Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Al Sharikat Abirt 7
Al Sharikat Abirt 7
ABCDEFG
c
ba
ac
b
107
dLu
1986
ABCDEFG
M
M
M
M
:
'
:
:
:
:
'
7:
M
M
M
M
A :
D
.
A
-
-
A
.
-
-
.
A
t D
.
.
A .
7
A
.
D A
A
{ .
A
.
D
.
t
A .
t A
.
A ..
/
D
. D
-
-
A .
.
A
.
.
A
A
.
.
D
{
A .
A A .
D A
.
A
A .
A
A
7 A
A A
.
A A
-
- A .
.
A
.
.
A
A A
.
A
7 7
.
10
A
.
A .
7
.
A
.
A
. A A A
:
.
7
.
11
12
1
A
.
:
A A
A
A .
: :
. D
t
A .non-equity forms
A
13
A
.
A
A t
A .Foreign Direct investment
A
A .portfolio investment
.
A A
.
A
.
) .(
.
.
) .(
A
. A-
t .
A
A . ) ( -
A .
A
A .
.
14
15
26369
28799
43734
1981
6639
5970
10357
835
3891
4583
1383
210
119
140
142
3293
183
271
19
4917
683
99
46730
1980
19354
3698
7653
625
4074
3099
745
102
204
195
130
3288
254
311
14
2395
473
116
49418
1979
25246
2618
6443
618
4522
1983
544
85
1336
125
2355
44
133
8
2894
372
92
35309
1978
16076
2643
5187
416
3618
1891
168
90
556
33
63
1755
65
101
6
2366
237
38
25674
1977
11897
1505
3291
737
2218
999
551
86
464
161
72
1518
125
116
2
1635
264
33
25765
1976
11926
969
3870
597
2459
1649
161
58
352
64
30
1119
193
54
6
1989
269
26330
1975
14242
896
2599
436
2016
1578
346
29
236
80
26
1648
171
91
9
1761
162
4
21667
1974
9080
930
3686
426
1924
782
201
22
479
29
1713
148
85
37
1876
248
1
23858
1973
11397
764
3958
295
1669
935
260
36
268
98
16
913
50
53
44
1896
1205
1
14668
1972
7741
405
1834
264
1563
595
215
28
177
148
61
732
37
7
727
125
9
12800
1971
7617
242
1646
176
1045
397
400
36
181
52
46
440
32
25
360
104
1
12077
1970
7589
300
1310
213
873
373
110
11
156
29
52
519
32
43
355
111
1
!
"#
$
%&'(
)
$
*
+,
- .
Source: *
1. For the Period 19701976: United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations: Transnational Corporations in World
Development: Third Survey. United Nations, N. Y., 1983. P. 285
2. For the Period 19771983: United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations: Trends and Issues in Foreign Direct Investment
and Related Flows: A Technical Paper. United Nations. N. Y., 1985. P. 92.
. 012 0 3 !# 4567 8 9: ;<62 =>' ? @ A# B +,2 8 =>' ;<62 9#2 @ A
1982
4858
423
4439
908
3290
2844
1029
148
63
80
230
1892
305
509
10
4526
730
85
1983
4928
4547
3886
1058
3143
1700
2128
184
358
160
259
1517
354
243
18
3603
636
77
(
) 1983 1970
!"#$ %& '"
A .
D .
%
{
A
A
A.
) ( A
A
A )( . A
A
.% .% .()
A A A
D A .
A
.
.
A
A .
A A A
D . ) (
A ) A
A ( .
A
A A
16
17
27793.5
11860.6
3881.2
8819.2
5396.7
2028.4
2286.8
980.6
36612.7
27494.8
10854.8
4885.9
7654.3
5249.1
2187.9
3230.4
3097.6
35149.1
22051
1056.6
855.1
29872.7
1437.2
678.3
3082.3
6313.9
2310.5
3712.7
15737
1977
1888
565.9
4059
7446.9
2501.5
7900.1
22425.8
1978
1975
2288.7
1709.6
302.3
3428.8
7764.5
1364.7
2634.7
14069 19706.9
1086.4
1690.2
431.8
1749.1
2830.9
1453.5
4341
11238.1 11942.4
1976
1973
468.5
1425.8
603.2
2389
3978.1
1783.4
2801.5
18438.9 16048.5
3557.4
1445.6
689.1
1894.2
508.7
1997.6
4762.5
17930.2 12070.3
1974
133.4
561.7
852.5
1555.6
2863.5
1078.2
366.1
7950.6
1971
12899.3 10814.1
192.2
780.6
570.0
1019.5
2585.1
1017.3
955.4
10314.2
1972
9740
142
486
369
815
1834
850
1646
7906
1970
Source : United Nations Centre on Transnationl, Corporations, Transnational Corporations in World Development.
1979
1980
*(
) 701980
!" #$%
*+ ',
' ()
!" $&
!" # $ %
:
:
:
:
A .
A A
A .
) ( A
. -
A
A .
A t
. A
A . -
A .
A
A
A
) .( A
A
. A
A A
. A
A A
A A A A
. A 7 D
A
A .
D A A
18
19
% %
1981
% %
1980
%
1979
74.4 29.0 73 28.8 67.1 27.1 100 16.5 72.0 37.3 100 44.4 77.4 36.7 100 47.5 74.1 29.1 100 49.4
Source : U N Centre On Transnational Corporations : Trends and Issues in Foreign Direct Investment. P. 18. *
!" #$
5.8 0.2 0.1 27.9 12.4 5.9 2.8 15.6 7.4 8.6 3.4 12.2 6.0
4.9 47.5 24.6 14.9 6.6 35.6 16.9 40.8 19.4 30.0 11.9 51.0 25.2
32.8 12.8 52.1 15.0 27.0 10.9 15.6 24.3 12.6 57.2 25.4 35.9 17.0 43.6 20.7 35.5 14.1 36.8 18.2
% %
1982
% % %
1983
*
! "#$ %&
(3) '+
A ).(
D
A A
A
.
A . A
A
A A
A A
A A
A.
A A .
A
- {
) .(
A A A A
.
A . A
.
. - %
A % - %
20
21
1979
1976
*(
)
1973
1970
%
%
%
%
35.5
112.8
27.5
74.7
50.7
104.0
65.4
106.2
0.5
31.5
15.2
12.9
57
32.9
13.4
4.7
41.8
4.6
103
123.1
19
253.8
67.0
235.8
18
48.3
29.3
45.7
117
700
4.2
100.
49.4
430
16.4
125
21
64.2
12.3
17.4
12.3
15.4
2
0.5
1.5
0.1
2
0.8
24.8
1137
33.6
681.2
14.9
245.5
30.7
287.1
63
235.2
34.9
1351.8
17.6
817.7
31.1
765.4
47.1
786.6
36.3
317.5
!" #
1.0
131.8
83.8
454.9
132
212.9
95
245.6
110
123.4
$!
49.3
2426
23.8
690.6
54.6
1084.2
68.7
1301.1
73.5
261.5
&
10.7
353.9
7.6
167.4
21.7
244.7
9.6
88.5
32.8
183.2
'(
15.6
15.4
100
7.1
100
0.6
100
0.9
!)'
0.4
8.2
17.8
7.8
22.1
42.7
28.7
14.4
59
18.9
*!
-./
100
65.6
100
30
16.5
16.1
17.1
8.4
+,
-./
20.6
127.4
21
125
5.4
21.9
17.1
36.5
!'
11.7
1216.8
17.4
1028.7
25.5
986.3
17.6
698.8
26
340.6
01# #
97.5
6475
33.3
7986
26.2
3119
25.3
2887
24.9
1888.5
01# 2!'
Source : Calculated from Centre On Transnational Corporations Transnational Corporations in World Development.
Third Survey. 'Table II, 1, P.285 and Table II. 12, P.297. Figures for 1981 are derived from C T C : Trends and Issues in Foreign
Direct Investment and Related Issues. Table II. 3, p. 92.
%
1981
! "
#$% (%& '+,-) "+ .% / "0 &1
- A ) .(
A A . .
A
).(
A
A
.
A
A 7
A .
.
A A
A A
A .
A A A t -
% A
% .
A A 7
A) .(
A .
A {
.
A
22
A A A A
At .
A A
.
A A
t
A A A
.
: :
.
.
A
D A D
7
A . A
-
A-
A .
.
.
23
A
A A A
A
.
A .
A
D .
A .
{
.
A
A . A
A .
A .
A
).(
A A A A
A .
7 D A A .
A
A .
A .
D
.
D 7
24
A
.
.
:
A pro-duct cycle
.
A
.
.
D . A
A A A
. A
. A
. A
) ( A
A .
A
A .
D .
A
{ .
25
A A A
D .
A D.D
.
A
t .
A .
A
A .
. A A
D
. A A
) ( A A
.
A).(
- -
A .
A
.
A
.
A
26
A A
.
.Oligopoly D
A . A
A .
{ A .
.
{
.
{ A
) .( A A .
A
. A
).(
A
A .
.
A
A A
27
A . A
A
. A D
A
.
. A A
. A resource transfer
A A
A .
A
).(
A .
:
A D
A
.
A .
A
).(
28
.
)
(
.
).(
A A
.
D
A
. A D
A
. . ..D
A
.
D
.
A A
.
D
D
29
.
.
)t (
A
A .
.
- D -
A
. -
-
.
A ).(
A .D D
.
A
A . A
A - -
.
A ).(
A
A .
. D
30
.
A
A . % %
% % D
% - % ).(
A . A
A .
.
A
.
A .
.D A A D
A
A .
A .
- A .
A
A A
31
D .
A
A
A . D
A .
D
D
A .
A
A.
.
. A
.
7 .
A A A
D . D A
A A
. A
A.
: :
A .
A
32
. A
.
.
A D .
A A
. A
A D . D
A A
.
D .
A{
.
:
- D A A.
A
D A
.
- D A .
.
A A
t { D
{
A A
D .
- D
D . A
33
.
.
- D .
A
.
A
A
A
t .
A
A A .
A
- -
A .
A
D . - -
).(
A
A
. A A
.
.
34
A . A
A A
D D
.
A .
D
. D
A .
A .
A .
A
A {
D .D
A A A
GATT
.
A A
A .
?
A
.
.
35
A . A
.
.
A A
A .
A
D.
A
.
{
7 A
A D . A
A A ).(
A 7
.
A A D
.D
A D
7
A A
A 7
.
36
A
t A
. A
.
D D
D
A A
.
.
- :
.
A A
A
.
A
A
.
)
DA
A .
37
Intro-firm trade
A.
