz#@°Á `³eÇòKÇ°#ßk WO^Î°Õ K=~¡ä½ HêOÕ[,
=òMìi, ÿá~¡q, `Ë_, ×OH~~¡}O, P#O^Îÿá~¡q. ¬ô<ßQ®=~o, hìO|i
"³ò^Îÿá# ~¡H÷ë ~Qê°, J¬î~¡Þ=òÿá# ÌáO^Îq, ¦¬°O\ì=°~¡°=O =O\÷ ~Qê°
ä_È H#°²OKÇ°`Ç°#ßq. öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬$[<`ÇàH "öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°_È°Qê Q®°iëO¬|_<_È°.
PÇ°# H$`Ç°Õx qq^Î ~Qê°, "x ä~¡°æ H=°hÇ°"³°Ø#, H~¡âÀÇ°"³°Ø#
¬Ow`xH÷ ã=¶}÷H"³°Ø#, ªkHê~¡"³°Ø# "¼Y¼Qê öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬^¥Õx ¬Ow`Ç=ò
¬~¡Þ^¥ ¬iQ®}÷O¬|_#k. D Hê~¡}=òKÍ`Ç ~¡`Ç<@¼ ã¬^Î~¡Å#Õ<Í Hêä½O_¨
¬Ow`Ç ¬Õ#° ¬^¥° ¬=òz`Ç ªÖ<xß ¬=òiûOz#q. ¬Ow`Ç ¬Õ
¬^¥#° _ X²æOKÇ_¨xH÷ `Çy#O`Ç <Í~¡°æ, J#°==ò J`Ç¼=¬~¡=ò. ã¬Mì¼`Ç
¬Ow`Ç q^¥ÞO¬°° `Ç=° Qê# ¬Õ W\©=e =~¡ä½ "_È°HQê öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬^¥#°
170
Qê#=ò KÍÀ"~¡°. öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ~¡zOz# J¬OMì¼H"³°Ø# ¬^¥Õ öH=O 330 ¬^¥°
=¶ã`Ç"Í° ¬OH#=ò KÍÇ°|_ ã¬KÇ°i`Ç=°~ò#q. g\÷Õ #°=k, U|k ¬^¥°
=¶ã`Ç"Í° ¬Ow`Ç q^¥ÞO¬°KÍ _È|_È°`Ç°#ßq. g}^Î#=¶à =O\÷ ã¬Mì¼`Ç
¬Ow`ÇHê~¡°°, "i t+¬µ¼° öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬^¥#° ã^Î¬iz<~¡°. PÇ°# ¬^¥#°
¬ô#~¡°rûqO¬ *èÇ°_È"Í° P =°¬ð"öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°x ³°_È =°#=ò PKÇiOKÇ=²#
qk.
öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ãu×`|°í¼`Ç==ò [<à+¬q°`Ë He²=zó#k. PÇ°# QÒ~¡
"~¡Ö=òQ® ~ü "~¡=ò [~¡°Q®°KÇ°#ß L`Ç= ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò# PHê×"}÷ Qê#¬°,
~¡¶¬Hê°, ã¬¬OQ®=ò°, ¬^Î¬°°, ¬Ow`Ç <@H=ò°, H^ÎO| Hê~¡¼ãH=¶°
"³ò^Î~ò# ã¬`Í¼H Hê~¡¼ãH=¶ ^¥Þ~ ~ü J=°~¡ ¬Ow`ÇHê~¡°xH÷ JO[e
¦¬°\÷OKÇ°KÇ°#ßk.
öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼Qê =°#ä½ ¬iz`Ç°_³á# ~ü Jª^¥~¡} =°h+²H÷ Ja#O^Î##°
x"×Ã#° JiæOKÇ°^¥O.
ã¬ß× °
1. H~â@H ¬Ow`ÇOÕ ¬^Î=ò#ä½ Q® ã^¥#¼"Í°q°\÷?
2. öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬ô@° ¬î~ËÞ`Çë~#°, J`Çx ¬^Î~¡KÇ#ä½ ¬¶æiëxzó#
q+¬Ç°=ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
3. öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ¬^Î~¡KÇ#Õx ªÚQ®¬°° =iâOKÇ°=ò.
4. ~*ìªÖ#=òÕ öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼ ïH^Î°ï~á# J#°==ò° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
171
5. "Í¬K³@°
`Çq°× =ü=ò : ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼ì~¡u
J#°"^Îä½° : KÇìÁ ~^¥H$+¬â×~¡à
¬°ã|¬ìà}¼ ì~¡u 1882 _ÌO|~¡° 11= `Ín# <Í\÷ `Çq°×<_È°Õx
u~¡°#èÞe lìÁÕx Z\Ç¶¬ô~¡OÕ [xàOK~¡°. `ÇOã_ z#ßªÞq° JÇ°¼~, `ÇeÁ
H©ÆàJ=¶à. z#ß=Ç°¬°Õ<Í `Çq°× Hê"¼ä½ ¬iKÇÇ°O HeyOKÇ°ä½<ß_È°. ²ìOn,
WOwÁ+¬µ ì+¬Õ ¬O_`Ç°_È°. ì~¡u H÷ë @Õ K³¬ôæHË^ÎyOk ì~¡u ~²#
'ä½~ò @°Ñ XH H^¥ Hê=¼O. ã^ñ¬k ×¬^¥xß Wu=$`ÇëOQê f¬°Hùx ''OKb
×¬^ÎOÑÑ J#° Hê"¼xß ~¡zOK_È°.
KÇìÁ ~^¥H$+¬â ×~¡àQê~¡° `³°Q®°, `Çq°×, POQ®Á ì+¬Õ Qù¬æ ¬O_`Ç°°.
KÇHøx J#°"^Îä½°. g~¡° `³°Q®° #°O_ `Çq°×ì+¬ä½, `Çq°×=ò#°O_ `³°Q®°
ì+¬ä½ J<ÍH ãQ®O^Î=ò#° J#°=kOzi. ×~¡àQê~¡° 20= ×`|í=ò#ä½ K³Ok#"~¡°.
`³°Q®° `Çq°× ì+¬Õ ~=¶Ç°}=ò#° ~¡zOzi. `Çq°×=ò# ''P~ò~¡O `Çÿá<Q®OÑÑ
J#° #=#°, `³°Q®°Õ J=ÞÇ¶~¡° ¬¶ä½ë° K KÇHøQê ~¡zOzi.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¼O×=ò ×~¡àQê~¡° J#°=kOz# ''ì~¡u =KÇ# ~¡KÇ#°ÑÑÐ J#°
ãQ®O^Î=ò #°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
=¬O`ÇHêOÕ<Í <ùH~ËA Ú^Î°í#¬î@ =°Ç°yi ãO`# XO@iQê
J@¶ ~ò@¶ u~¡°Q®°`Ç°<ß#°. Kì^Î¶~¡O #_z#O^Î°=Á <ä½ HùOK³O J¬@
Jx²OzOk. P J¬@ f~¡°óä½<ÍO^Î°ä½ JHø_È°#ß XH `Ë¬ôÕH÷ "³oÁ, XH
"Í¬K³@°h_È#° ¬_È°ä½<ß#°. Qêe H=°àQê gªéëOk. ¬_È°ä½#ß HùOK³ À¬\÷HìÁ
=°Ozxã^Î ¬\÷Ok. J¬ôæ_È° <ä½ =zó# J¬î~¡Þ"³°Ø# H#° q=iªë#°.
172
<Í#° ¬_È°ä½x =ôO_ÈQê, F #~¡°_¨, F #~¡°_¨ è è Jx J×s~¡"}÷ XH\÷
qx²OzOk. qx²OKÇQê<Í, <Í#° H×Ã¤ `³iK##°ä½O@°<ßö~"³¶, HÕ H×ÃÁ
`³iz#@°ÁQê HQ®<ß#°.
'Z=~¡° ²eK~¡°?Ñ Jx J_Qê#°.
<Í<Í "Í¬K³@°x. <Í<Í ²eK#°. èÑ Jx ["|° =zóOk.
"³O@<Í <Í#° PÕKÇ#Õ ¬_¨Û#°.
Wk ^ÎÇ°¼"³¶, ¶`Ç"³¶, èHé`Í Ç°HÆ H÷#ß~¡ Q®O^Î~¡Þ =~¾x K³OkO^Ë,
=# ^Í=`Ç =zóO^Ë Ð Jx ~òì J#°ä½<ß#°. èHé`Í "Í¬K³@° ZHø_³á<
=¶\ìÁ_#@°Á q<ß<? ^ÎÇ°¼"Í°q°\÷ yÇ°¼"Í°q°\÷ J^ÎO` =\÷ H@°H^Î. <Í#°
x[OQê H×ÃÁ `³iz *ìãQ®^¥=¬ÖÕH÷ "³ìÁ#°. WOHê HQ®O@¶<Í =ô<ß#°. D
=¶@° HÕ qx²Oz# =¶@° Wì <Õ <Í#° `ÇiøOKÇ°ä½O@° =ôO_ÈQê
'#~¡°_¨, è... x<Íß Jx =°m¤ qx²OzOk.
Z=~¡° #°=ôÞ?Ñ Jx =°mÁ J_Qê#°.
'<Í#° "Í¬K³@°x. <h_È<Í #°=ôÞ ¬_È°ä½<ß=ô. hä½ =°Oz¬OQ®`Ç°°
Hùxß K³æ<Í =ô^Íí×O`Ë x#°ß è¬ô`Ç°<ß#°Ñ Jx |^Î°° =zóOk.
J¬ôæ_È° <Íxì J#°ä½<ß#°. '=°#ä½ `³eÇ°x ¬OQ®`Ç°° ÕHOÕ Z<Ëß
L<ß~ò Ð Jx À+H±²æÇ°~ ÌqKó_È°. H#H K³@Áä½ =¶\ìÁ_Í ×H÷ë =ôO_È=KÇ°ó.
P q+¬Ç°O < H÷O`Ç=~¡ä `³e²=ôO_ÈH é=KÇ°ó JO^Î°=Á D K³@°`Ë ¬Oì
+¬} ªyOz J¬° ¬OQ®u `³°¬°ä½O^¥O J#°ä½x H×Ã¤ `³iz #°OKÇ°<ß#°.
(x[OQê #°OKËè^Î°. èz #°OKÇ°#ß@°Qê HQ®<ß#°)
F "Í¬K³\ì Ð h ïHì =zóOk ~ü =¶#= ì+¬? =°#°+¬µ=ÿ Q®°O_³,
QùO`Ç°, <°H, ¬×ÃÁ, Ì^Î=ô° "³ò^Îÿá#q èä½O_¨ =¶#=ì+¬ =¶\ìÁ_È_¨xH÷
g° H°Q®^Î° Q®^¥! =¶Õ ¬×ÃÁ èx"i LKó~¡} ¬iQê LO_È^Î°. HùO_È<°H
èx"~¡° =üQ®"ï~á é`Ç°<ß~¡°. J@°=O@¬ôæ_È° #°=ôÞ =¶#= ×s~¡O èä½O_¨<Í
=¶#=ì+¬ Zì =¶\ìÁ_È Q®°Q®°`Ç°<ß=ô?Ñ Jx J_Qê#°.
173
J¬ôæ_È° "Í¬K³@° ~òì K³²æOk.
'F #~¡°_¨, q#°. =¶#=ô_H÷ XöH <Ë~¡°Ok. <ä½ ^Í¬ì=°O` <ËõÁ.
=¶#=ì+¬ =¶\ìÁ_È_¨xH÷ <Ë~¡° "³ò^Îÿá# ì¬ì¼ ª^Î<° =¶#=ôä½
=ô#ß@°Qê =ôO_¨x #°=Þ#°ä½O@°<ß=ô! ª^¥~¡} ¬i²ÖuÕ Jk J=¬~¡"Í°.
Hêx <Í#° JQ®¬ë¼=òx t+¬µ¼}÷â. `Çq°×ì+¬Õ <ä½Q® O_`Ç¼O D ~ËAÕÁ
JQ®¬°ë¼ "iH÷ `Ç¬æ =°ï~=ÞiH© è^Î°.Ñ
"Í¬K³@° ~òOHê ~òì K³¬æªyOk.
'[iy# H^Î#° "³ò^Î\÷#°Oz K³¬ô`#°. #~¡°_¨ ! ã×^ÎQê q#°. <H÷¬ôæ_È°
=ò¬æÍ°¼×ÃÁ <Í#° è`ÇK³@°x. ¬kÀì#° ¬O=`Ç~ä½ =ò#°¬ô XH~ËA
=¬O`ÇHêOÕ ~ãu"Í× KÇHøx "³<³ß HêªéëOk. <Í#° "Í°°ä½<Í =ô<ß#°.
ª^¥~¡}OQê =¶#=ô =ÿ K³@°Á ¬Q®O` "Í°çø<Í =ôO\ì~ò. ~ãu HêQê<Í
xã^Îé`~ò. Hêx P~ËA ~ãu ZO^Î°=Á<Ë <ä½ xã^Î ¬@è^Î°. "³<³ß#¶,
PHê§xß, KÇ°@¶=ô#ß K³@°KÍ=°bß KÇ¶¬¶ë P#O^ÎOÕ =òxyéÇ¶#°. J¬ôæ_È°
¬°O^Î~¡°_³á# ¬^Î¬ðö~×Á XH Çò=ä½_È¶ (=¶#=ô_È°), J`ÇxHO>ÿ Kì JO^ÎQ®`³ë
J~ò# ¬^ÎHùO_Í×Á Çò=f Ð J^Î°QË Hx²ªéëO^ÍÐ P #kÕ P_È°`Ç¶=ôO_È_ÈO
KÇ ¶ §#°. HùOK³ O À¬ \ ÷ H ìÁ P ~ò^Î í ~ ¡ ¶ =¶=ü° =¶#=ô° Hê~¡ x
¬æ+¬=°~òOk. ï~Hø° èä½O_¨<Í "×Ã¤ PHê§xH÷ Zyi ãH©_OKÇ_ÈO KÇ¶§#°.
`Ç~Þ`Ç "oÁ^Îíi =¶@#° |\÷ "×ÃÁ ¬ì< Jx ãQ®²ìOK#°. "oÁ^Îí~¡¶
JQ®¬ë¼=°¬ìsÂ, `ã=°¬iâ ^Íg#°. =¶=ü°Qê J~ò`Í, JQ®¬°ë¼_È° JOQ®°+¬»
=¶ã`Ç°_Èx <ä½ `³°¬°. Hêx PÇ°# Hê=°~¡¶². J#Qê J#°ä½#ß¬ôæ_È° J#°ä½#ß
~¡¶¬O ^ÎiOKÇQ®_È#ß=¶@! `ã=°¬sâ^Íq ä_¨ JO`Í. JO^Î°=Á "oÁ^Îí~¡¶
J¬ôæ_È° J`Ç¼O`Ç =°<Ë¬ì~H$`Ç°° ^ÎiOz =¶#=ôÿá P@ÕÁ =òxy=ô<ß~¡°.
