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WATER STORAGE TANK Design Description: Bulk storage of liquids is generally handled by closed tanks to prevent escape of volatile and contamination. In some instances, such as water storage, where contamination and dilution are not a factor, large reservoirs can be employed. Natural terrain, concrete-walled excavations, or concrete tanks are the typical construction. Reinforced-wall design is required and the concrete must be waterproofed with a suitable paint to prevent any possibility of leaking. Design Selection: This tank is selected to supply the water needed by the spray washer, reactor (degumming machine), the sink and float tank and, hot washing tank Design Considerations: 1) 2) 3) 4) Capacity of the tank Type of material being handled Classification of tank to be used Material of construction
The amount of water stored in the tank is 2952.77 kg H2O. The tank is vented for an easy flow of water. Assume H= 4/3 D, since this is a common ratio used for tank designs. Allowance of 20% as safety factor is used.
2) 3) 4)
Design Requirements: 1) 2) 3) Volume of the tank Height and diameter of the tank
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)
Working pressure Shell thickness Head thickness Depth of the head Volume of the head Surface area of the head Bottom thickness
Design Calculations: The density and the mass of the water are as follows:
H2O=1000 kg/m3 mH2O=2952.77 kg H2O
Basis: per batch of operation 1) Volume of the tank Calculating for the volume of water in the tank and assuming 20% allowance as safety factor,
Vtank=VH2O(1.20) Vtank=3.54 m3
Use 3.60 m3 water storage tank. 2) Height and diameter To compute for the standard ration of the water storage, assume H=4/3 D,
Vtank=4D2H
But, H=4/3 D Therefore, the diameter and height of the tank are:
Vtank=3D3 3.54=3D3 D=1.50 m 4.92 ft;H=2.00 m (6.57 ft)
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Use 1.60 m and 2.00 m for diameter and height, respectively. 3) Working pressure
Ptotal=Poptimum+H
Since the tank is vented, Poptimum= 14.7 psi, and H=2.00m (6.57 ft) Therefore,
Ptotal=14.7lbsin2+6.57ftft2144 in262.4 lbsft3 Ptotal=17.55 psi
Use 18 psi as working pressure. Plate Design: 4) Shell thickness For shell thickness, use Eqn. 4-3, Process Equipment Design by Hesse and Rushton, p. 85,
ts=PD+C2Se-P
Where: S = ultimate tensile strength P = maximum allowable working pressure D = diameter C = allowance for corrosion e = efficiency To find the maximum allowable tensile strength, use Eqn. 4-1 of Process Equipment Design by Hesse and Rushton, p. 84,
S=SuFaFrFsFm
Where: Su = ultimate tensile strength Fa = radiograph factor Fr = stress relieving factor Fs = ultimate strength factor Fm = material factor Thus, Su = 13000 psi (for low-carbon nickel steel, PED, p.69)
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(Table 4-2, PED, p.84) (for high tensile strength carbon steel, PED, p.81) (if stress relieving, radiographing is not required,
Substituting to the equation of maximum allowable tensile strength, S = 13,000 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 = 3250 psi For double-butt joint, e = 0.80 C = 1/16 in (based on material factor, PED, p.89) (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical For corrosion allowance, Engineering by Peters, p. 542) Substituting to the equation,
ts=PD+C2Se-P ts=17.55 lbs/in26.57ft12 inft+1/16 in23,250lbsin20.80-17.55lbsin2 ts=0.27 in 6.78 mm
Use 7 mm shell thickness of the tank 5) Head thickness For thickness of head: A standard dished head was chosen for simplicity and availability
th=Plw2Se
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
R=0.07
With S = 3250 psi, as calculated previously, the value of the head thickness, using the equation 4-6 of PED,
th=PLW2Se th=0.32 in 8.18 mm
Use 0.30 m as the head depth of the tank. 7) Volume of the head (V):
Substituting the previously computed values to the above equation would give,
V=12685.26 in30.21 m3
Use 0.30 m3 as volume of the head. 8) Surface area of the head (A):
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The same values and calculation of thickness of head were done on thickness of bottom, since thead = tbottom. Hence, tbottom = 8.18 mm (9 mm).
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SODIUM HYDROXIDE TANK Design Description: Bulk storage of liquids is generally handled by closed tanks to prevent escape of volatile and contamination. Reinforced-wall design is required and the concrete must be waterproofed with a suitable paint to prevent any possibility of leaking. Desin Selection:
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This tank is selected to store and supply the sodium hydroxide needed in the alkaline sorbing (degumming) process. Design Considerations: 1) 2) 3) Capacity of the tank Type of material being handled Classification of tank to be used
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4) 5)
The tank is closed to avoid contamination of the NaOH solution. Density of sodium hydroxide is 2100 kg/m3 Assume H= 4/3 D, since this is a common ratio used for tank designs.
