SPM ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATIC

3472

CHAPTER 9: DIFFERENTIATIONS
Topic 9 Differentiation ::::::::::: v 9.oi .Deflnltlons
&

First Principles Differentiation

::: v s.an

statement Deflnlnnns fTdkrifAyatJ

en.x increases by+·0 y 0x, y

e.g. y=x y+oy=x+ox

WI

lIlcreases by 0y.

ox::::?small change of x Sy :» small change ofy O::::? DELTA

Topic 9 Differentiation

::::::::::: v 9.01. Deflnlnons

&

First Principles Differentiation

::: v 9.012 First Principles Differentiation

( Use the deflnfticn ) I Pembezaan Prinsip Pertama J

e.g.l: Find the first derivative ofy = x2 from first principles.

Solution: y Iy increasesbyoyl
= x2

dy dx

::::?

IP

dee y dee x"

{l}

yJ+!Y] y+oy

= (xl+oxl~
=

Ix increases by oxl
OX)2

x2 +2ox.x+(

{2}
2

{2}- {I},
(y + oy) - y oy
= = (x

+ 2ox. x + ( ox

)2) _ x2

2ox. x+ (OX)2 (+ox)

oy ox

= 2x+ox
0 ox

Important Notes:
-1:--

dy

oy ox ox

IThe symbol of definition for differentiation

~ lim (
5h>O

y)

= 2x + 0
=

dx dy dx

,---I s_h_OI_tc_ll_t_o_f_sym _di_· __ b_ol_£_o_rfti_e_re_n_ll_· a_ti_o_,n_I--r ... e.g.2: Find the first derivative of y
Solution: y =3x+ 2 y+oy y+oy
=

1!l

= lim (Oy)
5;'~O

2x #

3x + 2 from first principles.

{2}-{1}, {l}
2 {2} (y+ oY) - y
=

(3x+30x+

2)-(3x+

2)

= 3(x+ox)+
= 3x+30x+2

oy=30x (+ox) oy =3 ox
h--c>O

lim (Oy) ox.

=3

dy =3# dx

e.g.3: Find the first derivative ofy Solution: y

= _!_

from first principles.

=-

1 1 x+8x

{I} {2}

-8x 8y= . ( x2 +x(8x) (78x) 8y 8x [

=

1
:

y+8y=-{2}-{1},

(Y+8y)_y=(_1

x+8x

)_(2_) x

x2 +x( 8x)

-1

8Y=(x+18X)-(;) 8y= x~(x+8x)l x(x+8x)

e.g.4: Find the first derivative ofy Solution: y=2 x +I {l}

..

=-

.r +]

from first principles.

..

y+8y= . {2}- {I}, (y+8y)-

2
(x+8x)+1

{2}

y= (X+~X+1)~(X~1) 8y=

2(x + 1)- 2(x +8x + 1) (x+1)(x+8x+1)

8y=

C2x+2)-(2x+2(8x)+2) x2 +x( 8x)+x+x+( 8x)+1 x2 +x(8x)+2x+(8x)+1 (78x)

8y=

-2 (Sx)

8y 8x

= x2+x(8x)+2x+(8x)+1

-2

ToPiC 9 Differentiation ::::::::::: v 9.02 4 Fonnulae Of Differentiation f Pembe;:tllm Differentiation f Pembet,llll1J RumNS Asas /

4 Rumus /::::::

t'

9.021 Basic Fonnulae

or

e.g.l : Differentiate y
Solution:
y

'"'"*e,g.2 :[memories]

= 3x

with respect to x

Differentiate y
Solution: y=3x

= 3x with respect

to x.

= 3x dy = 5x3x
5

5-1

dx

dy dx dy dx

= lx3x

l-1

dy dx

= 15x

= lx3xo

dy =3# dx

** "'e,g.3 :[memortes]
Differentiate y
Solution: y=2xo

e.g.4: to x. Differentiate y = x" with respect to x.

Solution. y=x"

= 2 with respect

dy dx

= OX

?XO-I

dy -= 2 xx dx dy =2x dx
~(y)=

2-1

e.gS· Differentiate x3
Solution:
-

dy =0#

ax

2x with respect to x.

dx

2x

~ (X3 _

2x)

= 3X

31 -

2XI-1

~ (X2) = 2x#
e.g.6:
y

= 3x" -2#
e.g.7:

= 3x

f(x)
= 18x5

Solution:

= 3x

Differenti 1 erentiate y
= 18x5
51 4 41 3

= -1
x

Wl.ith respect

to x..