"×ÁãH©_È `³Á"~¡°*ì=ò ^¥Hê ªyOk. P `Ç~Þ`Ç `ã=°¬iâ J^Î$×¼=°~òOk.....Ñ
"Í¬K³@° ~òOHê K³¬ô`Ç°#ßk. '#~¡°_¨! q#°, ã×^ÎQê q#°. `ã=°¬sâ^Íq
`³Á"~¡Qê<Í J^Î$×¼=°~òOk. JQ®¬°ë¼_È° =¶ã`ÇO XO@iQê =zó, < (K³@°)
"³ò^Î\ÕÁ #°=ôÞ #°OKÇ°#ß KË@ ³¶Q® xã^ÎÕ =òxy éÇ¶_È°. J¬ôæ_È° <ä½
JQ®¬°ë¼ "i ×ä½ëhß ìQê `³eÇ°=ô. JO^Î°=Á PÇ°# ³¶Q® xã^ÎÕ L#ß@°Á
`³°¬°HËèHé~ò# <Í#°, [ãH©_È=Á J² ªÚ² =¶=ü° xã^Îé`Ç°<ß~¡x
174
J#°ä½<ß#°. `³Á"i, ¬°=¶~¡° XH *ì=°=ô`ËOk. J¬ôæ_È°, J^Î°QË h ïH^Î°~¡°Qê
XH zO`ÇK³@° =ô#ßk KÇ¶§=î, P K³@° "³ò^Î\ÕÁ =ô#ß ¬ô@ÕOz XH =°Oz
<Q®°=ò |°¬°=°O@¶ JQ®¬°ë¼"~¡° ¬_È°ä½#ß KË\÷H÷ ~=_ÈO <Í#° KÇ¶§#°.
KÇ¶_È_ÈO `Ç~¡°"~ò, <Í#° [_È°¬°ä½<ß#°. J³¶¼! D ^Î°+¬ <Q®O D =°¬ð
¬ô~¡°+¬µx KÇO¬#°#ßk H^¥! PÇ°# KÍ`Ç H×ÃÁ `³iKÍ@@°Á KÍÀë, PÇ°# `Ç#
`Ç¬×ÅH÷ë =Á =òx çOQ® n¬°ä½O\ì~¡° J#°Hùx <Í#° < Pä½eß PÇ°#
g°^Î ¬_Íì KÍ§#°. PÇ°# H×ÃÁ `³~¡"<Í < L^Íí×O. Hêx PÇ°# H×Ã¤
`³~¡=è^Î°. D ÕQê =ò PÇ°xß ¬g°²OzOk. ^¥xß ï~O_È° ª~¡°Á HizOk.
=ü_Ëªi H~¡"x ¬_ÈQ®#° ÌáïHuëOk. ¬iQê¾ P ¬=°Ç¶xH÷ PÇ°# H×ÃÁ
`³iz KÇ¶², `_È°x ÌáH÷ Zuë#@°ÁQê, =òx KÍ`Ëë f¬°ä½x "³°_ÈÕ =Ç¶
Hê~¡OQê "Í¬°ä½<ß_È°. P =ò ä_¨ `_È°ì Ug° K³Ç°¼ä½O_¨ =°¬ð
ª^Î°=ôì PÇ°# "³°_ÈÕ u+¬» "Í²Ok. Jk Hiz# KË@ <³`Ç°ë~¡° Hê~¡°`ËOk.
PÇ°# HùOK³=ò =°\÷ `Ç_=¶_È°. ¬ôO_È° Pié~ò =¶=ü° KÇ~¡à=°~òOk.
Wk KÇ¶² <Í#° Kì P×ó~¡¼ éÇ¶#°. J@°=O\÷ =°¬ìhÇòx`Ë XHø
=¶@~ò< =¶\ìÁ_Èèx ¬i²ÖuÕ, =üQ® K³@°Qê [xàOK<Í Jx Kì
qKiOK#°. ZìQ®~ò< ¬ö~ < JaãÇ¶xß PÇ°#H÷ `³eÇ°*èÇ¶<Í
=ô^Íí×O`Ë PÇ°# ^¥ g°^Î Hùxß ¬ô=ôÞ¶ Pä½¶ ~ìó#°. PÇ°# `Ç
ÌáïHuë '"Í¬ K³@¶Ñ Jx ²eK_È°.
"Í¬K³@° `Ç~¡°"u H^Î#° q=iOKÇªyOk.
'#~¡°_¨, q#°. ã×^ÎQê q#°. #xßì JQ®¬°ë¼ "~¡° ²=Qê<Í, <ä½
`³eÇ°ä½O_¨<Í, < Hù=°àÕx <Ë×Á #°Oz 'UO =òx=~¼?Ñ J<Í `Çq°× ×ìí°
"³°=_¨Û~ò. < ×s~¡ =°O` Q®Q®°~ùæ_zOk. =°~Ë [#à<³`Íë ~¡¬ì¬¼O
`³°¬°ä½<ß#°. "Í¬K³@° [#à é~ò =¶#=[#à =zó#@°Á ãQ®²ìOKÇ Q®eQê#°.
×s~¡O =¶~¡è^Î°. ×s~¡O =¶i`Í Í°O =¶~¡Hé`Í Í°O? <Í#° ×s~xß Hê#°
P`Çà#°, <Í#° *ìý<ßxß. L#ß@°ÁO_ <ä½ "Í¬K³@° P`Çà `ùyé~ò =¶#"`Çà
=zóOk. =¶#"`Çà ~x^Í =¶#= ì+¬ =¶ã`ÇO Zì =¬°ëOk? HË\÷ [#àÕ
<Í#° ÚO^Î=²# ììxß P =òx¬ôOQ®=ô_È° <ä½ XöH XH HÆ}OÕ
ã¬ªkOK_È°. JO^Î°=Á <ä½ Hey# P P#O^Ë`¬ìOÕ PÇ°# ^¥
g°^Î Z<Ëß ¬ô=ôÞ¶ Pä½¶ ~ìó#°. PÇ°# ä_¨ ¬O`Ë+²Oz 'F "Í¬K³\ì!
x#ß ~ãu <Í#¶ `ã=°¬sâ ~òHø_È ~=°#kÕ [ãH©_ÈÕ =òxy =ôO_ÈQê
175
ZO`Ë ¬O`Ë+¬O`Ë =°=°àeß Pj~¡ÞkOK=ô. <Í<q+¬Ç¶xß < *ìý#^Î$+² =Á
ãQ®²ìOK#°. `Ç~Þ`Ç HùOK³O À¬\÷H÷ =òO^Î° <Í#° ³¶Q®xã^ÎÕ =ôO_ÈQê D
=ò ##°ß ¬g°²OKÇ_ÈO KÇ¶² ##°ß Hê_¨<Í xq°`ÇëO ##°ß èx <
g°^Î ¬ô=ôÞ¶ Pä½¶ ~ìó=ô. Wì #°=ôÞ <¬@Á KÇ¶²# H÷ëH÷ ã¬`Ç°¼¬Hê~¡OQê
<Í#° |°°+²*ìý#O J#°ãQ®²ì¬°ë<ß#°. WO^Î°=Á hä½ ¬H [O`Ç°=ô Ç°O^Î¶
¬=°^Î$+² Í°~¡æ_È°`Ç°Ok. Jxß\÷h ¬i¬=¶#OQê ãÀq°OKÇQ®°Q®°`=ô. JO^Î°=Á
hä½ r=#°àH÷ë H°Q®°`Ç°OkÐÑ J<ß_È°. P<\÷ #°Op PÇ°# K³²æ# ×ä½ëhß
<ä½ J=_<~ò. U pä zO` èä½O_¨, U q^Î"³°Ø# Ç°=ü èä½O_¨,
r=#°àH÷ëx ÚOk x=²¬°ë<ß#°.ÑÑ
"³O@<Í <Í< "Í¬K³@°H÷ ªOQ® #=°ªø~¡O KÍ§#°. 'höHO Hê"e?Ñ Jx
J_yOk. J¬ôæ_¨ "Í¬K³@° #°^ÍítOz, JQ®¬°ë¼ "~¡° h ïHì Q®°~¡°"Ë <ä½
#°"ÍÞ Q®°~¡°qÞ. <Hê =°¬ìhÇò_È° ã¬ªkOz# r=#°àH÷ëx <ä½ #°=ôÞ
J#°ãQ®²ìOKeÑ Jx ãiOK#°.
'JìöQÑ JOk "Í¬K³@°.
D ¬=°Ç°OÕ <Í#° x[OQê<Í xã^Î#°Oz èz H×Ã¤ `³iz KÇ¶§#°.
²KÇ°óH¶ "³ò^Îÿá#q ~¡H~¡Hê ^ÎÞ#°° Hêq¬¶ë ZQ®°~¡°`Ç¶ P@ÕÁ =òxy
`Í°`Ç°<ß~ò. L_È°`Ç¶ "³ò^Îÿá#q J@¶ ~ò@¶ ¬~¡°ïQ`Ç°ë`Ç¶ =ô<ß~ò.
Hêä½° z°H¶ Q®^Îí¶ WOHê ~¡H~¡Hê ¬ô°Q®°¶ ²@¶ HêOu ã¬"¬ìOÕ
D^Î°ì_È°`Ç°#ß@° Hx²OK~ò. H×ÁH÷ Hx²OKÇä½O_¨ =°~¡°Q®°# =ôO_ XH
=°Q® HË~òì XH P_È HË~òì ãÀ=° w`° P²¬°ë<ß~ò.
=°Q® HË~ò _È°`ËOk :
`Ç°¬ú, `Ç°¬ú, `Ç°¬ú
`Ç°¬ú, `Ç°¬ú, `Ç°¬ú
~^¥ ö~Ñ
(nx ì=O :
h=ô h=ô h=ô
h=ô h=ô h=ô
~^Î"Í)
176
P_È HË~ò _È°`ËOk :
'`Ç°¬ú, `Ç°¬ú, `Ç°¬ú
~^¥ H$+¬â, H$+¬â, H$+¬âÑ
"Í¬K³@° `Ç# "³°`Çëx Pä½eß ZO_ÈÕ "³°"³°ÁQê HkeOKÇ ªyOk.
'P× ó ~¡ ¼ H ~ ¡ " ³ ° Ø # H Q® < ß#°Ñ J#°ä ½ <ß#° =°#¬ ° Õ. D ÕQê ZO_È
Zä½ø=~òOk. <Hê PHe "ÍªéëOk. "Í¬K³@°H÷ XH #=°ªø~¡O KÍ² `Ë¬ôÕOz
|Ç°@¬_ ~ò°Á KÍ~¡°ä½<ß#°.
ã¬×ß° :
1. "Í¬K³@° #~¡°xH÷ `³eæ# 'r=#°àH÷ëÑ =$`ëO`Ç=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
177
6. ª²ìf ~¡°ã^Î=°
- T@°äi H©àÆ HêO`Ç=°à
N=°u T@°äi H©ÆàHêO`Ç=°àQêi 18Ð12Ð1917 `Ín# ~[=°Oã_Õ
[xàOzi. gi `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°° N=°u ¬°j, N <×O H$â~=ôQê~¡°. g~¡° T@°äi
¬ìÇ°ãw= Q®°¬ëQêi ¬f=°}÷. H#HêaÀ+H ¬<à#O, Q®$¬ìH÷Æà ¬Þ~¡âHOH}O ÚOk#
H=~òãu. `³°Q®°^Í×OÕx ª²ì`Ç¼ ªO¬ø$uH ¬O¬Öÿxß\÷Õ<Ë ¬°¼°Qê #°O_
`Ç=° qõ+¬ À=#° JOkOK~¡°. ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO `Ç~¡¬ô# ªO¬ø$uH ¬~¡¼@#
Hê~¡¼ãH=°=òÕ q^Í§° ¬~¡¼\÷OK~¡°.
g~¡° ^Î~¡àã¬K~¡ ì~¡u, ª²ìf ~¡°ã^Î=°, Hìã¬¬î~¡â =ò#ßQ®° a~¡°^Î°#°
=²ìOzi. g~¡° ~¡zOz# POã^Î H=~òã`Ç°° `³°Q®° ì ¬q°u"i |¬=°ux
ÚOk# ª²ìf q=°~¡Å ãQ®O^Î=ò. gi ~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#° Jd ì~¡`Ç H=~òã`Ç°°,
`³°Q®° "öQ¾Ç°H=ô°, NH#¼H ¬°ã¬ì`Ç=ò, *ìu²`Ç, POã^Î° ¬Ow`Ç "[àÇ°À=,
=°# ª²ìf Ð =°^Î°~¡ ì~¡u, HêOu tY~°, H#¼H=°à x"o, ¬^Î°H÷ë=°O[i
"³ò^ÎQ®°#q.
ã¬ ¬ ° ë ` Ç ~ ¡ ¼ ì Q® = ò, gi Ô Þ Ç ° KÇ i ã`Ç ''ª² ì f ~¡ ° ã^Î = °ÑÑ #°O_
ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
"¼~¡ <³á ô¬ }ì¼xH÷ À~¡°¬_# =O×O <×O "i =O×O. =¶ ``Ç°Ç ¼Qê~¡°
<×=ò Hê=°~AQê~¡°. "i PYi ä½=¶~¡°_Í =¶ <#ßQê~¡°. <×O H$â~=ôQê~¡°.
"iH÷ ¬tó=° QË^¥=i lìÁ U¶~¡° #Q®~¡OÕx [g°O^¥~¡Á "³¶`Í "ÍOH@
H$+¬âÇ°¼Qêi ä½=¶ï~ë "³OH@ ¬°|Ä=°à`Ë q"¬ì"³°ØOk. ÌO_ÁH÷ =¶ `ÇeÁQêiH÷
Zxq°^ÍO_È°Á. =¶ <#ßQêiH÷ ¬^Î¬ðö~O_ÈÁx qxH÷_. <Í#° 1917 ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò
_¬O|~¡°Õ [xàOK#°. Jk ²OQ®× <=° ¬O=`Ç~¡O =¶~¡¾t~¡ ×Ã^Î ã`Ç³¶^Ît.
178
=¶ <#ßQêi Ì^Î `ÇOã_ ä½=¶~¡°_È° <×O ~=°eOQ®Ç°¼Qê~¡°. =¶
<#ßQêi`Ë PÕzOz, ~[=°ÀìOã^Î=~¡OÕ '"³á×¼ À"¬^Î#=òÑ J<Í À~¡°`Ë
XH ¬O¬Ö#° ªÖ²OKÇ_¨xH÷, ^¥xH÷ N=°u Hê=¶HÆ=°àQê~¡° <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz
P ¬O¬Öä½ À= KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ U~æ@°Á KÍª~¡°. =¶ <#ßQêiH÷ KÍ^Ë_È°, "^Ë_È°Qê
LO@¶ À= KÍ¶¬ #ë ß N HË~¡°HùO_È eOQ®=üiëQêi ¬ì¬ Hê~¡O`Ë "³á ¼× À"¬^<Î xß
1920= ¬OIIÕ ªÖ²OK~¡°. ãH=°OQê P ¬^Î#O ìeHê ~¡§Qê ~¡¶¬ô°
k^Î°íHù#ßk. ã¬ã¬^Î=°=ò #°O_ *ìfÇ° q^Î¼ä½ ãé`¬ìq°¬¶ë ¬O¦¬°
¬O¬ø~¡}=ò#ä½ ã¬^¥#¼q°¬¶ë ^Í× À=ä½, ¬O¦¬°À=ä ¬`¼ ãQ®¬ìÙ^Î¼=¶xH÷
JOH÷`Ç"³°Øé~ò# =¶<#ßQê~¡° N=°u Hê=¶HÆ=°àQêi J¼~¡Ö#Ìá ##°ß
"³á×¼À"¬^Î#OÕ q^¥¼ì¼ªxH÷ KÍ~ó~¡°.
1921= ¬OII Uã²Õ =¶ ¬^Î#O "iÂHË`Ç"° [iQê~ò. JO`Çä½
=òO^Î°Qê U_¨k ¬sHÆ° [iQê~ò. <Í#° 4= `Ç~¡Q®u ¬sHÆÕ ã¬^Î=ò~°Qê
H$`~¡`Ç ÚOkÇò<ß#°. Z¬æ\÷ìQê h^Í "³ò^Î\÷ |¬=°u. hä½ Uq° Hê"Õ!