A A
%
.
. % D
D % 7 D
A :
. .
) ( -
% D
.() %
A
% .
%
% D
. A
.
% - . D
% %
).(
7
A . A
DD
A Post-
38
.market economy
A
.
.Transfer Pricing
D
.
t A A
A
A
A .
..
. . 7
A A
)(
) .(
.
A . 7
A
A :
- A
.
- .
-
. A
39
A 7
A
A .
A
t 7 A D ).(
D
:
-A :
7 A
A
.
A A . D
A 7
.
A D
A ).(
- :7 A A
{
A A.
A A A
A
A A A
A . D A
.
t
{
40
).(
A
. A
)
( A t .
. A-
AA-
A .
D A
A ).(
D
D
A {
A { ).(
- :
A
A A .
{
A A A
.
A . A
A
A
A A
A A ) (
7
41
A
A .
A A
-
A -
A A . A
D
A . .
7
.
A . A
A A .
A
A A
.
A A
.t A
A
A
A ) .(
.t A
A A
A
42
.
:
: A :t
.
.
A
.
.
A .
A
A
) .( A
A
) .(
.{
.
Euro-bonds
A
.A A D
43
D A D
. A A-D
-
D . 7 D
D
A 7
.
{ .
).(
: :
.
A
.
. D
A
A 7(
A D
A .
.
%
%
t % ) .( )-
44
( t % A
A ) .(
{
.
A
. 7 %
A .
% A
).(
A .
A
7 A
A A . A
A
. {
.
7 %
A A A
A ) .(
A A
A A
A
A A
A
.
45
A 7 ).(
A
A
. D
A D
A
A A- -
7 {
.
: A : A
D .
A
.
A
A D
A . A 7
.
A D
A .t
D .
.
A A
46
.
D
.
).(
.
- - .
A
:
A A
. :
.
. 7 A
A
A . A A A
D A
.
.
A
.
) .( A
A
47
) ( 5
1983 1970
:
) "! (*
1970
1977
1981
1983
44.9
33.4
35.8
35.9
55.1
66.6
64.2
64.1
19.9
23.6
20.2
19.6
18.6
14.8
15.6
6.8
15.1
23.3
27.3
36.1
1.5
4.8
1.0
0.5
!
100
100
100
100
() .
A
.
A A ) A
A( A . A
A A )
(.
) ( A
48
.
A
A
A . A
A
A
) .(
A %
A % . -
.
A
A.
A
D
. A
A
.
- :
A .
A
.
49
A .
Xerox
:
).(
A
A .
A . A A
.
D A
)(
t .
.
D . A D
t A
. A A D
D A D
)
D .
D :D D
50
- A-
A D
A- A-
. D
A
. ..
A A
.
A
A .
A D
D D A A.
7 A A ).(
A
A
D
A . D
A
A .
.
.A A
.
.
A
A )(
51
A
.
A
A
. )
(
7 DA D
.() D
A-
- A .
A
.
A
A .()D
A
.
D
A .
:
- C : R&D
A
A
.
A
.
52
.
7
.
A . A .
A A
.
A
A
A
{ A D
A A D
).(
- ':
A
DA .
. .. .
A A
t
.
53
. A
t A A
A A A A.
7
) .(
A
A .
A
. A
A
. A
A
A .
. ..
.. D A
A )
( A
) .(
A 7
A A
.
.
.
.
7 A A
54
. A
-
-
.
A . A
..
D ) .(
A
A .
7 A
A
.
- ':
A
A A
A .
. A .
A D
A A- A-
.
.
A A
55
.
DA
A A . .. .
.
: :
A
) .(
D
{ .
:
.
- :
.
.
A
A A D ).(
A A
A A . A
.
A
56
.
7
A ) . 7 t
A ( .A
A .
D
A .
.
A
... .
A
.
).(
A .
A.
)
A A(
{ t A
).(
.
A
A A
. A
) .(
. 7
57
A
A .
A A .
A
.
A
A
A .
A A .
A .
A
A A A t .
A A
.
A
. A A
A
. D A
.
- :
A .
A
.
)(
58
A
A D )(
A
A
A
A .
DA A
{ A . 7 -
-
DA
.
.
A
. A A
DA .
D
A
.
A
. A
A D A .
.
D
A
59
.
A A
: A .
D
.
A A A
A ) .(
) D ...(
.
A
:
7 A
A
.
A .
A A
.
A.
A D . A :
. A
60
. t 7
: .
61
62
2
A.
A
A
.
A -
-
A
A . A
63
.
A A
A . A
A . D
A A
A .
A A
D
A D
OECD .
A D A
.
A
.
A A .
.
D A 7
A .
A ?
7
.
A- AD
A D - .
A
A
64
.
A
- A
- ) .( A
.
) :D( A
)( A A
)(
.
A
A).(
A D
D .
A A
. D
A
. D
. ) D(
A 7
A) .( -
A) .(
A A
.
: :
A
65
A .
D D .
A
D
. D
A A .
A .D
A
7 . A A
D .
.
7
.
A 7
t A
. A D
A
.
A:
- D :
.
) .(
%
66
A
.
D %
.
A A D A
. .
.
).(
A
D . D
A .
7 ).(
-
D DA .D
D
. A
t :D
.
A
t t 7 .
. A
.
67
A
A
A
. ...
A
. A D
. A A A
. A A
A
. A A
) .(
A
.
A
A .
A %
D % .- A
A % A
A % %
A A .()
t A
.
68
.
A
. ..
A D
.
A A D A.
-
7
A .
.
A
7 .
.
. A
. D
A .
A ).(
69
A
A . D
.
t
. A
A.Corpo-rate State-
. A
. -
-
A A A
A .
A A A Corporation
.
A .
A D
).(
.
A . A
A
D A A
A A .
A
.
70
.
.
A D
.
D
.
. .
D
. D
A
A .
) .( D A D
A
A .
7 D
.
D
A . 7 A
D A
D
.
.
D
A.
71
.
.
.
A 7 .
D D A
A A
.
- -
.
A A
. . . ITT
A
A .
A
A A - -
A A A
() . .. A
.
A A
A A A .
72
.
.
A.
A
.
A
.
. A D
-
A
A . 7
7
.
.
A A .
7 A
A A
. ITT
).(
A
A
.
73
D
A A DD
.D
: : :
A
D
A ) ( .
.
A
-
.
.
D A.
A A-
- .
A .
A . D
A
74
.
) ( .
A
A
.
.
A A
A A .
A A?
?
. A
-
A -A
A
A .
{
D )(
A A . A
.
- .
A
.
.
A
75
.
D
).(
D A D A
. 7 A
t .
A A A .
A
. D
D
-
.
-
{
A .
A A
A
A
A
A A t
).(
-
A D
) ( .
Take Over
.Merger
%
76
A A . )-
( % ) ( - %
) ( - .() %
A
.
A
% %
% A %
) .(
.
A
.
A
A A
.
.
- A
. A
A-
-
.
.
A
:
: A
.
.
77
. ).(
A .
.
A
.
.
A .
A
A D A.
D
) .(
D
A .
A
A ).(
D
A .
D
D A.
. A
A A
) .(
%
% A )
( .
78
).(
.
).(
A A
. -
-
.
.
A .
7 A
A A
D
. A
.Trilateral Commission
D A .
A A
t D D
.
D A
79
.A
D A
.
A
.
A A ) .(
A t A
:
A A
A
. 7
D
).(
7 A
. t
D
.
A
A
.
.
80
D
A
?
.
A .
A
.
A 7 A
.
.
A . D
A
. .. .
A A
. A A
. t
- -
.
D
.
{
) .(
D
81
.
.
A A t
D .
A
7
).(
A
A
.
D
A
. .. .
A .
.7
A .
.
A
- ) .(
A
.
. 7
A
A
82
A
.
.
A t
. A A A A .
.
A A
.
. A 7
DA
A A
. A
t .
A A
.D
A .
A
.
D D ...D.
A
83
% % .
A % %
D %
% .
).(
A
D
A .
.
A
A
A
A A .
A
D
) .(
A A
A.
A
A .
D
A { 7
.
A
A
{ A
84
A 7 .
A .
D A
D D
. {
A D
.
A
D :D
A
A
. D D A A
A
D
.
- -
.
: :
D
A 7 A
.
A
A
A .
D
85
A.
A t
A
A .
A A
- -ensemble
.
A
A
A A .
A A A
. A
A A .
7
A .
t -
- t .
A
A A .
) (
A .
A interdependence
A A D
86
A .
D D A .
.
7
. A .
7
.
A .
D ) A( .
A A
A .
A A .() vulnerability
A
A
. . A
A .
A A
.
.
A A
D .D A
A
87
.
A
A
A
D
A-
. D
.
A
.
A
. .
.
A D
A A .
A
. t .
A
A . A
.
A
Trade with Enemy Act
A .
: D
A A
A .
88
{
D D
. A A
.
.
D .D D A
A
.
. .
.
A
{ .
89
90
'
91
92
'
3
: :
.
A
.
:D .
A
D .
A
.
A
A
A ).(
93
A
.A
A .
A A
t .
A A t
).(
7
. .
A .
A
7 .
. A
.
A
A.
D A A
. A
7
7 .
94
'
. A
DA D
.
.
. A
.
D
A .
.
.
D
).(
.
A . {
. A
.
.
).(
A
.
.
A
95
A
. A A A
D .D
.
.
) .( 7 t -
-7 A
.non-consummated nationhood
:
. .
.
A D
A
.
.
A
- -
. D -
-
D
. .
. -
- D
.
96
'
D - -
.A
t
A
.
7 . .. .
.
7
.
.
.
. A
A
.
.
A
A . A
A
.
97
7
.
.
.
:
7 7 A
.
.
D D
D .
D .
.
t A .
) (
A
A.
.
) A rankA status .(class
.t
A ) A ( A
) .(D
98
'
A
. A
) .(
A D A
D
. A
t 7 A
) ( .
A
A A
A
A A() .
: :
A 7
A A
.. .
.
t ).(
.
A A
A
D .
t
.
.
.
99
A
A
D
....
A A
A .
7
D
.
) .( 7
A
D .
t
7 . .. ..
.
. ..
.
D A
.
) .( D
A .
) (
A . ..
).(
A
A
100
'
.
.
A
. A
A D .
A ..
.
.t
A A D
A . A 7
A
A .
-
-
. .
.
Homology.
.
A A . A
D A . A
. A
.
A
.
D
A:
101
- :
A 7
.
:
- Functional :
.
- D
.
- -
.
.
.-
- :
D .
A A
.
.
.
.
