BY-ELITE GROUP Amit joshi UPES Dehradun

The switchyard is a junction connecting the Transmission &Distribution system to the power plant. Switchyard consists of the air insulated aluminium bus type and of high voltage SF6 insulated dead tank circuit breakers arranged in a ring bus configuration. Each circuit breaker are equipped with a no-load breaker, air insulated, disconnect switch on each side. An isolating disconnect switch are installed in each generator transformer connection to the bus.

In switchyard, a power transformer is used to step up or step down the voltage.

Current and Voltage transformers are located at points within the switchyard to provide for metering and relaying. Control, protection and monitoring for the switchyard will be located in the switchyard relay room of the electrical building. All protection and circuit breaker control will be powered from the station battery-backed 220V DC system.

A grounding grid are provided to control step and touch potentials . Lightning protection are provided by shield wires for any overhead lines- Lightning arrestors. Interface with SCADA system are provided. The communication between the facility switchyard and the control building is facilitated. Revenue metering are provided on the outgoing lines, recording net power to or from the switchyard.

11 kV Isolator 11 kV Circuit Breaker Current Transformer

Bus Bar Lightning Arrestor

Power Transformer 11 kV/ 400 kV

line 400 kV Incoming Outgoing line Line 11kV 400 kV Outgoing

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7) 8) 9) 10)

Bus Bar Insulators Lightening Arrestor Earthing System Control Panel Transformer Circuit Breaker Arching horns SCADA Nodes ROW

Used to interconnect the loads and sources of electrical power It connects incoming and outgoing transmission lines Also connect generator and main transformer in power plant Material used: Copper or Aluminium Size of bus bar to determine max. amount of current passed

Rigid bus-bars:used for low,md. And high voltages Strain bus bars:used for high voltages Insulated phase bus bars:used for mdium voltages Sulphur hexaflouride bus bar:used for medium and high voltage system

Supported the poles and towers in such a way that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through these supports

Pin type

Suspension type:design for 11 kv

Used on power system to protect the system from damaging effect of lightning

It Does not Absorb the Lightning It Does not Stop the Lightning It Does Divert the Lightning to Ground It Does Clamp (limit) the Voltage produced by the Lightning

It Only protects equipment electrically in parallel with it.

Control panel mostly consists of meters and protective relays. The meters include ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, energy meter etc. The relays include fuse failure relay, auto reclose relay, check synchronizing relay, auxiliary relay and transformer relays like OLTC out of step, winding temperature alarm, oil temperature alarm. The trip indicators included are CB SF6 gas density low, CB Air pressure low, VT fuse fail alarm, CB pole disc trip, carrier signal received, back up protection, auto reclose lock out, control DC supply fails, distance protection inoperative, carrier out of service, distance protection trip etc.

Earthing is to be provided in substations due to following reasons:To provide a means to carry electric current into the earth under normal and fault conditions , without exceeding any operating and equipment limits or adversely affecting continuity of service . To assure that a person in the vicinity of grounded facilities is not exposed to the danger of electric shock.

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its function is to interrupt continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.

In switchyard High Capacity Circuit Breakers are used. In 400/220KV substation Power Grid there is SF6 circuit breaker system.

The SF6 is an electro-negative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them. The conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions.

This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc.

Very short arcing time. Can interrupt much larger currents. Noiseless operation due to its closed gas circuit. No moisture problem. No risk of fire since SF6 gas is noninflammable Low maintenance cost. No carbon deposits so that tracking and insulation problems are eliminated.

SF6 breakers are costly due to high cost of SF6. SF6 gas has to be reconditioned after every operation of the breaker, so additional equipments are required.

Current transformers, together with potential transformers (PT), are known as instrument transformers. It controls excess and low current It also helps in steping up or down the potential. Since the measuring instruments and protective devices are designed for low voltages (generally 110V) and currents (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work properly if mounted directly on power lines.

The current transformer is used to measure the very high current passing through the bus. It step downs the current and measurements are taken in the control room the ratings of CT is based on the ampere These CTs are connected to the control room through cables.