'HË~¡°HËÑ Jx J_Qê~¡°! N=°u Hê=¶HÆ=°àQê~¡° <ä½ J~¡O HêQ®^¥! è^¥!
J<Í PÕKÇ# ä_¨ èä½O_¨ POã^Î Hq` ²`=°¬ì JÁªx Ì^Îí<~¡°¼_È°
~¡zOz# '=°#°KÇiã`ÇÑ (ªÞ~Ëz+¬=°#° ¬O=) =°¬ðHê=¼O Hê"x "³O@<Í
J_Qê#°. <ä½ P=°~ß_È° "iÂHË`Ç=OÕ =°#°KÇiã`Ç#° ã¬^Î=° |¬=°uQê
`Ç# KÍ`Ç°`Ë JOkOK~¡°. J¬æ\÷ < P#O^ÎO =iâOKÇ_¨xH÷ JqHêxk.
NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° `Ç#ä½ ''Z^Î°ï~á#KË `Ç# =°^ÎHsOã^Î=ò ky KÍÇü`Ç xzó
ZH÷øOKÇ°Hùx³°ÑÑ #x Ì^Îí#Qê~¡° ã"²#@°Á =¶²xß N=°u Hê=¶HÆ=°à ##°ß
`Ç# KÍ`Ç° g°^Î°Qê XH ª²ì`Ç¼ =°^ÎHsOã^Î=òÌá <³H÷øOz#O`Ç ã|¬ðà#O^Î
¬_éÇ¶#°. `Ç~¡°"`Ç ä_È ã¬uHêÁ¬° ¬sHÆÕ#°, <Í<Í ã¬^Î=ò~°Qê, q[Ç°O
ÚO^Î_ÈO, Hì¬î~Ëâ^ÎÇ°O, ì~¡`Ç q~\Õ^Ë¼Q® ¬~Þ°, =¬°KÇiã`Ç, "³ò^Îÿá#
Hê"¼#° |¬=°`Ç°°Qê ÚO^Î_ÈO P Hê"¼#° "Í¬q Hê¬ô Ì=ôÕ
KÇkq, <Ë@° ã"¬°HË=@O, <ä½ J"@° J~òé~òOk.
`Ç~Þ`Ç =¶ ¬^Î#O HêãH"Í°} HOO "i gkH÷ =¶~¡ó|_Ok. JHø_È
P_È°HË=_¨xH÷ =°Oz ¬Ö=ò LO_Ík. ªÇ°Oã`ÇO ¬¶ø° H>è²# `Ç~Þ`Ç P
¬ÖOÕ ì¼\q°O@<£, iOQ· >ÿxß¹, _³hßHê~ò\ P@° P_È°Hù<Í"×¤O. HêÁ¬°Õ
LO_ÈQê Z=ï~á< KÇ¶_È\ìxH÷ =Àë "×¤g°^Î <Í#° J×Ã=ôQê JköHÆ¬}ì ¬î~¡ÞH"³°Ø#
179
`Í@wuH° K³Àæ^¥xß. XHùøHø=¶~¡° QÒ`Çg° f~# ã×^¥#O^Î ¦¬¶@°Õ [iöQ
¬`¼ãQ®¬ìÙ^Î¼=° ¬ä½ "³oÁ qO@¶O_Í^¥xß. Z=ï~á< P¬ðÞxÀë ª²ì`Ë¼
¬<¼ª° KÍÀ^¥xß. D < |¬=òY ¬O¬ø$uH Hì~¡OQê¬H÷ë Q®=°xOKÍ
HêÕ°, HêOãïQ¬° s"~¡° Z¬ôæ_³<á ¬`¼ãQ®ì¬ Ù^Î¼=° ¬=°Ç°OÕ < ã¬O¬ Qê°
U~æ@° KÍÀ"~¡°. J¬æ\÷#°O_ L¬<¼ªO>è <ä½ Ç°O é~òOk. J¬ôæ_È°
<ä½ 12 UO_ÈÁ ãÇ°O LO_Ík.
<H¬ôæ_È° 13¬OII =Ç°¬°. p~ "¬ë=ô¼ÿá# N T@°äi "³OH>è×Þ~¡
ãõ+²»Qêi kÞfÇ°¬ôã`Ç°ÿá# N¬ìÇ°ãw= Q®°ëQêi`Ë <ä½ q"¬ì"³°Ø#k. J¬æ\÷öH
¬`¼ãQ®¬ìÙ^Î¼=° Hê~¡¼ãH=¶Õ L#ß <Í#° q"¬ì"³°Ø# `Ç~Þ`Ç ä_È P
Hê~¡¼ãH=¶#° =¶#è^Î°. ²ïH\÷OQ®°ä½ "³×¤_ÈO Mìn =¢ªë#° J=òà`Ç¶
¼H÷OQ®°° KÍÇ°@O, Tö~yO¬ôÕ ç¾#_ÈO, L¬<¼ªeÇ°¼_ÈO =òY¼OQê
< À" Hê~¡¼ãH=¶°. Hêh g\÷x q°Oz# ~òOHùH =òY¼Hê~¡¼ãH=¶xß =¶
<#ßQê~¡° <Í#¶ H² x~¡Þ²ìOK=°x K³¬æ_¨xH÷ Q®~¡Þ¬_È¶ë L<ß#°. ¬|~¡àf
Pã×=¶#°ßO_, WOHê HêOãïQ¬° <Ç°ä½#°O_, WOwÁ+¬µ H~¡¬ã`#° =¶
<#ßQê~¡° ~ãu¬î@ `³°Q®°ÕH÷ J#°=k¬¶ë K³¬îë =ôO>è <Í#° ã"À^¥xß.
`³Á"~¡° *ì=ò# =ü_È°Q®O@ä½ Hê~¡¼H~¡ë° P ¬ã`#° f¬°Hùx "³o¤,
JKÇ°ó"Í~òOKÍ"~¡°. ã¬[O` q~¡Q®|_ "Í_ "Í_ Ì¬~¡@°ìÁ P H~¡¬ã`#°
KÇkq, Lã^ÍHO`Ë Tyé~ò ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìÙ^Î¼=¶xH÷ U~ËA Hê~ËA ãHù`Çë
T²KÍó"~¡°. D ìQ®¼O <ä½HêH WOïH=iH÷ He¾O^Îx =òi²é`Ç¶ LO_Í^¥xß
=¶<#ßQê~¡° L^Î¼=¶Õ ZO`Ç x+¬µ»~¡°Õ, WO\÷ =¼=¬ð~Õ JO`Ç
J=¶Ç°ä½°. PÇ°#ä½ ²Á#° ãÀq°OKÇ_È"Í° `³eÇò#°Ð Hêh ²Á ¬@Á
xÇ°=° #O `³eÇ°^Î°. Hêh =¶ J=°à Jxß q+¬¶Ç Õ#° Kì x¬ô}°~°.
¬Ow`Ç q^¥¼ tHÆ}Õ =¶ä½ D=°x JKÇ°¼`Ç ~=°§¢²ëQêi `Ç~Þ`Ç W^Îí~¡°
Q®°~¡°=ô° =¶~~¡°. J¬æ\ÕÁ =¶ J=°à ##°ß, =¶J#ßÇ°¼#° j`HêOÕ (ZO`Ç
KÇÿá< ¬ö~) è², g} ª^Î#O KÍ~òOKÍk.
<ä½ q"¬ì"³°Ø# `Ç~Þ`Ç, =Ç°¬° =zó# `Ç~Þ`Ç WOHê KÇ^Î°"³O^Î°Hx
KÇ^Î°=ô =¶xæOz "ÍÇ°=²#kQê, =¶ "iH÷, "i JHøQê~¡°Á Kì ãÀ~¡}
He¾OK~¡°. Hêh =¶"~¡° "i =¶@° K³qx Ì@ è^Î°. <Í#° ª²ì`Ç¼ "¼ª°,
ã"² ì~¡uH÷ 'H$+¬âä½=¶iÑ J<Í HO À~¡°`Ë ¬OÀ^¥xß. N =¶<#ßQêi
180
¬^¥¼ä½ ãu=¶¬O ì~¡u"~¡° JãQ®Ò|¶O Wzó ¬ãuHÕ ã¬^Î=° =°ä½@OQê
ã¬KÇ°iOKÍ"~¡°.
W\ìÁ HêO Q®_È°¬¶ë LO_ÈQê =°¬ð#OkÕ [iy# P~¡¼"³á×¼ =°¬ð ¬Õ
ã¬ã¬^Î=° Hq¬O_`Ç ¬i+¬`Ç°ë U~æ@° KÍ² ^¥xH÷ =¶ <#ßQêix J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê
P¬ðÞxOK~¡° ¬ì x~Þ¬ìä½ÿá# ãÚ^Î°í@¶~¡° "¬ë=ô¼° N Hù¬æ~¡¬ô "³OH@
¬°|ÄÇ°¼Qê~¡°.
"Í°=ò ä½@°O|=°O` "³ì¤=ò. P ¬Õ "¼¬°x ä~¡°æ, uHø#
f~¡°æ, J<Í =°ä½@O`Ë ã^ñ¬n ã`Ç zã`Ç}#° Q®¶ió <Í#° ã¬¬OyOK#°. P
ã¬O¬ Q®O JdìOã^Î ªÖ~òÕ ª²ìf "Í`ëÇ #° ìQê PH@°Hù#ßk. P PH~} Â¡ `Ë<Í
=°ã^¥¬°Õx ª²ì`Ç¼ ¬O¦¬¶"~¡°, ##°ß P¬ìÞxOz ã^ñ¬kÌá ã¬¬OyOKÇ=°x
J¼iOK~¡°. P ã¬¬OQ®"³°Ø# `Ç~Þ`Ç J^Í =°ä½@O`Ë 'H$+¬â ä½=¶iÑ J<Í À~¡°`Ë<Í
ì~¡u ¬ãuHê ã¬KÇ°~¡}ì~¡O ¬O#°. =¶ "~¡° H$+¬âä½=¶i ã"Ç°_È"³°O^Î°ä½?
T@°äi H©Æà HêO`Ç=°à J<Í À~¡°`Ë ã"~ò Jx ¬¶zOK~¡°. Jk "³ò^Î°
<Í#° T@°äi H©ÆàHêO`Ç=°à J<Í À~¡°`Ë<Í < ~¡KÇ##° ã¬KÇ°i¬¶ë =Kó#°.
J¬æ\ÕÁ < ~¡K#Ç ° z#ßq, Q®$¬ìH÷àÆ Õ#° ª²ì`¼`ÇàH"°³ #Ø ~¡K#Ç °, ì~¡uÕ#°
ã¬KÇ°iO¬|_È¶ë LO_Íq.
`Ç~Þ`Ç ~[=°ÀìOã^Î=~¡OÕ [iy# POã^Î ~R =°²ìì ¬Õ <Í#°
H©H"³°Ø# ã`Ç =²ìOz Kì À= KÍ§#°. JO`ÍHê^Î° P ¬Õ _³á"Ë~¡°
Hê"x HùO^Î~¡° f~à#O Ì_`Í ì~¡fÇ° =°²ìì ¬O¬ø$uH÷ q~¡°^Î=°x
=°¬ìÙ¬<¼¬O KÍ² q_¨ä½ a°Á <³Q®¾ä½O_¨ KÍ§#°. ~[=°ÀìOã^Î=~¡OÕ
POã^Î"VàÇ° ¬O¦¬°O J<Í ¬O¬Ö"~¡° Hqª~¡Þº=° N. N^Î H$+¬â=üië
§ã²ëQêiH÷ ¬<à#O KÍ¬¶ë <ä½ q^ÎÞ`Çø=~òãu J<Í a~¡°^ÎO WKó~¡°. Wk
1935 ¬OII JHË|~¡°Õ [iyOk. Wk <ä½ aOz# `ùe a~¡°^Î°. =°ã^¥¬°Õ
#_È°¬|_È¶ë L#ß `³°Q®° ì¬q°u "~¡° "i x`Ç¼ Hê~¡¼ãH=°OÕ XH ìQ®OQê,
1951 Õ J#°HùO@¶ 'JOã^ÎH=~òã`Ç°°Ñ J<Í ãQ®O^Î ~¡KÇ# é\©H÷ ²°²Kó~¡°.
=¶"~¡° Zxß L¬<¼ª° K³Àë =¶ã`ÇO Zxß ö~_³¶ ~¡KÇ#° KÍÀë =¶ã`ÇO UO
ìO? §×Þ`Ç"³°Ø# ª²ì`¼`ÇàH"³°Ø# U^³á< XH ãQ®O^Î ~¡KÇ# KÍÀë À~¡° ã¬u+¬°
H°¾`~ò. ª²ì`¼xH÷ #¶`Çßã¬ãH÷Ç°`Ë XH q#¶`Çß À=KÍ² #\ºÁ`Ç°Ok. Jx
##°ß POã^Î H=~òã`Ç° ~¡KÇ#ä½ ãé`Ç²ìOK~¡°.
181
< POã^Î H=~òã`Ç°° ãQ®O^ÎOÕ 264 H=~òã`Ç°° "³°Q®° KÇ¶K~¡x
K³¬æ_¨xH÷ P#Ok¬¶ë L<ß. <ä½ §×Þ`Ç H©ië ã¬u+¬»#° ¬OkOz Ì\÷#
ã¬ã¬^Î=°ãQ®O^Î ~¡KÇ# ~ò^Í. < `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~¡KÇ#ä½ <Ok ¬eø# q[Ç°
×OY<^ÎO. D POã^Î H=~òã`Ç° ~¡KÇ# < q+¬¼rûq`Ç ×Ã KÇi`ÇH÷k ³°uë#
=°OQ®× ¬`H. D ¬`H ¬xß"Í×O WO`ÇÕ PQ®è^Î°. JdOìOã^ÎOÕ<ÍHê^Î°.
Jd ì~¡`ÇOÕ q^Í§Õ ä_È ##°ß =òO^Î°ä½ #_²¬¶ë ##°ß ª²ìf
~¡°ã^Î=°Qê fiókkí# ã^Î¬`H.
POã^Î H=~òãf ãQ®O^Î q[Ç°¬`HKóÇ°`Ë <_È° Ç¶=^¥Oã^ÎÕ
Qù¬æ Qù¬æ ¬<à<° [iy# `Ç~¡°}OÕ<Í p~Õ N [=òà =°_ÈH
=¶^Î=~Ç°×~¡àQê~¡° ¬ì[#O ¬ì~¡Â^¥Þ<° q°#°ß=ò@°`Ç¶O_ÈQê 'POã^Î
¬~¡¬ÞuÑ a~¡°^¥xß ã¬^¥#O KÍª~¡°. `Ç~¡°"`Ç 1953 ¬OII Q®$¬ìH÷Æà ¬Þ~¡âHOH}O
ä_È |¬=°uQê aOzOk. POã^Î H=~òã`Ç°°, POã^Î q[Ç°O aOz#
`Ç~¡°"`Ç ^Í×=°O`Ç\ì <ä½ Hùxß ¬^Î=ô° aOK~ò. JO^Î°Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#k
POã^ÎÇüx=iÅ\© Ì<Í\ ¬¼`ÇÞO.
1965 ¬OII <Í#° ~¡zOz# Jd ì~¡`Ç H=~òã`Ç°° POã^Îã¬^Í ª²ì`Ç¼
JHê_Èg°KÍ ã¬KÇ°iO¬|_Ok. < z~¡Hê "OKÇ D_ÍiOk. D ã¬KÇ°~¡} `Ç~Þ`Ç
Jd ì~¡`ÇªÖ~òÕ ~¡KÇ~òã`Ç° ¬^Î¬° [~¡°¬=ÿ#<Í "OKÇ HeyOk <ä½.
"³O@<Í N=°u Hê¬° ~¦¬°==°àQê~¡° (N ã|¬ðà#O^Îï~_ÛQêi ¬f=°}÷) P¬ðÞ#
¬ O ¦ ¬ ¶ ^Î ¼ ä Æ ½ ~°Qê#°, ã¬ ² ^ Î í # \© = °}÷ , ~¡ K Ç ~ òãu, N # °=°fQê~¡ ° ,
L^Î¼äÆ½~°Qê#° <Í#° ã¬^¥# Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅxQê#°, <Ç°x H$+¬âä½=¶i
¬¬ðÇ°Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅxQê#°, ïH.~=°H÷Æà =ò#ßQ®° "~¡° ¬°¼~Oã_È°Qê#° XH Hq°\©
U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_Ok. 1965 ¬OIIÕ D ¬^Î¬° N=°u bì=u =òhÂ
J^Î¼äÆ½~°Qê, N=°u q[Ç°H©Æà ¬O_\ =òY¼ JukQê#° =ü_È°~ËA°
