Module PMR

CHAPTER 6 : INDICES

NUMBERS IN INDEX FORM

Example: 1) h 5 2) (− h )
3 2
d 
Express in the form 3)  
of repeated e
multiplication.

a4 = a × a × a × a
4) 5 4 5) (− 1)
3 4 2
2  3
6)   7)  − 
3  4

Example: 8) g x g x g x g 9).  e  e  e 
Write in index (− d ) × (− d ) × (− d ) × 10)    
 n  n  n 
notation. (− d ) × (− d )
hxhxhxhxhxh
=

11) 7 x 7 x7 x 7 x 7 12)  2  2  2  2   7  7 
(-11)(-11)(-11) 13)      14)  −  − 
 7  7  7  7   9  9 

Example: 15) 10 3 16) (− 3)

4 2
3
Evaluate 17)  
4
25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

= 32

20) (0.4 ) 21) (− 0.05)

3 2
 −1
3 3
 1
18)   19)  3 
 4   2

Indices 64
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LAWS OF INDICES

LAW 1 a m × a n = a m+n

Example: 1) g 2 × g 6 2) h 3 × h 9 × h 6 3) (− e ) × (− e )
2 3

Simplify
b5 × b3
= b 5+3
= b8

Example: 4) 5 2 × 5 6 5) 6 3 × 6 8 × 6 6 6) (− 3) × (− 3)
5 4

Simplify
23 × 2 4
= 2 3+ 4
= 27
Example: 7) 4 y 2 × 5 y 6 8) 10 s 3 × 3s 4 3
Simplify 9) 2k 5 × k 4
8
3b 2 × 4b 3
= (3 × 4 )b 2+ 3
= 12b 5

Example: 10) m 2 × 7b 3 × 3m 2 2 12) − 6a 3 p 4 × 3a 4 × p

Simplify 11) v 4 × 9v 3 × v 2
3
4h 5 × s 6 × 9h 2 s 7
= (4 × 9 )h 5+7 s 6+7
= 36h12 s 13

LAW 2 a m ÷ a n = a m− n

Example: 1) n 9 ÷ n 4 a5 3) 4t 4 ÷ t 3
Simplify 2) 2
a
j7 ÷ j4
= j 7− 4
= j3

Example: 4) 54 ÷ 53 74 6) 10 7 ÷ 10 −5
Simplify 45 ÷ 42 5) 2
7
= 45 - 2
= 43
Example: 7) 40 g 5 ÷ 5 g 4 20 y 8 9) 18n10 ÷ 27 n 5
Simplify 8)
4y2
12a 5 ÷ 4a 3
12
= a 5 −3
4
= 3a 2

Indices 65
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Example: 10) 10u 5 ÷ 2u −8 18w 4 2

12) 3m 8 ÷ m − 4
Simplify 11)
2 w −2 9
12 z 6 ÷ 6 z −3
12 6−(−3)
= z
6
= 2 z 6+3
= 2z 9

LAW 3 (a )
m n
= a m×n

Example:
Simplify
( )
1) k 4
2
2) g 2( ) −5
( )
3) v −7
2

(h )
3 5

= h 3×5
= h15

Example:
Simplify
( )
4) 4 5
3
( )
5) 6 2
−5
( )
6) 7 −5
3

(3 )2 4

= 3 2×4
= 312

Example:
Simplify
(
7) d 4 e 3 )
2
(
8) 2 35 2 ) −4
(
9) 3 4 g −6 )
2

(2 3
m4 )
5

= 2 3×5 m 4×5
= 215 m 20

1
LAW 4 a −n =
an

Example: 1) c − k 2) 3m − p 3) dv − t
Simplify
l −r
1
= r
l

Indices 66
 Module PMR

Example: 4) 4 −3 5) 7 −1 6) 3 −2
Simplify
2 −3
1
= 3
2
1
=
8

Example:
7) 8 3 ×
1
8)
1
× 10 2 ( )
2
9) m 8 ×
1
Simplify
1
82 10 3 (m )2 3

48 × 5
4
= 4 × 4 −5
8

= 4 8+ (−5 )