Solution:

dy = 6x3xd-1
dx
2

f'(x) = 6x3x6-1 f"(x) f"'(x)

Solution: y=1
X

d y2 =5x18x5-1

dx
3

=90x4

= 5x 18x = 90x = 4x90X = 360x

y=x-I

d ~ = 4x

dx

90X4-1

= 360x3

dy =-lxx-1-1 rl:x dy dx dy

= -lxx1 x

-=--# 2

ax

Topic 9 Dnterenttanon

::::::::::: v 9.02 4 Formulae Of DilTerentiation :::::: v 9.022 Brackets Rule (R1unus K1lnmgan) [**Some "Brackets" dilTerentiation can be avoided 1

e.g.1 : Differentiate y Solution: y

: = 3( x2

+ 2)4 with respect to x.

=3( x
=

2t
2

y=
2)4-1 1(2x ) 1---+
~

px"
=

npxn-1 (differentiate

inside)

4 x 3 (x +

differentiate the "brackets"

12 ( 2x ) ( X 2 + 2/ 24x( x2 +

2)3 #

e.g.2: Differentiate y Solution:

=[

2x + ~ J2 with respect to x.

y=[2X+~J2
Y y

= 4x + 2 (2x)
=

(~

J + [~

4x + 4+

[:2 J

* e.:qJnth a

first before we differentiate it I

ax

dy =8x-_3_#
x3'

e.g.S:
Differentiate y Solution: 3 Y""--

e.g.d:

= _3_

2x-l

with respect to x.

Differentiate I = ~ Solution:

nr (r2 - }2 J with respect to r,

2x-l

y ""3(2Xl~ y ""3(2x~

1)
It

dy =-Ix3(2x~lt-l(2) dx dy =~6(2x~1r" dx dy;=~ 6 dx (2x~1/

IThe constants no need involved in defferentiation. I

Topic 9 Differentiation

:::::::::::

v 9.02 4 Formulae

Ot Ditferenttatien

:::::: v 9.023Prodnct

Rule [Pembezaan PmdtuYiban) :

[ Can be avoided

v= []x Il]
dy dx

= DUf'erentiate[]x

keepIl] + DifferentiateIl]X

keep[]

y'::'UV,

dy ... dv dx = dx V+ dx u

au

e.g.l: Differentiate y Solution:

;=

e.g.2:
4 x2 (2x + 1) 1Nith respect to x.

Differentiate Solution:

v=

2x (x2 ~ l) with respect to x.

3

Y =x2 (2x+lt

[]

Il]

dy =2x(2x+l)4 +4(2x+l)3(2)X2 dx dy 4 2 3 dx = 2x ( 2x + 1) + 8x (2x + 1)

_2'_ = 2x(
~

dx dy

2x + 1)3 [2x + 1 + 4x]

3

2x ( 2x + 1) (6x + 1) #

e.g.3:

Differentiate y =x (x + 1)2 with respect to x.

Solution: y=x(x+I)2 Y
= X (X2 +

2x + 1)

Y =x3

+ 2X2 +x

dy dx

= 3x2 + 4x + 1 #

Topic 9 DilTerentiation ::::::::::: v 9,02 4 Formulae Of DilTerentiation [ Can be avoided 1

:::::: v 9,024 Quotient Rule (Pembevum

Pem1JaJUlgian) :

= ill

dy dx

= Differentiate ill x keep llJ - D dt'erentiate[lj

llJ

(rnf

x keep

ill

y=-,

u
V

du -v--u dy _ dx dx

dv dx

v2
e.g.2:

e.g.l:

Differenti 1 erennate y
Solution: y=2x

= --2X·th W1
x+}

respect to x.

Differentiate y
Solution: y=-dy

= __x_
2x-l

with respect to x.

x+1 dy _ 2Qx+l)-lQ2x) dx dx dy

x' 2x-l
2x ( 2x - I) - 2 ( x" )

(x+ll (x+l)"

dx dy dx dy dx dy

(2x-I)2
2 -

dy _ 2x+2-2x

= 4x

2x- 2x2

(lx_I)"

dx

(x+l)2

= 2x'

-2x

(2x-l/

= 2x(x-l)
(2x-l)"

dx

Topic 9 Differentiation

::::::::::: v 9.03 Usages

or Differentiations

[Approximation

II hampir Sam4 Dengon I

'"'" The formulae can used in sections: Approximate value, small changes, and
percentages of small changes.