3)
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4)
5)
Allowance of 20% as safety factor is used. Mass of NaOH is 93.60 kg (refer to the material balance)
Design Requirements: 1) 2) 3) Volume of the tank Height and diameter of the tank
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)
Working pressure Shell thickness Head thickness Depth of the head Volume of the head Surface area of the head Bottom thickness
Spinning of Alkaline Sorbed Fibers from Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) Stalks and Extruded Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles for the Production of Textile Yarn
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Design Calculations: The density and the mass of the sodium hydroxide are as follows:
NaOH=(2100kgm3) mNaOH=93.60 kg
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VNaOH=0.04 m3
Basis: five days of operation (15 batches) 1) Volume of the tank Calculating for the volume of water in the tank and assuming 20% allowance as safety factor,
Vtank=VNaOH1.2(15 batches ) Vtank=0.79 m3
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Use 0.8 m3 water storage tank. 2) Height and diameter To compute for the standard ration of the water storage, assume H=4/3 D,
Vtank=4D2H
But, H=4/3 D Therefore, the diameter and height of the tank are:
Vtank=3D3
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Use 1.0 m and 1.30 m for the diameter and height of the storage tank, respectively. 3) Working pressure
Ptotal=Poptimum+H
Since the tank is not vented, Poptimum= 14.7, and H=1.21 m ( 3.98 ft)
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Therefore,
Ptotal=14.7+3.98ftft2144 in2130.92 lbsft3 Ptotal=18.32 psi
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For shell thickness, use Eqn. 4-3, Process Equipment Design by Hesse and Rushton, p. 85,
ts=PD+C2Se-P
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
C = allowance for corrosion e = efficiency To find the maximum allowable tensile strength, use Eqn. 4-1 of Process Equipment Design by Hesse and Rushton, p. 84,
S=SuFaFrFsFm
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Fa = radiograph factor Fr = stress relieving factor Fs = ultimate strength factor Fm = material factor Thus, Su = 9000 psi Fs = 25% (for Stainless steel type 304, Timmerhaus) (Table 4-2, PED, p.84)
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(for high tensile strength carbon steel, PED, p.81) (if stress relieving, radiographing is not required,
Substituting to the equation of maximum allowable tensile strength, S = 9000 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 = 2250 psi For double-butt joint,
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e = 0.80 C = 1/16 in
(based on material factor, PED, p.89) (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
ts=0.18 in 4.66 mm
Use 5 mm shell thickness of the tank. 5.) Head thickness: For thickness of head: A standard dished head was chosen for simplicity and availability
th=Plw2Se
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Since:
Do=Di+2ts Do=36.24 in
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
kr=2.17 in
With S = 2250 psi, as calculated previously, the value of the head thickness, using the equation 4-6 of PED,
Spinning of Alkaline Sorbed Fibers from Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) Stalks and Extruded Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles for the Production of Textile Yarn
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Use 0.2 m as the head depth of the tank. 2) Volume of the head (V):
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Substituting the previously computed values to the above equation would give,
V=3151.44 in3= 0.05 m3
Use 0.1 m3 as volume of the head. 3) Surface area of the head (A):
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Spinning of Alkaline Sorbed Fibers from Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) Stalks and Extruded Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles for the Production of Textile Yarn
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Use 0.80 m2 as the surface area of the head. 4) Bottom thickness: The same values and calculation of thickness of head were done on thickness of bottom, since thead = tbottom. Hence, tbottom = 6.97 mm (7 mm).
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BELT CONVEYOR WITH SPRAY WASHER Design Description: Belt conveyor, as the name suggests, consists of endless belts, suitably supported and driven, which carry or transport solids from place to
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place. Belts are made of canvas, reinforced rubber or balata and strip steel. Strip steel is employed for conveying materials through furnaces. Belt conveyors are adapted to wide varieties and quantities of materials; require relatively low power and can transport solids for a long distance. The width of the belt varies from 14 to 16 in, and the number of idlers varies correspondingly. This spacing ranges from about 5 feet for narrow belts
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down to 3 feet for the widest belts. This conveyor is designed with a built-in spray washer. Design Selection: The belt conveyor is selected to transport the water hyacinth stalks to the pressing equipment. It is designed with built in spray washer to wash the stalks at the same time they are being conveyed. Design Considerations:
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1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
1)
Capacity of the belt conveyor Length of travel/length of the belt Type of material being handled Speed of the conveyor Number of spray nozzles Capacity based from material balance is 968.80 kg
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2)
Normal speed range of belt conveyor is between 200 to 400 ft/min (from Unit Operations by Brown, p. 55)
3)
4)
The belt width is 36 in (3 ft) (from Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook section 21-10
5)
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6)
The lump size of feed is 18 in for 36 in width belt conveyor (Unit Operations by Brown, p. 58) The safety factor for belt conveyor is 15 % (Timmerhaus, p. 36) Design Requirements: 1) 2) 3) Capacity of spray nozzles Capacity of belt conveyor Power requirement
7)
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Design Computations: From material balance: Inlet capacity is 968.80 kg/batch of water hyacinth stalks 1) Capacity of spray nozzle:
V=MD
Where:
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering Department
Use 310 kg/hr as belt conveyor capacity. 3) Power requirement Using equations for power requirement (Unit Operations by Brown, p.58) for plain bearings,
Hp=FL+LoT+0.03WS+Tz990
Where:
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L= S= T=
length of conveyor between terminal pulleys, ft. speed of belt, fpm capacity of belt conveyor, ton/hr
z = increase in elevation of material, ft W = mass of moving parts including belts and idlers per foot distance centers of terminal pulleys (both runs), lbs
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Computing for W, From table 16, Unit Operations by Brown, p.58 Approximate weight of belt conveyors = 1.0 lb/in of width per running foot
W=1lbin-ft36 in(2 runs) W=72lbsft
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Assuming L = 30 ft, since the length of the conveyor should be greater than the length of the spray washer,
Hp=0.0530ft+1000.15tonhr+0.0372lbsft200 ftmin +(0)0.15990 Hp=2.84 hp
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