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KY THUAT WATERMARKING TRONG THOANG TIN
SO



1.1 Toang Quan Ve Giau D Lieu
Khi hinh anh, am thanh, video c onh dang soa, nou de daong bo sao cheup hoaon
toaon vui soa lng lun laom cho ngaonh cong nghiep giai tri tr nen lo laeng,
chaung han nh s phaut trien pho biean cua hinh anh neun JPEG, nhac ma hoau
MP3, video onh dang MPEG. Mot hung giai quyeat lao thay oi cauch thuc baun
nhac vao video soa, ou s dung cauc c chea ieau khien sao cheup keat hp cap
nhat thong xuyen, ang kyu trc tuyean cho cauc ho tr ky thuat, cauc c chea
bao ve ky thuat cung cung caap giai phaup cho vaan ea tren.
Mot hung giai quyeat a c nghien cuu vao a vaoo trong ung dung ou lao
ky thuat mat ma. Vaan ea then choat cua giai phaup naoy lao phai tim ra loai
mat ma u manh truc nhng mauy doo tim mat ma. Chinh vi thea, cu sau moi
nam, bao mat mauy tinh phai t phaut minh lai vui nhng mat ma toai u hn.
Ngoaoi vaan ea naoy, ky thuat mat ma coon toan tai mot soa han chea sau:
Khong the khoi phuc d lieu sau cauc chuyen oi onh dang hay bo taan
cong tren ong truyean (chaung han nh nhieu).
D lieu dui dang mat ma raat de bo phaut hien vao vi vay cou the bo
loai bo truc khi ean c ich.
D lieu dui dang mat ma bo biean oi noi dung ean noi khong the
naoo xem c khi khong c giai ma.
Sau khi d lieu c giai ma, hoaon toaon khong cou c chea naoo bao ve
d lieu truc cauc sao cheup baat hp phaup.
Phai thong xuyen thay oi mat ma.

Cauc cong nghe mui vao cauc ung dung mui mang ean nhieau e doa mui vao
baet buoc chuung ta phaut minh cauc c chea bao ve mui. Do ou, mot trong nhng
hung nghien cuu vea bao mat mui nhaat hien nay tap trung vaoo ky thuat giaau
d lieu. ou lao c chea aunh daau ban quyean, nghoa lao giaau thong tin ban
quyean vaoo hinh anh, am thanh hay chuoi video theo cauch mao ke aunh caep khou
loong loai bo. Nou baet nguoan to hai vaan ea chinh sauch lun nhaat trong thoi ai
thong tin, ou lao bao ve ban quyean vao giaum saut trang thaui. Thc ra, ky thuat
naoy a baet nguoan to raat xa khi mao xuaat hien nhu caau truyean thong kin auo
dui dang tng t. Cho ean khi d lieu soa daan daan thay thea d lieu tng t
vao s buong no cua mang Internet a ean nhng raec roai trong vaan ea bao ve
ban quyean vao nhaat lao do ky thuat mat ma khong lao giai phaup hoaon hao,
nhieau nhao nghien cuu baet aau chuyen sang nghien cuu ky thuat naoy vao cai
tiean nou e cou the giai quyeat cauc vaan ea thc tien. Giaau thong tin cou nhieau
ung dung khauc nhau trong lonh vc a phng tien.

Giam sat t ong taoi nguyen co ban quyen tren trang web: mot
mauy tim kieam tren web taoi nguyen a c aunh daau vao vi vay xauc
onh viec s dung baat hp le. Mot ky thuat khauc lao tai cauc anh to
Internet, tinh ch soa cua nou vao so saunh ch soa naoy vui cauc ch soa trong
c s d lieu.
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Kieam toan t ong viec phat vo tuyen: mot mauy tinh cou the laeng
nghe mot tram vo tuyean vao tim kieam cauc daau hieu ch ra raeng cou mot
oan nhac hay quang cauo naoo c quang bau.
Them d lieu: thong tin c cong them vaoo cho li ich cong cong. Nou
cou the lao cauc chi tieat vea tauc pham, cauc chuu thich, cauc tin tuc khauc hay
thong tin mua saem. ou cung cou the lao thong tin giaau duong trong anh
ch soa hay track nhac nhaem laom cho viec ruut trich to c s d lieu tr
nen hieu qua hn.
Kieam chng gia mao: thong tin giaau nhuung trong mot oai tng soa cou
the lao mot 'toum taet vea nou nen cou the duong e ngan chan hay phaut
hien cauc thay oi khong ban quyean.

1.2 Lch S Phat Triean Cua Ky Thuat Giau Thong Tin
Ky thuat giaau d lieu ra oi to raat sum, khi mao nhu caau bao mat thong tin
baet aau hinh thaonh. Cou the chia ky thuat giaau d lieu theo hai nhoum sau:
steganography (nguy trang hay mat th) vao watermarking.

1.2.1 Steganography
Ky thuat giaau d lieu c s dung truc tien lao steganography. To
steganography ruut ra to tieang Hi Lap: steganos (bao phu hay bi mat) vao graphy
(ban vieat hay ban ve) cung gioang nh to cryptography (mat ma): cryptos (bi
mat) vao graphy. Hai to tren vea ban chaat lao oang nghoa vi vay nhieau khi gay ra
s hieu laam hai ky thuat naoy lao hoaon toaon nh nhau. Thc ra, ay lao hai ky
thuat rieng biet. Steganography lao nghe thuat che giaau s toan tai cua thong tin
trong ou oai tng mang thong tin gaan nh vo hai. Nou c xem nh cou ho
haong vui ky thuat mat ma. Ca hai ky thuat tren eau c duong nh phng
tien bao ve thong tin trong khi muc tieu lai khauc nhau. Ky thuat mat ma xauo
tron thong iep nen neau bo phaut hien, ngoi oc cung khong the hieu thong
iep. Ky thuat steganography vea ban chaat lao nguy trang mot thong iep e che
giaau s toan tai cua nou vao laom cho nou khong the thaay c, nghoa lao che giaau
s that lao cou mot thong iep c gi keom. Mot thong iep ma hoau cou the
gay ra s nghi ngo nhng vui mot thong iep khong thaay c thi khong. Nou
bao goam tap hp cauc phng phaup truyean thong bi mat nhaem che giaau s toan
tai cua thong iep, chaung han nh mc khong thaay, vi anh, saep xeap kyu t
(khauc vui ky thuat mat ma duong hoaun vo vao thay thea), ch kyu soa, kenh
biean oi vao truyean thong trai pho.
Steganography cou mot vo tri nhaat onh trong lonh vc bao mat. Nou khong nhaem
muc ich thay thea cho mat ma mao lao e bo sung cho mat ma. Giaau thong iep
duong cauc phng phaup steganography nhaem laom giam kha nang thong iep bo
phaut hien. Tuy nhien, neau thong iep cung c mat ma vao neau bo phaut hien
thi nou cung se bo phau.
Mot trong nhng taoi lieu mo ta steganography aau tien lao cuoan Histories cua
s gia aau tien Herodotus. Vaoo thoi Hi Lap co, van ban c vieat tren nhng
taam go c bao phu bi saup ong. Theo s sauch ghi lai, Demeratus muoan canh
bauo Sparta raeng Xerxes d onh xam chieam Hi Lap. e traunh bo baet gi, anh ta
cao heat saup ong ra vao vieat mot thong iep tren taam go. Sau ou anh ta boi saup
ong len taam go. Cauc taam go xuaat hien nh lao e troang vao cha s dung vi
thea khong gay ra nghi ngo gi.
Mot phng phaup khauc lao cao touc cua ngoi mang thong iep vao xam mot
thong iep hay hinh anh len da aau cua ngoi ou. Sau khi e touc cua anh ta
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moc lai, thong iep se khong bo phaut hien cho tui khi touc anh ta bo cao mot
laan na.
Mot dang pho biean cua ch vieat khong thaay c lao duong mc khong hien
tho. Nhng loai mc nh thea c duong thaonh cong raat nhieau nh trong Thea
chiean II. Mot lau th vo hai cou the chua mot thong iep raat khauc nhau gia
cauc haong. Truc Thea chiean II, ky thuat steganography tap trung haau heat vaoo
mc khong hien tho. Cauc nguoan thong dung cua mc khong hien tho lao sa,
giaam, nuc eup traui cay vao nuc tieu. Taat ca cauc loai naoy se hien len (tham
maou) khi bo h la.
Vui s cai tiean cua cong nghe vao do s giai ma de daong cua cauc loai mc
khong hien tho naoy nen nhieau loai mc phuc tap a c phaut trien e tng
tauc vui cauc loai chaat lieu khauc nhau.
Mat ma rong (cauc thong iep khong mat ma) cung c s dung. Thong
iep thc c nguy trang trong mot thong iep cou ve vo hai. Do bieat c
nhieau thong iep ma hoau m, cauc bo loc th to cou the phaut hien cauc giao
tieap nghi ngo. Tuy nhien, cauc thong iep vo hai c cho pheup xuyen suoat. Vi
du xeut thong iep cou chua mat ma rong sau:
Fishing Ireshwater bends and saltwater coasts rewards anyone Ieeling stressed.
ResourceIul anglers usually Iind masterIul leapers Iun and admit swordIish rank
overwhelming anyday.
Baeng cauch laay cauc kyu t thu ba trong moi to, gheup lai ta c thong iep:
Send Lawyers, Guns, and Money.
Coon thong iep sau c gi bi mot giaun iep uc trong Thea chiean II:
Apparently neutral's protest is thoroughly discounted and ignored. Isman hard hit.
Blockade issue aIIects pretext Ior embargo on by products, ejecting suets and vegetable oils.
Baeng cauch laay cauc kyu t thu hai cua moi to, gheup lai c thong iep:
Pershing sails Irom NY June 1.
Khi ky thuat phaut hien thong iep c cai tiean, cauc ky thuat mui c phaut
trien e mang nhieau thong iep hn vao tham chi it bo chuu yu hn. Ngoi uc
phaut minh ra ky thuat vi anh. Vi anh lao anh cou kich thuc nh mot daau chaam
cou the thaay ro raong tren cauc trang aunh mauy. Thong iep khong c giaau
cung nh mat ma. Nou ch cou kich thuc quau nho e khong gay ra mot s
chuu yu (trong mot thoi gian ngaen). Ngoaoi kich thuc nho, vi anh coon cou kha
nang cho pheup truyean lng thong iep lun ke ca ban ve vao hinh anh.