102
'
: )
A(
. A
A A ) .(
A A
t .
7 A -
- D
).(
- :
.
A .
A
A .
.
A
. A
) .(t
{
)
A ( .
103
.
A
.
.
. .
D
.
.
A A .
A A
.
A
A
. economic size of the state
A
.
- :
.
.
.
.
.
A A
.
104
'
.
.
A
D
A ).(
- :
. A
A - -
.
.
D t
.
{
.
.
)(
.
-
A A -
A
A ) .(
105
) (
A A? ..
D
:
.
. .
A
.
t
) .(
.
D :
: .
.
D t D A
) (
. A :
- .
-
).(
-
106
'
-A
)
A( .
A t
A A . -
t - 7 .
a
sys-tem of social relations
. D 7
.
.
- .
?
DA .D
A .
D .
. A
.
.
.
A
: .
.
.
107
. t
. A
A .
. t
.
A D
.
A
.
.
A :
A
A A . ...
.
A A
.
7 A . A
A ethnic stratification
.
t .
108
'
. A-
-
7
D
.
.
.
. DA
A A .
break DA .
A
.
D
. ) (
D .A
.
.
A
A
A
A t
A
) A( A
.
109
A A .
.
D
.
.
D
D A A :A
A . A colonial situation
.
. .
A .
D
) (
) A(
. A
D
A . A ethnic situation
A
. A D
.() internal colonialism
A A
D D D
.
110
'
- -
.
{ A
.
.D
.
A
-alien
.
.
D
).(
7 7
.
A-
A- :
.
A
.
A D
. A
. D
D A :
111
!) (!'& $ %
)*(
!" #
Nation State
Imperial State
Universal State
Common Wealth
.
.
.
D : A ) :
(
) (
) A (.
A D.D
A
.
.
. A
.
112
'
.
.
.
. A
.
. .
.
. A .
.
.
A A
D .
D .
A .
.
A ) .(
{
.
113
.
D D
A .
D A { D
A A A
7 .
A .
. D A
A.
A
t .
A
.
A
A
.
.
D D A .
A .
. A
A.
.
114
'
: A
D .
.
D )
( . A
. .
. - -
. .
A 7 D
.
115
116
t
A .
A :
.
A
.
A A
. A
A
.
A A
. .. .
A
117
A .
A
.
A A A .
.
.
A A
. A
.t
A D A .
D A
A
- -
A -
.
A A
. t A A
A D
.
A
A .
: :
A A
118
.
.
A A
A .
D A .
A
D A A A
A
A.
A
A
D .
A
) .(
A .
A
. A
A).(
D
A A .
() : A
) (A () A () D
.
A
A
119
A) .( A
D
A A . D A
A A A.
D .
7
A A .
A A
.
t
A A A
A . A
A . D
A .
A.
.D
A
7
A A
A).(
A
120
.
A A
A . .
- :
A
A.
7
A
.
.
.
A . D
. A
.
A
.
.
A
.
A
A .
7
A .
7 A
A A
A . A
121
7
. A
A A.
.% A
A A A
) .( D .() %
A A{
D . A
A
A A A
- A
).(
D
7 %
A).(
A A
A .
)A( A
A
.
A
D
A .
A A D
A .
A t
122
.
A .
A A
A
A A
A A .
.
A .
. 7
.
- t A
A -
A .
.
A A A
.
A A
- .-
.
A D .
A
) .(
A
123
A ).(
A A
A A
.
A A
A
A ).(
.A
A A
A
.
A A
A A )-
.(
.
A -
-
.
D A A
. D
.
A .
A A A
.
.
124
125
5072
5936
13986
3974
35828
5192
1381
10191
2269+
15928
680
6420
581+
3315+
19900 17148
6243
3795 11691
4555
120
3506
1913
43315
4764
16932
5488
6793
5630
3707
1982
1018
9704
1928+
2523
4637+
26167 22505
8079
5241 15825
4808
373
6211
1794
51412
4208
21546
5645
10094
5690
4229
1981
3202+
4593
1104
7016
1302+
4697
28907 12945
8845
5721
4627
390
7618
1706
34043
3959
8057
4974
7313
4814
4926
1980
21097
7161
3464
3870
257
6116
229
Flows. Opcit. Table III 3. P.30 and Table III 2. P.27 (Calculated).
*Source : U.N. Centre On Transnational Corporations. Trends and Issues in Foreign Direct Investment and Related
3303
203+
1921
3557
1636
1983
*1983 80 (
)
!"
( 1 ) #$
()
#$ &'
#$ %
!"
- :
A .
A A
A
A . A
.
D D D
{
A .t
. A
A
A
. A
.
A
A
A
A
A.
A
.
A
AD
{
. A
A .
126
A A A A .
.
t
A .
A
A ).(
A A
A .
{
. A
A
) ( - .% A
%.
% %
.()
.
.
7 .
A
A .
A A
) .(
127
A
A
. A
A
% % .
% %
% .% 7
% %
).(
7
A .
t
A
.
A
D
A.
D
. D
.
D
A ) ( D
.
A
128
.
.
A
.
t
A
A A.
A
A A A .
-
-
A A . A
. % A
.
).(
.
A A
.
A A
A DA ).(
A A .
% -
% A
A - A ) .(
129
) (
A
.
D
.
D D A
A
. A A A
t
.
.
{
.
A
.
-
A A-
- A
A.
A A
.
130
- :
A D A .
7
A A .
D A-
- A Technological Multiplier
7 A . A
A DA .
A .spin off effect
A .
t A A
.
.
. D
A A A.
.D .
A
.
A D
D A .
A .
).(
.
131
A - .
D A A
. A 7
D .
A
.
.
A D
A
A
A . .. ) (
7
.
A
A A ).(
A
A
A
.
.
.
A .
DA
132
A
.
A DA D
.
A A ) .(
t
A .D
A
A
A A
A
.
- :
A
.
: A A .
A
)t (
A .
A A
A A
A A .
133
.
A .
A
.
.
A
A
.
: D
.D
A D .
D ) .(
.
. .
{ A
.
A A
t A .
D
A
A A A A .
D
%
134
) .( A
:
.
A A
{
A A A ..
A
A .
: :
7 A
.
. A
DA A
7 D A
A
.
A
.
.
A A . t
A A - D -
A
. A
135
.
.
.state-system
D A
A
. ).(
A . ..
7
A ).(
- -
.
{ A
.
.
D
A A
.
)( )(
A
A
:
136
)(2
* !
" # $%&
'#
1978
1980
1982
1984
1
9.1
59.9
97.2
39.0
2
20.7
37.1
62.1
62.0
3
28.4
22.8
35.1
23.0
32.0
31.1
16.0
12.5
7.3
9.9
11.8
8.0
6
9.1
13.3
12.6
11.5
7
1.8
3.4
0.8
3.5
A D D A
A A .
.
7
.
A .
A
. A .
.
.
A D A
137
. A
A A ).(
.
.
A
.7
.
.
.
.
.
t
.
:
.
. D
A 7
A A .
.
138
). (
A
. A
A t
D
A .
.
A
.
: :
A A:
A
. A
. A A
A .
.
.
A . A
.
.
.
D :
.
139
A A A A
.
A
A .
D A
A A
. A
A D A D
. DD
. A
A
A -
A .- A
t A
D D . 7
-
) .(
A
D .
A D D
7
.
A .
140
.D
A . A
. .
. A -
- A D
.
.
A
A
A
A .
A
. A
A D A
A
A .
A .
A .
A
.
141
. A
A A
.
DA
A .
A
: A
.
A
.
.
A
A D
{ .
A A . ...
.
.
t A
D A
.
142
5
7
. A
A 7
.
D .
.
A .
.
143
.
:
A D
.
: :
.
D .
.
A A.
.
A D D .
t A
A D A .
.
%
.
% % .
% A.
% %
7 .
A ) D A
144
D (
. %
% % .
. %
% .()
% A
% ).(
A
D D .
A
A .
A
.
% %
).(
A
D .
A
A
A .
A ) (
. t
- A .
.
A A A A A
.
145
A
A ):(
17.9
39.1
43.0
100
19.6
47.6
32.8
100
9.5
60.4
30.1
100
24
50.8
25.2
100
A
A .
D A
:
A
A .
.
A
A
A .
% % .
D D % %
% % A
% % ).(
146
1980
1981
1983
35.8
33.4
34.5
36.1
55.1
.
42.5
.
61.9
63.7
62.7
64.2
41
43.2
38.3
36.3
A A
. t
{
.
t
{ t
.
D
t D D
.
147
.
- - -
A A A . D
% A A A
A % A A % .
A A A .
.
:
- ' ':
t
A
A D A
A A {
) .( A A
A
A 7 % A.
- C :
A
A .
.
148
t
).(
- :
A
A
A .
).(
- A A
. A
. A
7
A .
. .
.
.
7 A
A .
D
A
149
:
A .
A A A
) .(
7
A
.
. D A .
. % A
% % %
.
% % % %
A )(
).(
t
A . D A
A
.
A A
150
A A .
A 7
automation,
A A
.
. D
) .(
. D
A A .
D A
) .(
.
.
.
D A
.
.
A .
A %
%
151
.() %
A
A
.
t
.
A
.
{
.
A {
A A A .
A
) .( A
. A
.
.
A
7).(
A
152
A
A .
A A
. A D
A
) .(
A D
A ).(
.
.
.
t A
.
7
A .
A
A .
: :
A .
153
A .
A
A .
.
.
: A A
.
.
. A
.
A
A 7
A A
A . A
.
- -
take over .
A A
A A . A
.entry strategy
154
A
.
A D D
.. A
) ( -
A
.% ) ( -
.%
%
.% -
- . A
% %
) ( - % ) ( - % )-
.() (
.
A
).(
A D
) .( D
.
A
155
.
-
-
A .
t
A .
A % A
A
. A
.
A 7 A
.
A .
.
.
A A 7 A .
A
) .(
A .
A .
- A
A .
156
A A A A
. A A
D A D
.
A
A A
A . A A
. A A
A
A
) .( A A A
A 7
A A
A . )
A
.
).(
A
A
A.
A
.
Technological
157
Obsolescence, A
A
) (
A
A
A .
t .
. D
.
A .
A D D
A A
t .
A A A DD
A t .
D A
.
.
A A
) .(
D ).(
A
A .
158
A
A .t
A
.
.
A
A
.-
.
.
A D .
A
.
D
. A
A D
t A A
.
{
A
.
159
: :
-
. A
A .
.
A
:
A .
.
D .
A .
.
A
A .
7 D
D
.
D .
.
160
.
