8

(Heat Treatment of steel)

(Annealing) (Normalizing) (Hardening)
(Martempering) (Surface Hardening)

8.1

Mechanical Properties
Heat Treatment Steels Steels Phase
Austenite Austenite Phases

8.1 Heat Treatment

110

8.2 (Annealing)

(Forging, Hot Rolling) (Cold Rolling, Drawing)
(Casting)

(Ductility)

(
)








8.2.1 (Full Annealing)

111

Martensite

1. Hypo Eutectoid Steels (%C < 0.8) Ac3 30
50oC ( 9.1) Refinement Pearlite 0.3% C
Heat Ac3 Phases + ()
Temp Ac3 50 oC
Temp 150 o - 200 oC/hr. Temp Room Temp
Phase Pearlite +Ferrite
2. Hyper Eutectoid Steels Annealing Temp Ac1
50 oC Temp ( 9.1) Fine Coarse
Proeutectoid Cementite

Martensite + Cementite
8.2.2 (Incomplete Annealing)
Ac1
Ac1

2
8.2.2.1 (Stress-relief
Annealing)


(Lattice distortion)

Ac1 50oC
1 1 . (1 hr/inch3) Martensite Break
Down + Fe3C (Sorbite) Stress Relief
200 oC

112

8.2.2.2 (Spheroidizing (Spheroidize

Annealing))
0.7
12% C Pearlite Proeutectoid Cementite

(Machinability)
(Ferrite)
(Cementite) Proeutectoids Cementite
Eutectoid Cementite ( Pearlite) (Spheroid)
(Lamellar) Ac1
(730 o - 770 oC) 0.8%
0.7 0.8% Ac1 Ac1
10 15
Ac1 Cementite Pearlite
Ac1 Cementite
Austenite Cementite
Cementite


Cementite Cementite
(Ferrite)

8.3 (Normalizing)

-
-
-

113

-
-
Normalizing
(Hot Rolling)
(Hot Forging)
()
Dendrite

(Cold Rolling)



Normalizing
(Grain refinement)

8.2
Normalizing Austenite
0.8% 0.8% Ac3
Hypo Eutectoid Acm Hyper Eutectoid 30o

114

50oC 30 60 25 .
1
o
- 5 oC 10 oC
( 5 o - 10 oC )

Austenite Eurectoid
Hypo Eutectoid
Hyper Eutectoid Pearlite
)
Pearlite (
Pearlite Ferrite Cementite
Proeutectoid Ferrite Hypo Eutectoid
Proeutectoid Cementite Hyper Eutectoid
Pearlite

Normalizing






Normalizing

8.4 (Hardening)


Martensite Bainite

115

Austenite Martensite Bainite

3
1. Austenite
Martensite
0.3%
Martensite
0.35% 50 HRC
0.02%C, 10%Cr 35 HRC
2. Austenite
Austenite
Martensite
Austenite
Ferrite Cementite
3. Austenite
Martensite Bainite
(Critical cooling rate) Austenite
Martensite Bainite Austenite
Martensite Bainite Pearlite Sorbite
8.4.1 (Hardening Temperature)
Hardening Temperature
1. Hypo Eutectoid Steels Hardening Temp Ac3

50oC Austenite
Ac1 Ac3 Ferrite
Austenite Martensite Ferrite

Ferrite (Soft spots)

Ac3 (Overheating)
Austenite Martensite (Coarse

116

martensite)

2. Hyper Eutectoid Steels
Ac1 30 - 50 oC
Proeutectoid Cementite
Austenite Cementite
Austenite Martensite
Proeutectoid Cementite
Proeutectoid Cementite
700 800 HB Martensite (650 700 HB)
Proeutectoid Cementite
Acm
Austenite
Martensite

8.5 (Martempering)



Martempering Martensite

(Salt bath) 400 oC
(40 50%) 145 oC
160 - 650 oC T.T.T.
T.T.T.