= 4 8−5
= 43
= 64

LAW 5 a0 = 1

Example: 2) (− 3) = 3) (4.5) =
0 0 0
2
20 = 1 1)   =
3

LAW 6 FRACTIONAL INDICES

Example: 1 1 2

Rewrite by using 1) 64 3 2) 32 5 3) 8 3
the root and power
symbol
3
3
9 =
2
9
Example: 1) 3
8 5
3
3) 16
2) 10
Write in the form of
index
2 2
3
5 = 53

Indices 67
 Module PMR

Example: 1 2 3

Evaluate 1) 27 3 2) 32 5 3) 81 4
1
2
4

= (2 )
1
2 2

=2

2) (g 6 )2 × g 4 3) ( p − 4 )2 ÷ p − 3
Example: 2 5 1 1

Simplify 1) 10 ÷ 10
3 3

4 2
9 ×9
3 3

4 2
+
= 93 3

6
= 93
= 92

COMBINATION OF LAWS

Example: 1) g 7 ÷ g 1 × g −3 m9 × m5 3) 2 g 5 × 3 g 3 ÷ 2 g 4
Simplify 2)
m4
2b 6 × b 3 ÷ b 9
= 2b 6+3−9
= 2b 0
=2

Simplify ( ) 3
4) 2 x 2 y ÷ xy −1 (
5) 3 xy 4 )
2
× x −4 y −2 ( )
6) xy 2
2
÷ x3 y
(2 xy ) 3 2
÷x y −1 3

= 2 2 x 2 y 6 ÷ x −1 y 3
= 4 x 2+1 y 6−3
= 4x3 y3

Evaluate 1 1 1
1  1 2  4 2  8 3
7)   8)   9)  
 1 3  25  9  27 
 
8
1
 1 3  3
=   
 2  
1
=
2

Indices 68
 Module PMR

Evaluate 10) 4 2 × 8 2 ÷ 2 3 11) 3 −7 × 9 2 ( ) 3

( )
1 1

(2 )−3 3
× 42
12) 2 4 2 × 4 ÷ 32 5

= 2 −9 × 2 2 ( )2

= 2 −9 × 2 4
= 2 −5
1
=
32

1 1 3 2
13) 8 × 16 × 32
3 4 5
14) 27 ÷ 3− 2
3

(
15) 93 ÷ 9 × 9 −2 )2
( ) 0
16) r 6 ÷ r 5

17)
(4a b )
2 5 2
( )
3
18) 6−4 × 6 2 ÷ 6 2
4ab 2

( )
19) x −3
−2
÷ x5 20) Given 6
x−2
= 216. Find x .

21) Given that 5 x − 3 = 125. Find x . 1

22) If y − 3 = . Find y .
64

Indices 69
 Module PMR

Common Errors

Errors Correct Steps

1. 2 2 × 2 −2 1. 2 2 × 2 −2
= 2 2+(−2 ) = 2 2+(−2 )
= 20 = 20
= 2 = 1

2. 5 4 ÷ 5 −2 2. 5 4 ÷ 5 −2
= 5 4−2 = 5 4 − ( −2 )
= 52 = 5 4+ 2
= 56

k2 ×k5 k2 ×k5
3. 3.
k −4 k −4
= k 2 + 5− 4 = k 2 + 5 − ( −4 )
= k3 = k 7+ 4
= k 11

Questions based on PMR Format

1
−
 32  3
1. Evaluate 16 
 

(a b c )
3
4 8 −2 2
2. Evaluate

3 2
−
3. Find the value of 32 5 ÷ 8 3

Indices 70
 Module PMR

4 1
4. Given that k = 27 ÷ 81 2 .Find the value of k .
2 3

5. If a 7 × a −4 = 343 , find the value of a.

1 5

6. Simplify 3 p × 2 p
2 6

3 −5
7. Simplify
37 × 3 −2

a4
8. Simplify
b 2 × a 7 × a −3

p 2 × q −3 × r 4
9. Simplify
(q )
−1 2
× pr 5

k −5 × k × m 2
10. Simplify
m 4 × k −3

Indices 71
 Module PMR

PMR past year questions

2004

1. Given that 2 x − 2 = 16 , calculate the value of x .

( 2 marks )

(
2. Simplify 2mk 2 ) × (k )
4 2 3
÷ m5 k 9 .
( 3 marks )

2005

1 1
3 × 12
2 2
1. Evaluate 2
.
3
8

( 3 marks )

( )( )
2. Given 3 2 x −1 = 3 x 3 2 , calculate the value of x .
( 2 marks )