7 .t
t { A
)( .
A
.
.
.
.
A
A .
.
A
D .
.
.
D
A A
.
policy
A
161
D .politics
A A
A .
:
A
. -
- D D .
populist A
A .
D D
D
.
.
A
A
A A .
A
t
A
A A
.
162
.
D
A .
D DD
.
{
{
.D
A
.
.
.
A
A A
: A.
A
A
D A A
A . 7
. A
A A .
D .
163
A A
.
. Sub-national
7 .
A A A
A .
A
. A
A .
A
A A .
D A
A A .
.
164
165
166
6
:
.
A
A D
A
. A
A
.
D
.
167
.
.
A
. A A
7
t
.
{ A .
A A A
A A
A
A . .. .
A
.
A A
. A
A .
A .
.
168
.
.
t ) .( A
).(
A
.
.
.
.
A
.
.
D
D
.
.
169
A .
. ...
A A
.
A
.
A A
.
: :
D
.
A
A D .
: .
A force
) .(
A A .
A D
. A {
170
A
. A {
A D . A
.
D A.
A D
.D
A D A . A
A A
.
A
.
D A .
D
.
D .
.
A
.
A
.
A
.
A
171
7 D A
.
A
D
7 . A
A .
: A
.
{ 7 .
.
.
D
.
A :
A
A
A D :
- A
A
D
A D
.
- A : .
172
A D
A A .
- A
).(
-
. A
D
A 7 A
A A
.
.
.
. 7
A
.Andean Pact A
A D
. A A
A {
A A
A ) .(
.
.
D
.
173
A ).(
A .
D
: D
D A .
:
- :
D A
D D A .
A
D A A 7
.
A
A
7 .
.
A .
A
. A
.
A {
.7 7
A 7 t
.
.
A
.
174
7 .
A
7
A .
. A
:D A .
A D
. t
.
.
D A
.
).(
.
A
D
A ) (
.
-' C :
A D
175
A
. A D D
A D
A
) .(
A D .A
A
A .
. A
A .
A
D
A A { t
A) .( A
A
. 7
A .
.
-' C ':
A A
.
A
.
A
D .A
.
A D
176
.
A t .
A D D
. t
A A D
A D .
A
D
A .
A D
. A
. .
Andean Pact
) .( D
A A
A DA
A
.
A
.
7 . A
D
177
A
.
A
D . A
.
: :
. .
D .
A
A D .
D A.
D D .
A . A
A
.
: A
A
A D A.
A A
A A
.
- ' :
A .
178
.
Concessions 7
A A
A
A
.
A .
A .
.
.
) ( -
. ..D )-
(
-- --
-- ..
. ).(
A A{ )-
( ).(
A
A t A
A A A .
A A
. A
A A A .
179
A A D
A .
A D A
. : A
).(
A
A A .Turn key contractst
D
D
A A
t A .
A .
A
A D D A
. A
A
A .
A A
A
.
A
A A .
A A
180
A .D A A t
A A A A .
7 A
7 A
7 . A A
A A
A A
A
. A .
A . A A
.
A A .
A A
.
t
.
A A
A A A
).(
- ' :
A
181
)
(.
) (
{ ) A
( ) { ( .
A
.
. A
.
.
A
A
. 7 A
).(
- :
A
.A
. A
. A
A .
182
A
.
A
.
D A A .
A
A .
A .
A A .
A
.
.
A
A .
D
A . ...
D
A 7-
A -
A .
A A
).(
183
: :
{
A A
.
A A
% % % .
A
% %
.
.% A
% %
A %
% .()
A
% %
% % % .() %
.
A A
.
D
.
%
% % %
184
).(
A
A
A
A
.
.
.
.
D A .
A A A
D
.
A
. A
A
185
A
. 7
A
.
A .
A
7
. A A
A
t
.
.
A A ) .(
A
A
. A A
. .
A .
.. A
) .( A A
A D - -
.
186
.
- -
.
A A A
{ .
.
.
A
.
.
A A
: A
A A
.. A
A A
A .. A A
A . ..
: A ).(
.
187
188
7
:
.
A
A
A
. A
t
.
.
A
A .
:
.
A .
189
A A )A( .
A
D .D
A
A
.
.
A
.
D
.
D
A
A A
A
D . .. .
A
. A
A .
D
A :D A :
A ).(
190
A
A D A
A
.
A
.
{ .
.
D
A . 7
A A
. A A
A
.
.
A
A
A
A .
:
A7
.
191
.
.
A .
: :
D:D
- ) (
.
A
A A .
.
A A .
A
% .
.
% .
).(
A A
.
A . A
192
A
A . A
. 7
A
%
% ) .(
.
A
.
7 A
D
A . A
A .
A
A.
-
.
A
A
A
D 7.
193
.
- ':
) (
A ) ( -
.
A
.
A .
. D
.
) ( % %.
) (
A .
A .
D A %
.%
% .
%
% .
. disinvestment
) .( - A
. .
A {
.
.
194
195
350
60
28
3.3
0.9
4.3
250
3.9
3300
150
70
215
150
50
100
160
70
130
260
55
325
5852
56.4
2.6
1.1
3.7
2.6
0.8
1.7
2.7
1.1
2.2
4.4
0.9
5.5
530
217
2900
50
60
100
50
50
100
100
50
100
245
60
300
490
195
4850
59.8
1.2
1.2
6.2
10.1
1976
%
70
4000
200
55
650
160
100
650
35
120
365
50
300
630
7390
54.1
2.7
0.7
8.8
2.2
1.4
8.8
0.4
1.6
4.9
0.7
8.5
1975
0.9
%
95
3030
200
50
400
130
150
150
620
30
200
315
40
340
750
6500
46.6
0.8
6.2
2.3
2.3
9.5
0.4
4.8
0.6
5.2
11.5
1974
1.5
41.1
3.1
0.4
12.6
1.3
1.4
1.4
9.1
0.2
2.1
4.2
3.3
15.6
1.1
8756
3600
275
35
1100
110
120
125
800
25
185
260
370
285
11365
100
1973
100
1700
250
35
1050
100
110
110
725
25
185
200
350
250
1560
8751
12.8
2.8
0.4
12
1.1
1.2
1.2
8.3
0.2
2.2
2.8
18.8
1972
1.1
%
88
3700
246
35
980
100
80
100
650
25
185
175
350
240
1400
8354
44.2
2.9
0.4
11.7
1.2
0.9
1.2
7.7
0.2
2.2
4.1
2.8
16.7
1971
1
*Source : Extracted from U. N. Centre on Transnational Corporations. A Third Survey. Table II. 4. pp. 289 290.
6425
3620
150
2.3
56.3
50
0.8
70
100
1.5
190
180
2.8
70
150
2.3
660
3.7
245
3.8
10.3
1977
1978
( 1 ) '+ ,!
*(
) 1978 71
!
"#$% &
,-
*+
()
!'
!
%&
#$
!"
./
.
A
D
.
{
A A .
A.
7
.
D 7 ) .(
.
D
A
. ) ( A
.
A
.
A .
.
A
.
A A
.t
.
196
197
426.4
50.4
138.2
2064.6
58.1
2737.7
44.3
148.4
5720.2
687.1
6600
5759.2
729.9
4512.2
105.2
48.8
358.1
1978
5325.1
804.4
4079.3
112.1
11.7
23.9
276.7
1977
4115.8
445.6
3280.0
20.2
121.2
12.7
27.7
205.5
2.3
1976
2719.6
190.6
2123.5
58.3
92.3
6.1
34.0
210.0
4.9
1975
5731.8
413.7
4977.7
8.4
96.2
6.0
26.5
199.7
3.6
1974
2858.1
174.1
2118.4
1.1
13.1
82.3
8.3
31.6
426.8
2.4
1973
1451.6
38.0
1125.9
1.1
22.8
5.4
30.6
237.8
1972
2720.9
42.0
1436.3
1.0
622.9
3.0
12.0
16.0
571.7
1971
2106
119.0
893.0
1.0
480.0
28.0
5.0
4.0
12.0
564.0
1970
$%
!"#
& () = .
*Source : Extracted and Calculated from U. N. Centre On Transnational Corporations .. A Third Survey.
1979
1980
*(,- % .
) (1980 / 70) 34
5
!
" #$%& '&*
A A
. D A
A
.
.
{ A
. ) ( -
A A .
.
- -D A
)(
A A
A.
A D .
A
.
- :
.
.
:
- :
7
.
.
198
A
A
.
.
A A A
A
A
t A . .
- -
. A .
A
A .
7
D
.
A A
A
)
A ( A
7
{ A
.
A
A
).(
. 7
199
A .
Marubendi
. t
.
A A).(
A
A t
.
A A
. A
. A
.
.
.
) ( 7
.
- :
D A
A
. A .
A A A
A . - - A
200
201
#$
2(2)
1)
1
4(1
Shell
Mobil
Chevron
Texaco
Exxon
Amoco
GLF
CFP
Gulf
BP
10
. +,- !%' = 5 ( / : ;< > ?@ = 4 ( !>%>@A B@ = 3 ( = 2 ( # !,> B@> ?@ = 1 ( CD = )
4(1
321
5(1
4(2)
4(2)
3(1
)
)
5(4(1
1()
4(1
!"
*Source : Taken from : Giacomo Luciani. The Oil Companies and the Arab World. London, Croom Helm, 1984,
%&'
*
! "#
$%& '+,-
A
t A
.
.
A
.
A A A
..
{ ).(
. .
.
.
A A
).(
- :
Licensing
A
D
A .
. A
A
.
202
.
A
A A.
.
7
.
.
A .
A A A t
A).(
A A
7
A A
A
. A
A
.
A
A
A
).(
) :
203
( .
A
A
A
.
A
.
A . .
-
A
A
A A-
A
.() ( /
A
t
A .
A A
A A . A
%
7 A ) ( -
A
A . .()%
. -
A - %
204
.
A %
).(
A
A
A A D D .
- ':
. A
.
A )-
(
) .( A .
A
.
A
A
. 7 A
. A
7 A
A
.