Jd ì~¡`Ç ~¡KÇ~òã`Ç° ¬^Î¬° POã^Îã¬^Í ª²ì`Ç¼ JHê_Èg° P^ÎÞ~¡¼OÕ
Jd ì~¡`Ç ªÖ~òÕ J`Ç¼O`Ç "³á=OQê x~¡Þ²ìO¬|_Ok. 1965Õ<Í
NQËï~_Û N~=¶#°[~=ôQê~¡ ªÏ[#¼O`Ë POã^Î ~¡KÇ~òã`Ç° ¬¬ð
¬O¦¬¶xß ZHê_Èg° J#°|O^Î §YQê U~æ@° KÍÇ°Q®ì¾#°. "³ò^Î\÷ ¬
Q®°O@¶~¡°, `ÇHø÷ #q U¶~¡°, ~[=°Oã_, =~¡OQ®°Á, Q®°_"_È, q[Ç°"_È, Y=°àO,
=°zb¬@}=òÕ [~¡°Q®Qê, 3,4 ¬° Ìáì^Î~ì^Î°Õ [iy#q.
182
q[Ç°"_È ¬ä½ N QËï~_ÛQê~¡° N~=¶#°[~=ôQê~¡°, =ü_È°
~ËA° q[Ç°"_ÈÕ LO_ `Ë_Èæ_<~¡°. P ¬Õ PYi ¬=¶"Í×"³°Ø#
H=~òã`Ç° ¬ < J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# [iy#k.
N ~=¶#°[~=ôQê~ ¬ìO`ÇOÕ ã¬¬Oy¬¶ë, D =°¬ð¬Õ ªé^Îi
N=°u H©ÆàHêO`Ç=°àQêiH÷ 'ª²ìf~¡°ã^Î=°Ñ Jx a~¡°^Î°x¬°ë<ß#x ¬°¼~Oã_È
¬ì~¡Â^¥Þ< =°^Î¼ ã¬H\÷OK~¡°.
P a~¡°^Î°<Í <~ü ÔÞÇ° KÇiã`Çä½ <Í#° =°ä½@OQê ZOKÇ°Hù<ß#x
¬Q®~¡ÞOQê K³¬îë N ªé^Î~¡°° ~=¶#°[~=ôQêiH÷ H$`Ç[ý`Ç`Ë #=°¬°=¶O[e
¬=°iæ¬¶ë L<ß#°.
ã¬ß× °
1. H©Æà HêO`Ç=°àQêi ì¼=ò, q^¥¼ì¼¬=ò#° Q®¶ió q=iO¬ô=ò.
2. H©Æà HêO`Ç=°àQêi À" Hê~¡¼ãH=°=ò Q®¶ió `³°¬ô=ò.
3. H©Æà HêO`Ç=°à QêiH÷ ª²ìf ~¡°ã^Î=° a~¡°^Î=ò Z@°Á `ÇyÇò#ß^Ë
q=iO¬ô=ò.
183
7. ¬Ow`Ç ³¶y N§¼=° §ã²ë
- N a.q.~=°H$+¬â
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò N a.q.~=°H$+¬âQêi ''¬Ow`Ç ³¶y N §¼=°§¢²ëÑÑ
J#° q=°~¡ÅH "¼¬=ò u~¡°=° u~¡°¬u ^Í=ªÖ#O "iKÍ ã¬KÇiO¬|_È°KÇ°#ß
'¬¬ëyiÑ J#° ¬ãuH #°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
H~â@H ¬Ow`Ç=ò#ä½ =òQ®°¾~¡° "öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°° Kì =òY°¼°. =°¬ð
q^¥ÞO¬°° `ÇO*ì=îiÕ "³²# ~ËAq. ãH©.×. 1775 #°O_ 1850 =~¡ä½
ZO^Î~Ë =°¬ð#°ì=ô° ^³á"O×¬O¶`Ç°° L^ÎÄqOzi.
¬Áÿ QËÇ°¼~¡°, ^ù~¡ª=°Ç°¼~¡°, çOi "³OH@¬æÇ°¼, ~¡=°}Ç°¼,
¬K³óq°iÇ°O Pk J¬æÇ°¼ Wì ZO^Î~Ë =°¬ð#°ì=ô° ¬Ow`Çq^Î¼#°
L²Ozi. ^Í=ô_Í <^Î~¡¶¬ô_È~ò J=`ÇiOK³#x K³¬æ=KÇ°ó#°.
`ÇO*ì=îiH÷ ¬°=¶~¡° =ò¬æk "³°Ø×¤ ^Î¶~¡=òÕ ''u~¡°"~¡¶~¡°ÑÑ J<Í
T~¡° H^Î°. WO^Î° `¼Q®~[ªÞq° Ài@ Qù¬æ PÇ°=ò LOk. D TiÕ
[xàOz# K°, J^Í =òH÷ëxKÇ°ó##ß ÕHËH÷ë =ôOk. ''[# <`Çø=°ìÍ°ÑÑ
Jx. D ¬ô}¼öHÆã`Ç=òÕ<Í H~â@H ¬Ow`Ç ãu=ü~¡°ëÿá "³²# §¼=°§¢²ë
(1763Ð1827), `¼Q®~A (1759Ð1847), =ò`Ç°ë ªÞq° nH÷Æ`Ç°° =òQ®°¾~¡¶
[xàOKÇ°@ qõ+¬=ò.
ã|¬ìà q+¬µâ =°Àì×Þ~¡°#° Õe# §¼=°§¢²ë, `¼Q®~A, nH÷Æ`Ç°"i
=°¬ì`ÇÞ=ò ^³áqH"³°Ø#k. "~¡° H~â@H ¬Ow`Ç=ò#° J`Ç°¼`Çë=°"³°Ø# ^Î×ä½
f¬°ä½"³o¤i. D =ò=ôÞ~¡°#¶ [<àO`Ç~¡ "¬< =°²ì=°`Ë J^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø# Q®O^Î~¡Þ
JO×=ò`Ë [xàOzi. "öQ ¾ °Ç Hê~¡° H}
Æ =ò°, JkHê~¡=ò, J~¡Ý`Ç° =òQ®°i¾ H©
=iëOz ÇòO_³#°. ~Q®¬Þ~¡¶¬=ò ã¬¬°æ\©HiOKÇ° ~¡KÇ#°, "i H©~¡ë#°,
184
~Q®¬O¬^Î`Ë, ì+¬Õx JO^ÎKÇO^Î=ò`Ë §× Þ`ÇOQê xKÇ° H©~¡ë#°, Hù`Çë
Hù`Çë "³áY~¡°`Ë x`Ç¼#¶`Ç#=òQê Õa°Á#°. "Í^Î"Í^¥O`Ç §¢¬ë ãQ®O^Î=ò#°
KÇkq, ¬O¬ø$Òã^Î ì+¬ Ç°O^Î° Q®\÷ ¬@°#°, O_`¼xß ¬ÞO`ÇO
KÍ¬°Hù<ß~¡°. *Õ¼u§Å¢¬ë=ò, =°# §¢¬ë=ò°"iH÷ H~¡`Çì=°H=ò°. ¬ô\÷#k
XöH TiÕ Ìiy#k. `ÇO*ì=î~¡°Õ, u~¡°"~¡¶~Õ =òQ®°¾~¡¶ ¬=°Hêeä½°.
=°Oã`Ç²kx ÚOk# =°¬ð¬ô~¡°+¬µ° "i Q®°~¡°=ô°. <~¡^Î°° `¼Q®Ç°¼Çò
¬Þ~~¡â==ò xzó~¡x ã¬fu. §¼=°§¢²ë Q®°~¡°=ô° z^ÎO|~¡ <^Î³¶y. nH÷Æ`Ç°
Q®°~¡°=ô° ''¬Ow`Ç ªÞ=ò°ÑÑ J#° Ç°fOã^Î°°.
Q®=O`Ç°x P^Í×=ò# J=`ÇiOz Q®=`HÆê`ø~¡=ò#° ÚOk#"~¡°.
P =òQ®°¾~¡° <^Îq^¥¼=°~¡à=ò#° Ziy ''x[¬Ow`Ç=òÑÑ #° ã¬¬OKÇ=ò#ä½
JO^Î*è²i, =òH÷ë =¶~¡¾=ò#ä½ ªé#=ò°, H÷ë~¡¬ ¬îi`Ç=òQ®° "i H©~¡ë#°
ã¬[Õ *ìý#, H÷ë"³á~Q®¼=ò#° "¼²O¬KÍ²#q. J¬~ËHÆ *ìý#=ò <ùOk
`¼Q®j°ï~á, xÇ°=° x+¬»`Ë r=#=ò Q®_² r=#°àä½ëÿá '' ³¶öQ<O `Í
`Ç#°`Ç¼*ìOÑÑ J#ß@°Á J=ª# ¬=°Ç°=ò ¬g°²Oz#^Îx `³°¬°Hùx t+¬µ¼ä½
`³e² ã|¬ìà¬Þ~¡¶¬=ò#° ^¥¼xOKÇ°KÇ¶ W¬ìÕH=ò#° g_ Q®=O`Ç°xÕ
SH¼"³°Øi. Wxß Jª=¶#¼ =°²ì=¶ qõ+¬=ò° Q® P =òQ®°¾~¡° =°¬ð#°ì=ô#°
H#ß u~¡°"~¡¶~¡° ¬ô}¼¶q° Ç°#°@Õ P×ó~¡¼"Í°=ò#ßk?
§¼=°§ã²Që ê~¡° =ò=ôÞiÕ#° =³¶=$^Î° °. D "öQ
¾ °Ç Hê~¡° KÇiã`Ç#°
ä½Á¬ë=òQê =°#ä½ JOkOz#"~¡° N ¬°|Ä~=° nH÷Æ`Ç°°. "i `Ç~Þ`Ç ãÚÌ¦¬~
ªO|=üië. §ã²ëQê~¡° PÇ¶ H©~¡ë##° ~¡zOz# ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò°, "iHê ~ËAÕ
U U =ü=¬°ë=ô° ¼"³°Ø#q, "~ =ü q+¬Ç¶#°Oz `Ç=° J¬î~¡Þ
H©~¡ë# <Íq^ÎOQê q~¡zOz~Ë `³°¬°HùO^¥O. çaÄe öH×=Ç°¼ ''¶ÕH K¬KÇ°\÷ÑÑ
Ç°x ã¬Mì¼uK³Ok, J<ÍH ¬OªÖ#=òO^Îe q^¥ÞO¬°#° ¬Ow`Ç q^Î¼Õ F_Oz
"i `ÇO|¶~¡#°, W`Ç~¡ "~ò^Î¼ ¬iH~¡=ò#°, ¦¬°O\ìHOH}=ò#° |O_ÈÁÕ
"Í¬°Hùx J¬iq°`Ç=°~ò# ¬ìOQ®°`Ë, J@¬ð¬O`Ë `ÇO*ì=îiH÷ =K³ó#@. ~=}
¬O¬ð~¡=ò#ä½ =°¬ðq+¬µâ"Í #~H$ux ÚOk#@°Á ã|¬ìà=ü~¡°ë° N §¼=°§ã²ë
"iH÷ é\© Q ê x°==² =zóO^Î O >è =°#ä ½ ö H × = Ç ° ¼ q^Î Þ `Ç ° ë
`Í@`³Á=°=ô`Ç°Ok. `#=ò#O^Î°#°, `×=ò J=°iH O^Î° Jª^¥~¡} ã¬[ýQ®
öH×=Ç°¼ |°kKÇ=°`Çø$`Ç°° §ã²ëQêi ^³á=|=ò Z^Î°@ PQ®è^Î°. §ã¬°ë"~¡°
185
~ã`ÇO`ÇÇò W+¬^Í=`³á# |OQê~¡° Hê=¶HÆ=°à#° ¬îlOz `ÇÇ¶~¡° Hê=²
=K³ó#@. ×~¡#O^Î# `×=òÕx Qù_È=Õ öH×=Ç°¼ä½ "³#°HO[¬_³#@.
J@°`Ç~Þ`Ç §ã²ëQêö~ öH×=Ç°¼ `#"³áY~¡°#° HùxÇ¶_~¡@. x[=òQê
¬Ow`Ç=òÕ é\©H÷ `=ôè^Î° H^¥! W\÷ §¼=°§ã¬°ë "i [#à=$`ëO`Ç=ò
Kì P¬H÷ëH~¡=òQê =ôO_È°#°.
§¼=°§ã²Që êi ä½^Í=`³#á N |OQê~¡° Hê=¶H©Æ ^Íq ~¡H}
Æ xq°`ÇOë §ã²Që êi
`ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°° ã^¥q_È ãì¬ìà} ä½@°Oì`Ë H², =ò²Á=ò ^¥_È°ä½ [_²,
N ¬ô~¡=°#° u~¡°"~¡¶i öHÆã`Ç=ò#ä½ =zó, ¬°=¶~¡° =òÌáæ S^Î° ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò
=~¡ä `ÇO*ì=îi ~A =# U~¡æ~¡KÇ|_# ¬î*Õ¬K~^Î°#° JOwHiOz,
JKÇó@<Í N Hê=¶H©Æ ^Íqx H÷ë`Ë ÀqOKÇ°Hùxi. `Ç=°ä½ ¬ôã`Ç°° è#O^Î°#
ã¬u=¶¬=ò#O^Î° H_È¬\÷ ²Ö~¡"~¡=òÕ ''"ÍOH\ìKÇ¬uH÷ÑÑ ãÔuQê ãì¬ìà}
¬O`Ç~¡æ}° KÍ¬°ëO_Í"~¡°. J¬ôæ_È° XH ²Ö~¡"~¡O ãì¬ìà} ¬O`Ç~¡æ}
[~¡°Q®°`Ç°#ß¬ôæ_È° XH =ò^Î°¬e ãì¬ìà}°x g°^Î "ÍOH\ìKÇ¬u P=²ìOz
''F ^ÎO¬`Ç°ì~ g°ä½ XH ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò Õ¬ Ç°Õ=O`Ç°_³á# XH ¬ôã`Ç°_È°
H°Q®°ÑÑ #x K³Ìæ#°. J>èÁ J`Çx `ÇeÁ Q®~¡Ä=u³Ø°#k. ¬k<³° xO_ÈQê<Í
ãH©.×.1763 zã`Çì#° ¬O=`Ç~¡ "Í°+¬ ~¡q H$uëHê #HÆã`Ç=ò#O^Î° N#Q®~¡=ò
J#° TiÕ (u~¡°"~¡¶~¡°) §¼=°§ã²ë [xàOK³#°. H~¡¶ß° lìÁÕx HO=òÕ
§¼=° §ã¬°ë ²`=°¬°O_i. =°¬ì=°ànÇò ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Çä½ ÿki
HOzöHÆã`ÇO KÍ~¡°Hùxi. Pk×OH~¡° H~ió`Ç=°Q®° |OQê~¡° Hê=¶H÷Æ qãQ®¬ì=ò
"iH÷ aOz#k. JHø_È#¶ ~¡HÆ} KH `ÇO*ì=î~¡° lìÁÕx u~¡°"~¡¶~¡°
KÍ~¡°ä½<ß~¡° §ã¬°ë"i ²`=°¬°. J<ÍH JãQ®¬ð~¡=ò°, ~[ ¬¬~¡¼°Q®
ä½@°O|OÕ [xàOz# §ã²ëQêiH÷ c^ÎiH=°O>è Uq°\Õ `³eÇ°^Î°.
§¼=°§ã²ë Q®°iOz WOHê Wì ~§~¡° ¬°|Ä~=° nH÷Æ`Ç°°. W`Ç_È°
ì¼=°O^Í ¬O¬ø$Òã^Î ì+¬Õ =°¬ðãÏ_È°_È~ò, |OQê~¡° Hê=¶H÷Æ`Ë
`ÇO*ì=îiH÷ =zó, `Ç# |O^Î°=ôÕ ("Í°#=¶=°) XHi=^Îí ¬~¡o "³ò^Îÿá#
¬Þ~¡*ìý#=ò =~¡ä½ <Í~¡°óHù<³#°. W`Çx ìQ®¼ qõ+¬=ò =# L`Çë~¡^Í×=ò #°O_
¬Ow`Ç ªÞ=òx ¬Ow`Ç q^¥¼~¡OQ®`Ç°_³á# XH Ç°fOã^Î°_È° =zó, W`Çxx
`Ç# t+¬µ¼xQê ÔÞHiOz =ü_È° ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò ¬~¡¼O`Ç=ò ¬Ow`Ç HÆ¼HÆ}