1.2.2 Watermarking
Trong khi ou, cung gioang nh ky thuat steganography cho truyean at thong tin
khong cam thu c baeng cauch nhuung nou vaoo d lieu bao phu. Tuy nhien,
vui steganography, thong tin nhuung khong lien he gi vui d lieu bao phu vao vi
vay steganography thong lien quan ean viec giao tieap iem - iem gia hai oai
tng. Do ou, cauc phng phaup steganography thong khong bean vng truc cauc
ieau chnh d lieu hay ch bean vng truc cauc ieau chnh ky thuat trong quau
trinh truyean vao lu tr nh lao chuyen oi onh dang, neun hay biean oi tng t-
soa.
Ngc lai, watermarking cou them yeu caau bean vng truc cauc no lc loai bo
d lieu giaau. Vi vay, watermarking c duong khi d lieu bao phu cou the c
cung caap cho nhng ngoi bieat s toan tai cua d lieu giaau vao quan tam ean
viec loai bo nou.
Vea mat loch s, cauc ko thuat watermarking tren giaay xuaat hien trong nghe thuat
laom giaay thu cong cauch ay gaan 700 nam. Taoi lieu c watermarking xa
nhaat c tim thaay ra oi nam 1292 tai tho traan Fabriano nuc YU ni gi vai troo
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chinh trong cuoc cauch mang cua ngaonh cong nghiep laom giaay. Vaoo cuoai thea k
13, cou khoang 40 nhao mauy giaay chia se tho trong giaay Fabriano vao tao ra
giaay vui kho, chaat lng vao giau ca khauc nhau. Luuc naoy, cauc nhao mauy tao ra
giaay tho vui bea mat raat ghoa ghea khong thich hp cho vieat. Chaat lieu giaay tho
naoy c a cho cauc th thu cong e laom trn bea mat giaay e cou the vieat
c tren ou duong mot hoon au cung goi lao mauy caun. Giaay sau x lyu c
eam, gaap lai vao baun cho cauc thng gia. Canh tranh quyeat liet khong ch xay ra
gia 40 nhao mauy giaay mao coon gia cauc th thu cong vao thng gia vi vay raat
khou khan trong viec xauc onh nguoan goac cua giaay. S ra oi cua watermarking
lao phng phaup hoaon hao e xoau bo cauc kha nang nhaam lan. Sau phaut minh
naoy, watermarking nhanh choung lan rong toaon nuc YU vao chau Au. Mac duo
ban aau watermarking ch duong e xauc onh nhan giaay hay nhao mauy giaay, nhng
sau naoy nou c duong e xauc onh kho, chaat lng vao o bean cung nh nean
tang cho ghi ngaoy thaung vao xauc thc giaay.

S tng oang gia watermarking giaay vao watermarking soa cou the thaay ngay lao
watermarking giaay trong tiean ngan haong hay tem phieau truyean cam hung cho
thuat ng 'watermark trong pham vi d lieu soa. Tanaka vao Caronni laan lt a
ra cauc baoi bauo aau tien tap trung vaoo watermarking cho anh soa vaoo nam 1990
vao 1993.
ean nam 1995, chu ea naoy baet aau c quan tam nghien cuu. Ke to nam
1995, watermarking soa nhan c nhieau s chuu yu vao phaut trien nhanh choung.

Nam 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Baoi
bao
2 2 4 13 29 64 103
Baung 1.1. Soa long baoi bauo vea watermarking soa trong vaoi nam voa qua theo
INSPEC, thaung 1 nam 1999, J.-L. Dugelay.

1.3 Mot So nh Ngha Vao Khai Niem
Mot cauch tong quaut, watermarking lao ky thuat cheon thong tin vaoo d lieu a
phng tien sao cho bao am khong cam thu c thong tin cheon them naoy, cou
nghoa lao ch laom thay oi nho d lieu goac mao maet hay tai ngoi khong the
nhan bieat s sai biet naoy. Mac duo ky thuat watermarking cou the thc hien vui
ca tin hieu tng t vao tin hieu soa nhng ngaoy nay, khi noui ean watermarking lao
chu yeau ea cap ean watermarking soa. ou lao mot tap cauc d lieu soa thu caap
c nhuung vaoo d lieu soa s caap (hinh anh, am thanh, chuoi video, .). D
lieu soa s caap c goi lao d lieu goac hay d lieu bao phu (cover data). D
lieu soa thu caap c goi lao d lieu nhuung hay watermark. Cou hai dang
watermark: mot lao thong iep watermark (message) thong lao chuoi bit thong tin
nhuung vao dang coon lai lao tin hieu watermark (signal) lao s daon trai cua thong
iep watermark tauc ong trc tieap vaoo d lieu bao phu. D lieu sau khi c
cheon them goi lao d lieu sau watermarking (watermarked data). D lieu naoy cou
the x lyu hay thay thea bi cauc pheup biean oi thong thong hay cauc taan cong,
d lieu khi ou c goi lao d lieu bo taan cong (attacked data) |2|.

1.4 Cac ac Tnh Cua Mot He Thong Watermarking
Mot he thoang watermarking thong bao goam mot soa ac tinh c ban sau: tinh
bean vng, tinh choang gia mao, o trung thc, chi phi tinh toaun, kha nang mang
thong tin nhuung, muc o bao mat, toac o loi phaut hien sai. Thc tea, khong
the thieat kea mot he thoang watermarking thoa man taat ca cauc ac tinh naoy. Vi
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vay, caan thieat cou mot s aunh oi gia chuung vao s can baeng gia cauc ac
tinh naoy phai c la chon thong qua viec phan tich ung dung can than.
Ngoaoi ra, moi ung dung cou the tauc ong raat nhieau ean viec onh nghoa mot
ac tinh naoo ou |3, 4, 5|.

1.4.1 Tnh ben vng
D lieu nhuung c goi lao bean vng neau nou soang sout sau cauc pheup x lyu
tin hieu thong thong nh lao chuyen oi tng t-soa vao neun cou ton hao hay
cauc pheup biean oi hinh hoc. Tinh bean vng thong c ngho theo mot chieau
nhng thc ra mot watermark bean vng vui quau trinh naoy nhng cou the raat de bo
tauc ong quau trinh khauc. Trong nhieau ung dung, tinh bean vng vui moi pheup
x lyu lao quau muc vao khong caan thieat.
Thong thong, mot watermark phai soang sout truc cauc pheup x lyu tin hieu
thong thong ch gia khoang thoi iem nhuung vao thoi iem phaut hien. Vi
du, trong giaum saut quang bau vo tuyean vao truyean hinh, watermark ch caan soang
sout trong quau trinh truyean dan. Vui truyean hinh, quau trinh naoy bao goam neun cou
ton hao, truyean dan tng t vao mot s doch chuyen hung ngang vao hung doc
nho. Nou khong caan soang sout sau cauc tauc ong xoay, onh lai t le, loc thong
cao hay baat ki mot s meuo dang naoo khong xay ra trong suoat thoi gian quang
bau.
Trong mot soa trong hp, tinh bean vng cou the hoaon toaon khong lien quan
tham chi khong mong muoan. Mot watermark cho xauc nhan n gian nhaem muc
ich ch ra lieu d lieu cou bo thay oi hay khong ro raong lao nen nhay vui
nhng tauc ong.
Ngc lai, khi x lyu tin hieu gia nhuung vao phaut hien lao khong the d oaun,
watermark caan bean vng vui baat ki meuo dang cou the nhan dang c. ay lao
trong hp xauc onh chu s hu, chung minh ban quyean, xauc nhan daau van
tay vao ieau khien sao cheup. Nou cung uung cho baat ki ung dung naoo trong ou
ke taan cong muoan loai bo watermark.

1.4.2 Tnh chong gia mao
Tinh choang gia mao ea cap ean kha nang khaung c cua mot he thoang
watermarking truc cauc taan cong thuo och. Cou mot vaoi loai taan cong gia mao
khauc nhau, tuyo thuoc vaoo tong ung dung mao loai taan cong naoo thi quan trong
hn. Thc ra, cou mot vaoi ung dung khong cou ke thuo och nen tinh choang gia
mao lao khong lien quan. Mot vaoi dang taan cong c ban sau:
Taan cong tich cc: ay, ke taan cong coa gaeng loai bo watermark hay
laom cho nou khong the c phaut hien. Loai taan cong naoy lao nguy hiem
trong nhieau ung dung bao goam nhan dang chu s hu, chung minh ban
quyean, laay daau tay vao ieau khien sao cheup. Tuy nhien, nou khong lao vaan
ea nghiem trong trong ung dung xauc thc hay truyean thong ngaam.
Taan cong thu ong: trong trong hp naoy, ke taan cong ch n gian
xauc onh xem cou watermark hien dien hay khong, nghoa lao coa gaeng nhan
ra mot giao tieap ngaam. Phaan lun cauc ung dung khong lien quan ean taan
cong naoy. Thc ra, ngoi ta coon mong muoan quang bau s hien dien cua
watermark e xem nh mot canh bauo ngan can viec sao cheup baat hp
phaup. Nhng trong ung dung truyean thong ngaam, quan tam haong aau lai
lao ngan chan viec watermark bo phaut hien.
Taan cong lien keat: ay lao trong hp ac biet cua taan cong tich cc,
trong ou ke taan cong duong mot vaoi ban sao cua mot d lieu, moi
ban sao vui cac watermark khauc nhau, e tao ra mot ban sao khong cou
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watermark. Tinh khaung c truc taan cong naoy c xem xeut trong ung
dung laay daau tay.
Taan cong gia mao: ay, ke taan cong coa gaeng nhuung mot watermark
hp le chu khong nhaem loai bo nou. Taan cong naoy lao vaan ea quan
tam cua ung dung xauc thc vao chung minh ban quyean.