A A A . A
.7
A A
D
205
.1
59
13
47
19
37
22
! "# $
19
16
15
11
136
46
134
44
46
26
! "# $
45
20
41
16
18
)$*' !'+ .3
34
12
41
11
12
13
! "# $
15
17
) ,' -( .4
63
18
29
15
17
37
! "# $
18
11
* /: .5
230
37
101
59
135
56
! "# $
51
16
23
16
31
17
;(< => .6
36
10
! "# $
11
@A .7
15
75
20
12
! "# $
27
122
14
85
31
78
33
! "# $
27
35
18
BF G
885
213
683
235
453
251
206
)(4
MEED
) 198376
147
132
65
37
35
112
24
749
17
29
13
10
11
35
195
131
187
142
71
71
111
12
1157
22
45
42
23
35
32
354
80
100
113
49
45
40
555
20
32
42
15
21
11
191
70
64
51
38
34
43
11
490
14
20
18
11
13
14
145
381
585
367
315
224
312
119
2921
71
118
90
35
62
84
32
646
21
31
25
11
27
29
207
10
10
11
72
49
137
60
33
31
57
18
511
19
17
11
105
223
330
221
106
108
182
42
1575
41
59
71
19
22
44
375
1297
1898
1346
783
768
1128
308
10248
207
A .
A A
.
A A
7
.
A
7
A
. A A
A
A
A A .
A
.t
A
.
A A
t A A A
t Contracts ) .Middle East Economic Digest (MEED
A MEED )( -
.
A A
.
D
208
.
A 7 A
A
D .
A
.
) ( A t MEED
) ( - .
A D
.
t D
.
A A
)
. ..(.
:
-
A -MEED ) ( -
.%
.
.
% .
A
A A
.
- .
:A
209
) A (
.
) ( - .
D
.
A
. . A
.
.
A
. .
A
:
-:
t
A
.
-:C
A A
A t
A A
.
-:C
A
210
)(198376
103.5
20.4
220.3
76.9
462.6
187
967.2
152.4
104.5
0.3
4.8
21.4
"!
342.8
208.4
1187.8
234.1
588.5
# . 2
660.3
140.2
1169
172.4
53.9
' &$%
990.3
1027
6876.6
100.8
554.1
69.9
33.2
388.8
56.4
77
"!
1720.5
1200.4
8434.4
329.6
685
() . 3
51.3
198.9
2383.9
0.4
*&+,
224.8
190
3089.9
501.3
13.1
45
49.8
3.2
21.5
.1
156.7
82.6
"!
321.1
195
3338.6
2888.4
35
1130.9
171
305.6
85.9
0.3
98.5
104
580.8
91.7
53.2
46.9
"!
1276.3
275
886.4
177.6
53.5
:; . 5
3695.5
1088.4
1450.7
307.3
524.3
,
1818.1
384.1
1724.9
342.8
945.4
287.1
6.3
89.5
33.9
219.5
"!
5800.7
1478.8
3265.1
684
1689.2
<$ . 6
1.8
17.5
>=#
552.5
54
3.3
52.5
0.8
"!
606.8
54
0.8
20.8
134.1
154.5
8.2
88.3
3.4
5494.7
192
?@A . 7
1.2
1.8
1.7
"!
223.6
6.4
5651
201.9
647.9
26.9
149.4
216.3
70.8
B$%,
2214.8
25.1
1321.1
31.1
864.4
C+D
117.6
1.9
23.4
35.4
113.4
"!
2980.3
53.9
1493.9
282.8
1048.6
!"A
13272.1
3417.9
24311.2
4597.3
4322.5
' . 8
211
)(5
) ( )
(MEED
!
24.6
546.9
974.9
356.1
414.5
213.8
417.1
5.1
3836.7
20.4
5141.2
7171.8
446.6
210.1
248.8
1038.7
148.9
5994.3
31.3
110.9
283.8
49.9
"
2.2
334.8
4.7
927.7
76.3
5799
8430.5
852.6
624.6
464.8
1790.6
158.7
20758.7
51.8
844.5
2202.8
627.7
735.8
127.1
640.8
114.3
7540.6
837.8
5314.8
1822.2
4198.1
3173.8
250.4
3337
9.5
38592.4
10.3
439.7
10696.3
176.7
6.2
31.8
73.4
1.9
12061.6
899.9
6599
24721.3
5002.5
3915.8
509.3
4051.4
125.7
58194.6
126.6
438.2
564.4
473.1
267.5
8.2
132.9
0.7
4651.1
156.8
3209
6153.7
1484.9
1526.2
624.4
479.4
6.2
17659.7
"
18.9
527.2
230.9
57.8
16.5
290.7
"
1261.5
283.4
3666.1
7245.3
2188.9
1851.5
649.1
903
6.9
23573.3
436.7
1827.9
1292.6
138.5
607.9
54
136.3
359
6546.6
1251.4
682.4
180.3
336.3
91.4
198.2
2.6
3677.8
1.6
510.2
7.6
3.1
0.9
0.8
"
571.1
443.7
3080.9
2485.2
326.4
947.3
146.3
335.3
361.6
10795.5
256.8
6534.3
10561.2
1825
2861.8
1140.8
1441.5
227.5
31965.1
197.4
12120.5
2716.1
4404.2
4396.6
3616.8
7054.1
1168.9
65334.8
28.8
1420.5
4292.7
875.7
152
191.3
1324.9
58.9
8981.1
483
20075.3
42014.9
7104.9
7410.4
4948.8
9820.5
1505.3
106281
0.1
8.6
6.9
19.8
2.9
31.9
100.6
"
190.1
25
608.7
956.1
425.1
144
74.3
580.9
57.8
3481.7
"
1.2
17.5
"
16.4
36.8
1.1
129.3
25.1
618.5
980.5
447.9
146.9
122.6
718.3
58.9
3801.1
1.2
344.2
456.5
7.2
8.1
0.6
28
1154.6
"
2952.6
16063.6
2378.1
835.4
1049.7
3440.5
67.1
32565.4
0.6
16.4
89.8
3.1
57.2
2.5
1.7
20
196
1.8
3313.2
16609.9
2388.4
900.7
1052.8
3470.2
96.1
33916
161.7
1338.9
5906.1
975.8
333.5
84.7
480.3
203.5
10595.8
33.8
3604.4
16719.1
1017.7
233.8
1055.1
2491.9
87.4
29699.7
0.8
225.5
988.5
154.9
99.5
6.6
30.9
0.3
1798.7
196.3
5168.8
23613.7
2148.4
1146.4
3003.1
291.2
291.2
2409.5
48320.8
20460 126101.3
16464
9040.2
2604.4 24092.2
212
42092.2
299413.4
A
D .
.
A
7
.
.
) (
A D ).( -
:
- -A
? ) ( - . A
A .
A A
.
: = A =
= = =
= D = =
= = =
= = D
.
. A
213
A
. A A
D . A
A
D .D
? ..
A ?
.
A .
)A(
.
- A.
A A
t )7 A A
( . A A
A D
% A
. .
A{
214
.
-7 A
. ) ( D
)-
.(
.
.
A . MEED A
A
.
% A
% .
% ).(
A
.
.
.
A .
)( .
) ( .
.
.
215
<
16
35
10
14
15
23
36
42
36
45
233
63
1976
41
26
11
19
12
15
55
74
54
55
56
360
94
1977
49
59
17
29
12
13
45
79
42
38
49
293
87
1978
17
39
47
20
30
13
46
69
90
42
60
322
99
1979
)
(
35
74
51
23
27
53
27
25
12
87
108
90
71
101
396
102
1980
59
79
66
22
31
63
14
16
11
23
58
102
93
62
90
284
95
1981
41
47
24
32
64
14
15
12
18
19
100
91
87
55
58
334
108
1982
<
29
54
24
33
41
20
13
15
37
30
74
114
49
53
241
101
1983
126
368
385
103
181
313
63
73
42
118
62
116
444
633
612
408
512
2463
749
** . >?
& #@A >A BC DE F GH
I >A
%,
J K%, #@A
;** # :
-./
*%,
*
%
)
(%
'
%
'&
'
$%& #
! " #
'&(198376)
!
" #
$%
216
: :
A :D
A
. A
D :
D : -
.
A .
A t
D t
.
.
A
A .
.
7 D .
D
A .
D D
A {
D
217
1976
1977
59 2050.3
1978
1979
214.6
22
13 445.4
226.6
222.6
22
66 4198.3
60 2952.4
73 2876.1
2111
109
459.9
11
29 2840.4
132.5
17
563.5
15
130.1
21
47.4
43
291.7
55
311.4
75
472.5
16
13 121.3
13.2
15
596.8
31
62 3226.4
77 2962.7
!
& "#$
180
('
61 1685.3
71 1367.6
82 1230.9
67 1263.5
)*$ +
355.8
41
78 539.4
989.8
82
111 1014.5
!$
,-$ -
47.4
/:
91
34
397.4
14
190.7
45
)(7
198376
1980
1981
1982
1983
)(
939.9
849
3422.2
203
942.1
49
599.4
27
477.8
33
293.7
28
853.2
57
896.1
78
90 5708.6
4715
545.4
56
294
26
557.1
52
95.5
19
5488.3
225
67 1179.3
834.3
45
959.6
67
568.7
62
4322.5
435
58
345.9
28
479.4
27
102.2
49
2409.5
237
20
1297 48320.8
278.2
1860 128810 175 9306.6 315 16803.1 222 13914.5 288 20446.4
1552 141 1096.4 156 3587.5 221 2219.2
2462
795.4
71 2085.8
9040.1
740
1086 24097.9 126 1427.6 105 1394.9 153 9715.7 225 3477.4
965.8
61
268
40
452.6
52
251.5
42
2664.4
296
9975 303615.6 1042 26536.1 1394 37802 1453 55284.6 1885 4534.3
' &
!" # $# %
219
A A A.
D
. D
A .
A .
D
A
. A-
A
A - D
.
A
A .
.A
.
- - A
. A
.
A .
220
.
. A
. A
7
.
A .
A
A.
A
A A
.
A
.
.
A
A
.
. A
221
D .
.
7
. D
.
A
).(
A A
.
D
. 7 DAD
D .
A
D :
A .
A A
.
-
A
A
. A
222
A A
.
A .
.
A ) :
.
A
.
7 A
.
A A
t
. D .
A- A-
A .
A
.D D
.
.
A 7
223
{ A)A( .
A
A
.
A
.
A-
A
. A A
.
A A
.
{
.
A { .
.
D
.
A
.
A
.
224
D D A
A
.() D
A A
.
A
A
7 D DA
A . A
A .
A
.
.
: A
.
7
A .
. A
A .
A
..
.
225
. A A t MEED
7 %
A A) .(
A -
A .
D A
. A
.
.
A
) (
:
-
A.
- A A
A A.
- A A
.
- A A
226
{ 7
.
- A {
A).(
A D
. A
.
. D
A { . D
D
A A{ .A
A
A) .(
.
A
t .
A
A A .
A
D ).(
227
A
.
A A A .
A
A A . D
.
A
A . .