-~-

oy

ox

dy dx

dy oy ~ -x ox --+ first formula

ax

Proof:
y=x2 y+oY=(X+OX)2 y+ oy

{1}

But -=2x
dx :. oy:::; dy +ox ox dx

_ dy

= x + 2x( ox) +( OX)2 ------{2}

2

{2}-{1}, oy=2x(ox)+(OX)2

G~~~:1)
~~~+
-::;j-

oy

dy

(70X)
oy =2x+(ox) ox
Topic 9 Differentiation :;:;;:::::: v 9.03 Usages

ox

dx

therefore 0 y::;j dy x ox dx or Differentiations

[Approximation

l/luunpirSam4

Dengon I

::;:: v 9.031 ApprOximate Value

e.g.l :

Find the approximate value of ~~:

Lety= ~ y=X1 dy 1 -=-x dx 2

J26 by using
y

the calculus method.

oy::;j 2x5x

= Ji5

ax

y=5

oy::;j 2..[; xl oy::;j

_!
1
~x1 2",25 1

dy _
when x

ax - 2-r;
= 25,
ox=1 125+1=261

°Y::;j--xl

2(5)

oy::;j 0.1

The approximate value for

=y+5y

.J26

= 5+0.1 = 5.1#
IThe value of,J26 in the calculator is 5.099019541

e.g.2: Find the approximate Value of3.92 by using the calculus method. Solution: Lety= x2
dy =2x dx y Y
= 42

= 16

oy~ dy XOx

dx oy~ 2xx-0.l
oy~ 8x-0.l 3y~ -0,8

whenx=4,ox=-0.1

14-0.1=3.91

3y~ 2(4)x-0.1

The approximate value for 3.92 =y+8y

= 16 +( -0.8) = 15.2 #
IThe value of3.9" in the calculator is 15,211

Topic 9 Differentiation

::::::::::: v 9,03 Usages Of Differentiations

[Approximation

IIhampil'Sama

Dengan

;;;;: v 9,0:U Small Changes [aprroJimattd

e.g.1 : Find the small ehanges in an area of circle when the radius increases from 2 em to 2.1 em by using the calculus method. Solution: Caleulus Method: dL -= 27fr dr whenr = 2,8r
8L=-x8r 3L 8L

Compare with the calculus method:

L = 7fr2

whenr=2,
L = 7f(2)2

whenr = 2.1,
L=7f(2,1)2 L = 4A17f em"

= 0.1

L = 47f em"

= 27frxO.l = 0.47f#

dL dr

Increases InL
= 4.417f - 47f = 0.417f #

3L=27f(2)xO.1

e.g.2 (Inverse Concepts):

If k
k

= 2(9 + h

),

find the small change of h when the k increases from 26 to 26.3 where h > O.

Solution:

= 2(9+h2)

k=18+2h2 dk -=4h dh when z

= 26, ok = 0.3

Topic 9 Differentiation ::::: v 9.033 Percentages

:::::::::::

v 9.03 Usages Of Differentiations

[Approximation

11hampir&una

Dengan I

Of Small Changes [appl't!:rlmated

e.g.l: Given that k Solution: y=3x-2x2 dy =3-4x Percentages Of Small Change For y
=

= 2(9 + h2),

if x increases by P% when x

= 5,

find the percentages of small change for y.

ax

P when x =5 ox=-x5=, 100 y=3(5)-2(5f y=15-50 y=-35

5P 100

oy x100% y

dy oy~-xox

1 =oyx-x100% Y

ax

s y ~ (3 -

4x) x ( 1

s y ~ (3 - 4 (5)) x s y ~ ( -17) x (

:0 J (15:0 J
5

=(-85PJx[_1 :X100% 100 (-35)

=

17P%#
7

5P 100

e.g.2: Given that k = 12 - 4x + 5x2, if x increases by P% when x = 6, find the percentages of small change for y. Solution: y
=

12 -4 (6) + 5 (6)"

Percentages Of Small Change For y

12-4x+5x2

_y.~~~~
Oy",,: xox 6P 100

_
= oyx-x1000/o

dy =-4+10x

ax

P whenx=6ox=-x6=, 100

OY""(-4+10(6))x(6P) OY""(56)X(6P)
100

. 100

Y
= 336PJ --

( 100
336 168

x ( - 1 x100% 168

=-P% =2P#