1.4.3 Tnh trung thc
Mot watermark c goi lao cou o trung thc cao neau s suy giam chaat lng do
nou gay ra lao raat khou cho ngoi xem cou the cam thu c. Tuy nhien, nou ch
caan khong cam thu tai thoi iem d lieu c xem. Neau d lieu bo suy giam
nghiem trong truc khi c xem, cou the da vaoo s suy giam naoy e che giaau
watermark. Trong mot vaoi trong hp, cou the chaap nhan watermark cam thu nhe
e oi laay tinh bean vng cao vao chi phi thaap. Ngoaoi ra, trong ung dung anh
chim duong e hien tho nhan hay bieu tng cua cauc c quan, cong ty cho pheup
watermark vui mot muc o cam thu naoo ou.

1.4.4 Chi ph tnh toan
Cauc ung dung khauc nhau ooi hoi bo nhuung vao phaut hien laom viec cauc
toac o khauc nhau. trong ung dung giaum saut quang bau, ca hai bo nhuung vao
phaut hien phai laom viec thoi gian thc. Traui lai, mot bo phaut hien cho ung
dung chung minh ban quyean van cou giau tro tham chi neau nou maat nhieau ngaoy
e tim ra watermark. Mot bo phaut hien nh thea ch c s dung trong quau trinh
tranh chaap ban quyean (thong it xay ra) vao keat luan cua nou raeng lieu cou
watermark hien dien hay khong thi u quan trong e ngoi s dung san loong
cho i.
Ngoaoi ra, cauc ung dung khauc nhau ooi hoi soa lng bo nhuung vao phaut hien
khauc nhau. Giaum saut quang bau yeu caau mot vaoi bo nhuung vao cou le haong
tram bo phaut hien cauc vo tri oa lyu khauc nhau. Ung dung ieau khien sao
cheup ch caan mot it bo nhuung nhng haong trieu bo phaut hien. Traui lai, ung
dung laay daau tay trong DiVX, moi laan nhuung mot watermark khauc cho nen ooi
hoi haong trieu bo nhuung vao ch caan mot it bo phaut hien.

1.4.5 Toc o loi phat hien sai
Mot loi phaut hien sai lao mot phaut hien watermark trong d lieu thc s khong
cou chua watermark. Cou hai cauch xauc onh loi phaut hien sai: mot lao da tren
cauc watermark khauc nhau vao hai lao da tren cauc d lieu khauc nhau. Xauc suaat
loi phaut hien sai yeu caau phu thuoc vaoo ung dung. Trong ung dung chung
minh ban quyean, hieam khi at ean xauc suaat 10
-6
. Traui lai, trong ung dung ieau
khien sao cheup, cou haong trieu bo phaut hien hoat ong lien tuc tren haong trieu
d lieu vi vay xauc suaat yeu caau lao 10
-12
.

1.4.6 Tnh bao mat
Tinh bao mat cua cauc ky thuat watermarking cou the c hieu gioang nh trong
ky thuat mat ma. Tien ea KerckhoII phaut bieu raeng phng phaup duong e
mat ma luon c bieat vao vaan ea bao mat phai naem s la chon cua
khoau. Vi vay, mot ky thuat watermarking ch thc s an toaon neau kiean thuc vea
giai thuat nhuung vao trich watermark khong giuup ich gi cho viec phaut hien hay
loai bo nou.

1.4.7 Dung lng watermark
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Lng thong tin cou the chua trong mot watermark phu thuoc vaoo ung dung. Vui
ung dung ieau khien sao cheup, dung lng mot bit thong lao u. Tuy nhien, vui
ung dung bao ve quyean s hu tri tue, ngoi ta muoan nhuung mot lng thong
tin tng t nh duong trong ISBN (International Standard Book Numbering) goam 10
ch soa hay toat hn ISRC (International Standard Recording Code) goam 12 ch caui.
Ngoaoi ra, ngoi ta cung muoan them vaoo ou cauc thong tin phu nh nam ban
quyean, giaay pheup cong nhan vao xeap loai. ieau naoy cou nghoa lao caan 60 hay 70
bit thong tin nhuung vaoo d lieu chu, hinh anh, Irame video hay oan am thanh.

1.4.8 Khoi phuc co can anh goc hay khong
Trong mot vaoi ung dung nh bao ve ban quyean vao kiem tra d lieu, cauc giai
thuat trich watermark cou the duong anh goac e xauc onh watermark vao c goi
lao watermarking tong minh (non-blind, non-oblivious). Ngc lai, ung dung bao
ve sao cheup vao ghi muc luc, cauc giai thuat trich watermark khong the truy cap
anh goac vao c goi lao watermarking khong tong minh (blind, oblivious, public).

1.5 Cac Ung Dung Cua Watermarking

1.5.1 Bao ve ban quyen
ay lao mot trong nhng ung dung sum nhaat cung nh quan trong nhaat cua
watermarking ngaoy nay. Bao ve ban quyean cheon thong tin ban quyean vaoo oai
tng soa mao khong laom suy hao chaat lng e ngan chan nhng ngoi khauc
trong viec sao cheup vao e khaung onh ban quyean cua minh. Baat cu khi naoo
ban quyean cua oai tng soa c hoi, thong tin naoy se c trich ra e xauc
onh chu hp le. Cung cou the ma hoau ac tinh cua ngoi mua goac vui ac
tinh cua ngoi gi ban quyean e cho pheup truy xeut cauc sao cheup khong hp
le. Vi vay, watermarking c s dung e khaung onh quyean s hu. Khong
duong watermarking, khong cou cauch thuc naoo khauc e ieau khien ngoi s
hu noi dung mot khi noi dung khong coon miean soa c bao ve vao c
phan phoai cho ngoi s dung. Ung dung naoy ooi hoi tinh bean vng cao cua
thong tin watermark.

1.5.2 Lay dau tay (fingerprinting)
Muc tieu cua ung dung naoy lao truyean at thong tin vea tinh hp phaup cua
ngoi nhan hn lao tinh hp phaup cua nguoan d lieu, chu yeau lao e xauc onh
ban sao cua d lieu ch cou mot. ieau naoy raat quan trong cho viec giaum saut
vao theo doi nhng ban sao c san xuaat baat hp phaup. Nou tng t nh soa
series trong san pham phaan meam. Loai ung dung naoy thong c goi lao
'Iingerprinting vao nou lien quan ean viec gaen nhng watermark khauc nhau vaoo
moi ban sao c phan phoai.

1.5.3 ac thc - Kieam chng
Thong tin hay ch kyu c che giaau trong anh cua ngoi s dung (vi du tren
card, hinh passport.). Ch cou ngoi trong anh mui cou quyean s dung. Ch caan
mot bit cua mot pixel cua anh bo ieau chnh, nou cung khong tng thich vui
ch kyu, vao vi vay baat ki s gia mao naoo cung se bo phaut hien.

1.5.4 Truyen thong ngam
Mot trong nhng ung dung cu xa nhaat cua watermarking lao truyean thong iep
dui dang bi mat.

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1.5.5 ieu khiean sao chep
Cauc ung dung cua watermarking trong viec tao ra baeng chung cho viec s hu,
xauc nhan vao giaum saut nhng cung khong the ngan chan viec sao cheup baat
hp phaup. Bao ve sao cheup lao no lc nhaem tim ra giai phaup giui han viec truy
cap taoi nguyen cou ban quyean hay ngan caam quau trinh sao cheup nou. Vi du nh
truyean hinh quang bau soa cou mat ma, ieau khien truy cap phaan meam cou ban
quyean thong qua viec duong cauc server cou ang kyu vao cauc c chea bao ve sao
cheup ky thuat tren phng tien (nh c chea trong DVD gaan ay). |5, 6, 7, 8|

1.6 Phan Loai Watermarking
Cou nhieau tieu chi khauc nhau e phan loai cauc ky thuat watermarking. Sau ay
lao mot soa cauch phan loai watermarking:
Da tren oai tng bao phu: watermarking cho hinh anh, am thanh hay
chuoi video.
Da tren yeu caau cam thu: watermarking cho pheup cam thu nhe (anh
chim) vao khong cam thu.
Da tren yeu caau bean vng: watermarking bean vng hay nhay vui tauc
ong.
Da tren yeu caau bao mat: watermarking khong duong khoau, duong khoau
rieng hay khoau chung.
Da tren giai thuat nhuung vao trich: watermarking da tren tng quan (cauc
giai thuat nhuung chuoi gia ngau nhien vao phaut hien duong haom tng
quan nh giai thuat trai pho SS, biean oi Fourier roi rac DFT, biean oi
cosine roi rac DCT, biean oi wavelets roi rac DWT, .) hay khong tng
quan (giai thuat da tren quan he hinh hoc).
Da tren cauch thuc nhuung: watermarking cong, nhan hay lng t.
Da tren miean nhuung: watermarking khong gian hay miean biean oi.
Da tren quau trinh phaut hien cou caan d lieu goac hay khong:
watermarking tong minh hay khong tong minh.

1.7 Qua Trnh Thc Hien Watermarking
Xem xeut mot he thoang watermarking da tren nean tang thong tin trong hinh 1.1,
nou goam 3 phaan chinh: nhuung thong iep, kenh taan cong vao trich thong iep.