117

Austenite
Ac1 Ac3 50 oC
M
T.T.T

Bainite
Austenite Martensite
8.3

8.3 Cooling Curve for Martempering

8.6 (Austempering)
Martempering
Bainite Bainite

118

Austempering
Austenite
Bainite (Upper Bainite)
500 - 600 oC Bainite (Lower Bainite)
400 - 500 oC
Austenite
Bainite T.T.T


8.4

8.4 Cooling Curve for austempering

119

8.7 (Tempering)
Martensite
Austenite (Residual austenite) Proeutectoid
Cementite

(Poor
impact strength)


Martensite (Temperd Martensite)


A1

Martensite Austenite

(80 - 200 oC) Martensite

Ferrite (Pseudo cubic) 0.25%
( carbide) Fe2C Fe2C4
8.2% Ferrite (0.25%C)


(200 o - 280 oC) Austenite
Martensite (Retained austenite) Ferrite
(0.025%C) Cementite (Fe3C)
Gainite
(300 o - 500 oC) Ferrite (Pseudo
cubic) Ferrite (Cubic) 0.025% Cementite -carbide

120

Cementite (Fe3C)
Sorbite
( 500 oC A1)
Ferrite Cementite

(Incomplete annealing)
Eutectoid (0.8%C)
(64 Rc) 1
60 64 Rc 40 60 Rc) 20
40 Rc 5 10 Rc
3
(150 o - 250 oC)

1 2

(350 o - 450 oC)

Bainite Troostite
(500 o - 650 oC)

Pearlite
Sorbite

8.8 (Surface Hardening)

121

Tempering

8.8.1 Carburizing Case Hardening

0.1 0.2%

Martensite

0.8%

3
8.8.1.1 (Solid
Carburizing)
(Charcoal) 70
80% (Energizer)
20 30%

74 78%
12 15%
BaCO3
1 1.5%
Na2CO3
CaCO3
3 5%
(Molasses) 4.5 55% ()

122

20 25 .

900 o - 950 oC

1
0.1 .
8.5

8.5
Carburizing
(Case depth)
500 HV 500 HB


550 HV
Carburizing 8.6 8.7
Carburizing

123

C + O2 = CO2
2C + O2 = 2CO
CO2
CO2 + C = 2CO
CO (2CO =
CO2 + Cat) (Diffuse) 3Fe() + Cat = Fe3C

\
8.6

8.7

BaCO3, Na2CO3 CaCO3

CO2
BaCO = BaO + CO2
= Na2O + CO2
Na2CO3

124

CaCO3 = CaO + CO2

CO2 CO
CO2 CO2
CO

CO2
CO

10%

8.8.1.2 (Gas Carburizing)

(case)



( CH4)

900o 950oC

0.8%

2CO Cat + CO2

125

CH4 Cat + 2H2

CnH2n Cat + nH2

CO H2
CO + H2 C + H2O

CO H2


Cementite
(Proeutectoid Cementite)


(Induction)
1000 oC

0.8 1
. 30 40

8.8

126

127

8.8.1.3 (Liquid
Carburizing)
NaCl
10 15% Na2CO3 75 85% 850 - 900
o
C (SiC) 6 10%
2Na2CO3 + SiC = Na2SiO3 + Na2O + 2CO + Cat
2CO = CO2 + Cat
NaCl
NaCl Flux
(Na2SiO3) (Na2O) (Slag)
CO
CO2
CO





(.)
0.2
0.25
0.35
0.4
0.5
(..)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0

8.9 Cyaniding
Cyaniding
(Salt bath)
(NaCN) (KCN)
[Ca(CN)2]
Cyaniding
(Neutral salt) NaCl Na2CO3

128

100o 400oC

( )
(Temper)
Cyaniding 3
1. (Low temperature Cyaniding)
550 o - 600 oC 30
40% NaCN, 20 45% Na2CO3 10 20% NaCl
0.2 0.04 . 5 30