=°~¡ à =òxßÇ ò <Í i æOK³ # °. D`Ç x Qê# ª=°~¡ Ö ¼ =ò <³ i Oy q°H÷ ø e
186
Ç°Õ=O`Ç°_È=Q®°^Î°#x Pj~¡ÞkOK³#°. WOH JHø_È #°Oz §ã²ëQêi ã¬u
`Í@`³ÁO J~òOk., P`à#°==ò`Ë L\÷¬_È°`Ç° ~Q®~¡¬i`Ç°_³á ''Hê=¶H÷ÆÑÑ
J#ß ¬ Þ ~¡ [ ux KÍ ² i . ÿ á ~ ¡ q ~Q® = ò#° JOKÇ ~¡ ¶ ¬ = òQê T² ì Oz,
P^Î=°¬ëH=ò =iâOz#@°Á J^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø# z@¬Þ~¡=ò°, "Í°~ò# ª²ì`Ç¼
=¶`Ç$H° J=°ió<~¡°. §ã¬°ë"i ¬Þ~¡[`Ç°O^Î° ì= ~Q® `×=ò°
=ü_È°#° ¬=°=òQê "Í°×qO¬|_#q. D ¬Þ~¡[`Ç°° ''Ç°^Î°ä½ HêOÕlÑÑ
`Ë_~Q®=òÕ#° k=¼=òQê J=°i#q. `# =~¡â=ò° qiqQê ~¡zOzi.
P#O^Îÿá~¡q, èQ®_È~Q®=ò z@° =¶ã`Ç"Í° <Í_È° ¼=òÕ =ô#ßq. ¬Þ~¡
qªë~¡=ò#ä½ ¬~¡Þ¦¬òé+¬} Kì J=¬~¡=ò. ~¡¶¬H`×=ò, Pk`×=ò,
q°ã× K ¬ ô `× = ò O^Î ° `× ¦ ¬ ¶ `Ç = ò#° \÷ O KÇ ° uã× , KÇ ` Ç ° ~¡ ã ¬
YO_Èq°ã×Q®`Ç° ¬O¬H=òÕ JO^ÎKÇO^Î=ò#° =^ÎH, ~Q®ì==ò#ä½
¬iÇ°Q®° ã¬³¶Q®=ò#° ÚOkHQê Uióäió# z@ ¬Þ~¡=ò°Q® H©~¡ë#°
Q®=°xOz#, ~¡¬ ~¡²ì`Ç=ò~ò# ~Q®=°@°ÁOz ZO`Ç =¶ã`Ç=ò `×¬ô #_ÈHä½
#¬ æ x =\÷ ÿ H ø Q® _ È a _È ¬ Þ ~¡ q ªë ~ ¡ = òÕx J¬ ¬ ì ¼`Ç ~¡ ¬ ~ ² ì `Ç ¼ `Ç
`Í@`³=Á òQê Õ^Î _¬ °È `Ç°Ok. Hêh §¼=°§ã¬°ë "i ¬Þ~¡[`Ç°#°, q~¡Õ}÷ìO\÷
=~¡â=ò#° ìQ®°Qê q=°iÅOKÇ°Hùx, XHùøHø P=$`Çë=òO^Î°Q® ~Q®ì=
"³áY~¡°#° ã¬`Í¼H÷Oz äï~ó#°.
§¼=°§ã²ëH÷ `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°° Ì\÷#À~¡° Jk Hê^Î°. "³O@~¡=°}°x
J#°ãQ®¬ì=ò# [xàOKÇ°@=# "ÍOH@¬°ã|¬ìà}¼O Jx <=°H~¡}O KÍ²i.
¬°ã|¬ìà}à=ò#ä½ ''§¼=°H$+¬âÑÑ J#ßk Qê~|¬ô À~¡°. P À~¡°<Í ''=òã^ÎÑÑ èH
JOH÷`Ç=òQê KÍ¬°Hùx §¼=°§ã¬°ë"~¡° J<ÍH H©~¡ë##° ~¡zOzi. N Hê=¶H©Æ^Íq
J#°ãQ®¬ì=ò =# ª²ì`Ç¼ KÇ=°`ø~¡=ò°, öQÇ°Hæ#°, `× q+¬Ç°=ò°
''§¼=°H$+¬âÑÑ J#° À~¡°# ~¡zOzi.
WO`Ç Ç°×¬°#° |_È²# §¼=°§ã²ëQê~¡° |¬t+¬µ¼#° ã¬Hê×¬~¡z `Ç#
"~¡¬°°Qê =^Îe Ç°×HêÇòÿá ãH©.×. 1827 =¼Ç° ¬O=`Ç~¡ =°H~¡ ~¡q ×ÃHÁ^Î×q°
<_È° k=OQ®`Ç°ÿá<~¡°.
§ã¬°ë"i H©~¡ë#° Zä½ø=Qê `³°Q®°ì+¬Õ LO_È°@ qõ+¬=ò.
¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò, `Çq°×=òÕ Q®¶_È Hùxß H©~¡ë#°#ßq. 'a~# =~ezóÑ J#° `³°Q®°
''=¶`Ç°=ô#°ÑÑ gö~ J=°ióÇò<ß~¡°. ã¬²^Î ~Q®=òO^ÍQêH J<ÍH=òÿá#
187
ãKÇ°~¡¼OÕ èx ~QêÕ ä_¨ g~¡° H©~¡ë#° KÍ²Çò<ß~¡°. =¶Or ~Q®=ò#
"i H©~¡ë# ''ãÕ==Ç°¼ÑÑ UïHáH HÆ¼=ò. H¾_È zO`=°}÷ ~Q®=òO^Î° ä_¨
H©~¡ë##° ~¡zOzi. `×=òä½ HùO`Ç Zä½ø= ã^¥#¼`Ç#° Wzó##°
~Q®ì==ò#°, ª²ì`Ç¼ì==ò#° K³_Èx=Þè^Î°. gi H©~¡ë#Õ N Hê=¶H©Æ^Íq,
"³OH@~¡=°}°xÌá ~¡=°}©Ç°"³°Ø#q H=ô. Q®=ã`Çæªk`Ç=òÿá# `Ç# H×Õ
Q®=O`Ç°x Qêxó# ^Î#¼rq N §¼=°§ã²ë.
ã¬×ß° :
1. §¼=°§ã²ë [#à=$`ëO`Ç=ò#° q=iO¬ô=ò.
2. §¼=°§ã²ë ¬Þ~¡¬~¡z# ~Q® ì= "³áY~¡°#° q×nHiOKÇ°=ò.
3. §¼=°§ã²ë J¬° Àö~q°? g~¡° U À~¡° g°^Î°Qê Ç°×¬°#° ÚOki?
4. §¼=°§ã²ë H©~¡ë# Q®¶ió ã"Çò=ò.
5. ã§¼=°§ã²ë çaÄe öH×=Ç°¼#° F_Oz# q^Î=ò#° =iâO¬ô=ò.
188
8. ã|¬ìà <Ç°_È°
- _ÏI a@° "ÍOH>è×Þ~¡°Á
_ÏI a@° "ÍOH>è×Þ~¡°ÁQê~¡° 1950= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# ªé=°=°à, ¬ôÁÇ°¼Qê~¡°Áä½
Q®°O@¶~¡° lìÁ ^Î°i¾ =°O_ÈOÕx HËQ®°@ÁÕ [xàOzi. ''¬ìß\÷ Ô=°Õ HËì@O''
J<Í ²^¥O`Ç ãQ®O^¥xH÷ <Qê~¡°û# q×Þq^¥¼Ç°=ò #°O_ ÑÑ_¨Hö~@°'' ¬@=ò ÚOki.
`Ç¶=¶\÷ ^Ë}¬æQêi |OQê~¡° ¬`ÇHO Q®¶_È ÚOki. é¬° _¨Hö~@° _ãw Q®¶_È
ÚOk# g~¡° ã¬¬°ë`ÇO `³°Q®° q×Þq^¥¼Ç°=òÕ PK~¡°¼°Qê ¬xKÍÇòKÇ°<ß~¡°.
¬ìß\÷ Ô=°Õ *ì#¬^Î q*ìý#O =O\÷ J<ÍH ~¡KÇ#° QêqOzi.
¬ìß\÷ H^ÎÕ ã¬=òY ã`Ç#° =²ìOz# ã|¬ìàÇ°¼<Ç°_È° `Çä½ø= ä½ì
"ix P^ÎiOz "i ã|`Ç°ä½Õ "³°Q®°ö~Y#° "³^Î[ìÁ_È° Q®^¥. JO^Î°ä½ ã|¬ìà
<Ç°x <Í¬^Î¼O Uq°\Õ, PÇ°#Ìá Z=i ã¬ì=O ¬_O^Ë, `Ç# P×Ç°ª^Î#ä½
PÇ°# KÍ²# H$+², ¬_# `Ç¬# ZìO\÷^Ë `³°¬°ä½O^¥.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°x `ÇOã_ ^ù_È<Û Ç°_È° º~¡¼ã¬`Õ#°, Çò^Îq ^Î¼Õ#°,
¬i<^ÎHÆ`ÇÕ#°, =°OãÒQ®OÕ#° Àï~xßH Q®#ß"_È°. Çò^Î^Î~à°
äOH+¬OQê Ziy#"_È°. hu§¢ªë°, Wu¬ðª°, ¬ô~}ì° "³ò^Î~ò#=hß
äÆ½}âOQê KÇk"_È°. hu xÇ°=¶Õ#°, ^Î~à ^Î~¡à qKÇHÆ}Õ#°, <¼Ç¶ <¼Ç°
¬ij#OÕ#° ^ù_ÈÛ<Ç°_È° JO^ÎiH© =¶~¡¾^Î~¡Åä½_È°. J#°Q®°~Aä½ =°Oãu
=¶ã`Ç"Í° Hê^Î°. ¬~¡Þq+¬Ç¶ÕÁ J#°Q®°~A =°Oãu ^ù_ÈÛ<Ç°xÌá<Í P^¥~¡¬_¨Û_È°.
D ^ù_ÈÛ<Ç°x ì~¡¼ j=°à. hu xÇ°=¶ä½ xÇ°O. D ^ÎO¬`Ç°
=ò^Î°ía_ÈÛä½ ã|¬ìà<Ç°xH÷ tHÆ}Õ H~¡°"Í=òOk. j=°àä½ hu T²i`Ë
¬=¶#O. ¬@°^Î Q® g~¡u¬ ß. H=Æ ° P"³°ä½ P^Î~Å¡ O. c^Î³°_È *ìe, c~°¡ ³°_È
Fià LO_¨<Í g~¡¬uß. ã|¬ìà<Ç°x ì¼OÕ `ÇeÁ j=°à hu H^Î#°
ÕkOzOk. ~=¶Ç°}, ì~¡`Ç, ìQ®=`Õx ¬ô~} ¬ô}¼¬ô~¡°+¬µO`
ã|¬ìà^Í=ôxH÷ P^Î~¡Å¬ô~¡°+¬µ°. ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° `ÇeÁ ªÏjì¼xß, `ÇOã_
189
º~¡¼ã¬`#° ¬ô}÷H÷¬ôKÇ°óä½#ß n~¡°_È°. ã|¬ìà<Ç°x ì¼O `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°
P^Î~¡ÅO`Ë Ì# "Í¬°ä½é~òOk. ¬¬ð^¥¼Çò L^¥Ô#`Ç`Ë HQ®²é~òOk.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° Q®°~¡°ä½ q^¥¼ì¼¬O KÍ§_È°. Çò^Îq ^Î¼Õ ¬ð¬ ^¥¼Çò
O^Îi`Ë "Í°\÷Qê Àï~xßH Q®#ß"_È°. ¬H hu§¢ªë°, ¬ô~}ì°, Wu¬ðª°
KÇk"_È°. ¬KÇä½ ã|¬ìà#ß ã|¬ìà<Ç°x ¬¬ð^¥¼~ò. "³á~¡O =zó#¬ô_È°
q°ã`Ç°<³á< ^³á~¡¼OQê _Hù#Q®k@. ×ã`Ç°=ôä½ Çò^Î^Î~à#° Q®°~¡°ë KÍ² =°s
Z^Î°~ùø#Q® huAý_È°. ¬KÇä½ ã|¬ìà#ß, ã|¬ìà<Ç°° Q®°~¡°ä½OÕ L`Çë=°
tH}
Æ #° ÚO^¥~¡°. `Ç# `ÇOã_=^Îí Çò^Î^ ~Î à#°, Çò^Îq ^Î¼Õx "³°×Ãä½=hß
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° <Í~ó_È°. ã|¬ìà<Ç°x ã¬^¥# PÇò^ÎO ä½O`ÇO. ¬i#
f~¡°`³#°ß#°, ã¬[ ²ÖuQ®`Ç°#° J=Qê¬ì# KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°. `ÇeÁ#°O_ hux
<Í~¡°óä½<ß_È°. `ÇeÁ <Íiæ# hu xÇ°=¶è ã|¬ìà<Ç°}÷â huHËq^Î°xQê
fiók^¥í~ò. =òY¼OQê Çò^ÎOÕ J#°¬iOKÇ=²# hu ã|¬ìà<Ç°xÕ
B#ß`Ç¼O ÌOKÇ_¨xH÷ ^Ë¬ì^ÎO KÍ²Ok.
¬iä½xQê ã¬[#° P^ÎiOKÇ=²# f~¡°#°, ª=¶lH ã¬=~¡ë##°
ã|¬ìà<Ç°xH÷ `ÇeÁ ÕkOzOk. ~[¼¬i# xO_È° ä½O_È =O\÷k. ã¬[°
¬°Y§O`Ç°`Ë =iÖèÁ@@°Á KÇ¶_È@O ¬iä½ qk. ¬° ä½ì, =°`
ã¬[=°^Î¼ SH=°`Ç¼O ÌOKe. ã¬[Õ ¬iä½xg°^Î H÷ëx ÌOKe.
~*ì¼xß ã¬[° ã}ã¬^ÎOQê ìqOKÍ@@°Á "ix fiók^¥íe. ã¬[³°_È
\÷OKe# ¬O¦¬°^Î~àhß j=°à ã|¬ìà<Ç°xH÷ ÕkOzOk.
q^¥¼ì¼¬ HêOÕ ¬H q^Î¼° <Í~ó_È°. q^¥¼^Î¼#O <\÷ ¬°xt`Ç
¬ij#, ¬¶HÆãQê¬ì`Ç, ¬¢`Çæ=~¡ë# ã|¬ìà<Ç°}÷â XH L`Çë=° ¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡
}ìaì+²Qê, L^¥`ÇëKÇi`Ç°xQê `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ§~ò. ã|¬ìà<Ç°x ì~¡¼ SÒ|
Jxßq^¥ `Çy# g~¡¬uß.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°x `ÇeÁ j=°à, `ÇOã_ ^ù_ÈÛ<Çò_È°, "³á+¬â= PK~¡°¼ÿá#
¬xß^Îí~ìÞ~¡°° =òY¼OQê ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼° "³ò^Îÿá#"~¡° D`Çxß
ã¬ìq`ÇO KÍ§~¡°. `ÇeÁ huÕ^Î ã|¬ìà<Çòx ¬¢`Çæ=~¡ë#ä½, B#ß`¼xH÷,
P^Î~ÅxH÷ ^Ë¬ì^ÎO KÍ²Ok. J`Ç}÷â XH ¬O¬ø~¡ëQê fiókkíOk.
190
Çò^Îq^Î¼Õ#°, ¬i< ¬^Î`Ç°Õ#°, =°OãÒQ®OÕ#°, `ÇOã_
KÇHøx `Çsæ^Î° xKó_È°. ~[~¡HÆ}Õ#°, J#°¬iOKÇ=²# ¬^Î`Ç°°, ã¬[³°_È