1.7.1 Nhung thong iep
Mot thong iep b(b
1
,.,b
L
) c nhuung vaoo anh bao phu x(x
1
,.,x
N
)
T
kich
thuc M
1
xM
2
trong ou NM
1
xM
2
. Thong iep b chua thong tin vea tauc gia vao
cou the duong trong muc ich xauc nhan ban quyean. e biean oi thong iep sang
dang hieu qua cua thong tin, nou hoac c ma hoau ma duong sa sai ECC
(Error Correction Code) hay c ieau chea duong kyu hieu choang oai cc nho phan
hay ieau chea M-ary. Vui ECC, phaan lun s dung ma BCH (Bose Chaudhuri-
Hocquenghem) hay ma tich chap. Cauc baoi bauo gaan ay cho keat qua thaonh cong
vui ma Turbo vao ma kiem tra parity mat o thaap (LDPC Low density parity
code) trong miean DCT vao DFT. Noui chung, loai ECC hay tap cauc haom c s cua
ieau chea M-ary eau phu thuoc khoau. Biean oi tren c thc hien bo ma
hoau tao ra to ma cEnc(b,Key), c(c
1
,.,c
k
)
T
c aunh xa to 0,1} thaonh -1,1}
duong ieau chea BPSK.

Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

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Knh 1.1 - Nean taung thoang tin cuua mot he thoang watermarking.

Mot watermark w c tao ra bi haom phu thuoc khoau naoo ou wI(c,p,M,Key)
sao cho am bao vuong phan phoai watermark caan thieat, da tren haom chieau phu
thuoc khoau p vao theo ac tinh cam thu cua maet ngoi qua thong soa mat na
cam thu M e tang cong watermark. La chon ien hinh cho haom chieau p lao
tap cauc haom trc giao hai chieau duong cho moi bit to ma c
k
} e
l k P P
l k
X Y , . Haom chieau thc hien trai watermark ra toaon dien tich anh,
do ou cou the xem nh vaan ea thong tin a dang. Ngoaoi ra, haom chieau cung cou
caau truuc khong gian cuc the vui cauc ac tinh tng quan cho truc cou the duong
cho viec laay lai cauc biean oi hinh hoc aIIine. Watermark thu c nh lao s xeap
choang:
) ) )

K
k
k k
j M j p c j w
1
Z j . (1.1)

trong ou Bo nhuung watermark thc hien cheon watermark vaoo anh bao phu trong
miean toa o hay biean oi naoo ou, tao thaonh anh a watermark.
) ) ) w x T h T y ,
1
(1.2)
trong ou T lao baat ki biean oi trc giao naoo nh DCT khoai, FFT vao DCT toaon
Irame, Wavelets hay biean oi Radon (TI vui miean toa o). Vao h(.,.) onh nghoa
haom nhuung. Phaan lun loai haom nhuung s dung pho biean tuan theo mo hinh
cong tuyean tinh:
) ) M w x M w x h y + | , (1.3)
e khai trien mo hinh tren dui dang tong quaut hn, xem xeut cauc gia s sau.
Thu nhaat, ca hai bo ma hoau vao giai ma cou the truy cap ma duong cho viec
nhuung watermark. Thu hai,
thong tin trang thaui kenh tong quaut hoau lao bieat c. Kenh tong quaut hoau bao
goam d lieu bao phu vao kenh taan cong. Kenh taan cong bao goam taat ca cauc
taan cong khong chu yu cung
nh cou chu yu. Phu thuoc vaoo cauc keat hp khauc nhau cua khoau A vao B (Hinh
1.2) mao taat ca giai thuat watermarking cou the phan laom boan nhoum sau. Gia
s khoau A ieau khien s
Mo hinh
cam thu
Nhuung
watermark
Taan
cong
Trich
watermark
Giai ma
watermark
Phaut hien
watermark
Ma hoau
Anh bao
phu
Thong
iep
Khoau
x
b
k
M
c
y
y'
w
Yes
No
b

Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

321
truy cap cua bo ma hoau vui thong tin trang thaui kenh cho bi anh bao phu.
Khoau B ieau khien s truy cap cua bo giai ma vui thong tin kenh taan cong
cho bi taat ca cauc x lyu tin
hieu vao taan cong hinh hoc. Khoau k gia s c duong cho ca hai bo ma hoau
vao giai ma trong watermarking cau nhan.
Knh 1.2 - Watermarking nh truyean thoang voui thoang tin phu.

- Nhoum 1 (khoau A vao B m): thong tin phu lao khong the. ay lao trong hp
ien hinh cho cauc giai thuat watermarking sum nhaat cua Cox vao Tirkel. Nou gia
s raeng watermark c nhuung trong anh bao phu vao sau ou giai ma mao
khong caan tham khao thong tin vea trang thaui kenh. Bo phaut hien watermark
phaan lun da tren tng quan trc tieap gia anh a watermark vui watermark
c tao bi khoau. Neau he soa tng quan tren muc ngng, khi ou bo quyeat
onh thc hien phaut hien thaonh cong. He qua lao ch tieu thc hien cua cauc
s oa naoy raat thaap do chaap nhan hai gia s c ban: thu nhaat lao taat ca taat
cong c mo hinh nh nhieu Gaussian dong cong dan ean bo thu phaut hien
tng quan n gian, vao thu hai lao cauc s oa naoy gia s khong cou taan cong
hinh hoc.
- Nhoum 2 (khoau A oung, khoau B m): thong tin phu ch cou bo ma hoau.
S oa naoy gaan ay c chuu yu nhieau trong cong oang watermarking. YU tng
chinh ay lao kha nang lyu thuyeat cua s oa watermarking tong minh tng
ng vui viec bo giai ma truy cap d lieu bao phu. Keat luan naoy da tren
baoi bauo aung chuu yu cua Costa. Vi vay, khong caan ean d lieu bao phu bo
giai ma neau d lieu bao phu c duong nh thong tin phu bo ma hoau. Tuy
nhien, hung tieap can naoy cou vaoi han chea. Thu nhaat, o phuc tap cua bo
ma hoau se raat cao, nghoa lao bang ma cho moi anh cu the tr nen khau lun.
Do ou, bo giai ma se thc hien tim kieam phuc tap. Thu hai, kenh watermarking
ch c xem nh anh bao phu vao cauc taan cong khong c xem xeut dan ean
s khong tng thich gia viec gia s cho thieat kea bang ma vao ieau kien thc
tea. e giam tinh phuc tap cua bo ma hoau, nhieau giai thuat thc tea khauc nhau
a c ea ngho. Tuy nhien, cauc taan cong hinh hoc vao cauc taan cong mao thoang
ke cua nou khong phai lao Gaussian cong thi van coon lao vaan ea m. e giam
nhe anh hng do viec thieau tinh thich nghi cua bo giai ma vui trang thaui
Ma hoau
watermark
Kenh taan
cong
Giai ma
watermark
Tao trang
thaui
Anh bao
phu x
s
s
k
b y'
y
b

) s x y p ,
Khoau
Thon
g iep
A B
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

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kenh taan cong, ngoi ta cou the xem taan cong trong trong hp xaau nhaat nh lao
thong tin vea trang thaui kenh bo giai ma gia s raeng giai ma thaonh cong
trong cauc ieau kien thuan li hn.

Knh 1.3 - Watermarking nh truyean thoang voui thoang tin phu
oai voui d lieu bao phuu cou su dung ou bo ma hoau (nhoum I).

Hinh 1.4 - Watermarking nh truyean thong a dang vui thong tin phu vea d lieu
bao phu vao kenh taan cong cou s dung ca hai bo ma hoau vao giai ma
(nhoum IV).

- Nhoum 3 (khoau A m, khoau B oung): thong tin phu ch cou giau tro bo
giai ma. Cauc s oa naoy cou the uc lng cauc taan cong trong kenh taan cong
vao cou kha nang choang lai cauc biean oi hinh hoc. ieau naoy cou c lao do
pilot phu thuoc khoau hay watermark tham khao cou the duong cho hai muc ich. Thu
nhaat, pilot cou the xem nh mau oang bo trong miean toa o hay biean oi naoo
ou, phaan lun lao pho phu o cua DFT do ac tinh coa onh xeun vao doch cung
nh kha nang phaut hien biean oi ho haong. Thu hai, pilot nhuung trong d lieu
mang cou the c duong e uc lng suy giam do nhuung d lieu vao cauc taan
cong, vao thoang ke nhieu neau nhieu khauc Gaussian nh trong trong hp neun cou
ton hao JPEG. ieau naoy cou the xem watermarking nh mot kenh vui suy hao vao
Ma
hoau
Nhuung Taan
cong
Trich Giai
ma
uc lng
trang thaui
kenh anh
k
b
x
c y
y'
b

Ma
hoau
Nhuun
g
Taan
con
g
Trich
Giai
ma
uc lng
trang thaui
kenh anh
k
b
x
c
y
y'
b

Tao
pilot
Tao
pilot
uc
lng
aIIine
uc
lng
suy hao
Khoi
phuc
oang bo
w
uc
lng
trang
thaui
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TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

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nhieu khong Gaussian vao a tui viec thu a dang vi watermark lao ban sao tren
dien tich anh. Pilot cou the taui tao de daong bo giai ma da tren khoau.
- Nhoum 4 (khoau A vao B oung): thong tin phu cou giau tro ca hai bo ma
hoau vao giai ma. ay lao s oa c quan tam nhaat cho cauc giai thuat
watermarking trong tng lai cou the hoat ong khi mao trang thaui kenh thay oi
tng oai lun. Tinh toai u cua s oa naoy da tren viec thieat kea toai u bo ma
hoau phuo hp vui d lieu bao phu vao tinh thich nghi cua bo giai ma vui trang
thaui kenh taan cong, gia s cauc taan cong suy hao, khong Gaussian vao cauc biean
oi hinh hoc s dung thuan li cua watermarking a dang.