Hi-Speed
2. (Medium temperature Cyaniding)
750 o - 850 oC 20 50%
NaCN NaCl Na2CO3
0.075 0.25 . 5 9
0.6 0.8%C 0.4 0.5%N
55 60 HRC


3. (High temperature Cyaniding)
0.5
1.5 . Carburizing 900 o - 950
o
C 6 10% NaCN, 80 84% BaCl2 10% NaCl
Ca(CN)2 5
( Carburizing 10 )
1.0 1.2%C 0.2 0.3%N
(Tempering) 200 oC

129

Retained Austenite

Cyaniding


2NaCN + O2 2NaCNO

CO
2NaCNO + O2 Na2CO3 + CO + 2Nat
CO
Cementite
3Fe + 2CO Fe3C + CO2
CO

2CO CO2Cat
Cyaniding
Na2CO3 900 o - 950 oC
Na2CO3 Na2CO3
BaCl2
Na2CO3 BaCl2

2NaCN + BaCl2 2NaCl + Ba(CN)2

Ba(CN)2 BaCN2 + Cat

BaCN2
CO
BaCN2 + O2 BaO + CO + 2N

130

CO CO
Cementite

8.10 Carbonitriding
Carbonitriding
Cyaniding
Carbonitriding
Carburizing ( ) 70 80%
20 30%
Carbonitriding Carburizing Nitriding
Carbonitriding 3
1. Carbonitriding (540 o - 560 oC)
950 1100 Hv 0.02 0.04
. 30 3
(Cutting tool)
(Milling cutter) (Twist drills)

Carbonitriding

2. Carbonitriding (840 o - 860 oC)
10
1 . 30%

(Complex shape)
200 oC

3. Carbonitriding (900 o - 950 oC)

Carburizing

131

( 0.1 .)
15 25% 0.2 .
Cyaniding
200 oC

Carbonitriding Gas Carburizing

Cyaniding

8.11 Nitriding
Nitriding
(Saturating) Carburizing
Carburizing
Austenite (austenitic thermochemical treatment) Nitriding
Ferrite 500 o - 590 oC
Ferrite Ferrite
0.1%
Eutectoid Austenite (2.35%N) Ferrite (0.1%N)
(Fe4N ) 5.5 5.9%
Nitriding (N2)

(Fe4N Fe2N)
(NH3)
500 o - 600 oC

2NH3 2N + 3H2
Nitriding Nitriding

132

Nitriding
Nitriding


Nitriding 8.1
8.1 : Nitriding ISO/R 683/X-1970
C%

Si%

Mn%

0.280.35
0.350.42
0.300.37
0.380.45

0.150.40
0.150.40
0.200.50
0.200.50

0.4-0.7
0.4-0.7
0.5-0.8
0.5-0.8

P%
Max
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

S%
Max
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

Al%
0.8-1.2
0.8 1.2

Cr%

Mo%

2.3 3.3 0.3 0.5

3.0 3.5 0.8 1.1
1.0 1.3 0.151.5 1.8 0.25
0.25-0.4

V%
0.150.25
-

8.12 (Induction Hardening)

(0.4 0.5%C) (Alloy Steel)
50 60 HRC
(0.8 1.2%C)


(Induction current)
(Pearlite, Ferrite) Austenite

Austenite Austenite Austenite
Martensite

133

(Fatigue)

(Electro-magnetic)


(Induce
eddy Foucault current)

skin effect

8.9

134

8.13 (Flame Hardening)

(0.4 0.8%C)

Austenite


Austenite Martensite Bainite

1000oC Austerite
Martensite

8.14 Electrolytic
Electrolytic
Cathode effect (200 220
) 3 6
Electrolyte (5
10%)

135

Electrolyte
2000oC
Electrolyte
200 220 3 6

10 40
Electrolyte
(Cooling tank)
Electrolyte
Electrolyte

(Overheat)
----------------------------------------------------


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