:
. A t
-
- -
- DA D
{ . ..
D
A ).(
A 7
A D-D
.
.
. A
D
{ A D
228
.
A
. A
A A
t
A
.
A A .
A -
A-
A .
A
. . .
) .(
A
A A) .( A
A D
7 ) .(
. .A
A A D
.
229
A
. ..
-
. ..
A D
A
).(
7
A :
).(
A
t .
) ( -
A A
. A
.
D
.
.
.
230
A
.
t
) ( -
.
A t
A A A .
A . A
A
A
. .. . A A
A A A .
A
D
A A .
A
.
A
A
231
A .
A
.
A
.
A
.
.
.
-
-
.
232
'
8
D
A :
.
t
A {
.
AD
.
7
D
A
A
.
A
.
233
- A
. 7
.
7 .
) .(
. 7
% .
7 A
% .
7 ) .( A
.
)-( . A
.
A
A
. A A A
A A
. A D
A
A A
234
'
) .(
.
- A t
.
.
D D A
D .
t
.
A
.
D A
A .A
D A
.
A . A
.
D A
D
A . A
235
A D A
A
A
A .
.
: .
A .
A
. A D
.
A :
-
.
D .
- :
A
.
.
A
A A ).(
236
'
. A
.
7
.
A .
D
D .
A
) .(
- -
D A {
.
- :
A
.
A
.
{
..
.
:DA
Plantations . D
237
A D )
A ...( .
D .D
A .
D . A
D DA ) .( A
A
.
...
A
A . A A
.
A .
.
A A
7
. :
A
.
238
'
A .
: {
A
.
).(
- :
D) ( )
( .
.
A
- .
A
.
D
D . D
A
A ) .(A
7
.
.
A
.
.
239
A
A .
A
A A
A .
A
) .(
A -
-
D ).(
.
A
A .
.
?.
A
A
.
240
'
.
A
.
.
A
. D
A .
) ( - )
(
% { .()%
% A - .
A
A
.
A
. D D
% ).(
A A . % A
) ( - )
( % ) ( - %
) () ( - A
A
.
. 7 A
A
241
.
A
A
.
. D
%
%
.() A
.
D
.
.
:
: A
.
A .
.
. A
A %
.
: A
.
A .
D
242
'
% .
A A
A
%
.% A
.
) ( A.
:
.
A
A) .(
A
. .. D
A A A .
A
A
. A
) .(
)
(.
243
.
D
{ 7 A
. 7
A A
) .(
D
A 7
A A .
..
A
.
7 A
7
) .(
? .
:D .
A DD
A
.
244
'
( 1 )
!
!"
(1980+78) ,&-
(# $%
&'))
(
6:/)) 46.6
4.9
100
%3 . 1
(
/?) 60.7
0.3
34
< ) . 2
(
6:/)) 76.9
0.5
57
%@%) . 3
(
C
D&)) 56.5
1.7
26
B %) . 4
(
/? ) 71.4
2.1
70
E6%
":/? . 5
(
/?) 66.6
0.2
26
#2@ . 6
%F
C . 7
(
/?) 42.8
0.1
170
(
6:/)) 30.7
0.1
100
)%
G . 8
(
/?) 58.6
1.8
780
$%)H . 9
(
6:/)) 53.2
280
I . 10
(
/?) 32.5
0.1
200
I . 11
(
/?) 62.8
0.3
530
JK LM . 12
(
6:/)) 75.6
3.1
520
. 13
+
C:/O) 49.0
23.7
1230
:N
. 14
/"2I . 15
(P% P%Q
(
/?) 67.3
190
(
6:/)) 78.0
0.8
100
B . 16
(
6:/)) 56.8
1.2
100
R
S% . 17
(
6:/)) 53.8
3.4
100
/D
. 18
(
6:/)) 53.6
0.5
1130
:ND
. 19
(
/?) 67.0
0.1
340
TF . 20
(
6:/)) 60.0
1.9
82
$%
N . 21
(
6:) 100
100
T% . 22
(
/?)
50
0.1
100
%%@ . 23
(
/?)
65
1.9
370
$NC . 24
(
6:/))
U@ . 25
50
0.6
170
(
C
D&)) 46.7
9.3
1250
N!S . 26
(
6:/)) 93.5
5.2
330
S . 27
(
6:/)) 86.8
8.6
400
B%)VS . 28
245
.D A
A
A
.
A
A
. .. . A A
A A
A D .
A ) .( A
A
A .
. A
A ) .(
A D A
A A
.
D
D .
.
A
) .(
246
'
7
A A
A A .
A
).(
:
D A
- . {
.
247
248
A A
.
-
.
D
.
.
7
7
.
A .
249
A
.
t D
.D A A
. : t .
A
.
.
-
A .
D : A
.
-
.
A .
A
7 D
A . 7
.
A A
.
.
250
I.United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations. Trends and Issuess in Direct Foreign Investment
Flows and Related Issues: A Technical Paper. New York, 1985, P ..
.M .Robock et al. Internatlonal Business and Hultinational Enterprise (Illinois, Richard Irwin Inc.,
1977) pp . -.
.United Nations Centre On Trananatlonal Corporations. Ib-id. pp .-.
.Manuel Agostn.: Policy Analysis and Research. Trends and Issues in F D I. The C T C Reporter. No.
20 Autumn 1985 (UN Publication). P ..
.United Nations Centre On Tranenatlonal Corporations. Ib-id. P ..
.Cited in: Ib-id. P ..
.C.A .Michalet, M. Delapierre, B. Madeuf, at C. ominamt. Nationalisations et luternationalisation:
Strategies des Multinationales Francais es dans la Crise. Paris. La Decouverte, 198:. pp . - .
.W .Andreff Les Multinationales hors la Crise. Paris, I.e Sycomore1982. pp .-.
.R .Narkse. Drives and Effects of Capital Movements. in. John Dunning(ed.). The International
Investment. London, Penguin Books. 1971.pp. 91-110.
10.Robert Gilpin. U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporations. Nerv York, Basic Books, 1975. P.
174. See also: P.B. Musgrave. United States Taxation and Foreign Investment Income. New York,
Harper and Row.1969,pp.8-12.
11.R. Vernon. International Investment and international trade in Product Cycle. in John Dinning (ed.).
international investment. Op. Cit. pp. 351 - 370.
12.S. Hymer (edited by C. Kindelberger) International Operation of National Firms: A Study of Direct
Foreign,investment. Camgredge. the MIT Press,1978,pp.73-91.
13.C. Kindelberger. American Investment Abroad: Six Lectures On Directct Investment. New Haven.
Yale University Press, 1969, pp. 9-12 .
14.J. Fayerweather, International Business Management: A Conceptual Framework.New York, Macgraw
Hill, 1969, pp. 35 - 50.
.M .Robock et al., International Business and Multinational Enterprise. Illinois, Richard Irwin,
1977. pp . - .
.M .Bye & De Bernie. Relation Economique Internationale. Parin, Dalloz, 1977. pp . - .
.A.Szymanski. The Logic of Imperlalism. New York. Praeger, 1981. p .
.Cited in Szymanski. Ib-id. P ..
251
.Joan Robinson. The New Mercantilism. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1966. P. 2S.
.U.S .Department of State. The Views of the United States Government Concerning the Report of
the Group of Eminent Persons on the Impact of Multinational Corporations on the Development Process
and International Relations. Washington, D.C ..
.United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations. Tranenationnl Corporations and International
Trade: Selected Issues.p.
.Ib-id. P ..
.Ib-id.pp. 12 - 15, and the rest of the paper.
.Constantine Vaitsos. Intercountry Income Distribution and Transnational Enterprises. Oxford,
Clarendon Press, .
: A 7( )
. - : .A
. - .
.W.A.Dymza. Multinational Enterprise Strategy. New York, McGraw Hill,.pp . - .
27. United Nations Centre On Tranenational Corporations. Transnational Corporations in World
Development:
Third Survey.
P. 119,
28. F. Bergsten, T. Hurnt and T. Moran. American Multinationals andAmerican Interests Washington,
D.C., Brookings Institution,1978.pp.300-306.
29.R.Caves, International Trade, International Investment, and ImperfectMarkets,Princeton. Princeton
University Press, 1974. pp. 8 - 12.
30. M. Bye et D. De Bernie. Op. Cit. P.1005,
31. Dennis Logue et al. International Integration of Financial Markets: Survey, Synthesis, and Results.
in Carl Stem et a1., Eurocurrencies and the International Monetary Svatem. Washington, D.C. American
Enterprise Institute, 1976. pp. 91 - 138.
32.John Karlin. Some questions and Brief Answers about the Eurodollar Market. in John Adams (ad.)
The Contemporary International Economy: A Reader. New York, St. Martlna Press, 1979. pp. 310 328.
33.C.H. Stem et al., Eurocurrencies and the International Monetary System. Ib-id. pp. 79 - 88.
34.R. Bernet and R. Huller. Global REach, The Power of Hultlnatlonal Corporations. Neu York, Simon
and Schuster, 1974. pp. 283 - 285.
35.United Nations Economic and Social Council. Transnational Corporations in World Development:
A Re-consideration. New York, 1978.
36.Cited in A. Szymanski. 0p. Cit. P. 147.
37.Ib-id. P. 143.
38.M. Mason, R. Miller and D. Weigl. The Economics of International Business. New York, John
Wiley & Sons Inc. 1915. pp. 341 - 343.
252
39.S. Robbins and R. Stobauch. Money in the Multinational Enterprise: A Study in Financial Policy.
Neu York. Reelc Books, 1974. pp. 58-60.
40.U. Arosal and R. Vayrnen. Financial and Industrial Oligarchy: Present Structures and Sometrends.
Journal of Peace Research. No. 2. 1972. pp. 2 - 31.
41.U.S. Senate Committee On Finance. Multinational Corporations and the World Economy.
Washington, 1973. P. 33.
42.United Nations Economic and Social Council. pp. 64 - 68.
43.I M F. World Economic Outlook. April 1985. Table 46. P. 263.
44.New York Times, December 5 1971.
45.M. Bye & De Bernie. Op. Cit. pp. 941 - 942.
46.J. Perrin Les Transferts de Technologie. Paris, La De eonverte,
47.United Nations Economic and Social Council. On. Cit. P. 49.
7 - : :()
. : : - - A
. .
.J .Karleen. The Different Models of Transfer of Technology - In C. Widstrand, P ..
.D .Girmidig. Transfer of Technology by the Multinational Corporation Paris, OECD Development
Centre, 1975. pp . -.