1.7.2 Kenh tan cong
Mot kenh taan cong tao ra phien ban meuo y` cua anh mang y. Kenh taan cong
cou the c mo hinh nh c caau cua cong thuc ngau nhien duong haom khoai
xauc suaat (p.m.I) Q(y`,y) e mo ta meuo ngau nhien trong anh mang. Mot taan
cong thaonh cong phai laom h hai hay phau huy watermark trong khi bao toaon
chaat lng thng mai cua anh. Vi vay, mot ke taan cong phai tao ra meuo naem
trong giui han cua tieu chuan meuo a chon. Mac duo MSE khong hoaon toaon
phuo hp vui s aunh giau chu quan maet ngoi vea chaat lng anh nhung nou
van c duong khau pho biean do keat qua de daong at c. Mat khauc, tieu
chuan naoy cung c duong rong rai trong truyean thong do cauc keat qua a
bieat truc vui kenh Gaussian cong. Vi vay, muc tieu cua ke taan cong tap trung
vaoo giam t le truyean thong tin cay vui meuo cho pheup.

Tuy nhien, cung caan lu yu raeng xem xeut tren khong hoaon toaon uung vui cauc
taan cong hinh hoc. Cauc taan cong naoy cou the mo hinh toaun hoc nh cauc biean
oi aIIine vui vaoi thong soa ngau nhien khong bieat bo giai ma. Thong
thong cou sauu thong soa tao ra taat ca tap thay oi hinh hoc aIIine toaon cuc: t
le, thay oi t soa canh, xeun, xoay vao doch. Noui chung, nhng ieau chnh naoy
cou the mo hinh nh cauc biean oi xa anh xay ra trong cauc ung dung nh 'caau
Internet cua Digimark, nghoa lao oc watermark truc mot mauy quay web. Cauc
meuo cuc bo ngau nhien tich hp trong Stirmark cung c bieat nh lao uoan cong
ngau nhien cou the mo hinh nh cauc biean oi aIIine cuc bo vui nhieu Gaussian
cong phaut sinh to pheup noi suy. Vi vay, bo giai ma nen truy cap cauc thong
soa naoy e cou c mot giai ma watermark oang bo toai u. Khaui niem pilot
hay watermark chuan xem xeut tren cou the lao mot aup aun thich hp cho vaan
ea naoy cho ca hai uc lng cauc thong soa aIIine vao uc lng cauc thong soa
Q(y`,y).
Tap hp cauc taan cong cou the chia laom boan nhoum sau: taan cong loai bo, taan
cong hinh hoc, taan cong mat ma vao taan cong giao thuc (Hinh 1.5)|.







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Knh 1.5 - Phaan loai cauc taan coang watermarking.
Knh 1.6 Phaan loai cauc taan coang triet nhieu.

1.7.2.1 Tan cong loai bo
Taan cong loai bo nhaem loai bo hoaon toaon mot watermark trong d lieu bao
phu. Nhoum naoy bao goam triet nhieu, neun cou ton hao, lng t, ieau chea lai,
lien keat vao trung binh.
Cauc taan
cong
watermarking
Taan cong
loai bo
Taan cong
hinh hoc
Taan cong
mat ma
Taan cong
giao thuc
%riet nhieu
Neun cou ton
hao
Long tu
ieau chea lai
Keat caau
%rung bKnh
Cong meuo cuc bo,
toaon cuc
Biean oi cuc bo, toaon
cuc
Jittering
%Km kieam
khoau
Oracle
auo watermark
%aan coang sao
cheup
Triet nhieu
anh
uc lng ML uc lng
MAP
Trung binh cuc bo
Watermark Gauss
Trung vo cuc bo
Watermark Laplace
Trung binh caet ta cuc
bo
Watermark hon hop
Myriad cuc bo
Watermark Cauchy
Watermark Gauss
Anh Gauss
khong dong
Anh Gauss
tong quaut
dong
Loc Wienner (Lee)
Oouc long MMSE
Pheup co meam
Anh Laplace
1
Pheup co cung
0
Giai RLS e
quy
baat kK
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TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

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- Tan cong triet nhieu vao nen co toan hao: yu tng c ban cua loai naoy
lao gia s watermark nh nhieu cou the mo hinh baeng thoang ke. Vi vay, sau khi
uc lng d lieu bao phu goac (khong watermark), ke taan cong hoaon toaon at
c muc ich loai bo watermark da tren mot ban sao cua d lieu a
watermark. Loai taan cong naoy khau pho biean vao bao goam cauc pheup x lyu anh
nh triet nhieu, neun vao lng t, trong ou triet nhieu anh (hay coon goi lao loc)
lao pho biean nhaat da tren maximax likehood ML, maximum a posterior probability
MAP, MMSE hay minimax. Trong trong hp ML, cauc giai thuat triet nhieu c
bieat nhieau nhaat lao loc trung binh, trung vo, trimmed mean vao myriad laan lt lao
cauc uc lng cua phan boa watermark dang Gaussian, Laplace, s-contaminated
(keat hp Gaussian-Laplace) vao Cauchy. Cauc dang cua uc lng MAP lao loc
thich nghi Wienner, co meam vao cung. Ca hai triet nhieu vao neun laom giam aung
ke dung lng watermarking. Loai taan cong naoy thong thaay trong nang caap
anh vao ma hoau toac o bit thaap.
- Tan cong ieu che lai: ay lao khaui niem tng oai mui, ch cou trong
vaan ea taan cong watermarking. Taan cong naoy nhaem vaoo viec ieau chea
watermark duong phng phaup ieau chea oai lap vui caui s dung trong nhuung
watermark e tao ra cauc vaan ea cho bo giai ma. Taan cong naoy cou nhieau dang
khauc nhau phu thuoc vaoo bo giai ma s dung. Trong hp ien hinh lao phaut
hien da tren tng quan baet nguoan to quan iem phaut hien ML, ieau chea M-ary
vao giai ma da tren ma sa sai. Tuy nhien, oc lap vui ieau chea s dung,
watermark c nhuung vaoo anh theo ieau chea trai pho vao taui tao tren toaon
anh.
Bi vi watermark uc lng tng quan vui watermark thc nen watermark uc
lng cou the c khai thauc e aunh loa bo phaut hien watermark. Nh trinh baoy
Hinh 1.7, watermark uc lng c khueach ai bi he soa khueach ai vao sau
ou tro ra khoi d lieu a watermark. Cou boan loai taan cong ieau chea lai c
ban.
Khi he soa khueach ai baeng 1, taan cong duong uc lng MMSE/MAP
cua anh goac vao laom giam taan cong triet nhieu.
Khi he soa khueach ai lun hn 1, vao c tro khoi d lieu a watermark
vui gia s watermark c nhuung oang eau khong duong mat na cam thu.
Baeng cauch tang he soa khueach ai, taan cong laom giam tng quan gia d
lieu sau taan cong vao watermark thc; taan cong cou the tham chi a tng quan
vea zero e bo phaut hien quyeat onh sai raeng watermark khong hien dien trong
d lieu sau taan cong. S suy giam ngo ra bo loc thich hp cung laom giam
SNR cou the laom anh hng aung ke ean chaat lng sau cuong cua ca hai bo
ieau chea M-ary vao ECC.
Gia s hp lyu hn bao goam nhan watermark sau khi tro bi mat na cam
thu e giam meuo hien tho baeng cauch tang trung binh.
Ke taan cong khong ch tro watermark uc lng cou trong soa mao coon
tao ra nhng phaan ben ngoaoi e at c phan boa nhieu khong Gaussian.
Ngoaoi ra, khai thauc ac tinh cua HVS, ke taan cong cou the nhuung hieu qua
mot lng khau lun cauc phaan ben ngoaoi vuong bien vao mon mao khong laom
meuo hien tho aung ke. Ngoi ta goi taan cong naoy lao ieau chea lai cam thu.
Ke taan cong cung cou the keat hp triet nhieu vao ieau chea lai cam thu trong
mot c caau e laom taan cong hieu qua hn. Triet nhieu se loai bo nhieu to
taat ca vuong phaung laom giam SNR ngo ra trong khi ieau chea lai cam thu se
thay oi thoang ke nhieu laom cho thc hien loc thich hp khong toai u. Taan
cong naoy raat hieu qua truc nhieau cong nghe watermarking.
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

326
Knh 1.7 %aan coang ieau chea lai cou caum thu.

Loai taan cong naoy c Langelaar vao cong s trinh baoy aau tien. Theo s oa
naoy, watermark c d oaun baeng cauch laay anh a watermark tro cho anh sau
loc trung vo cua chinh nou, sau ou a qua bo loc thong cao, laom troon vao tro
khoi anh a watermark bi he soa khueach ai 2. Vi loc median gaan nh loai bo
thaonh phaan nhieu taan soa cao nen khong the uc lng chinh xauc thaonh phaan
taan soa thaap. Trong trong hp keat hp toat gia watermark uc lng vao he soa
khueach ai, taan cong naoy cou the laom suy giam giau tro tng quan cua bo giai
ma phaut hien. Tuy nhien, theo chinh tauc gia, taan cong naoy ch thc hien toat
vui watermark taan soa cao.
Su vao Girod ea ngho 'taan cong Wiener, goam 3 buc: d oaun watermark duong
loc Wiener, tro watermark uc lng khoi anh a watermark vui he soa o manh
naoo ou, vao them vaoo nhieu Gaussian dong. Trong buc thu hai, o manh c
xauc onh da tren ieau kien toai thieu hoau he soa tng quan cheuo gia anh bo
taan cong vao watermark. Cauc tauc gia keat luan raeng viec them nhieu Gaussian
dong khong giuup ich gi cho ke taan cong; vi vay, trong thc tea bo qua buc thu
ba e khong laom suy giam chaat lng anh.
- Tan cong trung bnh vao lien ket: taan cong trung binh mo ta mot taan
cong trong ou mot tap hp d lieu moi laan c aunh daau vui nhng chia
khoau khauc nhau hay watermark khauc nhau c laay trung binh vao cho ra d lieu bo
taan cong. Trong hp naoy thong gap trong watermarking video, ou moi
Irame c nhuung vui cauc watermark hay cauc chia khoau khauc nhau. trong trong
hp tap d lieu u lun, watermark nhuung cou the khong phaut hien c. Vui
taan cong lien keat, cung thc hien nhieau laan vui cuong d lieu, nhng tap d
lieu taan cong c tao ra baeng cauch ch laay mot phaan nho cua moi tap d
lieu vao xay dng lai thaonh tap d lieu taan cong mui to nhng tap nho
naoy.
- Mot loai taan cong khauc laom h hai kha nang phaut hien vao giai ma
watermark lao tan cong mosaic. Taan cong naoy c tao ra trong c caau cua mot
he thoang bao ve ban quyean t ong. He thoang naoy queut Internet vao download
cauc anh e kiem tra s hien dien cua anh cou watermark tren cauc trang aunh
caep. Taan cong mosaic khong coa gaeng loai bo watermark duong cauc phng phaup
x lyu tin hieu, thay vaoo ou nou gay tr ngai cho bo phaut hien watermark baeng
cauch phan anh thaonh cauc oan nho. Cauc oan anh nho naoy sau ou c saep
xeap tren trang web thaonh toaon bo anh. Vi vay, neau phan oan u nho e
D
lieu
mang
uc lng
watermark
uc lng
mat na
Ban oa
ieau chea lai
He soa trai
pho
He soa t le
D lieu
sau taan
cong

