Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dentistry Student (Physiology) Second Year - by Hashim Gazo - Slide # 1
Dentistry Student (Physiology) Second Year - by Hashim Gazo - Slide # 1
Physiology is the study of body functions. There are two processes to explain body functions. They are:
teleological - The explanations are in terms of meeting a bodily need. mechanistic - The explanations are in terms of cause and effect sequences.
The body is viewed as a machine.
Both processes, for example, can be applied to body shivering.
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. Physiological mechanisms are possible through structural design. Structure-Function relationships of the body include the:
heart receiving and pumping blood
teeth tearing and grinding food
The body is structurally organized into a whole functional unit. Its levels organization are represented in this hierarchy:
organism (the whole body) body system
organ
tissue cell molecule atom (smallest, most specific)
Tissues are groups of cells of similar specializations. There are four primary tissue types.
muscle - 3 kinds: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
nervous - transmits electrical impulses epithelial - sheets and glands
An organ is made up of several tissue types. The stomach is one example of an organ.
The inside surface of the stomach is lined with epithelial tissue. The wall of the stomach contains smooth muscle. Nerve tissue in the stomach controls muscle contraction These tissues are bound together by connective tissue.
respiratory
urinary skeletal muscular
integumentary
immune nervous endocrine
reproductive
Body systems maintain homeostasis. They maintain a dynamic steady state in the internal environment.
The ECF is the internal environment.
Many factors of the internal environment are homeostatically regulated. These factors include:
concentration of: nutrient molecules
oxygen carbon dioxide waste products water salts other electrolytes
Homeostatic control systems operate locally or bodywide. Homeostatic control systems are:
intrinsic - inherent in an organ
The sensor monitors the magnitude of a controlled variable. The control center compares a sensors input with a set point. The effector makes a response to produce a desired effect.
Positive feedback amplifies an initial change. An output is enhanced. A controlled variable moves in the direction of an initial change. One example occurs during the birth of a baby.
Disruption in homeostasis can lead to illness and death. Pathophysiology is the abnormal functioning of the body during disease.