<¼Ç¶ <¼Ç° ¬ij#OÕ#°, =°Oãu =¼=¬ìiOKÇ=²# f~¡°#° ÕkOK_È°.
H+¬ #Õ ã¬[#° P^Î°ä½<Í ¬^Îu, ¬#°ß ì~¡"Í° ã¬[ WHø@°ÁQêä½O_¨
f¬°HË=²# *ìãQ®`Çë° "³ò^Îÿá#=hß ÕkOK_È°. `ÇOã_ Õ^Î=Á ¬°tH÷Æ`Ç°_³á
Çò^Îg~¡°_Qê#°, nHÆQ® ¬iä½_È°Qê#° `ÇÇ¶~¡Ç¶¼_È° ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È°.
`Çe^Á OÎ ã_È° tH}
Æ ¬`¼Ç =~¡#ë ä½ ^Ë¬ì^ÎO KÍÀë ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼ ²^¥O`ÇO
ã|¬ìà<Ç°ä½}÷â XH ¬O¬ø~¡ëQê `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²Ok. "³á+¬â"K~¡°¼ÿá# ¬<³ßO_È°=°Ok
PìÞ~¡° Õ^#Î #° J^¼Î Ç°#O KÍ§_È°. "~¡° ã¬"Í Ì× \÷# q^¥<#° J=Qê¬ì#
KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°. ä½ ~¡²ì`Ç ¬=¶[OHË¬O "³á+¬â==°`ÇOÕ ãé`Ç²ìOz# ä½ìO`Ç~¡
q"¬ð° ¬iQ®}#ÕxH÷ f¬°ä½<ß_È°. ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼ ²^¥O`ÇOÕx
"³°×Ãä½=hß ãQ®²ìOK_È°. `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È° ãH=°tHÆ}Õ Ìiy# ã|¬ìà<Ç°xÌá
PìÞ~¡° ²^¥O`° Ì#°=òã^Î "Í§~ò. ã|¬ìà<Ç°}÷â Ì^Îí ¬O¬ø~¡ëQê
`ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ§~ò.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° ~[H©Ç°OQê#°, =°`Ç¬~¡OQê#°, ªO¦²°HOQê#° ¦¬°#
q[Ç¶#° ªkOK_È°. ã¬u ~[¼OÕ =°Oãu ~[H©Ç°OQê q[Ç¶xß
ªkOKÇ_ÈO `Ç¬æx¬i. Hêh XH =°Oãu ªO¦²°H ¬O¬ø~¡}° ã¬"Í×Ì@_ÈO
J~¡°^³á# q+¬Ç°O. JO`ÍHê^Î° Ð ã|¬ìà<Çò_È° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ªO¦²°H ¬O¬ø~¡}
=~âã×=° ^~Î à#° PKÇiOKÍ"iH÷ ²O¬ì¬Þ¬ß=°~òOk. =~âã×=° ^~Î à° #tOKÍ
=°~ùH ¬=¶[O U~¡æ_È_¨xH÷ c*ì° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò. JO^Î°=Á ã|¬ìà<Ç°}÷â J}z
`Ç^¥Þ~ P ¬O¬ø~¡}#° h~¡° Hê~¡ó_¨xH÷ ä½ã@KÍ§~¡°. J~ò`Í ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È°
z=i§Þ¬=~¡ä ¬O¬ø~¡}ìaì+²Qê<Í rqOK_È°.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° ¬=¶[ ²ÖuQ®`Ç°#° Q®=°xOz ¬i²Ö`Ç°#° JOKÇ<
"Í¬°ä½<ß_È°. ã¬[ =¶#²H =¼^Î#° äÆ½}âOQê ¬ij# KÍ§_È°. =°x+² =¶#²H
ã¬=$uëx J^¼Î Ç°#O KÍ§_È°. `Ç# l*ìýª`ÇàH"°³ #Ø PÕKÇ#`Ë Çò^Î `ÇOã`°,
Hù`Çë =î¼¬ð° PÕzOK_È°.
Q®°~¡°ä½ q^¥¼ì¼¬O =òyOz Çò^Î `ÇOã`Ç[ý`Ç° <Íió# `Ç~Þ`Ç
ã|¬ìà<Ç°xH÷ ¬O¦¬°"Í° XH ~¡§ J~òOk. Çò^¥Õ [iöQ =¶~¡}¬ìÙ=°O
191
^¥~¡°}"³°Ø#k. JuÇ°OH~¡"³°Ø#k Ð Hêx Çò^¥#° q°Oz# Ì#° `Ç°¦#°
=°x+²Õx =¶#²H ¬O¦¬°~¡Â}. ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° n#[#° Q®°O_³ Õ`Ç°ÕÁ *ç~¡|_
P ¬O¦¬°~¡Â}#° J^Î¼Ç°#O KÍ§_È°. ã|¬ìà<Ç°xÕ n#°ä½ U^Ë KÍÇ¶<Í
`Ç¬# [xOzOk. `Ç~¡°}ËÇ¶xH÷ =¶~¾HË¬O "³kH÷<_È°.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°x <Ç°H`Þ# ¬^¥ß°Q®° ~ËA° [iy# Çò^ÎOÕ
KÇxé~òOk JuHùkí Ìá#¼O =¶ã`Ç"Í°. `ÇeÁ |°k ¬¶HÆà`Ç#° JHÆ~ì
\÷Oz#"_È° ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È°. ã}#+¬O èä½O_¨ Ìáxä½#° Ç°Ì\÷
~¡ã^Ë_ÈO ^~Î à¡ Çò^Î= °#ß `ÇeÁ L^ËÄ^#Î ° JH~Æ ì \÷OK_È° ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È°.
Çò^ÎOÕ ×~¡}#ß"ix Hêz ~¡H÷ÆOK_È°. ¬O¬ø~¡}HË¬O "³zóOK_È°.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°xH÷ D Çò^ÎO ¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡}Õ =¶~¾<ÍÞ+¬}ä½ ^¥if²Ok.
`ÇeÁ huÕ^Î#, `ÇOã_ ¬`Ç¼ã=`ÇO ã|¬ìà<Çòx ¬¶æië=¶~¾°.
J#°Q®°~A "³á+¬â= =°à=¶x. JO^Î°Õ#¶ ~=¶#°[ =°`xß P^ÎiOK~¡°
PÇ°# ¬îsÞä½°. g@xß\÷H÷ `Ç# L^¥`Çë PÕKÇ##° He² PÕzOK_È°
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È°. ~A P ^Î~àxH÷ J#°Q®°}OQê#° `Ç# P×Ç¶xß J=°°¬~¡KÍ
q^ÎOQê#° XH Hê~¡¼ãH=¶xß ~¡¶¬ôk^¥í_È° ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È°. J^Í ''K¬ä\÷
²^¥O`ÇO'' Qê "³²Ok. ã|¬ìà<Ç°x P×Ç¶xH÷ XH ~¡¶¬O U~¡æ_Ok.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° "³á+¬â==°`K~¡°¼~ò# ¬<³ßO_È°=°Ok PìÞ~¡°#¶, "~¡°
ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# q^¥<#¶ J=Qê¬ì# KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°. ¬=°`Ç#° ªkOKÇ_¨xH÷
K¬ä\÷ ²^¥O`xß ¬$+²OK_È°. ä½=°`Ç è^¥° èä½O_¨ JO` He² XöH
¬OH÷ëÕ u<Í q^ÎOQê ¬¬ì¬OH÷ë Õ[<° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°. ¬¬ì¬OH÷ë Õ[<<Í
K¬ä_È° JO\ì~¡°. W^Í K¬ä\÷ ²^¥O`ÇO D K¬ä\÷ ²^¥O`ÇO=Á
ä½=¼=¬Ö ~¡^Î°í J=ô`Ç°O^Îx ìqOK_È°. JO^Î°=Á ã¬[Õ ¬=°`Ç#°
ªkOKÇ=KÇóx ã|¬ìà<Ç°x PÕKÇ#.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° ã¬^¥#=°OãuQê ¬~¡Þ JkHê~° KÇì~òOK_È°
¬#°ß~¡¶¬OÕ, ª=°O`Ç°=^Îí äH¬æO~¡¶¬OÕ#¶ ^Î#O =¬¶° KÍ§_È°. ^¥xß
¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡}HË¬O Y~¡°óÌ\ì_È°. K¬ä\÷ ä½_È°¬ôä½ PiÖH=#~¡°hß
ÀHiOK_È°. ã|¬ìà<Ç°x |O^°Î =ô°, Àß²ì`Ç°°, Hù°=ôÕx g~¡°° JO^Î~¶¡
H² K¬ä\÷ ²^¥O`xH÷ =°^Îí`Ç°xKó~¡°. ^Î#=°O` ²^¥O`Ç qx³¶QêxH÷
Y~¡°ó J=ô`Ç°Ok. käø "³òäø èx n#°ä½ XH Pã×Ç°OQê HxæOzOk.
192
ä½ìÀ~¡Á`Ë J==¶#O ÚO^Í"iH©, =°`=°^Î¼ =°^Î#¬_È°`Ç°#ß"iH©
K¬ä_È° P§[#H=°~òOk. ¬~¡~*ì¼#°O_, ¬~¡=°`#°O_ ã¬[° =zó
D ¬=°` ²^¥O`ÇO h_ÈÕ ã|`ÇHê#°ä½<ß~¡°. nxH÷ ã¬[ =¬° ÌiQê~ò.
K`Ç°~¡Þ~â#° HËö~"iH©, ªÞ~¡Ö¬~¡°H©, =°`Ç^Î°~a=¶#°H© ã|¬ìà<Ç°xÌá
J¬¶Ç° ÌiyOk. JO^Î~¶¡ H² ¬=°`²^¥O`xß x~¡¶àeOKÇ_"È °Í ^¼Í Ç°OQê
Ì@°ä½<ß~¡°. JO^Îi ä½`ÇOã`ÇO ¦¬e`ÇOQê ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° =°Oãu¬^Îqx
éQù@°Hù<ß_È°. K¬ä\÷x Pã×~òOz# ã¬[ä½ x~× Z^Î°~¡~òOk. ã¬[
L`¬ðxß ¬ijeOz# ã|¬ìà<Ç°xÕ K¬ä\÷ ²^¥O`ÇOg°^Î ¬@°^Î
ÌiyOk. ^¥x q¬ë $`Ç ã¬K~¡"Í° `Ç# rq`Ç ^Í¼Ç°OQê ìqOK_È°.
ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° ¬=°` ²^¥O`xß z`Çë×Ãk`Ë J=°°¬iK_È°. ^¥^¥¬ô
¬kÀì#° ¬O=`Ç~° K¬ä \÷ ¬O`Ç~æ¡ }° [i_È°. ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° K¬ä \÷
²^¥O`xß ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# q+¬Ç¶hß, ¬=°`ÇHË¬O J`Ç_È° ¬_# `Ç¬##¶ ã¬[°
Z¬æ\÷H© =°~¡=è~¡°.
ã¬×ß° :
1. ã|¬ìà<Ç°xÌá J`Çx `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È° ã¬ì="³°\÷k?
2. ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° ªkOz# q[Ç°=ò#° À~ùø#°=ò.
3. K¬ä\÷ ²^¥O`Ç=°#Qê<Íq°? nx^¥Þ~ ã|¬ìà<Ç°_È° ¬=°`Ç<³@°Á
ªkOK³#°?
193
9. §e"¬ì#°_È°
- N <Q®×¤ Q®°~¡°ã¬ª^Î~=ô
<Q®×¤ Q®°~¡°ã¬ª^Î~=ôQê~¡° 1933= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò Q®°O@¶~¡° lìÁ, ö~¬ÿÁ
`¶Hê Hê=î~¡° ãQê=°=ò# [xàOzi. N=°u `Ç°¬=°à, Ng~¡Ç°¼Qê~¡°Á gi
`ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°°. q[Ç°"_È Ð ¬~¡Þ`Ç<Íx ã|¬ìàÇ°¼ ²^¥~¡Ö Hì§Õ POã^Î§Mìk¬uQê
¬xKÍ²i. J"³°iHê, WOQ®ÁO_È°Õ ¬~¡¼\÷Oz J<ÍH ª²ì`Ç¼ ã¬¬OQê° QêqOzi.
g~¡° ~¡zOz# ''W^Îí~¡° `³°Q®° =°¬ðH=ô°ÑÑ #° _³ã\ì~ò\ "~¡° ã¬KÇ°iOK~¡°.
N`Ç°=°à Ô`~=°=üiëQêi ¬=°¬ë Hê"¼Ìá <Q®×¤"~¡° KÍ²# ¬iÕ^Î#