2006

k4 ×k
1. Simplify .
k −2
( 2 marks )

Indices 72
 Module PMR

1 3
2. Find the value of 3 2 × 18 2 × 2 2 .
( 3 marks )

2007

3 1
1. a). Find the value of 5 2 ÷ 5 2 .
( ) 3
b). Simplify hg 4 × h 2 .
( 3 marks )

2008

m −2 × m 5
1. Simplify .
m4

( 2 marks )

2. Find the value of

a). 2 3 ÷ 2 −1
b). (2 −3 × 3 6 )3
1

( 3 marks )

Indices 73
 Module PMR

CHAPTER 6 : INDICES
ANSWERS

1. h × h × h × h × h 2. (− h ) × (− h ) × (− h ) d  d  4. 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
3.   ×  
e e
5. (− 1) × (− 1) × (− 1) 2 2 2 2  3  3 8. g 4
6.   ×   ×   ×   7.  −  ×  − 
3 3 3 3  4  4
9. (− d ) 11. 7 5 (− 11)3
5 3
e 12.
10.  
n
2
4
 7
2 15. 1000 16. 81
13.   14.  − 
7  9
9 1 343 7 20. 0.064
17. 18. − 19. or 42
16 64 8 8
21. 0.0025

LAW 1
1. g 8 2. h18 3. (− e )5 4. 58
5. 617 6. (− 3)9 7. 20 y 8 8. 30 s 7
3 9 10. 21m 4 b 3 11. 6v 9 12. − 18a 7 p 5
9. k
4

LAW 2
1. n 5 2. a 3 3. 4t 4. 5
5. 72 6. 1012 7. 8 g 8. 5y 6
2 5 10. 5 u13 11. 9w 6 27 12
9. n 12. m
3 2

LAW 3
1. k 8 2. g −10 3. v −14
4. 415 5. 6 −10 6. 7 −15
7. d 8 e 6 8. 2 −12 5 −8 9. 38 g −12

LAW 4
1 3 d
1. 2. 3.
ck mp vt
1 1 1
4. 5. 6.
43 7 32
7. 8 8. 10 9. m 2

LAW 5
1. 1 2. 1 3. 1

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 Module PMR

LAW 6
2
1. 3 64 2. 5
32 3. 3
8
1 3 1
1. 8 3
2. 10 5
3. 16 2

1. 3 2. 4 3. 27
1 5. g7 6. p
4.
10

COMBINATION OF LAWS
1. g 3 2. m10 3. 3 g 4 4. 8 x 5 y 4
5. 9 x −2 y 6 6. x −1 y 3 1 2
7. 5 −1 = 8.
5 3
2 10. 128 11. 243 12. 8
9.
3
13. 32 14. 81 15. 81 16. r −5
17. 4a 3 b 8 18. 1 19. x 20. x=5
21. 6 22. 4

Questions Based on PMR Format

1 2. a 6b12c −3 3. 32 4. 3
1.
4
5. 7 4
7.
1 8. b −2
6. 6 p 3
310
p 1
9. 10.
qr km 2

PMR QUESTIONS

SUB FULL
YEAR SOLUTION AND MARK SCHEME
MARK MARK
2004 2 x x − 2 = 2 4 or x−2=4 1
x=6 1 2

2004 24 m 4k 8 × k 6 ÷ m 5k 9 1
16m 4−5 k 8+ 6−9 1
1 3
16m −1k 5

Indices 75
 Module PMR

2005 1 1
36 2
2
3
8

( )
 2 
1
1
 6 2 
 
( )
2
 23 
 3

61 3
22
6 1
4
3
2

2005 2x −1 = x + 2 1
2x − x = 2 + 1
x=3 1 2

2006 k 4+1−( −2) 1

1 2
k7
2006 3
3 × (9 × 2 ) × 2
1
2 2
2

( )
1 1 1 1
3 ×3
2 2 2
×2 ×2 2 2 3
1
33 × 2 2
27 × 4 1
108

2007 a) 5 or 51 1
3 12 3 1
h g or h
b) 3
3 12
h g 1

2008 m3 or m −6 or m or m −2 + 5 − 4 1 2
1
m −2 or 1
m
2008 a) 2 4 = 16
− 3×
1
6×
1 1
b) 2 ×3 3 3=

−1
2 × 32 1 3
1 9
×9 = 1
2 4

Indices 76