-
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

327
chua hoaon toaon watermark, viec phaut hien watermark se thaat bai. e traunh taan
cong naoy, cauc phng phaup watermarking caan bean vng trong trong hp cauc
anh kich thuc nho. Yeu caau naoy tham chi coon nghiem ngat hn caet xeun anh
bi le chaat lng thng mai cua anh van bao toaon. Tuy nhien, cung cou the
d oaun mot he thoang thong minh hn se gheup cauc phan oan anh nho lai
thaonh mot anh lun hn e kiem tra s hien dien cua watermark.

1.7.2.2 Tan cong hnh hoc
Traui ngc vui taan cong loai bo, taan cong hinh hoc khong cou yu onh loai bo
watermark nhuung nhng laom meuo nou thong qua cauc thay oi thoi gian hoac
khong gian cua d lieu a watermark. Cauc taan cong loai naoy thong laom cho
bo phaut hien maat oang bo vui thong tin nhuung. Phaan lun cauc phng phaup
watermarking gaan ay soang sout sau cauc taan cong naoy do s dung cauc ky thuat
oang bo rieng nh miean haeng biean oi, khuon them vaoo, hay haom t tng
quan cua chinh watermark. Neau nh biean oi aIIine tong quaut cou lien quan ean
vaan ea voa giai quyeat thi s thay oi ngau nhien cuc bo van coon lao vaan ea
m vui taat ca cauc phng phaup. Taan cong naoy cung coon goi lao uoan cong
ngau nhien, nou khai thauc ac tinh he thoang maet ngoi khong nhay vui viec
doch vao hieu chnh aIIine cuc bo. Vi vay, cauc pixel doch, t le, xoay cuc bo mao
khong laom giam kha nang hien tho aung ke.

oang bo lao vaan ea then choat trong watermarking soa vao taan cong loai bo oang
bo c xem nh lao mot loai taan cong quan trong rieng. YU tng chinh lao phaut
hien c chea oang bo baeng cauch phan tich pho bien o cua watermark d oaun.
Truc heat, ngoi ta trich cauc nh bien o DFT cua anh a watermark da tren
nguyen taec mau duong bi Digimarc. Mot khi cauc nh c phaut hien, buc
tieap theo cua phau huy oang bo lao noi suy pho cua anh mang hay anh bo taan
cong trong cauc vo tri cua taan soa khong gian xauc onh bi bo phaut hien nh
cuc bo. Khi ou, baat ki biean oi hinh hoc aIIine naoo cung se phau huy oang bo
watermark vao laom cho watermark khong phaut hien c.

Knh 1.8 %aan coang loai bou oang bo.

1.5.2.3 Tan cong mat ma
Tng t nh cauc taan cong trong mat ma. ou lao cauc taan cong be khoau nhaem
tim kieam thong tin bi mat thong qua viec tim kieam toaon dien. Vi nhieau he thoang
uc lng
watermark
DFT .
Phaut
hien
nh
arg
Noi suy
cuc bo
IDF
T
Biean
oi
aIIine
baat ki
DFT
.
Loai bo cauc nh oang
bo
D
lieu
mang
D
lieu
sau
taan
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

328
ch duong mot khoau bi mat nen viec s dung khoau vui chieau daoi an toaon lao
khau quan trong. Mot taan cong khauc trong loai naoy lao taan cong Oracle, c
duong e tao ra mot anh khong watermark khi mot bo phaut hien watermark c
s dung.

1.5.2.4 Tan cong giao thc
ay lao cauc taan cong nhaem vaoo ung dung watermarking. Cou hai loai taan cong
giao thuc: taan cong ao ngc vao taan cong sao cheup.
Taan cong ao ngc c Craver vao cong s a ra laan aau tien. Ho giui thieu
c caau watermark cou the ao ngc vao ch ra raeng trong ung dung bao ve ban
quyean, watermark caan phai khong the ao ngc. YU tng ao ngc bao goam
d kien mot ke taan cong cou ban sao cua d lieu a watermark cou the t cho
raeng d lieu cung chua watermark cua ke taan cong baeng cauch trich ra
watermark cua chinh haen. ieau naoy gay ra s nhap nhaeng trong viec xauc onh
ban quyean tauc gia. Yeu caau khong the ao ngc trong ky thuat watermarking
phaut bieu raeng khong the trich watermark to mot anh khong watermark. Do ou,
cauc tauc gia ea ngho tao watermark lao tin hieu phu thuoc to haom mot chieau.
Knh 1.9 - %aan coang sao cheup.

Trong khi ou, taan cong sao cheup thuoc loai taan cong sau cuong trong nhoum taan
cong giao thuc. ay cung lao mot loai taan cong da tren uc lng watermark.
Muc tieu cua taan cong naoy khong nhaem phau huy watermark hay laom h hai
viec phaut hien, nh trong taan cong ieau chea lai, mao lao sao cheup mot watermark
to anh naoy sang anh khauc mao khong caan bieat ean kiean thuc vea giai thuat
watermarking cung nh khoau s dung trong quau trinh nhuung watermark nhaem laom
nhaam lan viec xauc nhan thong tin ban quyean. Nh vay, taan cong naoy bao goam
hai buc: d oaun watermark vao cong vaoo mot anh khauc vui s tng thich
gia cauc ac trng cua watermark d oaun vui cauc anh ich. Nh trong s oa d
oaun watermark, ngoi ta cou the duong uc lng ML hay MAP xem anh mang nh
anh nhieu trong ou nhieu cong lao watermark. Trong buc thu hai, watermark d
oaun c cong thich ung vui anh ich e khong the cam thu c trong khi
van toai a nang lng. Watermark uc lng khi ou thich ung vui ac tinh cuc
bo cua d lieu a watermark e khong the cam thu. Thc tea, cou nhieau cauch
thc hien cong thich nghi watermark vaoo anh ich da tren cauc phng phaup khai
thauc o nhay vao hien tng mat na keat caau cua HVS. e mo hinh mat na keat
caau, ngoi ta duong NVF da tren mo hinh Gaussian tong quaut dong. NVF ac
trng keat caau cuc bo cua anh vao thay oi gia hai giau tro 0 vao 1, trong ou nou
uc lng
watermark
uc lng
mat na
D
lieu
mang
D
lieu sau
taan
cong
He soa t
le
D
lieu
ich
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

329
mang giau tro 1 cho vuong phaung vao 0 cho vuong nhaum cao. Ngoaoi ra, cung cou giai
phaup ea ngho keat hp o nhay tng phan vui NVF. o nhay tng phan mo
ta bi luat Weber-Fechner, phaut bieu raeng ngng phaut hien cua nhieu t le
xaap x vui o choui cuc bo. Trong soa sau cuong cho bi bieu thuc sau:
) ) )Lum NVF NVF M . 1 . . 1 + (1.4)
trong ou the hien moai lien he gia o manh watermark vuong nhaum vao
vuong phaung, coon Lum lao o choui cuc bo. Neau thieat lap 1 cou nghoa lao
watermark tap trung vuong nhaum trong khi 0 cou nghoa lao watermark c
nhuung chu yeau vuong phaung.
Anh a watermark gia mao khi ou c tao ra baeng cauch laay t le haom trong
soa M, nhan nou vui daau cua watermark d oaun vao cong keat qua vaoo anh
ich:
) w sign M t y . . + ' (1.5)
trong ou t lao anh ich, vao lao o manh watermark toaon bo.
Caan chuu yu raeng taan cong sao cheup chu yeau c duong trong cauc s oa cong
tuyean tinh. Vi vay, trong trong hp naoy, nhuung watermark vaoo haom ich ch n
gian lao pheup toaun cong.
Toum lai, mac duo cou the phan loai cauc taan cong thaonh cauc nhoum rieng re
nh tren nhng thc tea mot ke taan cong cou chu yu thong khong ch duong
mot loai mao keat hp hai hay nhieau loai taan cong cuong mot luuc. Chaung han nh
cauc taan cong biean oi hinh hoc thong keat hp vui neun.