ã¬`Í¼H=òQê À~ùø#^Îy#k.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò =°²ì``Çà P^Î~¡Å rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç=ò#° ''`³°Q®°
"³áòä½°ÑÑ J#° jiÂHãH÷O^Î ã"Ç°|_# ÑÑ§e"¬ì#°_È°ÑÑ J<³_ ¦¬òãQ®O^Î=ò#°O_
ÔÞHiOKÇ|_#k.
POã^Îã¬^Í =°¬ìÙ[û Þ KÇiã`Ç Hey# ~RO. JOã^Î*ìu Ð POã^Î*ìu
Ju ãp# *ìu. S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}O (ãH©. ¬î. 500) Õ JOã^Î° Ð POã^Î°
=$`ëO`Ç=òOk. D ãì¬ìà}O ã¬Hê~¡O POã^Î°° q§Þq°ã`Ç°x ¬O`Çu"~¡°.
"³ò@"³ò^Î@ qO^Î¼¬~¡Þ`ÇãO`ÇOÕ Hê¬ô~¡O KÍ², `Ç~Þ`Ç ^ÎH÷Æ}ì¬^ÎOÕ
"¼²Oz# POã^Î°° ¬~¡Þ*ì`Ç°"iH÷ `ÇH@°Qê L<ß~¡°. POã^Î°° ã¬|°~¡°
Hê=_ÈOKÍ`Ç q°ye# *ì`Ç°"~¡° HùO^Î~¡° giÕ H²éÇ¶~¡°. JO^Î°=#<Í
=°¬ðì~¡`ÇO POã^Î°° J<Íä½° (POã^¥×ó|¬ì=) Jx K@°`Ç°#ßk.
POã^Î°=Á<Í D ^Í§xH÷ POã^Î^Í×=°x, WHø_ ì+¬ä½ POã^Îì+¬Ç°x À~¡°Á
U~¡æ_<~ò.
<°Q®°#ß~¡ ×`ìí° =iÖeÁ# =°¬ðªã=¶*ì¼xß eOz# ª`Ç"¬ì#°°
D POã^Î*ìuH÷ K³Ok#"ö~. POã^Î ¬^ÎO *ìux ¬¶zÀë ª`Ç"¬ì# ¬^ÎO
ä½ìxß K³¬ôëOk.
194
ª`Ç"¬ì#° =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È° (§e"¬ì#°_È°). J`Çx
À~¡°g°^Î POã^°Î Õ XH `³Q® ª`Ç"¬ì# ä½OQê ~¡¶ÚOkOk. P ª`Ç"¬ì#°_Í
=°¬ðªã=¶[¼ ªÏ^¥xH÷ ×OY°ªÖ¬# KÍ²#"_È°. J`Çx `Í[À D =O×O ~A
rq`ÕÁ "¼²OzOk §e"¬ì#°_O`Ç Qù¬æ"_³á#¬æ\÷H÷ W`Çx [#à =$`ëO`ÇO
Qêx, ~[¼x~à} q^¥#OQêx JO`Ç°¬@ä ½ O_¨ L#ßq. ¬O¬ø$`Ç ãH$`Ç ãQ®O^¥°
ª`Ç"¬ì#°x Q®¶ió K³¬ôë<ß~ò. W`ÇxKÇ°@° Z<Ëß H^Î° J°ÁHù<ß~ò. z=iH÷
W`Ç_È° XH ¬ô~}¬ô~¡°+¬µ_ÈÇ¶¼_È°. ¬`Ç¼HêQ®~¡ÄOÕ H#°K>ÿØ ÇòO_È=KÇ°ó.
J~ò#¬æ\÷H÷ ª`Ç"¬ì#°x Q®¶ió PÇ¶ ãQ®O^¥° K³Àæ H^Î#° ¬¶HÆàOQê
¬ijeÀë HùO`³á< x[O `³eÇ°Hé^Î°. =òO^Î° ª`Ç"¬ì#°x [#à=$`ëO`xß
¬ijeOKÇ=² LO@°Ok.
º^Î"[àÇ°OÕ D ãH÷Ok H^Î H#|_È°`Ç°#ßk. ª`Ç°_È<Í XH Ç°äÆ½
_È°<ß_È°. W`Ç_È° ~[Q®$¬ì#Q®~¡OÕ x=²OKÍ"iH÷ ^³á=O. D Ç°äÆ½#ä½ ª`Çyi
J<Í ä½=¶~¡°_È°, Ja~u¡ (¬ð~¡u) J<Í ä½=¶i [xàOK~¡°. Ja~u¡ ~[ Q®$¬ìOÕx
t×Ã=ôeß H÷Æ¬°ë#ßk. ªé^Î~¡°_È° ª`Çyi P"³°#° x"iOKÇ\ìxH÷ Z<Ëß q^¥
ã¬Ç°ußOK_È° Hêx ìO èHé~òOk. |°^ÎQ®"#°_È° Ja~¡uH÷ ^Î~¡àÕ^Î
KÍ§_È°. P"³° =°#¬° =¶iOk. P<\÷#°O_ Ja~¡u ~[ Q®$¬ì t×Ã=ôä½
~¡HÆä½~~òOk. ª`Ç°_È<Í Ç°äÆ½}÷âQ®¶ió D H^Î K³¬ôë#ßk. Wk XH =òY¼"³°Ø#
JO×O.
H^¥ ¬i`Q®~¡OÕ ª`Ç"¬ì#°x [#à=$`ëO`Ç=òOk. Jk D ãH÷Ok
f~¡°Q® L#ßk. n¬Hi â XH ~A<ß_È°. W`Çx ~}÷ ×H=ë÷ °u XH<_È° L^¥¼##Q®~O¡ Õ
xãkOzOk. =ò H~¡z =°~¡}÷OzOk. ×H÷ë=°ug°^Î JO`Ç°èx f² Hey# n¬Hiâ
ï~O_ËÌo¤ KÍ¬°HËè^Î°. Hù_È°ä½° è~¡<Í H²ë <<\÷H© J`Çx HkH=°~ò¼Ok.
XH<_È° ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡°_È° HÕ H#|_ n¬Hiâ`Ë ''~*ì! h=ô J_ÈqH÷ "³×Ã¤.
JHø_È ²O¬ð<³ßH÷ø# ì°}÷â h=ô KÇ¶ªë=ô. J`Ç}÷â WO\÷H÷ f¬°Hùx ~. J`Ç_Í
hä½ Hù_È°H=ô`ÑÑ_Èx K³æ_È°.
XH <_È° n¬Hiâ "Í@ä½ "³ì¤_È°. J_ÈqÕ ²O¬ð#ßk+²»Oz L#ß ì°}÷â
KÇ¶K_È°. J`Ç_È° ¬¶~¡°¼x =¶kiQ® "³°Q®°`Ç°<ß_È°. n¬HiâH÷ HQ®°~ùëzóOk,
ì°_È° ky# `Ç~Þ`Ç ²O¬ìO HùxÕ kQ®Õ`Ç°#ßk. "³O@<Í n¬Hiâ ^¥xß
ì}O`Ë Hù\ì_È°. JO`Ç@ ²O¬ìO ¬ô~¡°Hê~¡O ^ÎiOz J`Çx`Ë W\ìÁ J#ßk.
195
''~*ì! <Í<ùH Ç°äÆ½}÷â < À~¡° ª`Ç°_È°. Q®OQêªß<xH÷ =zó# XH
|°°+² H#¼#° KÇ¶z <Í#° ãÀq°OK#°. P"³° ä_È ##°ß ãÀq°OzOk. "Í°q°^Îí~¡=ò
QêO^Î~¡Þ q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß=ò. =¶ q"¬ì "~¡ë q#ß |°°+¬µ° ''²O¬ðÿáéO_ÑÑ
Jx ×²OK~¡°. §¬ q=òH÷ë ïHá "Í°=ò "ix ãiÖOK=ò. Hù_È°ä½ ¬ô\÷#¬ô_È°
< ì~¡¼ §¬O `ùyé`Ç°O^Îx, h KÍuÕ KÇxé~ò#¬C_È° <ä½ §¬ q=òH÷ë
H°Q®°`Ç°O^Îx "~¡#° ãQ®²ìOK~¡°. ''x#°ß KÇO²# "xöH ì°}÷â J¬æyOKÇ°ÑÑ=°x
"~¡° ÌqKó~¡°. D ì°_È° ¬ô\÷# "³O@<Í < WìÁ° Q®uOzOk. W¬C_È°
h =Á <ä½ §¬q=òH÷ë HeyOk. h g ì°}÷â ÔÞHiOKÇ°ÑÑ.
D =¶@° ¬eH÷ ª`Ç°_È^Î$×Ã¼_ÈÇ¶¼_È°. n¬Hiâ P ì°}÷â ~òO\÷H÷
f¬°Hùx =zó H×¤ÕÁ Ì@°ä½x ÌOK_È°. D_È° =zó# `Ç~Þ`Ç J`ÇxH÷
¬\ìaÀ+HO KÍ², `#° J~¡}ì¼ä½ "³o¤éÇ¶_È°.
ª`Ç°_È° J<Í Ç°äÆ½_È° "¬ì#O Qê=@O KÍ`Ç P ì°_H÷ ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È<Í
À~¡° =zóOk.
D H^Î ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È° qa#ß *ì`Ç°"i ¬O`#=°x `³°¬ô`Ç°#ßk.
l# ã¬ì¬¶i ~¡zOz# ã¬u»#¬ô~¡ HæO J<Í ãQ®O^ÎOÕ ä_¨
ª`Ç"¬ì#°x [## =$`ëO`Ç=òOk. Jk ~ü ãH÷Ok q^ÎOQê #_È°¬°ëOk.
XHê<ùH¬C_È° ãì¬ìà}`Ç~¡°}° e^Îí~¡° ã¬u»#¬ô~¡OÕ x=²¬°ë<ß~¡°.
"iHùH ªé^Îi LOk. P"³° q^Î=. XH<_¨ Çò=u h×Ã¤ `Í=\ìxH÷ QË^¥=i
#kH÷ "³o¤Ok. JHø_È <Q®~*çH_È° P"³°#° KÇ¶z "³¶²ì `Ç°_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.
"i^Îí~¡ä ãÀ=° L^Î~òOzOk. P"³°HùH ä½=¶~¡°_È° [xàOK_È°.
P ì°_È° Ìiy Ì^Îí"_³á `Ç#~ü_È° "iÕ "³ò#Qê_ÈÇ¶¼_È°. J`Ç_È°
=°\÷`Ë U#°Q®°eß, Q®°ì]#° KÍ² `Ë_"i H÷=Þ@O "³ò^Î° Ì\ì_È°.
"¬ì<e¬°ë<ß_È° Hê|\÷ J`ÇxH÷ ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È<Í À~¡° =zóOk.
W\ìÁ LO_ÈQê XHªi qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° ã¬u»#O g°^Î ^ÎO_³`ë_È°.
#Q®~¡"¬°O^Î~¡¶ ~¡HÆ} èH Q®QË¾° ¬_¨Û~¡°. ª`Ç"¬ì#°x `ÇeÁ `Ç# ~¡ë Ç°~ò#
<Q®~A `Ë_¨æ@° HËiOk. J`Ç_È° ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È° KÍ²# =°\÷ Í°#°Q®°ä
Q®°ì]ä T²i é§_È°. ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È° "\÷x Ìá#¼OQê KÍH² ùx qãH=¶k`Ç°¼}÷â
³°kiOz F_OK_È°.
196
¬O¬ø$`Ç ãH$`Ç ª²ì`¼ÕÁx H^Îeß k"¼O§° =^Îe ¬¶HÆàOQê
¬ijeÀë, ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È<Í Ç¶Oã^Î *ìfÇò_ùH_È° qa#ß *ì`Ç° "ï~á# ¢Ôë
¬ô~¡°+¬µä½ [xàOK_Èx x~¡â~òOKÇ=KÇ°ó. POã^Î *ìuÕ Ç°äÆ½¶ <Q®°¶
L<ß~¡°. D *ì`Ç°ÕÁ [xàOz# ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° J#¼*ìu ¢Ôëx ãÀq°Oz ÌO_¨Á_
LO_È=KÇ°ó.
ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È° J<Í À~¡° ì~¡fÇ° ª~¡¬Þ`ÕÁ J<ÍH ~¡¶° ÚOkOk.
ª`Ç"¬ì}°_È°, ª "¬ì#°_È°, ª"¬ì}°_È°, ¬ð°_È°, §`Ç "¬ì#°_È°,
§ "¬ì#°_È°, §e "¬ì#°_È° J<Í ~¡¶° PÇ¶ ãQ®O^¥ÕÁ H#|_È°`Ç°<ß~ò.
<}ÿ=ò g°^Î ª^Î "¬ì#, ª^Î "¬ì J<Í ~¡¶°<ß~ò. g\÷ÕÁ ¬Hê~¡O
"³ò^Î@ Q® À~¡°Á ãp<°. ×Hê~¡O "³ò^Î@Q®q #g<°.
ª`Ç"¬ì#°_È° "³ò@"³ò^Î@ ª=¶#¼[#°_Í. Hêx ã¬*ìý@=O KÍ`Ç
`Ç# ä½ìxH÷ <Ç°ä½_ÈÇ¶¼_È°. ä½ ªÞq°Ç°~ò# ~ò`Çx À~¡ ª`Ç"¬ì#
ä½O U~¡æ_Ok. D ä½OÕx ~A° ä@¬Ö ¬ô~¡°+¬µx À~¡° `Ç=° À~¡Áä½
z=~¡ KÍ~¡°óä½<ß~¡°. D ~AÕÁ =°#ä½ `³e²#O`Ç=~¡ä½ "³ò^Î@ "_È°
²=òä½_È°. << ¦¬¶@° §¬#O W`Ç}÷â ²=òH ª`Ç"¬ì#°_Èx =iâ¬°ë#ßk.
ª`Ç"¬ì#°x =OjÇò° ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÕ W`Ç~¡ ãO`ä½ ä_È
"¼²Oz#@°Á#ßk. Hêjà~xß eOz# Õ¬ð~¡ =O§xH÷ ª`Ç "¬ì# ä½=°<Í
À~¡°#ßk.
ã¬ß× °
1. S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}OÕ#¶, =°¬ðì~¡`ÇOÕ#¶ Q® POã^Î° ã¬¬H÷ëx
`³e² POã^Î° Qù¬æ`Ç#=ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
2. ª`Ç"¬ì#°x Q®¶ió Q® ¬° H^Î#° qõÁ+²OKÇ°=ò .
3. ¬O¬ø$`Ç ãH$`Ç ãQ®O^¥Õx H^Î#° |\÷ ª`Ç"¬ì#°_³=~¡x
x~¡â~òO¬|_#k ? J`ÇxH÷ Q® W`Ç~¡ <=°=ò èq ?
O
197