.M .Delapierre, La Vente Internationale de la technologie: LOptique de la Firme. Paris, Centre de
Developpment de LOCDE, 1973. pp .-.
.P .Judet et al. Transfert de Technologie et development. Parts, Librairie Techniques, 1977. P ..
.J.S .Szyliowlcz. Technology, the Nation State: An Overview In J.S. Szyllowicz (ad.). Technology
and International Affairs. New York, Praeger, 1981. P ..
.J .Galbralth. The New Industrial State. London, Andre Detach, 1972. pp . - .
.M .Robock et al. Op. Cit. pp . - .
.M .Brook and L. Remmera. The Strategy of Multloatlonal Enterprise. New York. American Elsevier
Publishing Co., 1970. pp . - .
.W .Dymza. Op. Cit. P ..
58. Schwendian. Long Range Planning and Strategic Planning in the International Firm. mass. Mim. .
pp. 61 - 62.
59.J. Behrman. Some Patterns in the Rise of Multinational Enterprise. Princeton, N.J., Mimeo, 1967.
60.United Nations Economic and Social Council. Multinational Corporations in World Development.
New York, 1973. P. 31.
61.G.J. Sutton. Economics and Corporate Strategy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980.P.98.
253
1.United Nations. The Impact of Multinational Corporations Development and on International Relations.
U.N. New York, 1974. pp .-.
2.J.Nye. Multinational Corporations in World Politics. pp . -.
3.R.Jilpin. op-Cit. pp . - .
4.C.W.Mills. The Power Elite. N.Y. Oxford University Press, 1956.pp .-.
5. Richard Barnet. Multinational (corporations and the American Political Process. Annals. September
1972.
6.W. Domhoff. Who Made American Foreign Policy 1945 - 1963. in, D.Horowitz (ed.) Corporations
and the Cold War. New York, Monthly Review Press, 1970. pp. 25 - 70.
7.See U.N. Centre on Transnational Corporations. Transnational Corporations in World Development:
Third Survey.pp. 28S - 289. Tables 11, 1 - 11. 4.
8.U.N. Centre on Transnational Corporations. Trends and Issues inForeign Direct Investment and Related
Issues. pp. 19 - 20.Tables 11. 2, 11. 3.
9.P. Butler. The Multinational Corporations and the American Political Process. in A. Said and L.
Simmonds.pp. 44 - 53.
10. S. Miller. The Modern Corporate Power:Private Foreign Investment and American Constitution.
Westport, Creenwood Press,1976.
11.J.C. Gallaway. The Military Industrial Linkages of U.S. based Multinational Corporations.
International Studies quarterly. December 1972. pp. 491 - 510.
12.U.N. The Impact of Multinational Corporations on Development and
on International Relations.P. 46.
13.Subvertlon in Chile: A Case Study in U.S. Corporate linkage in the Third World. Bertrand Russel
Peace Foundation, Ltd. (ed.). Nottiogham, 1912.
14.P. Barret. Firmes Multinationales at Division Internationale.du Travail. Paris, Schema General
dAmanagement de la France, 1975. p.41.
15.J.Behnman. National Interests and the Multinational Enterpcises. pp.40 - 41.
16.U.N.Commission on Transnational Corporations.Table111 - 20 p.224.
17.J.Behrman. Ib-Id. P ..
18.A .Glyn and B. Sutcliff. Capitalism Crisis. N.Y. Pantheon Books, 1976. pp . - .
19.L.G.Franks. The European Multinationals: A Renewed Challenge to American and British Big
Business. London and New York, Harper and Row, 1976. pp . - .
20.U.N .Centre on Transnational Corporations . Transnational Corporations in World Development:
Third Survey. Table11. 31, P . - .
21.R.Vernon. A Storm over the Multinationals. pp . - .
22.U.N.Centre On Transnational Corporations. pp . - .
254
23.C.Palloix. Les Firmes Multinationales et le Proces dInternationalisaion Paris, Maspers, 1973. pp.
- .
24.J.Frieden. The Trilateral Commission:Economics and Politics in the 1970's. Monthly Review. Vol.
29. December 1977. pp . - .
25.R.Ullman.The Trilateralism. For What? Foreign Affairs.Vol. 55. No. 1, October 1976.pp. 1 - I.
26.K.W.Wedderburn.Industrial Relations. in H. Hahls et al.op-cit.p .
27.L.Woodcock. Labor and Multinationals. in R. Banks and J. Stether. muliltinationals, Unions and
Labor Relations in Industrialized Countries. New York, Cornell University Press, 1973. pp . -
28.R.Cox. The Multinationals and the Labor. Foreign Affairs. January 1976. pp . - .
29.U.N .Centre on Tranenational Corporations. Trends and Issues in foreign Direct Investment and
Related Flows.pp .-.
30.K.Savant. FD I and TN Cs in Services. The CT C Reporter, U.N. New York, Autumn, 1985. P..
31.R. Keohane and J. Nye. World Politics and the International Economic System. in F. Bergsten. (ed.)
The Future of the International Economic Order: An Agenda for Research. U.S.A. D.C. Heath and Co.,
1973. pp .- .
t A D D -
. :
. :
. . - A-
D A -
- . ?
. A
: -
P.ose. Tile Development to Race Studies.: Sociological Views. and Expanding Horizon in G. shepherd
and T.Lemille (eds), Race Among Nations. Lexington, D.C, Hearth,1970.
. . -
: -
Edward Shilles: Center and Periphery: Essays in Marco-SociologyThe University of Chicago,
1975.pp.50- 55.
. - : -
: -
P.Berth. Etching groups and Boundaries. Oslo, Bergen,1996 .
: - A -
255
R.Cohen and J. Middlemen. From Tribe to Nation in Africa Chandler, Scranton, Pa ..
V.Uchendu.The Passing of Tribal Man:A West African Experience. Journal of Asian and African
Studies. Vol Nos. 1- 2. January-April .
- A :
authority and ldentiy are mutually implicative IdentityB.Holtzner and R. Robertson
in R. Robertsonand Authority: A Problem Analysis of Processes of Identification and Authoriza-tion
)and B. Holtzner (eds.
Identity and Authority: Explorations in the Theory of Society St. Narton,s Press. N.Y., 1979. P.5.
- : . : : D
. . . . .
-:
Samir Amin, Class and Nation, Historically and in the Current Crisis. Heinemann, London, 1980 pp.1920(Translated by Susan Kaplow).
- . : .A -
) ( . -
-
A
t .
7 . :
D.Mitrany, A Working Peace System. Chicago University of chicago Press,.
.
D
A :
L.Linberg, Political integration as a Multi-dimensionel Phenomenon Requiring Multivariate
Measurement . International.731-649 .Organization. Vol. XXIV (1970),no 4, pp.649-731.
-
A ..
S.Rokkan: center-Formation, Nation-Building and Cultural, Diversity: A Report on a UNESCO
Programme, in S,N, Eisensiaelt and S. Rakkan: Building States and Nations. Sage Publications .Beverly
Hills, 1973. pp, 13-38,Vol, I
D A
.
: D :
1.Waltersten. The Range of Choice: constraints on thePolicies of Government in Contemporary African
States in Michel Lofchie (ed) The State of The Nations. Berkeley University of California Press,
1971.pp.19- 33.
- A
256
{ A . A
D A D .
.
A t .
:
M.Seliger. Ideology and Politics. The Free Press, N.Y., p..
:
L.Aethusser. Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays. N L B., London, 1971.pp.-.
- A :
V.I.Lenin. The State and Revolution. in V I Lenin, Selected Works. Vol. 3.Foreign Language Publishing
House, Moscow,1960,pp.-.
-
.
D DA
D .
.
:
.
A client state .
A
.
A . -
- A .
:
.G.Rude. Ideology and Popular Protest. Pantheon Books,N.Y,
- :
M.Weber. Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Oxford University Press, N.Y., 1947.P..
- A .
.:
C.Casanova. Internal Colonialism and National Development in F.L, Horowitz et al.(eds.)Latin
American Radicalism Vintage Books, N.Y., 1969,pp. -.
A A DA
. .:
257
M.Hechter. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development 1536-1966.
University of California Press, Berkely and Los Angeles, 1975., T
T.Nairn, The Break-up of Britain, crisis and New Nationalism NLB, London,.
-
: . A
R.Sklar Political science and National Integration: A Radical Approach. The Journal of Modern
African Studies. Vol 5,No.1 May 1967.
A -
.
. A A t
: . A A
K.Deutsh. Nationalism and Social Communication. The Technology Press of MIT and John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., N.Y.,
1.For a critical analysls see Bergesten & Hurst and Moran. p350- 354
2.See: H. Magdoff. Imperialism from the Colonial Age to the Presents. New York, Monthly Review
Press, 1978. pp . - .
3.S .Hymer. International Operations of National Firms. pp - .
4.R Vernon. Sovereignty at Bay.pp . - .
.Ib. id. P ..
6.A.W.Manser. The Financial Role of the Multinational Enterprises: the recruitment of Capital. in E.
Wilson and I. Scheffer. Multlnational Enterprise: Financial and Monetary Aspects. Leiden, Sijthoff,
1974. P ..
7.U.N.Commission on Transnational Corporations.Table III- 46. pp. 252 - 253.
8.P. Streeten and S. Lall. Foreign Investment. Transnationals and Developing Countries. London,
Macmillan Press Ltd., 1977. P. 55.
9.W.A, Manser. The Financial Role of Multinational Enterprises. London, Cassel and Co. Ltd., 1973.
P. 16.
10.U.N. Commission. Ib.id. Table III - 45, P. 251.
11.U.N. Centre on Transnational Corporations. The Role of Multinational Corporations in Publicity: A
Technical Study. New York, U.N. 1979. pp. 37 - 39.
12.F. Bergesten. An Analysis of U.S. Foreign Direct Investment Policy and Economic Development,
Washington D.C., Brookings Institution, 1976. pp. 53 - S4.
13.U.N. Centre On Transnational Corporations. Transnational Corporations in World Development. A
Third Survey.pp. 151-l58.
258
14.U.N. Centre On Transnational Corporations. Transnational Corporations and International Trade:
Selected Issues.P. 8.
15.B. Thomas. The Historical Record of International Capital Movements Till 1917. In J. Dunning
(ed.) The International investment.London.Penguin Books, 1972. pp. 27 - 50.
.U.N. Commission. Op-Cit. Tsbles 16 - 17. pp . - .
.J. Arpan. International Corporate pricing: Non-American Views. New York, Praeger, 1972. pp .
-.
.C .Valtsos. Inter-affiliates charges by Transnational Coporations and Inter-company Income
Distribution. Boston, Harvard University Press, .