1.7.3 Trch thong iep
Quau trinh khoi phuc bao goam trich watermark vao giai ma.
Trch watermark cho watermarking tong minh
Bo trich watermark thc hien uc lng w cua watermark da tren phien ban
taan cong y cua anh mang:
) ) Key y T Extr w ,
'
(1.6)
Noui chung, viec trich nen phu thuoc khoau. Tuy nhien, mong muoan khoi phuc d
lieu sau biean oi aIIine da tren nguyen taec t tham chieau ea cap tren vao
kha nang tang cong chaat lng giai ma baeng cauch giam s thay oi cua
anh (xem nh nhieu) thuuc ay s phaut trien cauc phng phaup trich watermark
oc lap vui khoau.
Cou nhieau phng phaup khauc nhau cho uc lng watermark: loc hinh dang cheuo,
uc lng MMSE. Trong trong hp tong quaut, vaan ea uc lng watermark cou
the giai quyeat da tren mot c caau ngau nhien duong uc lng Maximum
Likelihood, ML penalized hay MAP. Gia s raeng ca hai nhieu do anh bao phu vao
nhieu do taan cong eau xem nh nhieu cong vui haom phan boa ich p
X
(.), ngoi
ta cou the xauc onh uc lng ML:
)
N
T Z w w y p w
x
=
,
=
| max arg
'
(1.7)
a ean mot bo uc lng trung binh cuc bo khi mo hinh Gaussian phan boa
gioang nhau oc lap dong cuc bo cua p
x
(.) hay mot bo uc lng trung vo khi
p.d.I. Laplacian. Neau cou mot vaoi thong tin u tien vea thoang ke watermark, uc
lng MAP cou the c s dung:
) ) ,
N
T Z c w w p w y p w
W X
=
,
= =
| max arg
= '
(1.8)
trong ou p
W
(.) lao p.d.I. cua watermark.
Khauc biet gia uc lng ML vao MAP cho uc lng MAP keum hn uc
lng ML neau khong cou u tien vea phan boa watermark hay u tien naoy oang
eau vui cauc aup aun khauc. e giai quyeat vaan ea uc lng (1.7) vao (1.8)
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TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

330
tren caan xay dng chinh xauc mo hinh ngau nhien cua anh bao phu p
X
(x) vao
watermark p
W
(w).
Cac mo hnh ngau nhien cua anh bao phu
Cauc mo hinh ngau nhien cua anh bao phu duong trong watermarking cong noi
dung a c xem xeut phaan truc. ay ch ea cap hai mo hinh anh:
Gaussinan khong dong i.i.d. cuc bo (nG) vao Gaussian tong quaut hoau dong i.i.d.
toaon cuc (nGG). Hai mo hinh naoy c duong rong rai trong cauc ung dung x
lyu anh bao goam triet nhieu anh, phuc hoai vao neun anh.
Mo hinh nG c ac trng bi phan boa:
)
)
)
)
`

|
,
|


x R x
R
x p
x
T
x
N
X
1
2 / 1 2 /
2
1
exp
det
1
2
1
x
(1.9)
trong ou R
x
lao ma tran phng sai, ,det R
x
, xauc onh onh thuc ma tran vao Cx the
hien loc thong cao (toaun t phan tich) vao nou cung cou the vieat lai nh sau
) x x Ax x x A I x
=
trong ou I lao ma tran n vo, A lao bo loc thong thaap
duong e tinh trung binh cuc bo khong dong x
=
. C cung cou the xem xeut nh mot
toaun t phan tich wavelet khi ou mo hinh (1.9) c duong cho moi bang con.
Mo hinh sGG cou dong R
x
cou the c vieat nh sau:
)
)
)
) )
)
`

|
,
|
-

'
+

'

2 /
2 /
2 /
2 / 1
2 /
exp
det
1
/ 1 2

x R x
R
x p
x
T
x
N
X
(1.10)
trong ou ) ) ) / 1 / / 3 I I vao ) /u u e t
t u

C

I
0
1
lao haom gamma, vao thong
soa c goi lao thong soa hinh dang. Phng trinh (1.10) bao goam mo hinh
Gaussian ) 2 vao mo hinh Laplace ) 1 nh cauc trong hp ac biet. Vui
anh thc, thong soa hinh dang naem trong taam 1 3 . 0 A A .
Cou mot moai lien he nghiem ngat gia hai mo hinh Gaussian khong dong cuc
bo vao Gaussian tong quaut hoau dong toaon cuc. Neau chuung ta xem xeut anh mot
cauch cuc bo, khi ou nou cou the c mo hinh chinh xauc bi mo hinh Gaussian
khong dong cuc bo. Coon khi xem xeut anh mot cauch toaon cuc nh i.i.d. vui
cuong phng sai, ngoi ta cou the xaap x nou duong mo hinh sGG vui mot giau tro
gamma cu the.
Viec quan trong trong mo hinh anh ngau nhien lao uc lng cauc thong soa cua
cauc mo hinh. Trong mo hinh nG, ngoi ta phai uc lng trung binh cuc bo vao
phng sai cuc bo trong khi mo hinh sGG caan uc lng trung binh cuc bo, thong
soa hinh dang vao phng sai cuc bo. e uc lng phng sai anh cuc bo, uc
lng ML cou the c s dung. Gia s anh lao biean ngau nhien phan boa
Gaussian i.i.d. cuc bo, uc lng ML cho bi:
)
)
) ) )


+ +
+

L
L k
L
L l
x
j i x l j k i x
L
j i
2
2
2
,
=
,
1 2
1
, 9 (1.11)
vui:
)
)
)


+ +
+

L
L k
L
L l
l j k i x
L
j i x ,
1 2
1
,
=
2
(1.12)
trong ou mot ca so kich thuc (2L1)x(2L1) c duong cho uc lng. uc
lng naoy thong c s dung trong nhieau ung dung thc tea. Tuy nhien, uc
lng tren lao khong phan cc baat oai xung. e giam phan cc, khong gian
laay mau caan phai tang them. Mat khauc, viec tang kich thuc ca so vi pham
yeu caau d lieu lao Gaussian cuc bo vi cauc pixel trong cauc vuong khauc nhau xay
ra trong cuong ca so cuc bo. e cou mo hinh chinh xauc hn, caan phai gia s
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TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

331
raeng cauc vuong phaung cou phan boa Gaussian trong khi cauc dien tich keat caau vao
vuong bien cou phan boa gaan zero nh cao khauc, chaung han nh phan boa Laplace.
Mo hnh ngau nhien cua watermark
Noui chung, ngoi ta cou the duong cuong mo hinh cho watermark nhuung cam thu
da tren phng trinh (1.1) nh trong hp anh bao phu. Neau mo hinh cam thu
s dung bo ke taan cong bieat vao thong tin vea phng phaup nhuung watermark cou
san, ngoi ta cou the uc lng watermark trc tieap to anh mang nh a ea cap
tren.
Gia s raeng anh vao watermark lao Gaussian cuc bo i.i.d. cou ieau kien, nghoa lao
)
x
R x N x ,
=
= vao )
W
R N w , 0 = vui cauc ma tran phng sai R
X
vao R
W
, trong ou R
W

cung xeut ean anh hng cua ieau chea watermark cam thu c, ngoi ta cou
the xauc onh:
) y y
R R
R
w
X W
W
' '
+
(1.13)
trong ou gia s x y ' vao y'lao mot trung binh cuc bo cua anh mang bo taan
cong cou the uc lng da tren trung binh cuc bo, vao )
w y x
R R R

, 0 max

lao
uc lng ML cua phng sai anh cuc bo ) I R
x x
2

9 . Cung caan lu yu raeng trung

binh cuc bo cua anh bo taan cong cou the gia s baeng 0 neau d oaun tren thc
hien miean wavelet. Khi ou, haom t phng sai cou the c uc lng duong
uc lng ML cho moi he soa bang con wavelet. Phng trinh (1.13) lao bo trich
watermark MAP/MMSE cho watermarking tong minh cho cauc mo hinh ngau nhien
xem xeut tren.

Giai ma watermark
Bo giai ma noui chuung da tren hung tieap can ML hay MAP. Vi s xuaat hien
cua b c gia s lao cou xauc suaat nh nhau vao do tinh phuc tap hn cua bo
giai ma MAP mao bo giai ma ML thong c s dung trong thc tea. Bo giai
ma cou the xem nh goam hai phaan: mot bo loc thich hp (phaut hien) thc hien
giai trai pho d lieu theo cauch 'tich luy nhaat quaun cua chuoi c trai trong
watermark w vao mot bo t giai ma tao ra uc lng thong iep. Trong nhieau
trong hp, keat qua cua cauc taan cong vao cua cauc loi trich c gia s lao
Gaussian cong. Vi vay, bo phaut hien c thieat kea duong cong thuc ML cho
phaut hien tin hieu bieat truc trong nhieu Gaussian, a ean bo phaut hien tng
quan vui soa chieau giam:
p w r , (1.14)
Tuy nhien, bo loc thich hp tren khong aup ung vui trong hp nhieu khong
Gaussian vao suy hao thc tea. Nou ch ien hinh cho cauc he thoang watermarking
thuoc nhoum 1. Vi vay, e thieat kea mot mo hinh kenh watermarking tng ng
thc tea hn, ngoi ta xeut viec truyean to ma c chua watermark ma hoau vao cauc
bit pilot qua kenh song song theo truyean thong a dang. Cauc thong soa kenh c
uc lng duong pilot. Ngoi ta gia s raeng cauc thong soa cua biean oi aIIine
A c uc lng vao khoi phuc u tien tui bo giai ma.
Mo hinh kenh tng ng cou the trinh baoy nh sau:
+ ' Fc c (1.15)
trong ou F onh nghoa suy hao tong quaut vao lao nhieu tong quaut trong kenh
song song tng ng.
) p w g r , (1.16)
trong ou g(.) xauc onh bi thoang ke cua kenh tong quaut.
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TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

332
Ngo ra cua bo loc thich hp c laay ngng cung hoac meam vao sau ou c
giai ma. Bo giai ma cou the thieat kea da tren MAP:
) k x r b p b
b
, , |
=
max arg

= (1.17)
Gia s raeng taat ca to ma b cou xauc suaat nh nhau, bieat truc vect quan saut r
vao bo giai ma toai u toai thieu xauc suaat loi cou ieau kien c cho bi bo
giai ma ML:
) k x b r p b
b
, ,
=
| max arg

= (1.18)
Da tren lyu thuyeat giui han trung tam, phaan lun cauc nhao nghien cuu gia s
raeng vect quan saut r cou the xaap x chinh xauc nh ngo ra cua nhieu kenh
Gaussian cong vao cou the bo khai thauc bi ke taan cong.