There is a step down transformer, which step down the high voltage to a value that can be measured using the measuring instruments in the control room. This has an additional core for the carrier communication. The CVT are connected between phase and ground in parallel to the circuit.

Arcing horns are for the protection of the insulators in case of high voltage, which it cannot stand. They are two metal rods fitted at the top most and bottommost parts of the insulator. During high voltage insulators can't resist this and cracks may be developed. In order to avoid these arcing horns are provided. They conduct the high voltage to the ground and protect the insulator.

SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition

It basically stores data for current and give alarm to Power Line Communication Carrier(PLCC) which further is transmitted to National Load Despatch Centre(NLDC) ,RLDC.

It is the path to access devices of a switchyard Physical path IT equipments

Supply of required amount of power to all consumers over the entire geographical area at all the time continuously. Supply energy at lowest cost. Maximum possible coverage of geographical area. Maximum Security of supply and minimum fault duration. Supply of power within the targeted limit of frequency. (in case of AC supply) Supply within specified limits of voltages.

Power Transfer through an AC transmission link is given by: Pac= ( |V1|.|V2|.sin)/X Reactive power comes in play. Power Transfer through the AC line cant be controlled easily, quickly and accurately. Losses are high as the reactive power is high. Voltage drop will be more.

High-voltage, direct current (HVDC) :bulk transmission of electrical power. For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system may be warranted where other benefits of direct current links are useful

AC
Rectifier

DC
Inverter

Ac

Synchronization of stations, as per frequency as well as voltage. Interconnecting two same frequency line. Asynchronous DC linkage between the AC connections.

+Ve for HVDC: Lesser conductors are used as compare to AC. Lesser losses so better quality. Long distances covered. Simpler design of towers. HV so more security.

-Ve for HVDC: Not for Short distance. Higher Initial cost.

AC
Rectifier

DC
Inverter

AC

Equipments used in Converter stations:

1. 2. 3.

Shunt Capacitors. Converters.(silicon controlled rectifiers, Thyristors) Smoothing Reactor.

Monopolar: The line has one energized conductor with the return path through the earth.

Bipolar: A bipolar transmission gives two circuits which are almost independent of each other. Bipolar mode has one conductor at a positive potential with respect to ground and a second conductor operating at negative potential of the same magnitude.

Back-to-back station is a plant in which both static inverters and rectifiers are in the same area, usually in the same building. The length of the direct current line is kept as short as possible. coupling of electricity mains of different frequency. coupling two networks of the same nominal frequency but no fixed phase relationship.

Economical for long distance bulk transmission. Greater power per conductor and simpler line construction. Ground return is possible. No charging current and skin effect. Less voltage regulation problem because only IR drop is involved.

Easy reversibility and controllability of power at DC link. DC line is an asynchronous or flexible link it can interconnect two rigid systems operating at different frequencies. For a single DC line b/w 2 converter stations, circuit breakers are unnecessary since control of the converters can be used to block current flow during faulty conditions.

Installation of complicated converters and DC switchgear is expensive. Converters require considerable reactive power. Harmonics are generated which requires filters. Converters do not have overload capacity. Lack of HVDC circuit breakers hampers multi terminal or network operation.

There is nothing like DC transformer which can change the voltage level in a simple way. Reactive power required by the load is to be supplied locally as no reactive power can be transmitted over a DC link. Contamination of the insulators in polluted areas or along the sea coast. Pollution affects DC more then AC.

India has been a pioneer developer of HVDC since 1990 when the 1000 MW Rihand-Dadri line was commissioned in UP. Since then many 500 MW lines have come up. The 2000 MW Talchar-Kolar link is the biggest so far and spans from states ; Orissa, AP, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.

R & D work is under way to provide a better understanding of the performance of HVDC links to achieve more efficient and economical designs of the thyristor valves and related equipments . Controllers would be more & more microprocessor based which can be modified or upgraded without requiring hardware changes.

In the near future, it is expected that fibre optics system would be used to generate firing signals & direct light fired thyristors would be employed for HVDC converters.

THANK YOU !!