.R .Muller and R. garnet. Global Reach. The Political Economy of Multinational Corporation . New
York, Simori and Schuster, 1974.p..
.E .Mansfield. The Economice of Technological change. New York, W. Norton, 1968. P. 12 and J.
Baranson. Technology Transfer throt the International Firm. American Economic Review. Vol. 60.
No. 2, May 1970. P ..
.C.Vaitsos. Inter-Country Income Distribution and Trananatlol~aI Enterprises. Op-Cit. pp ..
.D .Girmidis. Op-Cit. pp . - .
.H .Bos, M. Sanders and C. Secchi. Private Foreign Investment In Developlng Countries. Boston,
D. Reldels Inc., .
.P .Streeten and S. Lall. op-Cit. pp . - .
.R .Vernon. Economlc Sovereignty at 8ay. Boston, Harvard University Press, 1977. P ..
.Abraham Rotstein. Multinational Corporations ln the Political Economy: A Hatter of National
Survival. ln H. Hahlo et (.eds.) Nationalism and the Multiuational Enterprise. New York,
Oceanapublications, 1973. P. 185.
28.See U.N. Centre On Transnational Corporations. Transnational Corporations ln World Development.
Table 11 - 14, pp.311 - 315.
29.O. Sunkel and E.F. Fuelnzalida. Transnationalization and its National Consequences ln J.J. Villamil
(ed.). Transnatlonal Capitalism and National Development. Hassocks, The Harvester Press,1979.
30.Ronaldo Munck. Op-Cit. pp.-209 - 210.
31.J.L. Reiffers, A Cartaponis, W. Experton et W. Fuguet. SucieLes Transnationales et developpment
endogene: effete sur la culture, ln communication, leducation, la science et la technologie. Paris, Les
Presses de lUnesco, 1981. pp. 125 - 126.
.
.N .Andreff. Op-Cit. pp . - .
259
.U .N .Centre on Transnational Corporations Foreign Direct Investment.P ..
. U .N .Centre on Transnational Corporations in World Development: Third Survey.
.U .N .Coimmission, Op-Cit. Table 38. pp ..
.U .N .Centre on Transnational Corporations. P ..
.J .Perrin. Les Transferts de Technologie.P ..
.U .N .Centre on Transnational Corporations. Transnational Corporations in World Development.
P ..
.J .Perrin. Ib-Id. P .
.P.Barret. op-cit.pp.-.
IO.Cited in J. Masini et al. Les Firmes Multinationale et le Development, Revue Tiers Monde. Tome
XIX. No. 71. Avril - Juin,1978.pp. 416 - 422.
11.U.N. Centre on Transnational Corporations.P. 142.
12.Samir Amin. Towards a New Structural Crisis of the Capitalist System.in C. Widstrand (ad.)
Multinationals Firms in Africa.Uppsala , Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. 1975. pp. 3 -26.
13.A.Glyn and B. Sutcliff. Capitalism in Crisis. New York, Pantheon Books, 1972. P. 20, Also see: C.
Helleiner. Manufactured Exports of the Multinational Firms. Economic Journal. March 1973.
14.UNCTAD. Restructuring of World Industry. Geneva, U.N. TD/185.1978.Table I.
15.Cited in Masini et al. Ib-id. pp. 423 - 426.
16. U.N. Centre on Transnational Corporations. Trends and Issues. pp. 78 - 79.
17.J. Perrin. op-cit. pp. 52 - 53.
.C.A .Michalet, M. Delapierre, B. Madeaf et B. Ominami. Nationalisations et Internationalisation
pp . - .
.U .N .Commission. Op-Cit. Tables Nos. 111-20, 111-22. pp .-.
.U .N .Centre on Transnational Corporations.... Third Survey.pp . - .
.E .Fanjyazlber and T. Tarrago. Transnational Enterprises, their Global Expansion and their Influence
on Mexican Industry. Mexico City, Fondu de Cultura Economica, 1971. pp .- .
.U .N .Centre. Ib-id. pp . - .
.K.R .Harrigan. Joint Ventures and Global Strategies. Columbia Journal of World Business. Summer
1984. pp .- .
.S .Connolly. Joint Ventures with Third World Multinationals: A New Form of Entry to International
Markets. Columbia Journal of World Busineas. Summer 1984. pp . - .
.J .Perrin. Op-Cit. P ..
.D .Girmidis. Op-Cit. P ..
.C .Thomas. Industrialization and Transformation of Africa: An Alternative Strategy to MNCa
expansion. in C. Widstrand. P ..
260
261
22.Lb-id. P. 383 - 385.
1.Cited in:Arab Banks Diversity Eastward The Banker December . 1982.P121.
2.OECD. Stock of Foreign Direct Investment By DAC Countries. End .1967 Paris, OECD,1972.
3.Cited in Riad Ajami. Arab Response to The Multinationals. New York Praeger, 1979.P.13.
4. Kevin Corcoran. Developing Marketing Strategies. in: Kevin Corcoran(ed)Saudi Arabia:, Keyes to
Business Success. London McGraw-Hill, 1981.P.25.
5.UN Center on Transnational Corporation..... A Third Survey Calculated From Table 11.4.pp.289290.
: A -
U.N.Center On Transnational Corporation. Main Features and Trends in Petroleum and Mining
Agreement. New York. U.N..
7.Ib-ld. PP. 109- 110.
8. U.N. Centre On Transnational Corporation.. .. . A Third Survey.pp.263- 4.
9.U.N. centre Transnational Corporation. Management contracts in Developing Countries: An Analyses
of Their Substantive Provisions A Technical Paper. New York, U N.1983.
.A . . . -
.- . . .
: . -
. - . . . A . :
. - . . . -
: .A A . -
. . :
.
A . -
. . A
A . - : . -
. .
16.Classified and calculated from data Published by Middle East Economic Digest. MEED Special
Report: Top 100 Contractors. April 1983.pp. 76- 79.
: D -
Ragaed El Mallakh and Mihsen Kadhim and Barry Poulson. Capital Investment in the Middle East.
New York Praeger,1977.
:
Riad Ajami. Arab Response to Multinationals. pp,103- 116.
262
: -
Hazem El-Beblawi. The Predicament of the Arab Gulf Oil States: Individual Gains and Collective
Losses.. in Malcolm Kerr and El Sayed Yassin. Rich and Poor States In the Middle East: Egypt, and the
New Arab Order, Boulder Colorado Westview Press,1982.pp.165- 224.
. : : . -
t A
. ( ) . .A
20.See L. Turner the trade policies of Middle Eastern Industrializa-tion Foreign Affaire Winter 19781979.pp.306-323.
21.F.Fesharaki and D. Issak. OPEC, The Gulf and the World Petroleum. Market: A Study in Government
Policy and Downstream Operation. Boulder, Colorado, 1983.pp.203- 208.
22.G. Lucian. Op-Cit. pp.97-121.
. . -
. - . . . .
: : . .-
. . . .
25- Ali E. Hillal Dessouki. The New Arab Political Order: lmplica-tion for the 1980's. in M. Kerr and
El-Sayed Yassin (eds)P.341.
26- Fouad Ajami. the End of Pan. Arabian . Foreigh Affairs Volume 57.No. 1. October 1978.pp. 355373.
27- Saad Eddin lbrahim. Oil. Migration and the New Arab Social Order. In kerr and Yassin.P.62.
. . . . -
. .
1. See J.Goody. Uniquueness in the Cultual Conditions for political Development in Black Africa. in
S.N Eisenstadt and S.Rokkan (eds). Building States and Nations. Beverly Hills, Sage
Publicaitions,1973.Vol.11.p.355.
: .
D.Morrioson et al: Black Africa : A Comparative Handbook.New York, the Free Press, 1972.
: A A .
Jan Woronoff. Organizing African Unity . New York, The Scarecrow Press, 1973.pp.71-133.
4. See E.williams. Capitalism and SSlavery. London, Andre Deutsch,1944.
: A A .
D.Polanyi and A. otstein. Dahomey and the Slave Trade,Seattle, University of Washington Press,
1966.
263
6. See A.G Hopkins . an Economic History of West africa. New York,Columbia University
Press,1973.pp.125-126.Also see : J. Copans. Ethnics et regions dans une formation sociale dominee.
Anthropologie et Societes. Vol.2 . 1978.pp. 95 - 115.
7. S Amin. The dynamics and Limitations of Agrarian Capitalism in Black Africa i P. Gutkind and P.
Waterman (eds) African Social Studies : A Radical Reader . New York, Monthly reveiw Press,
1977.pp.154-158.
8. See A.G. Hopkins. Imperial Business in Africa Part II. Journal of African History. Vol.17 No.2.
1976.pp. 267-290.
9. C Anke. A Political Economy of Africa . Essex, London, 1981. pp.46-51.
10. A.E. Ewing. Industry in Africa. London,Oxford University Press,2968. chapter-2.
11. Calculated Form : IMF. World Economic Outlook. April 1985.table 27. p.234.
12. Uka Ezenwe . The Development of the Least Developed Countries of Africa. Africa Development.
Vol.8,No.2,1983.p.6.
13. Calculated Form : IMF. World Economic Outlook. 1985.table 5. p.210.
14. the World Bank . Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action. Washigton
D.c.1981. table 3. p.145.
15. Helge Hveem. The Extent and Type of Direct Foriegn Investment in Africa.pp.59-91.
16. B.Dinham and C.Hines. Agribusiness in africa. London, Earht Resource Research,1982.
17. I.Diaku. Vhicle Assembly plants of Nigeria as a Means of Technology Transfer/ Acquision: A
Preliminary Assessment. Africa development. Vol.7.No 3. 1982. pp.22-36.
18. U.N.Center on Transnational Corporations. Resent Trends in Mining Agreements.pp. 49-50.
19. S.Gorge. How the other half dies : the real raesons for World hunger. Mintclair, Nwe Jersey ,
Allenheld, Osmun, 1977.
20. See P.Streeten and S.Lall. op-cit.pp.169-179. Also see P.Mcgowan and D.smith. economics
Dependency in Black Africa: an analysis of Compiting theories. International Organization.vol.32(1979),
No.1, pp.179-236.
21. Olive Thomas. Industrialization and the Transformation of Africa: An Alternative Strategy to MNC
Expansion . in C.Widstrand.op-cit.pp. 325-360.
22. Dharam Ghai. Perspectives on Future Economic Prospects and problems in Africa in J.N.Bhagwati.
Economics and World Order.New York,Macmillan Publishers, 1972.P. 266.
264
' :
.
.
.
t
A . ..
: . D
: .
277