Std10 Telugu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Std10 Telugu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

`³°Q®° "KÇH=ò

(¬^Î¼=ò Ð Q®^Î¼=ò Ð L¬"KÇH=ò)

`Çq°×<_È° ~¼¡ ãQ®O^Î ¬O¬Ö

Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation

First Edition - 2004

Dr. PADMALOCHANA DEVI D.MALATHY

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

L<£Ôi×"³°Ø uëO qÇ°O^Î°

*ìfÇ° ¬"³°ØH¼ ã¬u[ý

"³ò`Ç=ë ò ¬Oä½ë ° 108

ãuH¬Ok : 1. 'P, D, UÑ J#° ¬~¡Þ<=°O|°° ãuHO|°#|_È°#°.

@°QêQ®=°¬Ok Ð H~¡à^¥~¡Ç°=ò#O^Î°`Ç°ë#HKÇ°ó¬~¡O|Q®°#¬ô_È° '@°Ñ

~¡°QêQ®=°¬Ok : 1. À^¥k ×|í=ò Hê° ×|í=ò ¬~¡O|Q®°#¬ô_È°

=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°

1. `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò : L`Çë~¡ ¬^¥~¡Ö ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#k `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò.

`Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò Õx ~¡H=ò° :

14.HO. ì ì[¬u~°, "³¶

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

(WO`Ç Õ ^¥iã¬Hø# |_Çò#ß ³òH ¬ô#°H Ç¶ãuä½#° Ez HH

WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ^Î=°O^Îe "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# ''H©ÑÑ ä½#° Ð <¾= Q®}O

7. `Í. =°¦²OQ®°°#° ^Î°ä½ ~¡Ç° Q®°Q®°

| `Çë #O |°° Qùxß ¬ ~¡ Q® }ì °O _È°

12. P. K³#² H¬ìcu KÍ`Ç°f@"Ë

ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡°Á `³°¬ô=ò.

ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò gö~×eOQ® ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡° POãnHiOz# ¬Ok Õx XH

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#°

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

J#°"^Îä½° : ¬¶~|`Ç°ë ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼O

=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°

You might also like

`³°Q®° "KÇH=ò

(¬^Î¼=ò Ð Q®^Î¼=ò Ð L¬"KÇH=ò)

`Çq°×<_È° ~¼¡ ãQ®O^Î ¬O¬Ö

L<£Ôi×"³°Ø uëO qÇ°O^Î°

*ìfÇ° ¬"³°ØH¼ ã¬u[ý

"³ò`Ç=ë ò ¬Oä½ë ° 108

ãuH¬Ok : 1. 'P, D, UÑ J#° ¬~¡Þ<=°O|°° ãuHO|°#|_È°#°.

@°QêQ®=°¬Ok Ð H~¡à^¥~¡Ç°=ò#O^Î°`Ç°ë#HKÇ°ó¬~¡O|Q®°#¬ô_È° '@°Ñ

~¡°QêQ®=°¬Ok : 1. À^¥k ×|í=ò Hê° ×|í=ò ¬~¡O|Q®°#¬ô_È°

=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°

1. `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò : L`Çë~¡ ¬^¥~¡Ö ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#k `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò.

`Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=òÕx ~¡H=ò° :

14.HO. ìì[¬u~°, "³¶

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

(WO`ÇÕ ^¥iã¬Hø# |_Çò#ß ³òH ¬ô#°H Ç¶ãuä½#° Ez HH

WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ^Î=°O^Îe "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡"³°Ø# ''H©ÑÑ ä½#° Ð <¾= Q®}O

7. `Í. =°¦²OQ®°°#° ^Î°ä½ ~¡Ç° Q®°Q®°

| `Çë #O |°° Qùxß ¬ ~¡ Q® }ì °O _È°

12. P. K³#² H¬ìcu KÍ`Ç°f@"Ë

ãH÷Ok ¬^Î=òä½ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡°Á `³°¬ô=ò.

ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò gö~×eOQ® ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡° POãnHiOz# ¬OkÕx XH

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#°

q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ#

J#°"^Îä½° : ¬¶~|`Ç°ë ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼O

=ô¼`Çæ`Çë ¼~¡=Ö ò°