1.8 Mot So Giai Thuat Watermarking Cho Anh So
S la chon cauc phng phaup phu thuoc vaoo cauc yeau toa sau:
Khoai lng thong tin them vaoo.
o bean cua thong tin watermark.
Kich thuc vao ban chaat cua d lieu.
Thong tin mat (rieng t hay cong khai).
Soa pixels hay blocks duong e che daau thong tin.
Miean la chon e chuyen oi thong tin (miean khong gian, nhng miean
chuyen oi khauc nh DCT, Mellin-Fourier, Wavelets).
Phng aun onh dang thong iep chua trong anh chu.
Phng phaup hooa hp gia thong iep vao phaan bao phu (phng phaup
ieau chea).
S quan tam ean viec bao ve anh watermarking.
Dui ay, luan van trinh baoy tong quan vea hai phng phaup c s dung khau
pho biean hien nay cho quau trinh watermarking d lieu anh.

1.8.1 Phng phap trai phoa
Knh 1.10 Phong phaup traui pho.

u ieam
Hooa hp c u khuyeat iem cua tin hieu taan soa cao vao taan soa thaap do
nou c thc hien trong miean taan soa trung binh nen bean vng vao khong
the nhin thaay c (taan soa thaap thi nhay oai vui maet ngoi coon taan soa
cao thi de bo taan cong).
Anh a
watermarking
Trai
pho
Hao
m
daau

An
h
goac
Bit
thon
g tin
Bit thong
tin khoi
phuc (1/-
1)
He soa vo
hung
Chuoi PN
(ma cau
nhan)
Chuoi PN
(ma cau
nhan)
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

333
Bao am tinh bao mat vi neau khong cou chia khoua thi khong the khoi
phuc tin hieu watermarking.
Khong caan ean anh goac khi khoi phuc watermark.
Khuyet ieam
Khi khoi phuc tin hieu caan phai cou s oang bo.
Bo anh hng cua cauc loai taan cong hinh hoc.

1.8.2 Phng phap watermarking duong DCT
Knh 1.11 Phong phaup watermarking duong DC%.

u ieam
Bean vng dui s thay oi khauc nhau cua hinh anh vi vay ky thuat naoy
s dung trong cauc thieat bo xauc nhan (veriIications).
Choang lai neun JPEG.
Khuyet ieam
Caan anh goac e khoi phuc watermark.

1.9 So Sanh Vao anh Gia Giai Thuat Watermarking
Ngoaoi viec thieat kea cauc phng phaup watermarking, mot vaan ea quan trong caan
quan tam lao a ra cauc aunh giau vao so saunh chinh xauc.
e so saunh cauc giai thuat khauc nhau, ngoi ta thong s dung cauc benchmark.
ou lao cauc cong cu chuan c thieat kea nhaem muc ich aunh giau muc o
hieu qua cua cauc giai thuat khauc nhau. Cong cu naoy se tao ra tap hp cauc
taan cong vao aunh giau giai thuat qua toaon bo cauc taan cong naoy theo mot t
le naoo ou. Trong watermarking cho anh soa, cauc benchmark noi tieang lao Unzign,
Stirmark, Centimark, .
Nh a trinh baoy phaan tren, cou nhieau thong soa khauc nhau trong viec aunh
giau mot he thoang watermarking nh muc o cam thu, tinh bean vng, tinh bao
mat, dung lng thong tin nhuung, o phuc tap, . Tuyo theo cauc ung dung khauc
nhau mao yeu caau naoo se c xem xeut u tien hn. Trong ung dung bao ve
ban quyean thi yeu caau tinh bean vng vao trong suoat vea mat cam thu cung nh
dung lng bit thong tin nhuung lao ba yeu caau then choat caan xem xeut. ieau naoy
khong ch ooi hoi aunh giau tinh bean vng mao coon bao goam aunh giau chu
quan vao onh lng s meuo dang phaut sinh do quau trinh watermarking.
Noui chung, cou s aunh oi gia ba yeu caau naoy. Vi vay, e viec aunh giau
vao so saunh cong baeng, caan phai am bao raeng cauc phng phaup duong cho
khao saut c kiem tra dui cuong cauc ieau kien nh nhau. Vi du nh trong
Stirmark, yeu caau anh sau watermarking phai cou PSNR toai thieu lao 39 dB.
DCT IDCT
Anh a
watermarking
DCT
Tng
quan?
Yes/No
DCT
Watermark (chon truc theo phan boa
chuan)
He soa vo
hung
(-~ HVS/bean
Anh
goac
Watermark
goac
An
h
goac
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

334
Mot vaan ea raat quan trong khauc khi thc hien cauc kiem tra lao phai duong cauc
khoau khauc nhau vao tap d lieu khauc nhau. Keat qua sau ou nen c laay trung
binh.

1.9.1 Yeu cau ve mat cam thu
Mot cauch tong quaut, yeu caau naoy at ra vaan ea lao anh sau watermark cou chaat
lng suy giam lao it nhaat so vui anh goac. Khi so saunh cauc giai thuat, yeu caau
chaat lng cua anh sau watermark cua cauc giai thuat lao tng ng nhau. Do
ou, nou lien quan ean vaan ea aunh giau chaat lng anh, bao goam aunh giau
chu quan qua cam thu baeng maet vao aunh giau khauch quan qua cauc thong soa
onh lng nh MSE, SNR, PSNR, . Chi tieat vea phaan naoy se c ea cap
chng 3.
Thc tea, viec aunh giau chaat lng anh mot cauch chu quan lao raat khou khan vi
nou phu thuoc raat nhieau vaoo ngoi quan saut cung nh anh quan saut nen khong
the s dung cauc cong cu t ong aunh giau chaat lng anh c. Vui tieu
chuan khauch quan, muc o cam thu c aunh giau qua s khauc biet gia cauc
pixel cua anh sau watermarking so vui anh goac. Hai ai lng khauch quan thong
c s dung lao sai soa trung binh binh phng MSE vao t soa tin hieu nh tren
nhieu PSNR. Viec aunh giau khauch quan cou the thc hien tng oai de daong,
nhanh choung vao hoaon toaon t ong. Thea nhng, han chea lun nhaat cua aunh
giau khauch quan lao trong nhieau trong hp nou khong the hien aay u thong tin
vea chaat lng anh hien tho. Tuy nhien, aunh giau khauch quan van c s dung
chu yeau e khao saut cauc giai thuat watermarking khauc nhau.

1.9.2 Yeu cau ve tnh ben vng
Trong trong hp watermark c nhuung trc tieap vaoo d lieu, tinh bean vng
cua quau trinh watermarking c aunh giau thong qua kha nang khoi phuc
watermark truc cauc taan cong khauc nhau, nghoa lao aunh giau muc o gioang nhau
gia gia watermark trich so vui watermark nhuung. Nou thong c aunh giau qua
cauc thong soa lien quan ean giau tro tng quan. Mot trong hp pho biean hn
ou lao khi watermark c tao ra bi viec ma hoau vao ieau chea thong tin nhuung
thong lao chuoi bit. Khi ou, tinh bean vng c xauc onh bi t le bit loi BER
(Bit Error Rate) c onh nghoa lao soa lng bit trich sai tren tong soa bit nhuung;
hay bi thong soa loi phat hien.
Bo phaut hien watermark se so saunh cauc thong soa naoy vui mot muc ngng
cho truc naoo ou. Khi ou, cou hai kha nang loi xay ra. Mot lao loi khong phaut
hien 1ault positive (cou nghoa lao anh cou nhuung watermark nhng sau khi trich lai
quyeat onh lao khong cou watermark) vao hai lao loi phaut hien sai 1alse alarm
(nghoa lao anh thc chaat khong nhuung watermark nhng sau khi trich lai quyeat onh
lao cou watermark). Cauc loi naoy laom giam o tin cay cua he thoang. Ro raong,
neau ngng caong nho thi xauc suaat quyeat onh toan tai watermark trong anh lao
caong lun, nghoa lao loi khong phaut hien se thaap, nhng khi ou loi phaut hien sai
se tang. Tuyo theo tong moi trong ung dung cu the mao cou yeu caau cho tong
loai loi. Bo th ac tinh hoat ong phia thu ROC (Receiver Operate Characteristic)
raat hu ich trong viec aunh giau toaon bo hoat ong vao o tin cay cua s oa
watermarking khi kiem tra. Thong thong, cauc he thoang ooi hoi loi phaut hien
sai lao nho nhaat (gaan nh baeng 0) trong khi loi khong phaut hien mot muc o
naoo ou chaap nhan c. Luan van cung i theo hung naoy, cou nghoa lao se
la chon ngng sao cho loi phaut hien sai lao nho nhaat.
Digital Watermarking Bien soan: PGS. TS. Le Tiean Thong

TLieu noi bo thnh giang mon hoc THONG TIN SOA lup Cao hoc BKN

335
Trong trong hp anh a cou chua mot watermark khauc, ngoi ta goi trong hp
naoy lao ung cham watermark. Trong hp naoy phaan lun xay ra khi ca hai oai
tng cuong s dung chung mot s oa watermarking.

1.9.3 Yeu cau ve dung lng bit nhung
Trong ung dung bao ve ban quyean, yeu caau he thoang watermarking phai cou
kha nang phaut hien thong tin ban quyean cua nhieau tauc gia khauc nhau. Soa
lng bit nhuung toai thieu phai tren 20 bit (xauc nhan cho tren 1 trieu tauc gia
khauc nhau).