Topic 9 Differentiation ::::: v 9.034 Rates

::::::::::: v 9.03 Usages Of Differentiations

[Approximation

I/ ItampirSama

Dengan

or Change

(i) Rates Of Increases

x=-

ax
dt

(if) The meaning Of Rates

dx dt

= 3 cm/s

or 3 ern S-1 means that x is increases by 3 em per seconds.

* * (iii)
e.g

Chain Rules: dy
dt

= dy x ax
dx
dt

Given that v = 3x + 2 and y of 0.5 unit/s at v = 3.

Solution: v =3x+ 2y

=v

+ 1, find the rates of change of x when

is changing at the rate

'V

= 3x+

dy

= v" + 1

when v= 3
3x+2

dx

= 0.5 unit/s

Substitutes v,
y=(3x+2)"+1
y

=3
1
3

3x= 1 x=-

dy dy dx -=-xdt dx dt

=(9X2

+12x+4)+1

= 9x

0.5=(18('!'J\+12 xdx

+ 12x + 5
0.5

dt

dY=18x+12

= l8x
36

dx
dt

dx

dx 1 -=-#
dt

Topic 9 Differentiation

::::::::::: v 9,03 Usages

or Differentiations

::::: v 9.035 Curves, Tangents, and Normal

tangent

"·,l

1m! xm

=-11
of the tangent
¢::?

: = gradient
Proof:

gradient of the curve

¢::?

gradient function

mAE ~

- y-(Y+Oy)

x-(x+ox)

6, ....0

lim (82 8:::

J:;:

gradient of tangent at point A. of tangent at point B.

(~~ J = gradient

O'"--f----+--x

x+8x

.... x

Topic 9 Differentiation

::::::::::: v 9.03 Usages Of Differentiations

::::: v 9.036 Stationary POints, Turning POints, I\laximwn POints, Minimum POints And Point Of InDexion

0) Stationary Pomts
(a)

for stationary points:

EJ

(b)

for stationary points:

I: = 1
0 (ii) All Minimum Point (iii) Some Of the point of inflexion

(i) All Maximum Point

I~=ol

1:=°1

nil
(ii) Points OfInflexion [ Point at the middle of "S" ] (1) Point at the middle of alphabet "S". (2) Have 2 types of point of inflexion. (i)

I:=01

(ii)

1:.= 01

"'(iii) Turning Point [ Must changes the direction]

(1)

I: 1
=

I Point

Of Infle ti on not include In Turning Point

(2) 2 types of'tuming points.

Minimum Point

*(iv) e.g.

The Condition Of Maximum Points

Find the stationary point for the curve y Solution:

2x _x2

and determine the characteristics.

-=2-2x=0

dx

-r.>
2x=2 x= 1 =1

-=0

dy

dx

whenx=1,y=2(1)-(1)2 stationary point 2 d y =-2<0

= (1,1)

dx2

:. The stationary point (1,1) is a maximum point. # *(v) e.g. Find the stationary point for the cunre y Solution: dy~o The Condition Of Minimum Points

= x2 - 6x and determine the characteristics.

dx

..
2x=6 x=3

ely = 0
dx

= 3,y =(3)2 - 6(3) =-9 stationary point = (3, -9)

when x 2 d y =2>0 dx' .. :. The stationary point *(vi)

(3,-9) is a minimum point. #

The Condition Of Point OfInflexion

es
Find the point of inflexion for y Solution: dy
=

x3 + 1 .

i.>. ~=6x=0
dx]
x=o when x (0,1)

dx

= 3x2

d y3

dx

6:;t:

:. (0,1) is the point of inflexion. #

= O,y = (ot+1 = 1

Note: dx 2 dy -2 =6x dx
dy = 3x2

whenx=-I,

~i=6(-I)=-6<O

If I
I _) I

when x = I,

~>
or

6(1) = 6 > 0

*(vi) (a) (b)

(b)

Maxima & Minima Problem For

Vmax Vmin, I

a;: = 0

IfV~,

then~

If V",,, then~